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<li id="toc-Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kassite_through_Sassanid_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kassite_through_Sassanid_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kassite through Sassanid periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kassite_through_Sassanid_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_abandonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_abandonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Islamic abandonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_abandonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ziggurat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ziggurat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ziggurat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ziggurat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Enlil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Enlil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Temple of Enlil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Enlil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Gula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Gula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Temple of Gula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Gula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murashu_archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murashu_archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Murashu archive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murashu_archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_TA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_TA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Site TA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_TA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inanna_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inanna_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Inanna Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inanna_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nearby_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nearby sites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nearby_sites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nearby sites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nearby_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drehem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drehem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Drehem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drehem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tell_Dlehim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tell_Dlehim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tell Dlehim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tell_Dlehim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tell_Waresh_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tell_Waresh_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tell Waresh 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tell_Waresh_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nippur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8D%91%E1%88%AD" title="ኒፑር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒፑር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1" title="نفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیپور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیپور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="নিপপুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিপপুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ниппур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ниппур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ніпур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніпур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Нипур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нипур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ниппур – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ниппур" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A3l%C4%81l_Nafar" title="Aţlāl Nafar – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aţlāl Nafar" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81" title="Νιπούρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιπούρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیپور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیپور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B4" title="니푸르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니푸르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipur" title="Nipur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nipur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibru" title="Nibru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nibru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ניפור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניפור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიფური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიფური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ниппур – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ниппур" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nip%C5%ABra" title="Nipūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nipūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nip%C5%ABras" title="Nipūras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nipūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Нипур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нипур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC" title="നിപൂർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിപൂർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიფური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიფური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1" title="نفر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نفر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB" title="ニップル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニップル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipur" title="Nipur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nipur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ниппур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ниппур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="නිප්පූර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිප්පූර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipur" title="Nipur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nipur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Нипур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нипур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நிப்பூர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிப்பூர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นิปปูร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิปปูร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ніппур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніппур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="尼普尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼普尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nippur" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="尼普爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼普爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188395#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nippur&params=32_07_35.2_N_45_14_0.17_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°07′35.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">45°14′0.17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.126444°N 45.2333806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.126444; 45.2333806</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Iraq</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Argentinian comic books character, see <a href="/wiki/Nippur_de_Lagash" title="Nippur de Lagash">Nippur de Lagash</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nippur</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg/220px-Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg/330px-Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg/440px-Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1037" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ruins of a temple platform in Nippur—the brick structure on top was constructed by American archaeologists around 1900.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nippur is located in Iraq"><img alt="Nippur is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.931%;left:65.08%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nippur"><img alt="Nippur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Iraq</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Nuffar, <a href="/wiki/Afak_District" title="Afak District">Afak District</a>, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nippur&params=32_07_35.2_N_45_14_0.17_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°07′35.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">45°14′0.17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.126444°N 45.2333806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.126444; 45.2333806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a></span>, <span>ancient city</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><span><span>150 hectare</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data"><span><span>20 metre</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1851, 1889–1900, 1948–1990, 2018–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data">Austen Henry Layard, John Punnett Peters, John Henry Haynes, Hermann Volrath Hilprecht, Richard C. Haines, Thorkild Jacobsen, McGuire Gibson</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nippur</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <i>Nibru</i>, often <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographically</a> recorded as <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒂗</span><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒆤</span><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒆠</span>, EN.LÍL<sup>KI</sup>, "Enlil City;"<sup id="cite_ref-Cam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <i>Nibbur</i>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, the "Lord Wind", ruler of the cosmos, subject to <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a> alone. Nippur was located in modern Nuffar 5 miles north of modern <a href="/wiki/Afak" title="Afak">Afak</a>, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq. It is roughly 200 kilometers south of modern Baghdad and about 96.54 km southeast of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. Occupation at the site extended back to the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> (Ubaid 2 – Hajji Muhammed), the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a>. The origin of the ancient name is unknown but different proposals have been made.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nippur never enjoyed political hegemony in its own right, but its control was crucial, as it was considered capable of conferring the overall "kingship" on monarchs from other city-states. It was distinctively a sacred city, important from the possession of the famous <a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> temple of Enlil. <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a>, son of Enlil, also had his main <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> center, the <a href="/wiki/E_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="E (temple)">E-shumesha</a> temple, in the city-state.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Tummal Chronicle</i>, <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a>, an early ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, was the first to build up this temple.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence over Nippur has also been detected archaeologically. The <i>Chronicle</i> lists successive early Sumerian rulers who kept up intermittent ceremonies at the temple: <a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a>, son of Enmebaragesi; <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>; his son Meskiang-nunna; <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>; his son <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a>; Nanni of Ur and his son Meskiang-nanna. It also indicates that the practice was revived in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> of Ur, and continued until <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> appointed Enmegalana high priest in Uruk (c. 1950 BC). </p><p>Inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Zage-Si" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-Zage-Si">Lugal-Zage-Si</a> and Lugal-kigub-nidudu, kings of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> respectively, and of other early rulers, on door-sockets and stone vases, show the veneration in which the ancient shrine was then held, and the importance attached to its possession, as giving a certain stamp of legitimacy. On their votive offerings, some of these rulers designate themselves as <i><a href="/wiki/Ens%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensí">ensis</a></i>, or governors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_Civilisation_Carnelian_bead_with_white_design,_ca._2900%E2%80%932350_BC_Found_in_Nippur,_Mesopotamian_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indus_Civilisation_Carnelian_bead_with_white_design%2C_ca._2900%E2%80%932350_BC_Found_in_Nippur%2C_Mesopotamian_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-Indus_Civilisation_Carnelian_bead_with_white_design%2C_ca._2900%E2%80%932350_BC_Found_in_Nippur%2C_Mesopotamian_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indus_Civilisation_Carnelian_bead_with_white_design%2C_ca._2900%E2%80%932350_BC_Found_in_Nippur%2C_Mesopotamian_%28detail%29.jpg/255px-Indus_Civilisation_Carnelian_bead_with_white_design%2C_ca._2900%E2%80%932350_BC_Found_in_Nippur%2C_Mesopotamian_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indus_Civilisation_Carnelian_bead_with_white_design%2C_ca._2900%E2%80%932350_BC_Found_in_Nippur%2C_Mesopotamian_%28detail%29.jpg/340px-Indus_Civilisation_Carnelian_bead_with_white_design%2C_ca._2900%E2%80%932350_BC_Found_in_Nippur%2C_Mesopotamian_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indus_Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Civilisation">Indus Civilisation</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> bead with white design, ca. 2900–2350 BC. Found in Nippur. An example of early <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_periods"><span id="Akkadian.2C_Ur_III.2C_and_Old_Babylonian_periods"></span>Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incised_plaque,_Nippur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Incised_plaque%2C_Nippur.jpg/220px-Incised_plaque%2C_Nippur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Incised_plaque%2C_Nippur.jpg/330px-Incised_plaque%2C_Nippur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Incised_plaque%2C_Nippur.jpg/440px-Incised_plaque%2C_Nippur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Incised devotional plaque, Nippur.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nippur_vase_of_Lugalzagesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Nippur_vase_of_Lugalzagesi.jpg/220px-Nippur_vase_of_Lugalzagesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Nippur_vase_of_Lugalzagesi.jpg/330px-Nippur_vase_of_Lugalzagesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Nippur_vase_of_Lugalzagesi.jpg/440px-Nippur_vase_of_Lugalzagesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5899" data-file-height="3787" /></a><figcaption>The vase of <a href="/wiki/Lugalzagesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalzagesi">Lugalzagesi</a>, found in Nippur.</figcaption></figure> <p>Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, or Agade, and numerous votive objects of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> testify to the veneration in which they also held this sanctuary. Naram-Sin rebuilt both the <a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> temple and the 17.5 meter wide city walls. One of the few instances of Nippur being recorded as having its own ruler comes from a tablet depicting a revolt of several Mesopotamian cities against Naram-Sin, including Nippur under <i>Amar-enlila</i>. The tablet goes on to relate that Naram-Sin defeated these rebel cities in nine battles, and brought them back under his control. The Weidner tablet (ABC 19) suggests that the Akkadian Empire fell as divine retribution, because of Sargon's initiating the transfer of "holy city" status from Nippur to Babylon. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/300px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/450px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/600px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> in the time of <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by occupation during the <a href="/wiki/Ur-III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur-III">third dynasty of Ur</a>, and the constructions of <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>, the great builder of temples, are superimposed immediately upon those of Naram-Sin. Ur-Nammu gave the temple its final characteristic form. Partly razing the constructions of his predecessors, he erected a terrace of bricks, some 12 m high, covering a space of about 32,000 m<sup>2</sup>. Near the northwestern edge, towards the western corner, he built a <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> of three stages of dry brick, faced with kiln-fired bricks laid in bitumen. On the summit stood, as at Ur and Eridu, a small chamber, the special shrine or abode of the god. Access to the stages of the ziggurat, from the court beneath, was by an inclined plane on the south-east side. To the north-east of the ziggurat stood, apparently, the House of Bel, and in the courts below the ziggurat stood various other buildings, shrines, treasure chambers, and the like. The whole structure was oriented with the corners toward the cardinal points of the compass. </p><p>Ur-Nammu also rebuilt the walls of the city on the line of Naram-Sin's walls. The restoration of the general features of the temple of this, and the immediately succeeding periods, has been greatly facilitated by the discovery of a sketch map on a fragment of a <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablet</a>. This sketch map represents a quarter of the city to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_en-Nil" title="Shatt en-Nil">Shatt-en-Nil</a> canal. This quarter was enclosed within its own walls, a city within a city, forming an irregular square, with sides roughly 820 m long, separated from the other quarters, and from the country to the north and east, by canals on all sides, with broad quays along the walls. A smaller canal divided this quarter of the city itself into two parts. In the south-eastern part, in the middle of its southeast side, stood the temple, while in the northwest part, along the Shatt-en-Nil, two great storehouses are indicated. The temple proper, according to this plan, consisted of an outer and inner court, each covering approximately 8 acres (32,000 m<sup>2</sup>), surrounded by double walls, with a ziggurat on the north-western edge of the latter. </p><p>Ur III ruler <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a>, after destroying <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0im%C4%81num" title="Šimānum">Šimānum</a>, as noted in a year name, settled the prisoners of that war near Nippur he founded called Šimānum (sometimes called E-Šu-Suen). This practice for disposition of prisoners continued into the first millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple continued to be built upon or rebuilt by kings of various succeeding dynasties, as shown by bricks and votive objects bearing the inscriptions of the kings of various dynasties of Ur and <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>. It seems to have suffered severely in some manner at or about the time the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a> invaded, as shown by broken fragments of statuary, votive vases, and the like, from that period. <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, styles himself "shepherd of the land of Nippur". With the establishment of the Babylonian empire, under <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>, early in the 2nd millennium BC, the religious, as well as the political center of influence, was transferred to Babylon, <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> became lord of the pantheon, many of Enlil's attributes were transferred to him, and Ekur, Enlil's temple, was to some extent neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was taken by Ilī-ma-ilu, the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">First Sealand dynasty</a> in about the 29th year of the reign of Samsu-iluna, ruler of Babylon. It was retaken by Abī-ešuḫ by his 5th year, after he damned the Tigris river.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kassite_through_Sassanid_periods">Kassite through Sassanid periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kassite through Sassanid periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Ekur was restored once more to its former splendor, several monarchs of that dynasty built upon and adorned it, and thousands of inscriptions, dating from the time of those rulers, have been discovered in its archives. A new temple within Ekur, the Ekurigibarra, was built by <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> (c. 1375 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the middle of the 12th century BC follows another long period of comparative neglect due to the river Euphrates changing its course, but with the waters return and the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, at the close of the 8th century BC, we meet again with building inscriptions, and under <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> Ekur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Νιππούρ</span>, <i>Nippoúr</i>). Huge walls were erected at the edges of the ancient terrace, the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets, and the <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> itself was curiously built over in a cruciform shape, and converted into an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> for the fortress. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> period, about 250 AD; but under the succeeding rule of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanids</a> it in its turn fell into decay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_abandonment">Islamic abandonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic abandonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nippur remained inhabited in Islamic times, and is mentioned by early Muslim geographers under the name of Niffar. It lay on the Nahr an-Nars canal, believed to have been built by Narses. By the late 800s, though, geographers no longer mentioned it, which indicates that the city had gone into decline by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of a broader decline in settlements throughout Iraq, especially in the south, as decaying infrastructure and political violence resulted in large areas being completely abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nippur remained the seat of an Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a> until the late 900s, when the bishopric was transferred to the city of <a href="/wiki/Nil,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nil, Iraq">Nil</a>, further northwest. Nippur itself may have remained occupied even later, since ceramics found among the ruins display underglaze <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffiato</a> drawings, which were not used much prior to the end of the 10th century. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> in the early 1200s, Nippur had been definitively abandoned, although Yaqut still recognized its ruins as the site of a famous place.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the upper surface of these mounds was found a considerable Jewish town, dating from about the beginning of the Arabic period onward to the 10th century AD, in the houses of which were large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Incantation bowls">incantation bowls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish names, appearing in the Persian documents discovered at Nippur, show, however, that Jewish settlement at that city dates in fact from a much earlier period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nippur_fr.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nippur_fr.PNG/220px-Nippur_fr.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nippur_fr.PNG/330px-Nippur_fr.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nippur_fr.PNG/440px-Nippur_fr.PNG 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Map of the site in French</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nippur,_Temple_of_Bel_excavation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nippur%2C_Temple_of_Bel_excavation.jpg/220px-Nippur%2C_Temple_of_Bel_excavation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nippur%2C_Temple_of_Bel_excavation.jpg/330px-Nippur%2C_Temple_of_Bel_excavation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nippur%2C_Temple_of_Bel_excavation.jpg/440px-Nippur%2C_Temple_of_Bel_excavation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption>Nippur, Temple of Bel excavation, 1896.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Henry_Haynes._The_Nippur_temple_excavation._1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_Henry_Haynes._The_Nippur_temple_excavation._1893.jpg/220px-John_Henry_Haynes._The_Nippur_temple_excavation._1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_Henry_Haynes._The_Nippur_temple_excavation._1893.jpg/330px-John_Henry_Haynes._The_Nippur_temple_excavation._1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_Henry_Haynes._The_Nippur_temple_excavation._1893.jpg/440px-John_Henry_Haynes._The_Nippur_temple_excavation._1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Nippur excavations, 1893.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_model1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Final_model1.png/328px-Final_model1.png" decoding="async" width="328" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Final_model1.png/492px-Final_model1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Final_model1.png/656px-Final_model1.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>3-D reconstruction of Temple of Enlil by Claudiaaako</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_model2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Final_model2.png/332px-Final_model2.png" decoding="async" width="332" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Final_model2.png/498px-Final_model2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Final_model2.png/664px-Final_model2.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>3-D reconstruction of Temple of Enlil by Claudiaaako</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuneiform_tablet_in_the_name_of_Shar-Kali-Sharri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cuneiform_tablet_in_the_name_of_Shar-Kali-Sharri.jpg/220px-Cuneiform_tablet_in_the_name_of_Shar-Kali-Sharri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cuneiform_tablet_in_the_name_of_Shar-Kali-Sharri.jpg/330px-Cuneiform_tablet_in_the_name_of_Shar-Kali-Sharri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cuneiform_tablet_in_the_name_of_Shar-Kali-Sharri.jpg/440px-Cuneiform_tablet_in_the_name_of_Shar-Kali-Sharri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>Cuneiform tablet from Nippur, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a>, 2300–2100 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylonian_cuneiform_tablet_with_a_map_from_Nippur_1550-1450_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Babylonian_cuneiform_tablet_with_a_map_from_Nippur_1550-1450_BCE.jpg/220px-Babylonian_cuneiform_tablet_with_a_map_from_Nippur_1550-1450_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Babylonian_cuneiform_tablet_with_a_map_from_Nippur_1550-1450_BCE.jpg/330px-Babylonian_cuneiform_tablet_with_a_map_from_Nippur_1550-1450_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Babylonian_cuneiform_tablet_with_a_map_from_Nippur_1550-1450_BCE.jpg/440px-Babylonian_cuneiform_tablet_with_a_map_from_Nippur_1550-1450_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, <a href="/wiki/Kassite_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite period">Kassite period</a>, 1550–1450 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Nippur was situated on both sides of the ancient bed of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_en-Nil" title="Shatt en-Nil">Shatt-en-Nil</a> canal, one of the earliest courses of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, between the present bed of that river and the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, almost 160 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The canal bed divides the site into an East Mound and West Mound. It is represented by the great complex of ruin mounds known to the Arabs as <i>Nuffar</i>, written by the earlier explorers <i>Niffer</i>, divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old <a href="/wiki/Shatt_en-Nil" title="Shatt en-Nil">Shatt-en-Nil</a> (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs <i>Bint el-Amiror</i> "prince's daughter". The site reached a maximum extent of 130 hectares, this occurring in the Ur III period and again in the Kassite period. </p><p>Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full-scale digging was begun by an expedition from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900 and was led by <a href="/wiki/John_Punnett_Peters" title="John Punnett Peters">John Punnett Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Haynes" title="John Henry Haynes">John Henry Haynes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Volrath_Hilprecht" title="Hermann Volrath Hilprecht">Hermann Volrath Hilprecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of tablets were found at a smaller mound dubbed "tablet hill", about 7.5 meters in average height and 52 square meters in area, southeast of the temple mound.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/True_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="True arch">true arch</a>, one of the world's earliest examples, was also found.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Parthian layer a box containing fragments of votive axes made of glass from the Kassite period were found. Several late Kassite rulers are represented including <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nippur was excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990 by a team from the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute, Chicago">Oriental Institute</a> of Chicago, joined at times by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American Schools of Oriental Research">American Schools of Oriental Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the effort involved removing large archaeological dumps from the University of Pennsylvania excavations. In the process Early Dynastic bowls, cuneiform tablets, and brick stamps were found.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the temples of Inanna and at Ekur foundation deposits were found with statues of Shulgi and Ur-Nammu.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temple of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, begun in the Early Dynastic period was completely excavated. Subsequent superimposed new iterations of the temple extended all the way up to Parthian times. Finds included a tablet dated to the 4th year of the Kassite king <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a>, one dated to the 44th year of Ur III king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, and an Indus Valley stamp seal. In 1977 they briefly excavated at the nearby site of Umm al-Hafriyat which was in the process of being heavily looted.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sargonic period tablets found there suggest the ancient name of that site was as Maškan-Ili-Akkade.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation is now in the process of being published.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preliminary efforts to restart work at Nippur began in 2018 under McGuire Gibson.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavation work at Nippur began in April 2019 under <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Alizadeh" title="Abbas Alizadeh">Abbas Alizadeh</a>. Initial focus at Nippur was on a major Parthian period building and a small Late Sassnian house. Permission has also been granted to dig at Dlehim and Drehem. Excavation began in November 2022 for the 21st season which lasted two months. Work began at nearby <a href="/wiki/Drehem" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehem">Drehem</a> but ceased after authorities decided that a police station must first be established there to prevent looting. Work then returned to the Parthian building.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Alizadeh_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Alizadeh-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ziggurat">Ziggurat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ziggurat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extensive excavation details have been recorded for the Ziggurat of Ur-Gur. Overall, the <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> site is 25 meters in height, has a rectangular base of 39 meters by 58 meters, consisting three stages of dry brick, and faced with kiln-fired bricks laid in bitumen.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern corner of the ziggurat points to 12 degrees east of the magnetic north.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction structure and materials are homogeneous, of small unbaked bricks, laid in different ways: first layer of bricks is on the edge sides with the flat sides out, second layer on the edge sides with the ends out, third layer on the flat sides with the edges out.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ziggurat contains a water conduit system. From the upper surface of the ziggurat, there is a conduit for water drainage in the middle of three façades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built by baked bricks 1 metre in breadth and 3 meters in depth, around the conduit base is a plaster of bitumen, sloping outward with gutters to carry off water.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pavements extend from the ziggurat in a cruciform shape with square-like large bricks, in which pieces of pottery are used to fasten the clay together.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They extend 2.4 meters below the ziggurat foundation and 12 meters away, connected to the lowest stage of the ziggurat, which protects the ziggurat foundation from rain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_of_Enlil">Temple of Enlil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Temple of Enlil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Temple of Enlil situated northeast of the ziggurat was excavated. Topography of the Temple of Enlil was yielded. By stratigraphic excavation, the chronological sequence of the temple could be constructed. The temple dated to Ur III period was constructed by Urnammu, restored and rebuilt by kings ruled Nippur for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Temple of Enlil was rebuilt after Ur III, the architectural information provided was based on remains from the Ur III period. The rectangular temple measured about 45×21 m with one entrance on the northeast wall and one entrance on the southwest wall. Floors were paved with baked-brick square bricks with size of 37 cm. 2 substructures built beneath the paved floor with 1.3 m elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walls that the thickness varied from 3.35 to 3.95 m were constructed with straw-tempered unbaked bricks and mud mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no indication for windows walls above floor level were not preserved but windows were required for additional lighting in the Temple of Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible height of the walls was 13.2 m as it was three times of the substructure which is 4.40 m. Although no remains of the roof left, purlins and reeds were covered first and then rammed earth mixed with straw was layered.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the floor plan of the Temple of Enlil in Ur III period, 2 cellae each connected with 2 minor chambers with wider doorways (2.40 m, 1.45 m for normal doorway) and 2 subsidiary chambers were presented.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burning evidence in the cella (room 13) and the minor chambers (room 16,17) adjacent to the other cella (room 18), the inscription of the Temple of Enlil around Ur III period; both indicated the purpose of the Temple of Enlil was to feed gods on the adjacent ziggurat, as 'kitchen temple', so food preparation could be taken place. Other than that, the Temple of Enlil shown no place of a dais for enthroned deities. Thus, the Temple of Enlil was not for worshiping. Yet, religious ritual related to divine repast perhaps libation, could serve as the purpose of Temple of Enlil during Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_of_Gula">Temple of Gula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Temple of Gula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990 Oriental Institute excavators identified a building in area WA as the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Gula_(goddess)" title="Gula (goddess)">Gula</a>, a goddess of healing and consort of Ninurta. The earliest identified construction of the temple was in the Isin-Larsa period, with major rebuilds in the Kassite, Neo-Assyrian, and Neo-Babylonian periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson1990_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson1990-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the missing temple of Ninurta is nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murashu_archive">Murashu archive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Murashu archive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost directly opposite the temple, a large palace was excavated, apparently of the Seleucid period, and in this neighborhood and further southward on these mounds large numbers of inscribed tablets of various periods, including temple archives of the Kassite and commercial archives of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, were excavated. The latter, the "books and papers" of the house of <a href="/wiki/Murashu_family" title="Murashu family">Murashu</a>, commercial agents of the government, throw light on the condition of the city and the administration of the country in the Achaemenid period. The tablets date between 454 BC and 404 BC with the majority between 440 BC and 414 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DG_Brinton_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG_Brinton-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archive is reflective of a diverse populace as one-third of contracts depict non-Babylonian names. Enduring for at least three successive generations, the house of Murashu capitalized on the enterprise of renting substantial plots of farmland having been awarded to occupying Persian governors, nobility, soldiery, probably at discounted rates, whose owners were most likely satisfied with a moderate return. The business would then subdivide these into smaller plots for cultivation by indigenous farmers and recent foreign settlers for a lucrative fee. The house of Murashu leased land, subdivided it, then subleased or rented out the smaller parcels, thereby simply acting as an intermediary. It thereby profited both from the collected rents and percentage of amassed credit reflective of that year's future crop harvests after supplying needed farming implements, means of irrigation, and paying taxes. In 423/422 BC, the house of Murashu took in "about 20,000 kg or 20,000 shekels of silver".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The activities of the house of Murashu had a ruinous effect upon the economy of the country and thus led to the bankruptcy of the landowners. Although the house of Murashu loaned money to the landowners initially, after a few decades it began more and more to take the landowners' place, and the land began to concentrate in its hands."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site_TA">Site TA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Site TA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_by_Akitalwt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_by_Akitalwt.png/220px-3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_by_Akitalwt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_by_Akitalwt.png/330px-3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_by_Akitalwt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_by_Akitalwt.png/440px-3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_by_Akitalwt.png 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>3-D reconstruction of Site TA by Akitalwt</figcaption></figure> <p>Site TA is a 20 m × 40 m area located in Tablet Hill in Nippur.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is built in between 1948 and 1952 and was partially abandoned due to economic crisis in 1739 B.C. and fully vacated in 1720 B.C. It served as a small community with residential buildings and some minor public infrastructures at that time. TA is full of small size, irregular buildings which create a community as a whole. Houses found in TA is generally one-storey which is a common feature at that period of time. Only three of the houses have a stair to the upper level but it is not considered a two-storey but rooftop level. </p><p>There are total of 1.591 tablets found in site TA.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the texts type found in tablets are divided into two main categories, private documents and educational material, TA is viewed as a residential area. Most of the houses in TA are residential housing while only one of the houses (House F) are viewed as scribal school, this conclusion is made due to the significant amount of 1,407 tablets are found in House F. Moreover, organic materials were found in some of the houses, therefore, there might be animal husbandry. Moreover, due to the contents of tablets, it is believed that TA is owned by small private owner. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_(2)_by_Akitalwt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_%282%29_by_Akitalwt.png/220px-3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_%282%29_by_Akitalwt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_%282%29_by_Akitalwt.png/330px-3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_%282%29_by_Akitalwt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_%282%29_by_Akitalwt.png/440px-3-D_reconstruction_of_Site_TA_%282%29_by_Akitalwt.png 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>3-D reconstruction of Site TA by Akitalwt</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inanna_Temple">Inanna Temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inanna Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inanna (Inanna of Duranki) temple is a historical hallmark of Mesopotamia. Though the temple was a religious element in the dynasty of Ur, there were a lot of political and social issues associated with the temple. The excavations that led to the discovery of the remains of the temple of Nippur were conducted by Donald McCown in 1952. The temple was then excavated between 1954 and 1958, reaching the Early Dynastic II period level. In 1960-1961 the Early Dynastic I (with a large building on same plan) and then Jemdat Nasr and Uruk Period (private houses) levels were reached. Finds included a macehead of Naram-Sin, ruler of the Akkadian Empire, indicating he had rebuilt the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the excavation, the team inadvertently experienced difficulty progressing with their work.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavators reached a surface that appeared like a baked brick pavement. Notably, this incident drew a lot of interest in the team, and with further progress, they reached what seemed to be a room. Further into their excavation, they discovered a room with inscriptions, suggesting that the building was a temple built by Sulgi, the second king of the third dynasty of Ur.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the architectural plan of the temple is further demonstrated by the layers of the building.   During the excavation, it was noted that the building had twenty-three-level layers. The excavators revealed that each of the twenty-three layers serves a different purpose. For instance, levels VIII-VII were associated with sculptures and idols used in the temple's religious activities.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the temple's exterior, the excavators found that it was characterised by niches that supported the religious activities at the temple. The niches had special tablets inscipted with literature regarding the teachings at the temple. The Inanna temple had significant political influence in the Ur dynasty. It was built, supported by Sulgi and many subsequent kings, using it as a pedestal to manage the leadership of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple had specific administrative units that were answerable to the reigning king of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be attributed to the fact that the leading goddess of the temple, Inanna, was associated with power. Kings believed that the Inanna goddess has the power to influence political issues, which explained the temple's importance and long-lasting popularity throughout the dynasties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nearby_sites">Nearby sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nearby sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drehem">Drehem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drehem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drehem or ancient <a href="/wiki/Puzrish-Dagan" title="Puzrish-Dagan">Puzrish-Dagan</a>, sometimes called a suburb of Nippur, is the best-known city of the so-called redistribution centers of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a>. It is located some ten kilometers south of Nippur. Witnessed by thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets, livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) of the state was centralized at Drehem and redistributed to the temples, its officials and the royal palaces of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temples of nearby Nippur were the main destinations of the livestock. The city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>. Some of its cuneiform archives are at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a>, Toronto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tell_Dlehim">Tell Dlehim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tell Dlehim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nearby site of Dlehim (Dulaihim, Delehem, Dlehem, Dlihim) is about 40 hectares in area, separated in eastern and western sections by an ancient 50 meter wide canal bed, and currently described as being 2.5 meters in height. It lies about 21 kilometers south of Nippur and about ten kilometers south of Drehem. The site was visited by <a href="/wiki/John_Punnett_Peters" title="John Punnett Peters">John Punnett Peters</a> in 1889 and (believing it was Drehem) by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_James_Banks" title="Edgar James Banks">Edgar James Banks</a> in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first examined (along with Drehem) in 1925 by Raymond P. Dougherty on behalf of the American Schools of Oriental Research. The mound at the time rose to 25 feet above the plain and was fairly unremarkable with some baked bricks and flint saw-blades.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times it was surveyed by H. Fujii of the Kokushikan University of Tokyo in 1988. In the early days of archaeology it was often confused with the nearby Drehem.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers an area of 36 hectares and was occupied in the Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has been suggested as the location of ancient <a href="/wiki/Tummal" title="Tummal">Tummal</a> (thought to be the source of the <a href="/wiki/Tummal_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Tummal Inscription">Tummal Inscription</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinkeller2001_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinkeller2001-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tummal played a primary political role in the Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 the QADIS survey project, carried out an aerial and surface survey of the site. Four bricks (three re-used for a later drain and one in a temple area) of Ur III ruler <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> were found at the site. Extended traces of Ur III period buildings including an oval temple with central terrace were detected by drone flights and surface surveys. The presence of modern military berms were also noted.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qadis survey, through imagery and sounding, determined that the site had a 150 meter by 80 meter harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 the Oriental Institute of Chicago received permission to excavate at Dlehim and in 2022 preliminary excavation began.<sup id="cite_ref-:Alizadeh_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Alizadeh-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tell_Waresh_2">Tell Waresh 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tell Waresh 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site of Tell Waresh 2 lies 12 kilometers northeast of Nippur (UTM 38 S 532261.73 m E, 3561401.12 m N) and was subject to a rescue excavation in 1990 led by Muhammad Yahya Radhi on behalf of the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage. It was one of a number of rescue excavation in response to the digging of the Main Drain Canal project. The site showed outlines of buildings and many artifacts on the surface. Remains were of the Isin-Larsa period and included clay sealings, cylinder seals, and a number of cuneiform tablets, mainly legal documents. The most prominent of the latter were 29 tablets found in a clay jar which contained year names of four rulers of Larsa, Abi-Sare, Sumu-el, Nur-Adad, and <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> (1785 BC to 1778 BC). The same team revisted the site in 2019 as part of larger survey in the area, obtaining georeferenced data.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final report is now in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nippur" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nippur">Nippur</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nippur" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nippur">Nippur</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Chronology of the ancient Near East">Chronology of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_gods_(Sumerian_paradise)" title="Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise)">Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu-di%C4%9Dira" title="Lu-diĝira">Lu-diĝira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%ABr-Ab%C4%AB-e%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB" title="Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ">Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cam_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, N. G. L. Hammond, <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena & Prehistory</i>: Vol. 1, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1970 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521070515" title="Special:BookSources/9780521070515">9780521070515</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobsen, T., "The Assumed Conflict between Sumerians and Semites in Early Mesopotamian History", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> 59/4, pp. 485–495, 1939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2015" class="citation cs2">Robson, Eleanor (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/nimrud/ancientkalhu/thepeople/ninurta/index.html">"Ninurta, god of victory"</a>, <i>Nimrud: Materialities of Assyrian Knowledge Production</i>, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nimrud%3A+Materialities+of+Assyrian+Knowledge+Production&rft.atitle=Ninurta%2C+god+of+victory&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fnimrud%2Fancientkalhu%2Fthepeople%2Fninurta%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), <i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i>, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, p. 142, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714117056" title="Special:BookSources/0714117056"><bdi>0714117056</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0714117056&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Glassner" title="Jean-Jacques Glassner">Jean-Jacques Glassner</a>, Mesopotamian Chronicles, Brill Academic, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13084-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13084-5">90-04-13084-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/324872">"Indus carnelian bead found in Nippur Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Indus+carnelian+bead+found+in+Nippur+Mesopotamia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F324872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinkeller, Piotr, "Corvée Labor in Ur III Times", From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010, edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 347-424, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan S. Tenney, "The Elevation of Marduk Revisited: Festivals and Sacrifices at Nippur during the High Kassite Period", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 68, pp. 153–80, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Béranger, Marine, "Dur-Abi-ešuh and the Abandonment of Nippur During the Late Old Babylonian Period: A Historical Survey", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 75.1, pp. 27-47, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boivin, Odette, "A political history of the Sealand kingdom", The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 86-125, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartelmus, A. (2010): Restoring the past. A historical analysis of the royal temple building inscriptions from the Kassite Period, Kaskal 7, 143–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/Publications/SAOC/saoc71.pdf">Mark Altaweel and Carrie Hritz, Assyrians in Nippur</a>, pp. 41-62 in Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 71, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2021 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-063-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-063-3">978-1-61491-063-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, S. W., "Nippur in Late Assyrian Times (c. 755–612 BC).", State Archives of Assyria Studies, vol. 4, Helsinki, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9514572866" title="Special:BookSources/9514572866">9514572866</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams 215-225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams 236-237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/aramaicincantati00montuoft/aramaicincantati00montuoft.pdf">[1]</a> Montgomery, James A., "Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur", Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum, 1913</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael David Coogan, Life in the Diaspora: Jews at Nippur in the Fifth Century B.C., The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 6-12 (Mar., 1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/discoveriesamong00laya/discoveriesamong00laya.pdf">[2]</a> Austen H. Layard, Harper, "Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon; with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan, and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum", New York : Putnam, 1856 (also in reprint by Kessinger Publishing, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-548-16028-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-548-16028-7">0-548-16028-7</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/nippurorexplorat00pete/nippurorexplorat00pete.pdf"><i>Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates; the narrative of the University of Pennsylvania expedition to Babylonia in the years 1888-1921</i></a>, Volume 1, John Punnett Peters, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/nippurexploratio02pete/nippurexploratio02pete.pdf"><i>Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates; the narrative of the University of Pennsylvania expedition to Babylonia in the years 1888-1921</i></a> -, Volume 2, John Punnett Peters, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924019176217/cu31924019176217.pdf"><i>Explorations in Bible Lands during the 19th Century</i></a>, H.V. Hilprecht, 1903</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.15359238">[3]</a> Fisher, Clarence Stanley, Excavations at Nippur: plans, details, and photographs of the buildings, with numerous objects found in them during the excavations of 1889, 1890, 1893-1896, 1899-1900: v. 1: Topography and city walls, Philadelphia: Department of Archaeology of University of Pennsylvania, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, Clarence Stanley, Excavations at Nippur: plans, details, and photographs of the buildings, with numerous objects found in them during the excavations of 1889, 1890, 1893-1896, 1899-1900: v. 2: The Fortress, Philadelphia: Department of Archaeology of the University of Pennsylvania, 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/jstor-592887/592887.pdf">[4]</a> John P. Peters, The Nippur Library, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 26, pp. 145–164, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Peters, University of Pennsylvania Excavations at Nippur. II. The Nippur Arch, The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 352–368, (Jul. - Sep., 1895)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://tpsalomonreinach.mom.fr/Reinach/MOM_TP_071787/MOM_TP_071787_0019/PDF/MOM_TP_071787_0019.pdf">[5]</a> Fisher, C. S., "The Archaic Arch at Nippur", Transactions of the Department of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1-9, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/9953453/Glass_axes_of_the_Kassite_Period_from_Nippur">[6]</a> Clayden, T., "Glass Axes of the Kassite Period from Nippur.", Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie, vol. 4, pp. 92–135, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip78.pdf"><i>Nippur I, Temple of Enlil, Scribal Quarter, and Soundings: Excavations of the Joint Expedition to Nippur of the University Museum of Philadelphia and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago</i></a>, Donald E. McCown and Richard C. Haines, Oriental Institute Publication 78, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/as17.pdf"><i>Cuneiform Texts from Nippur: The Eighth and Ninth Seasons</i></a>, Giorgio Buccellati and Robert D. Biggs, Oriental Institute Assyriological Studies 17, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763264&increment=141">[7]</a> Knudstad, J. E., "A Preliminary Report on the 1966–1967 Excavations at Nippur.", Sumer, vol. 24, no. 1-2, pp. 95-106, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oic22.pdf"><i>Excavations at Nippur: Eleventh Season</i></a>, McGuire Gibson et al., Oriental Institute Communication 22, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-62339-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-62339-4">0-226-62339-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oic23.pdf"><i>Excavations at Nippur: Twelfth Season</i></a>, McGuire Gibson et al., Oriental Institute Communication 23, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918986-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-918986-22-2">0-918986-22-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ar/71-80/76-77/76-77_Nippur.pdf">[8]</a> Gibson, M. (1976). The Nippur Expedition. The Oriental Institute, 77, 22-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ar/81-90/81-82/81-82_Nippur.pdf">[9]</a> Gibson, M. (1982). Nippur under Assyrian Domination: 15th Season of Excavation, 1981-82. The Oriental Institute 1981–1982 Annual Report, 40-48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip97.pdf"><i>Nippur, Volume 2. The North Temple and Sounding E: Excavations of the Joint Expedition to Nippur of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago</i></a>, D. E. et al., Oriental Institute Publication 97, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918986-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-918986-04-4">0-918986-04-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip111.pdf"><i>Nippur, Volume 3: Kassite Buildings in Area WC-1</i></a>, R. L. Zettler, Oriental Institute Publication 111, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918986-91-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-918986-91-5">0-918986-91-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip114.pdf"><i>Nippur, Volume 4: The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor's Archive from Nippur</i></a>, S. W. Cole, Oriental Institute Publication 114, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885923-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-885923-03-1">1-885923-03-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip129.pdf"><i>Nippur V: The Area WF Sounding: The Early Dynastic to Akkadian Transition</i></a>, Augusta McMahon, Oriental Institute Publication 129, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuire Gibson, James A. Armstrong and Augusta McMahon, The City Walls of Nippur and an Islamic Site beyond: Oriental Institute Excavations, 17th Season, 1987, Iraq, vol. 60, pp. 11-44, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonMcMahon1995" class="citation cs2">Gibson, McGuire; McMahon, A. (1995), "Investigation of the Early Dynastic-Akkadian Transition: Report of the 18th and 19th Seasons of Excavation in Area WF, Nippur", <i>Iraq</i>, <b>57</b>: 1–39, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200399">10.2307/4200399</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200399">4200399</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+the+Early+Dynastic-Akkadian+Transition%3A+Report+of+the+18th+and+19th+Seasons+of+Excavation+in+Area+WF%2C+Nippur&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=McGuire&rft.au=McMahon%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763260&increment=148">[10]</a> Knudstad, J. E., "A Report on the 1964–1965 Excavations at Nippur.", Sumer, vol. 22, no 1-2, pp. 111–114, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763238&increment=30">[11]</a> Haines, R. C., "The Latest Report on the Progress of the Excavations at Nippur", Sumer, vol. 11, iss. 2, pp. 107–109, 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/nippur-regional-project">[12]</a> McGuire Gibson, Nippur Regional Project: UMM AL-HAFRIYAT, The Oriental Institute Annual Report 1977/78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariani, Eleonora, "Early Bronze IV Pottery Assemblages from Umm AlHafriyat Southern Mesopotamia", Athar alrafedain 8.1, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinkeller, Piotr, "The Divine Rulers of Akkade and Ur: Toward a Definition of the Deification of Kings in Babylonia", History, Texts and Art in Early Babylonia: Three Essays, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 107-157, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markina, Ekaterina, "A Note on Sargonic mun. šà/mūšaqum", The Third Millennium, Brill, pp. 452-458, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/Publications/Annual-Reports/2022-2023/AR2022-23_Individual_Research.pdf">[13]</a> McGuire Gibson, "Individual Rewsearch", Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures 2022–2023 Annual Report, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/Publications/Annual-Reports/2017-2018/14%20-%20Nippur.pdf">[14]</a>, McGuire Gibson, Nippur Project, Oriental Institute 2017-2018 Annual Report</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/N_and_N/nn251.pdf">[15]</a> Abbas Alizadeh, "Nippur in the Age of COVID-19", Oriental Institute of Chicago - News and Notes - Winter/Spring 2022, pp. 20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Alizadeh-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Alizadeh_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Alizadeh_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlizadeh2020" class="citation book cs1">Alizadeh, Abbas (2020). "Nippur Expedition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/Publications/Annual-Reports/2019-2020/AR2019-20_Nippur.pdf"><i>The Oriental Institute 2019-20 Annual Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 95–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-055-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-055-8"><bdi>978-1-61491-055-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nippur+Expedition&rft.btitle=The+Oriental+Institute+2019-20+Annual+Report&rft.pages=95-99&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-61491-055-8&rft.aulast=Alizadeh&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2FPublications%2FAnnual-Reports%2F2019-2020%2FAR2019-20_Nippur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6173/">"Nippur"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Nippur&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F6173%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1895" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, John P. 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Sumer 63, pp. 63–92, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marchetti, Nicolò, Giacomo Benati, Abbas al-Hussainy, Giampaolo Luglio, Marco Valeri, Giulia Scazzosi, and Federico Zaina, "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 109, pp. 214–37, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantelliniPicottiAl-HussainyMarchetti2024" class="citation journal cs1">Mantellini, Simone; Picotti, Vincenzo; Al-Hussainy, Abbas; Marchetti, Nicolò; Zaina, Federico (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gea.21992">"Development of water management strategies in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth and third millennium B.C.E."</a> <i>Geoarchaeology</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 268–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgea.21992">10.1002/gea.21992</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F963863">11585/963863</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoarchaeology&rft.atitle=Development+of+water+management+strategies+in+southern+Mesopotamia+during+the+fourth+and+third+millennium+B.C.E.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=268-299&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F963863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgea.21992&rft.aulast=Mantellini&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Picotti%2C+Vincenzo&rft.au=Al-Hussainy%2C+Abbas&rft.au=Marchetti%2C+Nicol%C3%B2&rft.au=Zaina%2C+Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2Fgea.21992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/files/whitelevy/files/al-hussainy_21_article_journal_of_orientalia_vol._91-1_022022.pdf">[25]</a> Abbas, AL-HUSSAINY. "Glyptic Styles at an Isin-Larsa Minor Settlement: Seals and Seal Impressions from Tell Waresh 2.", Journal of Orientalia, vol. 91, no. 1, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Hussainy, A., de Boer, R., and Jawdat, J., "Tell Waresh 2, Early Old Babylonian Tablets from the Season of Rescue Excavation (1990)", RA 113, pp. 59–69, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad, A. K., "A Text from the Time of Sumu-El, King of Larsa (1894- 1866 BC) from Tell Warash", Athar Ar-Rafidayn 2/1, 121–132, 2013 (in Arabic)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/final-report-rescue-excavations-tell-waresh-2-third-river-project-iraq">Final Report on the Rescue Excavations at Tell Waresh 2, Third River Project (Iraq) - Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nippur" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nippur">Nippur</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nippur&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANippur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/heartland_of_cities.pdf">[26]</a> Adams, Robert M., "Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-00544-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-00544-5">0-226-00544-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip11.pdf">[27]</a> Edward Chiera, "Cuneiform Series, Volume I: Sumerian Lexical Texts from the Temple School of Nippur", Oriental Institute Publication 11, 1929</li> <li>Tim Clayden, Bernhard Schneider, "Assurbanipal and the Ziggurat at Nippur" KASKAL 12, pp. 348–382, 2015</li> <li>V.E. Crawford, "Nippur the Holy City", Archaeology, vol. 12, pp. 74–83, 1959</li> <li>T. Fish, "The Summerian City Nippur in the Period of the Third Dynasty of Ur", Iraq, vol. 5, pp. 157–179, 1938</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.2307/496885">[28]</a> Fisher, C. S., "Mycenaean Palace at Nippur", American Joumal of Archaeology, vol. 8, pp. 403–32, 1904</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11401/88709">[29]</a>Legrain, Leon, "Terra-cottas from Nippur", University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763293&increment=169">[30]</a> McGuire Gibson, Richard L. Zettler, and James A. Armstrong, "The Southern Corner of Nippur: Summary of Excavations During the 14th and 15th Seasons," Sumer, vol. 39, pp. 170–190, 1983</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/patterns-occupation-nippur">[31]</a> McGuire Gibson, "Patterns of occupation at Nippur", <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute, Chicago">Oriental Institute</a>, U. of Chicago, 1992</li> <li>McGuire Gibson, "A Re-Evaluation of the Akkad Period in the Diyala Region on the Basis of Recent Excavations at Nippur and in the Hamrin", <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a>, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 531–538, 1982</li> <li>D.P. Hanson and G.f. Dales, "The Temple of Inanna Queen of Heaven at Nippur", Archaeology, vol. 15, pp. 75–84, 1962</li> <li>Donald E. McCown, "Excavations at Nippur, 1948–50", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 169–176, 1952</li> <li>Neumann, Hans, "Nippur–‘Heiliger Ort’ der Sumerer", in: Reinhard Achenbach / Nikola Moustakis (eds.), Heilige Orte der Antike – Gesammelte Studien im Anschluss an eine Ringvorlesung des Exzellenzclusters “Religion und Politik in den Kulturen der Vormoderne und der Moderne” an der Universität Münster im Wintersemester 2013/2014(Kasion 1), Münster, pp. 37–66, 2018</li> <li>A. L. Oppenheim, "Siege Documents from Nippur", Iraq, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 69–89, 1955</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/letterstocassit00radagoog/letterstocassit00radagoog.pdf">[32]</a> Hugo Radau, "Letters to Cassite kings from the Temple archives of Nippur", The Babylonian expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. Series A: Cuneiform texts., vol. 17, pt. 1, 1908</li> <li>Sallaberger, W., "The Cupbearer and the Cult-Priest in the Temple: External and Internal Cultic Practitioners in Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia", Journal of ancient near eastern religions, 19(1-2), pp. 90–111, 2019</li> <li>Marcel Sigrist, "Drehem", CDL Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620013-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620013-6-8">0-9620013-6-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/old_babylonian_contracts.pdf">[33]</a> Elizabeth C. Stone and Paul E. Zimansky, "Old Babylonian Contracts From Nippur: Selected Texts From the University Museum University of Pennsylvania, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Microfiche Archives", Volume 1 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11401/88654">[34]</a>Swindler, Daris Ray. "A study of the cranial and skeletal material excavated at Nippur", Philadelphia : University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1956</li> <li>Zettler, Richard L., "The Ur III Temple of Inanna at Nippur: The Operation and Organization of Urban Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia in the Late Third Millennium B.C.", Berliner Beitraege zum vorderen Orient 11. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1992</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippur&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/nippur" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/nippur">nippur</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/Archeological_Newsletters.pdf">Link to letters from the archeologist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nippur-digitized.com/introduction.html">Nippur Digitized - Record of 1889-1900 excavation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/penn-researchers-unearth-stories-ancient-incantation-bowls-tell">The story the bowls tell - Penn Today - Michele W. Berger - September 6, 2022</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/bulletin/2554/">Nippur - Museum Bulletin of the Penn Museum, Volume X / Number 3-4 1944</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/nippur-expedition">The Nippur Expedition: the holy city of Nippur - Oriental Institute of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/asp_meso_nippur/">Nippur Archaeological Site Photographs at Oriental Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230219/http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/asp_meso_nippur/">Archived</a> 2013-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531200940/http://www.millikin.edu/staley/archives/collections/Pages/cuneiforms.aspx">Drehem cuneiform tablets at Milliken University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=48255">85/452 Tablet, cuneiform receipt for livestock, terracotta, Drehem, 2041 BCE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUbCasjXfxo&list=PLmXaxHgt2ww8u6j2uOlnGRQTWLrk8FPkt&index=8">Video - Affluent Suburbs or Disenfranchised Banlieue: The Urban Edge at Nippur, Iraq - Augusta McMahon ISAC - May 5 2023</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13144647638200048240">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042365-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092013">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945161c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945161c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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