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O'Leary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="هازل آر أوليري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هازل آر أوليري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیزل آر اولیری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیزل آر اولیری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_R._O%E2%80%99Leary" title="Hazel R. O’Leary – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hazel R. O’Leary" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hazel R. O'Leary" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیزل آر اولیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیزل آر اولیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hazel R. O'Leary" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_O%27Leary" title="Hazel O'Leary – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hazel O'Leary" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="הייזל אולירי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הייזל אולירי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89" title="هازل آر اوليرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هازل آر اوليرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Reid_O%E2%80%99Leary" title="Hazel Reid O’Leary – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hazel Reid O’Leary" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hazel R. O'Leary" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%E2%80%99%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="О’Лири, Хейзел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="О’Лири, Хейзел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hazel R. O'Leary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hazel R. O'Leary" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C" title="黑泽尔·奥利里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑泽尔·奥利里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q465586#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American government official and university administrator</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hazel O'Leary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazel_O%27Leary_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hazel_O%27Leary_2.jpg/220px-Hazel_O%27Leary_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hazel_O%27Leary_2.jpg/330px-Hazel_O%27Leary_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hazel_O%27Leary_2.jpg/440px-Hazel_O%27Leary_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 22, 1993 – January 20, 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_White_(Texas_politician)" title="Bill White (Texas politician)">Bill White</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Curtis" title="Charles B. Curtis">Charles B. Curtis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">James D. Watkins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th President of <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 13, 2004 – January 31, 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carolynn_Reid-Wallace" title="Carolynn Reid-Wallace">Carolynn Reid-Wallace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James Williams</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hazel Reid</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1937-05-17</span>) </span>May 17, 1937<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 87)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Carl Rollins (divorced)<br /><a href="/wiki/Max_Robinson" title="Max Robinson">Max Robinson</a> (divorced)<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Leary" title="John F. O'Leary">John O'Leary</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1980; died 1987)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Newark" title="Rutgers University–Newark">Rutgers University, Newark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hazel Reid O'Leary</b> (born May 17, 1937) is an American lawyer, politician, and university administrator who served as the 7th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States secretary of energy</a> from 1993 to 1997. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, O'Leary was the first woman and first African American to hold that post. She also served as the 14th president of <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> from 2004 to 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>. O'Leary's tenure at Fisk came amid financial difficulty for the school, during which time she increased enrollment and contentiously used the school's art collection to raise funds. </p><p>O'Leary received her bachelor's degree from Fisk before earning her Bachelor of Laws degree from <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Law_School" title="Rutgers Law School">Rutgers School of Law</a>. O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey and then in a private consulting/accounting firm before joining the <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a> in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>. O'Leary returned to the private sector in 1981 but rejoined the government as secretary of energy under President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. During her tenure, she declassified documents detailing how the United States had conducted secret testing on the effects of radiation on unsuspecting American citizens. She also received criticism for excessive spending on international trips while in office. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hazel Reid was born in <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>. Her parents, Russel E. Reid and Hazel Reid, were both physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They divorced when she was 18 months old.<sup id="cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haywood,_Richette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father and stepmother, a teacher named Mattie Pullman Reid, raised Hazel and her older sister Edna Reid,<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haywood,_Richette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_(Newport_News,_Virginia)" title="East End (Newport News, Virginia)">East End neighborhood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-=Di_Vincenzo_1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-=Di_Vincenzo_1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazel attended school in a segregated school system in Newport News for eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jessie_Carney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and her sister were then sent to live with an aunt in <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex County, New Jersey</a>, and attend Arts High School, an integrated school.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jessie_Carney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She earned a bachelor's degree at <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jessie_Carney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She then married Carl Rollins and had a son before returning to school and earning her <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Law_School" title="Rutgers Law School">Rutgers Law School</a> in Newark in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jessie_Carney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey on organized crime cases,<sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later becoming an assistant attorney general for the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jessie_Carney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, after obtaining a divorce, O'Leary moved to Washington, D.C., where she joined the consulting/accounting firm <a href="/wiki/Coopers_%26_Lybrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Coopers & Lybrand">Coopers & Lybrand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Jessie_Carney-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a>, O'Leary was appointed assistant administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Federal Energy Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">general counsel</a> of the Community Services Administration, and administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration at the newly created <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>, where she met <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Energy">Deputy Secretary of Energy</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Leary" title="John F. O'Leary">John F. O'Leary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married on April<span class="nowrap"> </span>24, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Carter lost the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 election</a>, the O'Learys established the consulting firm O'Leary & Associates in <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>, where she served as vice president and general counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-Stych,_Ed_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stych,_Ed-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jack died of cancer in 1987, she moved to <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1989 to 1993, O'Leary worked as an executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_States_Power_Company" title="Northern States Power Company">Northern States Power Company</a>, a Minnesota-based public utility.<sup id="cite_ref-Stych,_Ed_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stych,_Ed-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_Energy">Secretary of Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretary of Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a press conference on December 21, 1992, held in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, then President-elect <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> announced his intention to nominate O'Leary as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">secretary of energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton officially made the nomination on January<span class="nowrap"> </span>20, 1993, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> confirmed O'Leary by unanimous consent the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson,_Michael,_The_Presidency_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson,_Michael,_The_Presidency-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Leary was the first woman and first African American to serve as energy secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bittner,_Drew_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bittner,_Drew-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also the first secretary of that department to have worked for an energy company.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time she led the Department of Energy, it had an annual budget of $18<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approximately 18,000 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.3C.040_(10692119506).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/HD.3C.040_%2810692119506%29.jpg/220px-HD.3C.040_%2810692119506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/HD.3C.040_%2810692119506%29.jpg/330px-HD.3C.040_%2810692119506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/HD.3C.040_%2810692119506%29.jpg/440px-HD.3C.040_%2810692119506%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O'Leary, John S. Foster, President Bill Clinton, and Mrs. John Foster</figcaption></figure> <p>O'Leary challenged the way the department had traditionally been run, particularly its focus on developing and testing nuclear weapons. During her tenure, the size of the Department of Energy was reduced by a third. It was also a target for Republicans who wanted it eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While reducing the size of the department overall, O'Leary shifted resources toward efficient and renewable energy sources,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a priority of the Clinton administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this position, O'Leary won praise for declassifying old Department of Energy documents,<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wald,_Matthew,_Power_is_underpriced_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wald,_Matthew,_Power_is_underpriced-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Cold War-era records that showed the U.S. government had used American citizens as guinea pigs in <a href="/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments" title="Human radiation experiments">human radiation experiments</a>, as had long been rumored.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">Executive Order</a> 12891, which created the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Human_Radiation_Experiments" title="Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments">Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments</a> (ACHRE) to prevent such abuses of power.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Leary also announced a $4.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>million settlement payment to the families of victims of past radiation experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other declassified documents included facts about <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> the United States had left in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wald,_Matthew,_Power_is_underpriced_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wald,_Matthew,_Power_is_underpriced-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Leary also pushed to end <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear testing</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Bittner,_Drew_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bittner,_Drew-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her efforts resulted in Clinton signing a test ban on nuclear testing, a ban that other nations joined.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in her tenure as secretary, O'Leary met with whistle-blowers who said they faced harassment for raising legitimate health and safety issues within the DOE.<sup id="cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haywood,_Richette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She announced a "zero tolerance" policy, prohibiting retaliation against whistle-blowers at <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Leary repeatedly faced criticism during her tenure. The DOE allocated $43,500 to a Washington firm to identify unfriendly media outlets, which White House Press Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mike_McCurry_(press_secretary)" title="Mike McCurry (press secretary)">Michael D. McCurry</a> called "unacceptable."<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_James,_O'Leary's_Legacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Leary claimed the allocation was made without her direct knowledge and defended the research as an attempt to study the efficacy of the department's messaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis,_Neil,_monitor_reporters_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_Neil,_monitor_reporters-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> audit of travel criticized her for traveling too frequently and spending excessively on accommodations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She apologized to Congressional committees in 1996 for spending that exceeded limits on the funds appropriated to the agency for travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford,_Lynne_E._24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford,_Lynne_E.-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Leary resigned from her position effective January<span class="nowrap"> </span>20, 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining she did not wish to stay in the job more than four years.<sup id="cite_ref-Wald,_Matthew,_Power_is_underpriced_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wald,_Matthew,_Power_is_underpriced-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chung" title="Johnny Chung">Johnny Chung</a>, a Democratic political donor, claimed that O'Leary had met with Chinese oil officials after he gave $25,000 to O'Leary's favorite charity, <i><a href="/wiki/Africare" title="Africare">Africare</a></i>, in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August of that year, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> reviewed Chung's allegations to decide whether to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate O'Leary.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reno determined there was "no evidence" of wrongdoing by O'Leary and no basis for a further investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers, including a lawyer for the Government Accountability Project, saw some fault in O'Leary's conduct but also saw racism and sexism in the way she was treated.<sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-government">Post-government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton administration</a>, O'Leary once again served as president of O'Leary & Associates, her consulting firm.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also sat on the board of the environmental engineering firm ICF Kaiser International.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, she became president and chief operating officer of an investment banking firm, Blaylock & Partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She left that firm in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford,_Lynne_E._24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford,_Lynne_E.-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fisk_University_president">Fisk University president</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fisk University president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 13, 2004, O'Leary was selected and began work as president of her undergraduate <i>alma mater</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2003_Office_of_Fisk_President_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003_Office_of_Fisk_President-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Leary_14th_President_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Leary_14th_President-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was officially installed as the university's 14th president on October<span class="nowrap"> </span>6, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before O'Leary's tenure, the university had tried unsuccessfully to increase its enrollment and experienced financial problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Schelzig,_Erik_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schelzig,_Erik-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Fisk had an enrollment of 770 students and 264 faculty and staff members.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg,_Pierce,_Financially_challenged_Fisk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg,_Pierce,_Financially_challenged_Fisk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel-_Increasing_Minority_Participation_in_the_Energy_Sector_(10671079193).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Panel-_Increasing_Minority_Participation_in_the_Energy_Sector_%2810671079193%29.jpg/220px-Panel-_Increasing_Minority_Participation_in_the_Energy_Sector_%2810671079193%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Panel-_Increasing_Minority_Participation_in_the_Energy_Sector_%2810671079193%29.jpg/330px-Panel-_Increasing_Minority_Participation_in_the_Energy_Sector_%2810671079193%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Panel-_Increasing_Minority_Participation_in_the_Energy_Sector_%2810671079193%29.jpg/440px-Panel-_Increasing_Minority_Participation_in_the_Energy_Sector_%2810671079193%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>O'Leary speaks on September 24, 2013, at the Minorities in Energy Initiative Launch.</figcaption></figure><p> By 2011, Fisk's enrollment numbers improved,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg,_Pierce,_Financially_challenged_Fisk_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg,_Pierce,_Financially_challenged_Fisk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the school was still operating with a loss in six of the previous nine years.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg,_Pierce,_Financially_challenged_Fisk_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg,_Pierce,_Financially_challenged_Fisk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ongoing financial problems caused the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Southern Association of Colleges and Schools">Southern Association of Colleges and Schools</a> Commission on Colleges to place Fisk on probation in 2010 over concerns for the university's finances and prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart,_Reginald_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart,_Reginald-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jbhe,_O'Leary_to_Retire_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbhe,_O'Leary_to_Retire-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The probation ended in December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart,_Reginald_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart,_Reginald-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under O'Leary's leadership, Fisk went to court in December 2005 seeking a ruling that it could sell a portion of the university's <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> Collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks,_Jennifer,_Can_Selling_O'Keefe_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks,_Jennifer,_Can_Selling_O'Keefe-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schelzig,_Erik_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schelzig,_Erik-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stieglitz's widow <a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a> had bequeathed the collection to Fisk with restrictions on its sale. O'Leary intended to use the proceeds of the sale to fund a new academic building, endow professorships, and rebuild the school's endowment, which had been drawn down several times before her arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassell,_Bravetta,_College_Argues_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassell,_Bravetta,_College_Argues-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation opposed the sale, and later the Tennessee <a href="/wiki/State_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="State Attorney General">State Attorney General</a> opposed any sale of the artwork out of state.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks,_Jennifer,_Can_Selling_O'Keefe_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks,_Jennifer,_Can_Selling_O'Keefe-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, after seven years of legal battles, the school was able to reach a deal with <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art">Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to share the collection. At the time the deal was finalized, O'Leary said the arrangement was essential to keeping the university open.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamburin,_Adam,_leader_justifies_2010_sale_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamburin,_Adam,_leader_justifies_2010_sale-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst the public battle over attempts to sell the Alfred Stieglitz Collection, O'Leary quietly arranged to sell two other works of art, including a work by <a href="/wiki/Florine_Stettheimer" title="Florine Stettheimer">Florine Stettheimer</a>. Fisk's board of trustees approved the sale in 2010 although it was not publicly disclosed until <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported it in 2016. O'Leary defended the decision to sell the artwork, saying it was done out of necessity amid financial difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamburin,_Adam,_leader_justifies_2010_sale_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamburin,_Adam,_leader_justifies_2010_sale-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, O'Leary announced that she would retire at the end of the calendar year.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her retirement was effective January<span class="nowrap"> </span>31, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was succeeded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._James_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. James Williams (page does not exist)">H. James Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_affiliations">Other affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'Leary has served as a director for Alchemix Corp. and <a href="/wiki/CAMAC_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMAC Energy">CAMAC Energy</a>. She also served on the board of directors for nonprofit organizations such as the Nashville Alliance for Public Education, the Nashville Business Community for the Arts, and the <a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_Association" title="Arms Control Association">Arms Control Association</a>, and as a trustee on boards of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>, and The Andrew Young Center of International Development.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'Leary has been married three times.<sup id="cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haywood,_Richette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her first marriage to Carl G. Rollins, Jr., ended in divorce. The couple had a son, also named Carl, who became an attorney.<sup id="cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haywood,_Richette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Leary was briefly married to <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> anchorman <a href="/wiki/Max_Robinson" title="Max Robinson">Max Robinson</a>. In 1977, she met <a href="/wiki/John_F._O%27Leary" title="John F. O'Leary">John F. O'Leary</a>, then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Energy">Deputy Secretary of Energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married on April<span class="nowrap"> </span>24, 1980, and remained married until his death from cancer in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder,_Barnaby_J.,_New_Energy_Chief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, O'Leary joined a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henneberger,_Melinda_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henneberger,_Melinda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Links" title="The Links">The Links</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">List of African-American United States Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of female United States Cabinet members">List of female United States Cabinet members</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington,_Linda_M,_No_Pie_in_Sky_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarringon1994" class="citation news cs1">Harringon, Linda M. (May 1, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/05/01/no-pie-in-the-sky/">"No Pie In The Sky"</a>. <i>tribunedigital-chicagotribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915101732/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-05-01/features/9405010022_1_energy-secretary-pie-utility/2">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=tribunedigital-chicagotribune&rft.atitle=No+Pie+In+The+Sky&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft.aulast=Harringon&rft.aufirst=Linda+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1994%2F05%2F01%2Fno-pie-in-the-sky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2009" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of African American History Volume 4</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Official+Now+Looks+To+Church+For+Solace&rft.date=1997-11-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Henneberger&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F11%2F24%2Fus%2Fex-official-now-looks-to-church-for-solace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haywood,_Richette-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haywood,_Richette_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Haywood1995" class="citation book cs1">L. 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Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 98, 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ebony&rft.pages=98%2C+100&rft.pub=Johnson+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995-02&rft.aulast=L.+Haywood&rft.aufirst=Richette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_W-QMJlBHIC%26q%3DMax%2BRobinson%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-=Di_Vincenzo_1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-=Di_Vincenzo_1994_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Vincenzo1994" class="citation web cs1">Di Vincenzo, Mark (1994-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19940404-1994-04-04-9404040039-story.html">"High Profile: Hazel O'Leary"</a>. <i>dailypress.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613192858/https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19940404-1994-04-04-9404040039-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailypress.com&rft.atitle=High+Profile%3A+Hazel+O%27Leary&rft.date=1994-04-04&rft.aulast=Di+Vincenzo&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2Fnews%2Fdp-xpm-19940404-1994-04-04-9404040039-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Jessie_Carney-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Jessie_Carney_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jessie Carney (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&q=Hazel+O%27Leary+Edna+Reid&pg=PA506"><i>Notable Black American Women</i></a>. VNR AG. pp. 506–507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810391772" title="Special:BookSources/9780810391772"><bdi>9780810391772</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219222848/https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&q=Hazel+O%27Leary+Edna+Reid&pg=PA506">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+Secretary+Candidate+Has+Experience+as+Regulator%2C+Executive&rft.pub=The+Journal+Record&rft.date=1992-12-22&rft.aulast=Stych&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P2-5604407%2Fenergy-secretary-candidate-has-experience-as-regulator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1993" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Matthew S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Powers+That+Be%3A+The+Clinton+Challenge%22+Vol.+23%2C+Issue+8&rft.pub=Black+Enterprise&rft.date=1993-03&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-13511407%2Fthe-new-powers-that-be-the-clinton-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIfill1992" class="citation news cs1">Ifill, Gwen (December 22, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/22/us/the-transition-clinton-chooses-2-and-deplores-idea-of-cabinet-quotas.html">"The Transition; Clinton Chooses 2 and Delpores Idea of Cabinet Quotas"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114750/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/22/us/the-transition-clinton-chooses-2-and-deplores-idea-of-cabinet-quotas.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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February 20, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122618/https://www.jbhe.com/2012/02/hazel-oleary-to-retire-from-presidency-of-fisk-university/">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hazel+O%27Leary+to+Retire+From+Presidency+of+Fisk+University&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbhe.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fhazel-oleary-to-retire-from-presidency-of-fisk-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks,_Jennifer,_Can_Selling_O'Keefe-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks,_Jennifer,_Can_Selling_O'Keefe_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks,_Jennifer,_Can_Selling_O'Keefe_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2010" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, Jennifer (September 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115124858/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129598553">"The Root: Can Selling O'Keefe's Art Save A University?"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=College+Argues+For+the+Right+To+Sell+Art+Gifts+To+Raise+Capital&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Hassell&rft.aufirst=Bravetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F08%2F15%2FAR2006081501344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamburin,_Adam,_leader_justifies_2010_sale-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamburin,_Adam,_leader_justifies_2010_sale_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamburin,_Adam,_leader_justifies_2010_sale_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamburin2016" class="citation news cs1">Tamburin, Adam (July 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/education/2016/07/27/fisk-university-leaders-justify-2010-sale-paintings/87632786/">"Fisk University leaders justify 2010 sale of paintings"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Fisk+University+leaders+justify+2010+sale+of+paintings&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.aulast=Tamburin&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F2016%2F07%2F27%2Ffisk-university-leaders-justify-2010-sale-paintings%2F87632786%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2012/feb/21/oleary-continue-helping-fisk-after-retirement/?print">"O'Leary to continue helping Fisk after retirement"</a>. <i>Arkansas Online</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Online&rft.atitle=O%27Leary+to+continue+helping+Fisk+after+retirement&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasonline.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F21%2Foleary-continue-helping-fisk-after-retirement%2F%3Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeague2013" class="citation web cs1">Teague, Cass (March 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pridepublishinggroup.com/pride/2013/03/15/remembering-oleary-and-her-legacy-at-fisk-university/">"Remembering O'Leary and her legacy at Fisk University Nashville PRIDE, Inc"</a>. <i>pridepublishinggroup.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014234536/http://pridepublishinggroup.com/pride/2013/03/15/remembering-oleary-and-her-legacy-at-fisk-university/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pridepublishinggroup.com&rft.atitle=Remembering+O%27Leary+and+her+legacy+at+Fisk+University+Nashville+PRIDE%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft.aulast=Teague&rft.aufirst=Cass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpridepublishinggroup.com%2Fpride%2F2013%2F03%2F15%2Fremembering-oleary-and-her-legacy-at-fisk-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014234341/http://nashvillecitypaper.com/content/city-news/report-fisk-university-selects-next-president">"Report: Fisk University selects next president"</a>. <i>nashvillecitypaper.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nashvillecitypaper.com/content/city-news/report-fisk-university-selects-next-president">the original</a> on 2017-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nashvillecitypaper.com&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Fisk+University+selects+next+president&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnashvillecitypaper.com%2Fcontent%2Fcity-news%2Freport-fisk-university-selects-next-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence Otis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877899803"><i>Our kind of people</i></a>. [Place of publication not identified]: HarperCollins e-Books. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-187081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-187081-1"><bdi>978-0-06-187081-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/877899803">877899803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+kind+of+people&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=HarperCollins+e-Books&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F877899803&rft.isbn=978-0-06-187081-1&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Otis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F877899803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazel+R.+O%27Leary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazel_R._O%27Leary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?26913">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">James Watkins</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a> </b><br />1993–1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cisneros" title="Henry Cisneros">Henry Cisneros</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">as Former US Cabinet Member</span></i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William J. Perry</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States secretaries of energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. 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Watkins">Watkins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Bodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Moniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Brouillette" title="Dan Brouillette">Brouillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Granholm</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United 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aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clinton_cabinet" title="Template:Clinton cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clinton_cabinet" title="Template talk:Clinton cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinton_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clinton cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (1993–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Robert Rubin</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William J. Perry</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Espy" title="Mike Espy">Mike Espy</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Dan Glickman</a> (1995–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Ron Brown</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Mickey Kantor</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (1997–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2000–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Herman" title="Alexis Herman">Alexis Herman</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna Shalala</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cisneros" title="Henry Cisneros">Henry Cisneros</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_E._Slater" title="Rodney E. Slater">Rodney E. Slater</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hazel R. O'Leary</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riley" title="Richard Riley">Richard Riley</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Brown" title="Jesse Brown">Jesse Brown</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">Togo D. West Jr.</a> (1998–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Browner" title="Carol Browner">Carol Browner</a> (1993–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice Rivlin</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Raines" title="Franklin Raines">Franklin Raines</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Mickey Kantor</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Barshefsky" title="Charlene Barshefsky">Charlene Barshefsky</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Tyson" title="Laura Tyson">Laura Tyson</a> (1993–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> (1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Neil_Baily" title="Martin Neil Baily">Martin Neil Baily</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lader" title="Philip Lader">Philip Lader</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aida_%C3%81lvarez" title="Aida Álvarez">Aida Álvarez</a> (1997–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Witt" title="James Lee Witt">James Lee Witt</a> (1993–2001)*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_P._Brown" title="Lee P. Brown">Lee P. Brown</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_McCaffrey" title="Barry McCaffrey">Barry McCaffrey</a> (1996–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mack_McLarty" title="Mack McLarty">Mack McLarty</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bowles" title="Erskine Bowles">Erskine Bowles</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Podesta" title="John Podesta">John Podesta</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* <i>took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Fisk_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0076C0; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #CFAB7A, inset -2px -2px 0 #CFAB7A;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisk_University_presidents" title="Template:Fisk University presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisk_University_presidents" title="Template talk:Fisk University presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisk_University_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisk University presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Fisk_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Presidents of Fisk University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Milo_Cravath" title="Erastus Milo Cravath">Erastus Milo Cravath</a> (1875–1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Griswold_Merrill" title="James Griswold Merrill">James Griswold Merrill</a> (1901–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Gates" title="George Augustus Gates">George Augustus Gates</a> (1909–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fayette_Avery_McKenzie" title="Fayette Avery McKenzie">Fayette Avery McKenzie</a> (1915–1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Jones_(university_president)" title="Thomas E. Jones (university president)">Thomas E. Jones</a> (1926–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Johnson" title="Charles S. Johnson">Charles S. Johnson</a> (1947–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Junius_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Junius Wright">Stephen Junius Wright</a> (1957–1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Raymond_Lawson" title="James Raymond Lawson">James Raymond Lawson</a> (1967–1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_Hamlet_Adkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutherford Hamlet Adkins (page does not exist)">Rutherford Hamlet Adkins</a> # (1975–1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Gore" title="George W. Gore">George W. Gore</a> # (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Leonard" title="Walter J. Leonard">Walter J. Leonard</a> (1977–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Lee_Satcher_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Lee Satcher (academic) (page does not exist)">Robert Lee Satcher</a> # (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ponder" title="Henry Ponder">Henry Ponder</a> (1984–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_Hamlet_Adkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutherford Hamlet Adkins (page does not exist)">Rutherford Hamlet Adkins</a> # (1996–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_Hamlet_Adkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutherford Hamlet Adkins (page does not exist)">Rutherford Hamlet Adkins</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Johnson" title="Charles William Johnson">Charles William Johnson</a> # (1998–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_L._Smith_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John L. Smith (academic) (page does not exist)">John L. Smith</a> (1999–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Reid-Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Reid-Wallace">Carolyn Reid-Wallace</a> (2001–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hazel R. O'Leary</a> (2004–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._James_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. James Williams (page does not exist)">H. James Williams</a> (2013–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_L._Sims&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank L. Sims (page does not exist)">Frank L. Sims</a> # (2015–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_D._Rome" title="Kevin D. Rome">Kevin D. Rome</a> (2017– )</span></li></ul> <p><i># denotes acting or interim president</i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465586#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465586#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465586#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000399463912">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/293807711">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/21034/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3PDhp48GvwDm3gt6Frq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/171505271">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n77012988">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500253943">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582611">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61p01sr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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