Publications by author | Economic Growth Center

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<div class="view__header-content"> <h1> Natalia Rigol Publications</h1> </div> </header> <div class="view__filters"> <form class="form form--views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-publications-page-by-author-filterable" action="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-publications-page-by-author-filterable" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form__element form__element--input-textfield form__element--title js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-item-title js-form-item-title"> <label for="edit-title--2" class="form__label form__label--title">Title</label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-title" type="text" id="edit-title--2" name="title" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text form__input form__input--textfield" /> </div> <div class="form__element form__element--select form__element--pub-type js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-pub-type js-form-item-pub-type"> <label 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js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-publications" type="submit" id="edit-submit-publications" value="Apply" class="button js-form-submit form-submit form__input form__input--submit" /> </div> </form> </div> <div class="view__content"> <div class="view__rows"> <div class="view__row view__row--0"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/barboni-et-al-2024-hold-phone-short-and-long-run-impacts-connecting-indian-women-digital-technology"><span>Barboni et al., 2024: "Hold the Phone: The Short- and Long-Run Impacts of Connecting Indian Women to Digital Technology"</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> Discussion Paper</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> September 2024 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/publications/author/Giorgia%20Barboni"><span>Giorgia Barboni</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Anwesha%20Bhattacharya"><span>Anwesha Bhattacharya</span></a>, <a href="/people/erica-field" hreflang="en"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/people/simone-schaner" hreflang="en"><span>Simone Schaner</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Aruj%20Shukla"><span>Aruj Shukla</span></a> & <a href="/people/charity-troyer-moore" hreflang="en"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Access to smartphones and mobile internet is increasingly necessary to participate in the modern economy. Yet women significantly lag men in digital access, especially in lower-income settings with gender gaps that span other dimensions - and where digital gaps threaten to deepen existing analog inequities. We study the short- and long-term effects of a large-scale state-sponsored program in India that aimed to close digital gender gaps by transferring free smartphones to women while constructing 4G towers to bring rural areas online. The program was well implemented, reversing gender gaps in smartphone ownership in the short run. However, many women lost ownership and gender gaps in use quickly worsened as men made use of the new phones. Nearly 5 years after the program began, we find limited evidence of persistent effects across a range of outcomes, including phone ownership and use, gender norms, access to information, and local economic activity, although we do find some evidence of sectoral reallocation in the labor market. Despite widespread increase in smartphone adoption across households, digital gender gaps persist and were not affected by the program. Our findings suggest that in gender-unequal, resource-constrained settings, addressing affordability alone may not close digital gender gaps.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--1"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/cfp-1908-investing-next-generation-long-run-impacts-liquidity-shock"><span>Investing in the Next Generation: The Long-Run Impacts of a Liquidity Shock</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> American Economic Review</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> September 2024 </div> <div class="node-teaser__dcn"> CFP 1908 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/patrick-agte" hreflang="en"><span>Patrick Agte</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Arielle%20Bernhardt"><span>Arielle Bernhardt</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a> & <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Poor entrepreneurs must frequently choose between business investment and children's education. To examine this trade-off, we exploit experimental variation in short-run microenterprise growth among a sample of Indian households and track schooling and business out-comes over eleven years. Treated households, who experience higher initial microenterprise growth, are on average one-third more likely to send children to college. However, educational investment and schooling gains are concentrated among literate-parent households, whose enterprises eventually stagnate. In contrast, illiterate-parent households experience long-run business gains but declines in children's education. Our findings suggest that microenterprise growth has the potential to reduce relative intergenerational educational mobility.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--2"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/what-works-close-digital-gender-gaps"><span>What Works to Close Digital Gender Gaps?</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> February 2024 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/charity-troyer-moore" hreflang="en"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Giorgia%20Barboni"><span>Giorgia Barboni</span></a>, <a href="/people/erica-field" hreflang="en"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/people/simone-schaner" hreflang="en"><span>Simone Schaner</span></a>, <a href="/people/erik-jorgensen" hreflang="en"><span>Erik Jorgensen</span></a> & <a href="/people/hemawathy-balarama" hreflang="en"><span>Hemawathy Balarama</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--3"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/measuring-time-use-rural-india-design-and-validation-low-cost-survey-module"><span>Measuring time use in rural India: Design and validation of a low-cost survey module</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> Journal of Development Economics</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> September 2023 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/people/simone-schaner" hreflang="en"><span>Simone Schaner</span></a>, <a href="/people/elena-stacy" hreflang="en"><span>Elena Stacy</span></a> & <a href="/people/charity-troyer-moore" hreflang="en"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Time use data facilitate understanding of labor supply, especially for women who often undertake unpaid care and home production. Although assisted diary-based time use surveys are suitable for low-literacy populations, they are costly and rarely used. We create a low-cost, scalable alternative that captures contextually-determined broad time categories; here, allocations across market work, household labor, and leisure. Using fewer categories and larger time intervals takes 33% less time than traditional modules. Field experiments show the module measures average time across the broader categories as well as the traditional approach, particularly for our target female population. The module can also capture multitasking for a specific category of interest. Its shortcomings are short duration activity capture and the need for careful category selection. The module’s brevity and low cost make it a viable method to use in household and labor force surveys, facilitating tracking of work and leisure patterns as economies develop.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--4"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/pande-et-al-2021-her-own-account-how-strengthening-womens-financial-control-impacts-labor-supply-and"><span>Pande et al., 2021: "On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms"</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> American Economic Review</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> July 2021 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/people/simone-schaner" hreflang="en"><span>Simone Schaner</span></a> & <a href="/people/charity-troyer-moore" hreflang="en"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Can increasing control over earnings incentivize a woman to work, and thereby influence norms around gender roles? We randomly varied whether rural Indian women received bank accounts, training in account use, and direct deposit of public sector wages into their own (versus husbands') accounts. Relative to the accounts only group, women who also received direct deposit and training worked more in public and private sector jobs. The private sector result suggests gender norms initially constrained female employment. Three years later, direct deposit and training broadly liberalized women's own work-related norms, and shifted perceptions of community norms.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--5"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/her-own-account-how-strengthening-womens-financial-control-impacts-labor-supply-and-gender-norms"><span>On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women's Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> American Economic Review</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> July 2021 </div> <div class="node-teaser__dcn"> CFP 1739 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Simone%20Schaner%20"><span>Simone Schaner </span></a> & <a href="/people/charity-troyer-moore" hreflang="en"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Can increasing control over earnings incentivize a woman to work, and thereby influence norms around gender roles? We randomly varied whether rural Indian women received bank accounts, training in account use, and direct deposit of public sector wages into their own (versus husbands') accounts. Relative to the accounts only group, women who also received direct deposit and training worked more in public and private sector jobs. The private sector result suggests gender norms initially constrained female employment. Three years later, direct deposit and training broadly liberalized women's own work-related norms, and shifted perceptions of community norms.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--6"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/pande-and-coauthors-empowering-women-through-direct-digital-payments"><span>Pande and coauthors: Empowering women through direct digital payments</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> American Economic Review</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> June 2021 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/people/charity-troyer-moore" hreflang="en"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a>, <a href="/people/erica-field" hreflang="en"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a> & <a href="/people/simone-schaner" hreflang="en"><span>Simone Schaner</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--7"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/chhattisgarhs-public-distribution-system-delivering-much-needed-food-poor-surveys-suggest-case-their"><span>Chhattisgarh’s public distribution system is delivering much-needed food to the poor. Surveys suggest a case for their expansion with the COVID-19 crisis</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> August 2020 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/publications/author/Giorgia%20Barboni"><span>Giorgia Barboni</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Aashima%20Goyal"><span>Aashima Goyal</span></a>, <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Simone%20Schaner%20"><span>Simone Schaner </span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Abhishek%20Sharma"><span>Abhishek Sharma</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Charity%20Troyer%20Moore"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Tanya%20Vaidya"><span>Tanya Vaidya</span></a> & <a href="/people/hongdi-zhao" hreflang="en"><span>Hongdi Zhao</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--8"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/household-matters-revisiting-returns-capital-among-female-microentrepreneurs"><span>Household Matters: Revisiting the Returns to Capital among Female Microentrepreneurs</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> American Economic Review: Insights</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> September 2019 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Arielle%20Bernhardt"><span>Arielle Bernhardt</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a> & <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Multiple field experiments report positive financial returns to capital shocks for male and not female microentrepreneurs. But these analyses overlook the fact that female entrepreneurs often reside with male entrepreneurs. Using data from experiments in India, Sri Lanka, and Ghana, we show that the observed gender gap in microenterprise responses does not reflect lower returns on investment, when measured at the household level. Instead, the absence of a profit response among female-run enterprises reflects the fact that women's capital is typically invested into their husband's enterprise. We cannot reject equivalence of household-level income gains for male and female capital shock recipients.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--9"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--no-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/node/139131"><span>On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> Discussion Paper</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> September 2019 </div> <div class="node-teaser__dcn"> CFDP 2201 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Simone%20Schaner"><span> Simone Schaner</span></a> & <a href="/publications/author/%20Charity%20Troyer%20Moore"><span> Charity Troyer Moore</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Can greater control over earned income incentivize women to work and influence gender norms? In collaboration with Indian government partners, we provided rural women with individual bank accounts and randomly varied whether their wages from a public workfare program were directly deposited into these accounts or into the male household head’s account (the status quo). Women in a random subset of villages were also trained on account use. In the short run, relative to women just oﬀered bank accounts, those who also received direct deposit and training increased their labor supply in the public and private sectors. In the long run, gender norms liberalized: women who received direct deposit and training became more accepting of female work, and their husbands perceived fewer social costs to having a wife who works. These eﬀects were concentrated in households with otherwise lower levels of, and stronger norms against, female work. Women in these households also worked more in the long run and became more empowered. These patterns are consistent with models of household decisionmaking in which increases in bargaining power from greater control over income interact with, and influence, gender norms.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--10"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/do-group-dynamics-influence-social-capital-gains-among-microfinance-clients-evidence-randomized"><span>Do group dynamics influence social capital gains among microfinance clients? Evidence from a randomized experiment in urban India</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> November 2014 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a> & <a href="/publications/author/Shayak%20Sarkar"><span>Shayak Sarkar</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>As an intrinsic part of the classic microfinance model, group meetings are intended to employ social capital to ensure timely repayment. Recent research suggests that more frequent meetings can increase social capital among first-time clients. Using randomized variation in group meeting frequency for 174 microfinance groups in India, we demonstrate that social capital gains associated with more frequent meetings continue to accrue across multiple lending cycles. However, these effects are reduced when group members differ in their borrowing history. In addition, clients who start with low levels of empowerment report higher social capital gains when matched with similar clients. We discuss how current microfinance policy debates overlook the creation of social capital, including through repayment meeting frequency, and we encourage regulators to undertake a holistic understanding of microfinance’s impacts.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--11"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/does-classic-microfinance-model-discourage-entrepreneurship-among-poor-experimental-evidence-india"><span>Does the Classic Microfinance Model Discourage Entrepreneurship Among the Poor? Experimental Evidence from India</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__journal-title"> American Economic Review</div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__publish-date"> October 2013 </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/John%20Papp"><span>John Papp</span></a> & <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <details class="node-teaser__abstract"> <summary>Abstract</summary> <p>Do the repayment requirements of the classic microfinance contract inhibit investment in high-return but illiquid business opportunities among the poor? Using a field experiment, we compare the classic contract which requires that repayment begin immediately after loan disbursement to a contract that includes a two-month grace period. The provision of a grace period increased short-run business investment and long-run profits but also default rates. The results, thus, indicate that debt contracts that require early repayment discourage illiquid risky investment and thereby limit the potential impact of microfinance on microenterprise growth and household poverty.</p> </details> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--12"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/research/empowering-women-through-direct-digital-payments"><span>Empowering women through direct digital payments</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__metadata"> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> Author(s) <a href="/publications/author/Erica%20Field"><span>Erica Field</span></a>, <a href="/people/rohini-pande" hreflang="en"><span>Rohini Pande</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/%20Natalia%20Rigol"><span> Natalia Rigol</span></a>, <a href="/publications/author/Simone%20Schaner%20"><span>Simone Schaner </span></a> & <a href="/publications/author/Charity%20Troyer%20Moore"><span>Charity Troyer Moore</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="view__pager"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__newsletter"> <div class="newsletter newsletter--egc"> <h2 class="newsletter__title">Stay informed and sign up for the EGC Quarterly Newsletter.</h2> <p class="newsletter__text">Interested in more? 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