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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronik" title="Mikroelektronik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mikroelektronik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="هندسة الإلكترونيات الدقيقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة الإلكترونيات الدقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectr%C3%B3nica" title="Microelectrónica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Microelectrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অণু-ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অণু-ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мікраэлектроніка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікраэлектроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Микроелектроника – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микроелектроника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectr%C3%B2nica" title="Microelectrònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microelectrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronik" title="Mikroelektronik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mikroelektronik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektroonika" title="Mikroelektroonika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mikroelektroonika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μικροηλεκτρονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μικροηλεκτρονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectr%C3%B3nica" title="Microelectrónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microelectrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektroniko" title="Mikroelektroniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikroelektroniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ریزالکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریزالکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%C3%A9lectronique" title="Microélectronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microélectronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrileictreonaic" title="Micrileictreonaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Micrileictreonaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectr%C3%B3nica" title="Microelectrónica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Microelectrónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%89%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="마이크로일렉트로닉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이크로일렉트로닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Միկրոէլեկտրոնիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միկրոէլեկտրոնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सूक्ष्म-इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूक्ष्म-इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelettronica" title="Microelettronica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microelettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מיקרואלקטרוניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרואלקטרוניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Микроэлектроника – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Микроэлектроника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Микроэлектроника – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микроэлектроника" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronik" title="Mikroelektronik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mikroelektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-elektronica" title="Micro-elektronica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Micro-elektronica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="マイクロエレクトロニクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイクロエレクトロニクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronikk" title="Mikroelektronikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikroelektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronikk" title="Mikroelektronikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mikroelektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeletr%C3%B4nica" title="Microeletrônica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microeletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronic%C4%83" title="Microelectronică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microelectronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Микроэлектроника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микроэлектроника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro-Elektronik" title="Mikro-Elektronik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mikro-Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Микроелектроника – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микроелектроника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronika" title="Mikroelektronika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronik" title="Mikroelektronik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mikroelektronik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhinyeriyang_pangmikroelektronika" title="Inhinyeriyang pangmikroelektronika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inhinyeriyang pangmikroelektronika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ไมโครอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมโครอิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroelektronik" title="Mikroelektronik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mikroelektronik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мікроелектроніка – Ukrainian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Subfield of electronics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American company, see <a href="/wiki/Micro_Electronics,_Inc." title="Micro Electronics, Inc.">Micro Electronics, Inc.</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Microminiaturisation" redirects here. For the art form, see <a href="/wiki/Micro_miniature" title="Micro miniature">Micro miniature</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80486dx2-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/80486dx2-large.jpg/220px-80486dx2-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/80486dx2-large.jpg/330px-80486dx2-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/80486dx2-large.jpg/440px-80486dx2-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>An Integrated circuit (IC) as an example application in the field of microelectronics. The chip housing is opened to allow a view of the actual circuit. The golden connecting cables, which form the electrical wiring between the IC and the housing contacts, can be seen on the sides.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Microelectronics</b> is a subfield of <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. As the name suggests, microelectronics relates to the study and manufacture (or <a href="/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">microfabrication</a>) of very small electronic designs and components. Usually, but not always, this means micrometre-scale or smaller. These devices are typically made from <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> materials. Many components of a normal electronic design are available in a microelectronic equivalent. These include <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a> and (naturally) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductors</a> can all be found in microelectronic devices. Unique wiring techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Wire_bonding" title="Wire bonding">wire bonding</a> are also often used in microelectronics because of the unusually small size of the components, leads and pads. This technique requires specialized equipment and is expensive. </p><p>Digital <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> (ICs) consist of billions of transistors, resistors, diodes, and capacitors.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Analog_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog circuit">Analog circuits</a> commonly contain resistors and capacitors as well. Inductors are used in some high frequency analog circuits, but tend to occupy larger chip area due to their lower reactance at low frequencies. <a href="/wiki/Gyrator" title="Gyrator">Gyrators</a> can replace them in many applications. </p><p>As techniques have improved, the scale of microelectronic components has continued to decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At smaller scales, the relative impact of intrinsic circuit properties such as <a href="/wiki/Interconnection" title="Interconnection">interconnections</a> may become more significant. These are called <b>parasitic effects</b>, and the goal of the microelectronics design engineer is to find ways to compensate for or to minimize these effects, while delivering smaller, faster, and cheaper devices. </p><p>Today, microelectronics design is largely aided by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Design_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Design Automation">Electronic Design Automation</a> software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microelectronics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_probe_force_microscope" title="Kelvin probe force microscope">Kelvin probe force microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroelectronics" title="Macroelectronics">Macroelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscale_chemistry" title="Microscale chemistry">Microscale chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microelectronics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVeendrick,_H.J.M.2019" class="citation book cs1">Veendrick, H.J.M. (2019). <i>Bits on Chips</i>. Springer. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-76095-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-76095-7"><bdi>978-3-319-76095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bits+on+Chips&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-319-76095-7&rft.au=Veendrick%2C+H.J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicroelectronics" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-76096-4/">https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-76096-4/</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamieh,_Cathleen2015" class="citation book cs1">Shamieh, Cathleen (2015-07-27). <i>Electronics for dummies</i> (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119117971" title="Special:BookSources/9781119117971"><bdi>9781119117971</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/919482442">919482442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronics+for+dummies.&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F919482442&rft.isbn=9781119117971&rft.au=Shamieh%2C+Cathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicroelectronics" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/transistor-density">"The State of the Transistor in 3 Charts - IEEE Spectrum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=The+State+of+the+Transistor+in+3+Charts+-+IEEE+Spectrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Ftransistor-density&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicroelectronics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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transducer">Interdigital transducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantilever#In_microelectromechanical_systems" title="Cantilever">Cantilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchannel_(microtechnology)" title="Microchannel (microtechnology)">Microchannel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">Sensors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbolometer" title="Microbolometer">Microbolometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">Actuators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comb_drive" title="Comb drive">Comb drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_drive_actuator" title="Scratch drive actuator">Scratch drive actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMS_thermal_actuator" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMS thermal actuator">Thermal actuator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_micromirror_device" title="Digital micromirror device">Digital micromirror device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical switch">Optical switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_microelectromechanical_system" title="Radio-frequency microelectromechanical system">Radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microoptoelectromechanical_systems" title="Microoptoelectromechanical systems">Microoptoelectromechanical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphotonics" title="Microphotonics">Microphotonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-MEMS" title="Bio-MEMS">Biological microelectromechanical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microfluidics" title="Category:Microfluidics">Microfluidics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropower" title="Micropower">Micropower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td 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href="/wiki/Category:Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Category:Etching (microfabrication)">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_bonding" title="Wire bonding">Wire bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_microfabrication" title="3D microfabrication">3D microfabrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LOCOS" title="LOCOS">LOCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_trench_isolation" title="Shallow trench isolation">Shallow trench isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIGA" title="LIGA">LIGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift-off_(microtechnology)" title="Lift-off (microtechnology)">Lift-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">Photolithography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_on_insulator" title="Silicon on insulator">Silicon on insulator</a></li> <li><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microtechnology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Microélectronique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940133x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Microélectronique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940133x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567394">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mikroelektronika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122849&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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