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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Marines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القوات المسلحة البيروية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوات المسلحة البيروية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Armades_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Forces Armades del Perú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forces Armades del Perú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruanische_Streitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Peruanische Streitkräfte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peruanische Streitkräfte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Fuerzas Armadas del Perú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Armadas del Perú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruko_Errepublikako_Indar_Armatuak" title="Peruko Errepublikako Indar Armatuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Peruko Errepublikako Indar Armatuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نیروهای مسلح پرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای مسلح پرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_p%C3%A9ruviennes" title="Forces armées péruviennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces armées péruviennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95" title="צבא פרו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבא פרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_hadereje" title="Peru hadereje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Peru hadereje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruviaanse_krijgsmacht" title="Peruviaanse krijgsmacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peruviaanse krijgsmacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E8%BB%8D" title="ペルー軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルー軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_do_Peru" title="Forças Armadas do Peru – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças Armadas do Peru" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Вооружённые силы Перу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вооружённые силы Перу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcat_e_Armatosura_t%C3%AB_Perus%C3%AB" title="Forcat e Armatosura të Perusë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Forcat e Armatosura të Perusë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perun_asevoimat" title="Perun asevoimat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perun asevoimat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perus_v%C3%A4pnade_styrkor" title="Perus väpnade styrkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perus väpnade styrkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9" title="กองทัพเปรู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพเปรู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_Silahl%C4%B1_Kuvvetleri" title="Peru Silahlı Kuvvetleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peru Silahlı Kuvvetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Збройні сили Перу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Збройні сили Перу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="秘魯軍事 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="秘魯軍事" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combined military services of Peru</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Peruvian Armed Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Fuerzas Armadas del Perú</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(war).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Peru#War_flag" title="Flag of Peru">Peruvian Flag of War</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1821<span class="noprint">; 203 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1821-07-28</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Insignia_of_the_President_of_Peru.svg/23px-Insignia_of_the_President_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Insignia_of_the_President_of_Peru.svg/35px-Insignia_of_the_President_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Insignia_of_the_President_of_Peru.svg/45px-Insignia_of_the_President_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_defence_(Peru)" title="List of ministers of defence (Peru)">Minister of Defence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_for_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Peru%29.svg/23px-Flag_for_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Peru%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_for_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Peru%29.svg/35px-Flag_for_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Peru%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_for_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Peru%29.svg/45px-Flag_for_the_Minister_of_Defense_%28Peru%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Astudillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Astudillo (page does not exist)">Walter Astudillo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Astudillo" class="extiw" title="es:Walter Astudillo">es</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Joint_Command_(Peru)" title="Chief of the Joint Command (Peru)">Chief of the Joint Command</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rank_flag_for_the_Chief_of_the_Joint_Command_%28Peru%29.svg/23px-Rank_flag_for_the_Chief_of_the_Joint_Command_%28Peru%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rank_flag_for_the_Chief_of_the_Joint_Command_%28Peru%29.svg/35px-Rank_flag_for_the_Chief_of_the_Joint_Command_%28Peru%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rank_flag_for_the_Chief_of_the_Joint_Command_%28Peru%29.svg/45px-Rank_flag_for_the_Chief_of_the_Joint_Command_%28Peru%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_general#Army_generals'_army_insignia" title="Army general">Army General</a> David Ojeda Parra</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available for<br />military service</th><td class="infobox-data">7,920,056, age 17-45<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fit for<br />military service</th><td class="infobox-data">6,045,256, age 17-45<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reaching military<br />age annually</th><td class="infobox-data">312,375</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">120,000 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">Reserve personnel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">386,000 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$2 131 967 871 (2022 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-sipri_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sipri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5% (2006 est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">List of suppliers</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Peru" title="Military ranks of Peru">Military ranks of Peru</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Peruvian Armed Forces</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Fuerzas Armadas del Perú</i>) are the military services of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the country's <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and territorial <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a> against any threat.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a secondary mission they participate in economic and social development as well as in <a href="/wiki/Civil_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defence">civil defence</a> tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IISS21_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru" title="National Police of Peru">National Police of Peru</a> is often classified as a part of the armed forces. Although in fact it has a different organisation and a wholly civil mission, its training and activities over more than two decades as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist">anti-terrorist</a> force have produced markedly <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> characteristics, giving it the appearance of a virtual fourth military service with significant land, sea and air capabilities and approximately 140,000 personnel. The Peruvian armed forces report through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Defence (Peru)">Ministry of Defence</a>, while the National Police of Peru report through the Ministry of Interior. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a> was officially established on 18 August 1821 when the Peruvian Guard Legion was established by the government of general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San Martín would found the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a> months later on 8 October 1821. </p><p>The first international conflict fought by the newly formed republic was the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia-Peru_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Colombia-Peru War">Gran Colombia-Peru War</a>, a maritime and terrestrial conflict against the state of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, which was formed by the current-day states of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. In early 1828, an incursion of Colombian troops in Bolivia sent by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bolivar">Simon Bolivar</a> with the objective of gaining a foothold and influence in the country, forced Peru to launch a campaign against Bolivia to successfully force the Colombian expeditionary force to leave the country. Furious, Bolivar resolved to declare war against Peru on June 3, 1828, with former president of Bolivia <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jose_de_Sucre" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Jose de Sucre">Antonio Jose de Sucre</a> being appointed Commander of the Colombian Army. The Peruvian Navy immediately proceeded to occupy and establish blockades along the Gran Colombia coasts, winning the first confrontation in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punta_Malpelo" title="Battle of Punta Malpelo">Battle of Punta Malpelo</a>, forcing the Colombians to retreat. Victorious, the Peruvian navy set its sights on the strategic port of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> and proceeded to attack it at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cruces" title="Battle of Cruces">Battle of Cruces</a>, which saw the destruction of the Grancolombian pacific fleet and the naval blockade of the city of Guayaquil until the end of the conflict. In the land, the ties were more balanced, with the outnumbered Peruvian Army seizing the city of <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a> on the Battle of Saraguro on February 13, 1829, and pushing north near Guayaquil. However, Venezuelan general De Sucre inflicted a defeat on the Peruvians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarqui" title="Battle of Tarqui">Battle of Tarqui</a>. The vastly outnumbered 900 Peruvian infantrymen were forced to retreat against the approaching 4,500 Grancolombian counterattack force in order to evade an encirclement. After the battle, Peru adopted a defensive strategy, establishing defensive lines along the <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Peru" title="Jaén, Peru">Jaen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maynas_Province,_Peru" title="Maynas Province, Peru">Maynas</a>, which were claimed by the Grancolombians and one of their motivations for the war. After a series of skirmishes, the Peruvian army was able to hold those provinces, but had to end the occupation of Guayaquil. On February 28, 1829, Peruvian president La Mar and Sucre signed the La Mar-Sucre convention, which ended hostilities but left the borders on an ambiguous state. Yet, this was seen as a political win by the Peruvians, as holding these provinces opened the way of annexation, which would later be the cause of several Peruvian-Ecuadorian wars after the dissolution of the Gran Colombia in 1830. </p><p>The next major conflict faced Peru against the newly independent state of Ecuador in the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian-Peruvian_War_(1857-1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860)">Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860)</a>, the first of the main conflicts between these two countries. The conflict originated due to the international debt Ecuador, as the Gran Colombia, had to take from European creditors, mainly British, after the war of independence from Spain. Wanting to find a source of income, finances minister Francisco de Paula gave the creditors rights to several territories in the forest, some of them over disputed lands with Peru. This caused a Peruvian protest, as the controversy of the lands, specifically of the northern half of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Department of Loreto</a> in Peru was a major point of contention first with the Gran Colombia, and then with Ecuador and Colombia. Ecuador reinstated its sovereign over the lands north of the Amazon, and assured British creditors of their rights over that territory. Thus, on October 26, 1858, the Peruvian congress authorized president <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Ramón Castilla</a> to command and army against Ecuador if needed to secure the national territory against European creditors. A blockade against Ecuadorian ports was also preferred. On November 1, 1858, the first Peruvian frigate arrived in Ecuadorian waters, and the start of the blockade of Guayaquil and Quito started. By this time, Ecuador was facing an internal crisis, called by Ecuadorian history books as the “Terrible Year”, in which a number of different politicians were fighting for control of the country as its coasts were in the middle of a blockade. Receiving no response from an unified Ecuadorian government, Castilla ordered 5,000 of his troops to advance into the Ecuadorian province of “Mapasingue”, near Guayaquil, in order to force Ecuador to accept the Peruvians terms and to abandon its desires on the Amazon. Force by military action, the four governments vying for control of Ecuador selected caudillo <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Franco_(Ecuadorian_general)" title="Guillermo Franco (Ecuadorian general)">Guillermo Franco</a> as the sole representative of the country, signing the Treaty of Mapasingue with Castilla, thus agreeing to the Peruvian terms and stating the withdrawal of Peruvian troops from Ecuador. This angered the Ecuadorians, which called Franco as a traitor for collaborating with the Peruvians, and ousted him in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guayaquil" title="Battle of Guayaquil">Battle of Guayaquil</a>. This action strengthened the Peruvian position on the Amazon, which would not be challenged until the next century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia-Peru_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivia-Peru alliance">Bolivia-Peru alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> resulted with one of the armed forces' worst failures as Chilean troops occupied the capital of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and the southern provinces, with Peru ceding the mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Arica_Province_(Peru)" title="Arica Province (Peru)">Arica Province</a> to Chile after signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anc%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ancón">Treaty of Ancón</a> and later treaties. The incompetence of the government and military was so great during the War of the Pacific period that it led to an intellectual movement dedicated to restoring pride for Peru, creating modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_nationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian nationalism (page does not exist)">Peruvian nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 May 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a> was created as the Peruvian Aviation Corps when the aviation units of the army and navy merged. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru">Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru</a> was created in 1957 after observations were made that the branches needed a centralized organization to coordinate the activities of the branches. </p><p>When the government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Manuel Prado Ugarteche</a> attempted to move political power to civilians, the military became upset with the new approach.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/1962_Peruvian_general_election" title="1962 Peruvian general election">1962 Peruvian general election</a> saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance" title="American Popular Revolutionary Alliance">American Popular Revolutionary Alliance</a>, with the armed forces and traditional <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocrats</a> viewing their platform of <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and the political inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">indigenous peoples of Peru</a> as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde" title="Fernando Belaúnde">Fernando Belaúnde</a>, a presidential candidate in election, raised concerns of electoral fraud, the military would support Belaúnde and would commit the <a href="/wiki/1962_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Peruvian coup d'état">1962 Peruvian coup d'état</a> against President Prado.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru</a> led the nation following the <a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a>, first headed by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a>, who instituted <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> policies that included <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalizing</a> the economy and enacting the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform" title="Peruvian Agrarian Reform">Peruvian Agrarian Reform</a>. During the Revolutionary Government, the nation's debt increased heavily as a result of excessive borrowing and the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <i><a href="/wiki/Tacnazo" title="Tacnazo">Tacnazo</a></i> and subsequent overthrow of Velasco in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Morales_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Francisco Morales Bermúdez">Francisco Morales Bermúdez</a> would lead the Revolutionary Government until 1980, with his military government participating in the political repression of leftists during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg/220px-Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg/330px-Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg/440px-Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt of <i><a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a></i> addendum that was created following the <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the government of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>, the nation would begin to begin to experience <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> and increased the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">internal conflict in Peru</a> with <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armed force's perception that President Garcia's policies were detrimental to the nation resulted with the creation of <i><a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operation" title="Clandestine operation">clandestine</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operation</a> that involved the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of media in the nation and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economy controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CANbio_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coup initially included in the plan was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._E._Quainton" title="Anthony C. E. Quainton">Anthony C. E. Quainton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Peru">United States Ambassador to Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military planners also decided against the coup as they expected <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, a neoliberal candidate, to be elected in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">1990 Peruvian general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vargas Llosa later reported that Ambassador Quainton, personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)</a> purportedly being supportive of the candidacy of his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>, were authentic,<sup id="cite_ref-REND12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REND12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Rendón writing that the United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a>, who had previously been charged with spying on the Peruvian armed forces for the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REND12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REND12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fujimori was elected president of Peru in 1990, planning a coup with his military handlers during his next two years in office, with Fujimori becoming a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> leader<sup id="cite_ref-:8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adopting many of the objectives of <i>Plan Verde</i> following the <a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">1992 Peruvian self-coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:102_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAgolpe12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAgolpe12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Fujimori administration, Montesinos would assume control of the government and placed weak officers as branch heads in order to maintain control, with every military branch's leader being personally filled by Montesinos.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the armed forces' <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Colina" title="Grupo Colina">Grupo Colina</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squad</a> would kill dozens during various massacres in Peru and the military would participate in the <a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> in 1995. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the downfall of Fujimori and Montesinos, the use of the <i><a href="/wiki/Terruqueo" title="Terruqueo">terruqueo</a></i> in the beginning of the twenty-first century was used to influence the public instead of violence performed by the military, though its use would provide impunity to members of the armed forces who violently responded to protests in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:40_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Peruvian political crisis">2022 Peruvian political crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_protests_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian protests (2022–present)">widespread protests</a> occurred throughout Peru; the armed forces performed <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a> against demonstrators<sup id="cite_ref-:45_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the politicization of the armed forces created concerns about the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">civilian-military government</a> in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_branches">Service branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Service branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_Command">Joint Command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Joint Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru">Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru</a></div> <p>The Joint Command of the Armed Forces is tasked with the mission to "plan, prepare, coordinate and conduct military operations and actions to guarantee independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity and support the national development of Peru".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This branch of the armed forces was developed in the 1950s following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when Peru evaluated operational tactics used and adapted them to their own military.<sup id="cite_ref-CCFFAA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCFFAA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 February 1957, the Joint Command was created following a commission of defense agencies studied its role, with the Joint Command depending directly on the President of Peru while also being "the highest step in the planning and coordination of the operations of the Army, Navy and Aeronautics Forces".<sup id="cite_ref-CCFFAA_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCFFAA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CEREMONIA_POR_EL_D%C3%8DA_DEL_EJ%C3%89RCITO_(11296858993).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CEREMONIA_POR_EL_D%C3%8DA_DEL_EJ%C3%89RCITO_%2811296858993%29.jpg/220px-CEREMONIA_POR_EL_D%C3%8DA_DEL_EJ%C3%89RCITO_%2811296858993%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CEREMONIA_POR_EL_D%C3%8DA_DEL_EJ%C3%89RCITO_%2811296858993%29.jpg/330px-CEREMONIA_POR_EL_D%C3%8DA_DEL_EJ%C3%89RCITO_%2811296858993%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CEREMONIA_POR_EL_D%C3%8DA_DEL_EJ%C3%89RCITO_%2811296858993%29.jpg/440px-CEREMONIA_POR_EL_D%C3%8DA_DEL_EJ%C3%89RCITO_%2811296858993%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian infantry being transported</figcaption></figure> <p>Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, it has a strength of 90,000 troops divided in four military regions with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a>, Lima, <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a>. Every military region is assigned several <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> of which there are different types, including <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armored</a>. There are also several groups and battalions which operate independently of the army's organization. </p><p>The equipment of the Peruvian Army includes infantry weapons that include rifles and carbines such as the <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16A2</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M4A1" class="mw-redirect" title="M4A1">M4A1</a> and pistols like the <a href="/wiki/FN_Five-seveN" class="mw-redirect" title="FN Five-seveN">FN Five-seveN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_M%26P" title="Smith & Wesson M&P">Smith & Wesson M&P9</a>. </p><p>Vehicles include several types of <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> (<a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> and <a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a>), <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> (<a href="/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M-113</a>, <a href="/wiki/UR-416" class="mw-redirect" title="UR-416">UR-416</a>), <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> (<a href="/wiki/2A18" class="mw-redirect" title="2A18">D30</a>, <a href="/wiki/M101_howitzer" title="M101 howitzer">M101</a>, <a href="/wiki/M109_howitzer" title="M109 howitzer">M109</a> and <a href="/wiki/M114_howitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="M114 howitzer">M114</a> <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>), antiaircraft systems (<a href="/wiki/ZSU-23-4_Shilka" title="ZSU-23-4 Shilka">ZSU-23-4 Shilka</a>) and helicopters (<a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-2" title="Mil Mi-2">Mil Mi-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil Mi-17</a>). Recently, Peru has sought to update their collection of tanks and armored personnel carriers that have not been updated since acquiring vehicles from the Soviet Union. After an initial deal with China fell through, Peru has attempted to make a deal with <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a> to purchase new military vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peruvian_Navy_Ceremony_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Peruvian_Navy_Ceremony_2016.jpg/220px-Peruvian_Navy_Ceremony_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Peruvian_Navy_Ceremony_2016.jpg/330px-Peruvian_Navy_Ceremony_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Peruvian_Navy_Ceremony_2016.jpg/440px-Peruvian_Navy_Ceremony_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="3294" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian Navy ceremony, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The Peruvian Navy (<i>Marina de Guerra del Perú</i>) is organized in five naval zones headquartered in Piura, Lima, Arequipa, Iquitos and <a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a>. It has a strength of around 25,988 troops divided between the Pacific Operations and the Amazon Operations General Commands and the Coast Guard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Pacific fleet <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> is the guided-missile cruiser <a href="/wiki/BAP_Almirante_Grau_(FM-53)" title="BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53)">BAP <i>Almirante Grau</i> (FM-53)</a>, named for the 19th-century Peruvian Admiral who fought in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1883). The fleet also includes 7 <a href="/wiki/Lupo_class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupo class frigate"><i>Lupo</i> class</a> frigates (two built in Peru), 6 <a href="/wiki/PR-72P_class_corvette" class="mw-redirect" title="PR-72P class corvette"><i>PR-72P</i> class</a> corvettes, 2 <a href="/wiki/Pohang-class_corvette" title="Pohang-class corvette"><i>Pohang</i>-class corvettes</a>, several amphibious ships, 2 <i><a href="/wiki/Type_209_submarine" title="Type 209 submarine">Type 209/1100</a></i> and 4 <i><a href="/wiki/Type_209_submarine" title="Type 209 submarine">Type 209/1200</a></i> class German-built diesel submarines (the biggest submarine force in South America), as well as patrol vessels, tankers and cargo ships. The Peruvian Navy also has a <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a> force, several naval infantry battalions and special forces units.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marines">Marines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Marines">Peruvian Marines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg/220px-Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg/330px-Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg/440px-Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian marines in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_R%C3%ADos_Apur%C3%ADmac,_Ene_y_Mantaro" title="Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro">VRAEM</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The Peruvian Marines date back to 6 November 1821, when the Peruvian Navy requested a battalion of soldiers. Its first battle was an attack on the Spanish, successfully taking the city of <a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Arica</a> (today Tacna). Into the mid-20th century, the Peruvian Marines modernized their equipment and by the 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> emerging as a new threat to Peru, the Marines began to be tasked with counterterrorism operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As part of the Peruvian Navy, the Peruvian Marines utilize the equipment and logistics of the Navy. Various Marine battalions are based in Ancón, Iquitos, Mollendo, Pucallpa, Puno and Tumbes. The Peruvian Marines also have a Special Forces composed of the Espíritus Negros and Fuerza Delta, based on the American <a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Rangers">US Army Rangers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Force">Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airmen_work_alongside_Peruvian_military_during_joint_exercise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Airmen_work_alongside_Peruvian_military_during_joint_exercise.jpg/220px-Airmen_work_alongside_Peruvian_military_during_joint_exercise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Airmen_work_alongside_Peruvian_military_during_joint_exercise.jpg/330px-Airmen_work_alongside_Peruvian_military_during_joint_exercise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Airmen_work_alongside_Peruvian_military_during_joint_exercise.jpg/440px-Airmen_work_alongside_Peruvian_military_during_joint_exercise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian and United States air forces during a joint exercise in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 20, 1929, the aviation divisions of the Peruvian army and navy were merged into the Peruvian Aviation Corps (CAP, <i>Cuerpo de Aviación del Peru</i>). In 1950, the corps was reorganized again and became the Peruvian Air Force (FAP, <i>Fuerza Aérea del Perú</i>). </p><p>The Peruvian Air Force is divided into six wing areas, headquartered in Piura, <a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a>, Lima, Arequipa, <a href="/wiki/Rioja,_Peru" title="Rioja, Peru">Rioja</a> and Iquitos. With a strength of 17,969 troops, the FAP counts in its arsenal with <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dassault-Breguet_Mirage_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault-Breguet Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interdictor" title="Interdictor">interdictor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multirole aircraft</a>). </p><p>It also has <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Su-25</a> close-support aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-24" title="Mil Mi-24">Mi-25</a> attack helicopters, <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mi-17</a> transport helicopters, <a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-339" title="Aermacchi MB-339">Aermacchi MB-339</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_312_Tucano" title="Embraer EMB 312 Tucano">Embraer EMB-312 Tucano</a> subsonic training aircraft, and the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_A-37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna A-37">Cessna A-37B</a> for light attack and <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">COIN</a> missions. </p><p>In 1995, the FAP took part in the <a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> covering operations by the army and navy. After the war, the FAP began acquiring new aircraft, especially <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a> fighters and <a href="/wiki/Su-25" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-25">Su-25</a> close air support aircraft which are, along with the <a href="/wiki/Mirage_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a> fighters, the main combat elements of the FAP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IISS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#IISS2014">IISS 2019</a>, pp. 399–402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ley Nº 27178 Ley del Servicio Militar, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114191357/http://www.ejercito.mil.pe/transpar/dispos_legales/ley27178.doc">"Archived copy"</a>. 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"Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru". <i><a href="/wiki/NACLA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACLA">NACLA Report on the Americas</a></i>. <b>32</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657">10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657</a>. <q>the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NACLA+Report+on+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Unsettled+accounts%3A+militarization+and+memory+in+postwar+Peru&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=1998-09%2F1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Jo-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:17_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). <i>Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista</i>. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Fuerzas+Armadas+y+el+5+de+abril%3A+la+percepci%C3%B3n+de+la+amenaza+subversiva+como+una+motivaci%C3%B3n+golpista&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rospigliosi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CANbio-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaussens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gaussens, Pierre (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="Canadian Journal of Bioethics">Canadian Journal of Bioethics</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 180+. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">10.7202/1073797ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234586692">234586692</a>. <q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=The+forced+serilization+of+indigenous+population+in+Mexico+in+the+1990s&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180%2B&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1073797ar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234586692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gaussens&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1073797ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfredo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Schulte-Bockholt2006" class="citation book cs1">Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". <i>The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power</i>. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5</bdi></a>. <q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Elites%2C+Cocaine%2C+and+Power+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+organized+crime+and+the+organized+crime+of+politics%3A+a+study+in+criminal+power&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5&rft.au=Alfredo+Schulte-Bockholt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés2009" class="citation journal cs1">Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru". <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Politics_and_Society" title="Latin American Politics and Society">Latin American Politics and Society</a></i>. <b>51</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 57–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x">10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154153310">154153310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Despite+Insurgency%3A+Reducing+Military+Prerogatives+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-85&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154153310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). <i>Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista</i>. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 28–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Fuerzas+Armadas+y+el+5+de+abril%3A+la+percepci%C3%B3n+de+la+amenaza+subversiva+como+una+motivaci%C3%B3n+golpista&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=28-40&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rospigliosi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REND12-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REND12_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REND12_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendón2013" class="citation book cs1">Rendón, Silvio (2013). <i>La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú</i>. Editorial Sur. pp. 145–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786124574139" title="Special:BookSources/9786124574139"><bdi>9786124574139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+intervenci%C3%B3n+de+los+Estados+Unidos+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=145-150&rft.pub=Editorial+Sur&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9786124574139&rft.aulast=Rend%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Silvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlosa1994" class="citation news cs1">Llosa, Mario Vargas (1994-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/27/weekinreview/ideas-trends-in-his-words-unmasking-the-killers-in-peru-wont.html">"Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-24</span></span>. <q>The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ideas+%26+Trends%3A+In+His+Words%3B+Unmasking+the+Killers+in+Peru+Won%27t+Bring+Democracy+Back+to+Life&rft.date=1994-03-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Llosa&rft.aufirst=Mario+Vargas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F03%2F27%2Fweekinreview%2Fideas-trends-in-his-words-unmasking-the-killers-in-peru-wont.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journeyman.tv/film_documents/1368/transcript/">"Spymaster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shifter" title="Michael Shifter">Shifter</a>: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spymaster&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journeyman.tv%2Ffilm_documents%2F1368%2Ftranscript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2000" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <q>Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fujimori+in+OAS+talks+PERU+CRISIS+UNCERTAINTY+DEEPENS+AFTER+RETURN+OF+EX-SPY+CHIEF&rft.date=2000-10-26&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Crisis%20Dem%20Gov%20Rpt%20on%20Amer%202.pdf">"THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a></i>. 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.atitle=THE+CRISIS+OF+DEMOCRATIC+GOVERNANCE+IN+THE+ANDES&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2FCrisis%2520Dem%2520Gov%2520Rpt%2520on%2520Amer%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/questions-and-answers-mario-vargas-llosa-150783">"Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. 9 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Questions+And+Answers%3A+Mario+Vargas+Llosa&rft.date=2001-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fquestions-and-answers-mario-vargas-llosa-150783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-LAgolpe12-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAgolpe12_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). "Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation". <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599814433">10.1080/01436599814433</a>. <q>the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Green Plan was shown to President Fujimori after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Latin+American+Autogolpes%3A+Dangerous+Undertows+in+the+Third+Wave+of+Democratisation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436599814433&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:63-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:63_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde">"El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición"</a>. <i>Oiga</i>. <b>647</b>. 12 July 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oiga&rft.atitle=El+%22Plan+Verde%22+Historia+de+una+traici%C3%B3n&rft.volume=647&rft.date=1993-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F310286817%2FEl-Plan-Verde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:132_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillanZoido2004" class="citation journal cs1">McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Economic Perspectives">The Journal of Economic Perspectives</a></i>. <b>18</b> (4): 69–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330042632690">10.1257/0895330042632690</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F76612">10419/76612</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=How+to+Subvert+Democracy%3A+Montesinos+in+Peru&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=69-92&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F76612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0895330042632690&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Zoido%2C+Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalba2022" class="citation journal cs1">Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcsoc/a/gL6vVVdtrphxHhmz9QWypqr/?lang=pt">"A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO"</a>. <i>Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais</i>. <b>37</b> (109): e3710906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022">10.1590/3710906/2022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251877338">251877338</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Ci%C3%AAncias+Sociais&rft.atitle=A+TOTALIDADE+NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA%3A+ESTIGMATIZA%C3%87%C3%83O+E+COLONIALIDADE+NO+PERU+CONTEMPOR%C3%82NEO&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=e3710906&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251877338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Villalba&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Vel%C3%A1squez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fj%2Frbcsoc%2Fa%2FgL6vVVdtrphxHhmz9QWypqr%2F%3Flang%3Dpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoanes2023" class="citation web cs1">Loanes, Ellen (2023-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2023/1/14/23554057/peru-protests-violence-boluarte-castillo-lima">"Peru's violent unrest shows no signs of stopping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115032408/https://www.vox.com/2023/1/14/23554057/peru-protests-violence-boluarte-castillo-lima">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+violent+unrest+shows+no+signs+of+stopping&rft.date=2023-01-14&rft.aulast=Loanes&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2023%2F1%2F14%2F23554057%2Fperu-protests-violence-boluarte-castillo-lima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:40-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:40_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/per%C3%BA-crisis_cidh-llama-al--di%C3%A1logo-amplio--ante--clima-de-extrema-polarizaci%C3%B3n--en-per%C3%BA/48203924">"CIDH llama al "diálogo amplio" ante "clima de extrema polarización" en Perú"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175925/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/per%C3%BA-crisis_cidh-llama-al--di%C3%A1logo-amplio--ante--clima-de-extrema-polarizaci%C3%B3n--en-per%C3%BA/48203924">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EFE&rft.atitle=CIDH+llama+al+%22di%C3%A1logo+amplio%22+ante+%22clima+de+extrema+polarizaci%C3%B3n%22+en+Per%C3%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fspa%2Fper%25C3%25BA-crisis_cidh-llama-al--di%25C3%25A1logo-amplio--ante--clima-de-extrema-polarizaci%25C3%25B3n--en-per%25C3%25BA%2F48203924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:45-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:45_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojo-publico.com/4201/represion-peru-expone-graves-vulneraciones-los-derechos-humanos">"Emergencia en Perú: la represión del gobierno de Boluarte expone violaciones a los derechos humanos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ojo_P%C3%BAblico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojo Público">Ojo Público</a></i> (in Spanish). 2023-01-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117182902/https://ojo-publico.com/4201/represion-peru-expone-graves-vulneraciones-los-derechos-humanos">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ojo+P%C3%BAblico&rft.atitle=Emergencia+en+Per%C3%BA%3A+la+represi%C3%B3n+del+gobierno+de+Boluarte+expone+violaciones+a+los+derechos+humanos&rft.date=2023-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojo-publico.com%2F4201%2Frepresion-peru-expone-graves-vulneraciones-los-derechos-humanos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:21_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/22/peru-investigate-killings-injuries-during-protests">"Peru: Investigate Killings, Injuries During Protests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 22 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104133658/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/22/peru-investigate-killings-injuries-during-protests">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Peru%3A+Investigate+Killings%2C+Injuries+During+Protests&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F22%2Fperu-investigate-killings-injuries-during-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:29_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/">"Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La República</a></i> (in Spanish). 2023-01-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA+Libre+presentar%C3%A1+moci%C3%B3n+de+interpelaci%C3%B3n+contra+ministro+del+Interior&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2F2023%2F01%2F03%2Fmarcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/02/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones/">"Daniel Encinas: "Dina Boluarte ha hecho una coalición con fuerzas que no ganaron la elección"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La República</a></i> (in Spanish). 2023-01-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172824/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/02/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Daniel+Encinas%3A+%22Dina+Boluarte+ha+hecho+una+coalici%C3%B3n+con+fuerzas+que+no+ganaron+la+elecci%C3%B3n%22&rft.date=2023-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2Factualidad%2F2023%2F01%2F02%2Fpedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccffaa.mil.pe/ccffaa/mision/">"Misión"</a>. <i>www.ccffaa.mil.pe</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru">Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccffaa.mil.pe&rft.atitle=Misi%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccffaa.mil.pe%2Fccffaa%2Fmision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCFFAA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCFFAA_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCFFAA_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccffaa.mil.pe/ccffaa/historia/">"Historia del CCFFAA"</a>. <i>www.ccffaa.mil.pe</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru">Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccffaa.mil.pe&rft.atitle=Historia+del+CCFFAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccffaa.mil.pe%2Fccffaa%2Fhistoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Rich (21 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/2016/12/17/general-dynamics-strikes-a-deal-in-peru.aspx">"General Dynamics Strikes a Deal in Peru -- The Motley Fool"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Motley_Fool" title="The Motley Fool">The Motley Fool</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.atitle=General+Dynamics+Strikes+a+Deal+in+Peru+--+The+Motley+Fool&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2F2016%2F12%2F17%2Fgeneral-dynamics-strikes-a-deal-in-peru.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Ancient cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Era">Guano Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_Peru" title="Life zones of Peru">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Peru">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Regions and provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Peru" title="List of companies of Peru">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Sol <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Peru" title="Electricity sector in Peru">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Peru" title="Transport in Peru">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Peru" title="Category:Society of Peru">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Peru" title="Crime in Peru">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Peru" title="Health in Peru">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Peru" title="Irrigation in Peru">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">List of Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Peru" title="Prostitution in Peru">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Peru" title="Public holidays in Peru">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Peru" title="Squatting in Peru">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Water resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peru" title="Culture of Peru">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Peru" title="National symbols of Peru">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Peru&#124;link=Peru_Peruvian_Armed_Forces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Peruvian Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Peruvian Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peruvian Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Peru&#124;link=Peru_Peruvian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peruvian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Emblem_of_the_Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru.svg/23px-Emblem_of_the_Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Emblem_of_the_Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru.svg/35px-Emblem_of_the_Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Emblem_of_the_Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru.svg/46px-Emblem_of_the_Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru">Peruvian Joint Command</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="358" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Naval_Aviation" title="Peruvian Naval Aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Naval_Infantry" title="Peruvian Naval Infantry">infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Peruvian_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(war).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg/135px-Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Peru_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Gran Colombia–Peru War">Gran Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/SIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMA">SIMA</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Peru" title="Military ranks of Peru">Military ranks of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Peru)">Ministry of Defense</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Military of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Military of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Defence_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Defence Force">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Defence_Force" title="Barbados Defence Force">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Defence_Force" title="Belize Defence Force">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Bolivia" title="Armed Forces of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ecuador" title="Armed Forces of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Guatemala" title="Armed Forces of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_Defence_Force" title="Guyana Defence Force">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Honduras" title="Armed Forces of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Paraguay" title="Armed Forces of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Defence_Force" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_National_Army" title="Suriname National Army">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Defence_Force" title="Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay" title="Armed Forces of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Aruba" title="Military of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bermuda" title="Military of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Military of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Caribbean Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Military of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greenland" title="Military of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Montserrat_Defence_Force" title="Royal Montserrat Defence Force">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Martin, (Collectivity of)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Military of the Falkland Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Military of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Military of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> have no military and thus are not included in the list. The <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies of Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>) is not listed. The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">integral area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">United Kingdom</a>) is not listed. The uninhabited islands of <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Defence Force">Norway</a>), <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">France</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a>) are not listed. The uninhabited disputed territories of <a href="/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank" title="Bajo Nuevo Bank">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serranilla_Bank" title="Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a> are not listed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&oldid=1257800960">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Armed_Forces&oldid=1257800960</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Peru" title="Category:Military of Peru">Military of Peru</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Spanish-language_sources_(es-es)" title="Category:CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)">CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_December_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from December 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 18:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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