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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_International_Brigades_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jewish_International_Brigades_Memorial.jpg/220px-Jewish_International_Brigades_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jewish_International_Brigades_Memorial.jpg/330px-Jewish_International_Brigades_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jewish_International_Brigades_Memorial.jpg/440px-Jewish_International_Brigades_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Jewish members of the International Brigades at <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Cemetery" title="Montjuïc Cemetery">Montjuïc Cemetery</a>, Barcelona</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> who joined <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which erupted on July 17, 1936, and ended on April 1, 1939. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fighting was between the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a>, who were loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a>, a rebel group led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. The Nationalists prevailed and Franco would rule <a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Spain</a> for the next 36 years. The coup was supported by military units in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. However, barracks in important cities such as <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> did not join in the rebellion. Spain was thus left militarily and politically divided. The rebels, led by General Franco, then embarked upon an almost three-year war against the government for the control of the country. The rebel forces received support from the Third Reich, the Kingdom of Italy, and neighboring Portugal, while the Soviet Union and Mexico intervened in support of the Republican side. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom and France, operated an official policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">non-intervention</a>. </p><p>A minority of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> population, particularly that of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, were active in <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> organisations in the period between the two World Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They made up a considerable portion of the socialist volunteers, with estimates putting the figure at over ten per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republicans</a>. The leadership of the International Brigades considered forming an entirely Jewish brigade,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the high casualties made this impossible. However, a Jewish company, the <a href="/wiki/Naftali_Botwin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Naftali Botwin Company">Naftali Botwin Company</a>, was formed within the <a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion" title="Palafox Battalion">Palafox Battalion</a>. </p><p>At least one Jewish volunteer is known to have served with the Nationalists. Emanual Rudolph Vischer was a former <a href="/wiki/Oberleutnant" title="Oberleutnant">Oberleutnant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Army">Swiss Army</a> who had lived in Spain prior to the Civil War. The official journal of the Swiss Armed Forces reported his death in September 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_origin_of_volunteers">National origin of volunteers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National origin of volunteers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below displays the national origin of the Jewish volunteers in the International Brigades. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Nationality</b> </th> <th><b>Number of volunteers</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td>2,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>1,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>1,043 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palestine </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Britain </td> <td>200–400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria-Hungary </td> <td>120–150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soviet Union </td> <td>53 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweryn_Ajzner" class="extiw" title="pl:Seweryn Ajzner">Seweryn Ajzner</a> - later academic and scientist in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Angiersztajn" class="extiw" title="pl:Alfred Angiersztajn">Alfred Angiersztajn</a> - later high trade unions official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Avidan" title="Shimon Avidan">Shimon Avidan</a> – Palestinian Jew and future <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> military officer</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Bekier" class="extiw" title="pl:Aleksander Bekier">Aleksander Bekier</a> - later high MFA official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brauner" title="Alfred Brauner">Alfred Brauner</a> – French Austrian communist, scholar and author</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Bron" class="extiw" title="pl:Michał Bron">Michał Bron</a> - later high military and MFA official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Broniatowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Mieczysław Broniatowski">Mieczysław Broniatowski</a> - later high security official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Deutsch" title="Julius Deutsch">Julius Deutsch</a> – politician of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria</a> and co-founder and leader of the "<a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Domany" title="Robert Domany">Robert Domany</a> – <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisan</a> and a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Hero_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Hero of Yugoslavia">People's Hero of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Dua-Bogen" title="Gershon Dua-Bogen">Gershon Dua-Bogen</a> – later Polish communist party official</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Dzierzgowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Grzegorz Dzierzgowski">Grzegorz Dzierzgowski</a> - later high military, MFA and economics official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Epstein" title="Joseph Epstein">Józef Epstein</a> - Polish communist, later in French resistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Flato" title="Stanisław Flato">Stanisław Flato</a> - later high military and MFA official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Gerassi" title="Fernando Gerassi">Fernando Gerassi</a> – Turkish artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Julius_Goldstein" title="Kurt Julius Goldstein">Kurt Julius Goldstein</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="International Brigade">International Brigader</a>, Holocaust survivor, and author</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlama_Grzywacz" class="extiw" title="pl:Szlama Grzywacz">Szlama Grzywacz</a> - Polish communist, later in French resistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Guest_(communist)" title="David Guest (communist)">David Guest</a> – communist British mathematician and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Hibner" title="Juliusz Hibner">Juliusz Hibner</a> - later high security and interior official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Jaszu%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Salomon Jaszuński">Salomon Jaszuński</a> - Polish communist</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Jele%C5%84" class="extiw" title="pl:Bolesław Jeleń">Bolesław Jeleń</a> - later high military and MFA official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kantorowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Kantorowicz (page does not exist)">Alfred Kantorowicz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kantorowicz" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Kantorowicz">de</a>]</span> – banned German writer (also known as <i>Helmuth Campe</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkus_Kartin" title="Pinkus Kartin">Pinkus Kartin</a> - later in Polish communist resistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Kenton" title="Lou Kenton">Lou Kenton</a> – British potter</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Kerschner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Kerschner (page does not exist)">Artur Kerschner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" class="extiw" title="sr:Артур Кершнер">sr</a>]</span> – Croatian student</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Komar" class="extiw" title="pl:Wacław Komar">Wacław Komar</a> - later high security and military official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Kriegel" title="František Kriegel">Franciszek Kriegel</a> - Polish communist, later high health care official in communist Czechoslovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_%22Yank%22_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bert "Yank" Levy">Bert "Yank" Levy</a> – a Canadian who famously used his experience to teach the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Guard">British Home Guard</a> and wrote a text on <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a><sup id="cite_ref-ANB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His service in the Civil War was memorialized in a <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_%C5%81ozi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Eugenia Łozińska">Eugenia Łozińska</a> - later journalist and propagandist in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Majder" title="Vladimir Majder">Vladimir Majder</a> – <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisan</a> and communist</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Matuszczak" class="extiw" title="pl:Stanisław Matuszczak">Stanisław Matuszczak</a> - later mid-range party and trade unions official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktor_Mencel" class="extiw" title="pl:Wiktor Mencel">Wiktor Mencel</a> - later high MFA official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Mietkowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Mieczysław Mietkowski">Mieczysław Mietkowski</a> - later high security and business official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Mink" class="extiw" title="pl:Emanuel Mink">Emanuel Mink</a> - Botwin Company commander, later mid-range security official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nathan" title="George Nathan">George Nathan</a> – Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">XV International Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Or%C5%82owski" class="extiw" title="pl:Roman Orłowski">Roman Orłowski</a> - later high security official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Abe Osheroff">Abe Osheroff</a> – American communist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valter_Roman" title="Valter Roman">Valter Roman</a> – Romanian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a> – headed the <a href="/wiki/Matteotti_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteotti Battalion">Matteotti Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Rubinsztein" class="extiw" title="pl:Leon Rubinsztein">Leon Rubinsztein</a> - Botwin Company commander, later high security and economics official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Samet" class="extiw" title="pl:Leo Samet">Leon Samet</a> - later high military official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sherman" title="Alfred Sherman">Alfred Sherman</a> – British journalist and adviser to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Shulman" title="Jack Shulman">Jack Shulman</a> – American communist</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Skorupi%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Mieczysław Skorupiński">Mieczysław Skorupiński</a> - later mid-range security and business official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Stern" title="Manfred Stern">Manfred Stern</a> alias General Emilio Kléber</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Sternhel" class="extiw" title="pl:Henryk Sternhel">Henryk Sternhel</a> - later in Polish communist resistance</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Szleyen" class="extiw" title="pl:Mieczysław Szleyen">Mieczysław Szleyen</a> - later high military official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Szleyen" class="extiw" title="pl:Zofia Szleyen">Zofia Szleyen</a> - later propagandist and translator in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniusz_Szyr" class="extiw" title="pl:Eugeniusz Szyr">Eugeniusz Szyr</a> - later deputy prime minister and high official in communist Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drago_%C5%A0tajnberger" title="Drago Štajnberger">Drago Štajnberger</a> – <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisan</a> and a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Hero_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Hero of Yugoslavia">People's Hero of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Toru%C5%84czyk" title="Henryk Toruńczyk">Henryk Toruńczyk</a> - later high security and economics official in communist Poland</li> <li>Saul Wellman – political commissar of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Battalion">Washington Battalion</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Wolff" title="Milton Wolff">Milton Wolff</a> – commander of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1t%C3%A9_Zalka" title="Máté Zalka">Máté Zalka</a> – Hungarian communist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Hofmeester and Lee Mitzman, <i>Jewish Workers and the Labour Movement</i>, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (writer)">Hugh Thomas</a> <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>, 2001. p. 577n3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaagsma, p 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Othen, Christopher. <i>Franco's International Brigades</i> (Reportage Press, 2008) p193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANB_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLevine" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Allan E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01892.html">"Bert "Yank" Levy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a> on line</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography+on+line&rft.atitle=Bert+%22Yank%22+Levy&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Allan+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F20%2F20-01892.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+volunteers+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyWintringham1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%22Yank%22_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title=""Yank" Levy">Levy, Bert "Yank"</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wintringham" title="Tom Wintringham">Wintringham, Tom (Foreword)</a> (1964) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422054401/http://www.solargeneral.com/library/guerrilla-warfare-by-yank-bert-levy.pdf"><i>Guerilla Warfare</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paladin Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solargeneral.com/library/guerrilla-warfare-by-yank-bert-levy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerilla+Warfare&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Bert+%22Yank%22&rft.au=Wintringham%2C+Tom+%28Foreword%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solargeneral.com%2Flibrary%2Fguerrilla-warfare-by-yank-bert-levy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+volunteers+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comicbookplus.com/?dlid=27391">"Jewish War Heroes"</a> (Comic book). <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Congress" title="Canadian Jewish Congress">Canadian Jewish Congress</a>. February 1944<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+War+Heroes&rft.pub=Canadian+Jewish+Congress&rft.date=1944-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomicbookplus.com%2F%3Fdlid%3D27391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+volunteers+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=5761">"Fare thee Wellman"</a>. <i>Detroit Metro Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Metro+Times&rft.atitle=Fare+thee+Wellman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrotimes.com%2Feditorial%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D5761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+volunteers+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (writer)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar00thom_0"><i>The Spanish Civil War</i></a></span> (4th (revised and updated) ed.). New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804152167" title="Special:BookSources/9780804152167"><bdi>9780804152167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th+%28revised+and+updated%29&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780804152167&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishcivilwar00thom_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+volunteers+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jewish Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, <i>Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives</i>. (2008).</li> <li>Internationalism & the Spanish Civil War, <i>Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives</i>. (2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxell2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxell" title="Richard Baxell">Baxell, Richard</a> (September 6, 2012). <i><a href="/wiki/Unlikely_Warriors:_The_British_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_and_the_Struggle_Against_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlikely Warriors: The British in the Spanish Civil War and the Struggle Against Fascism">Unlikely Warriors: The British in the Spanish Civil War and the Struggle Against Fascism</a></i> (Hardcover). London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unlikelywarriors0000baxe/page/400">400</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845136970" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845136970"><bdi>978-1845136970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlikely+Warriors%3A+The+British+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War+and+the+Struggle+Against+Fascism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Aurum+Press+Limited&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1845136970&rft.aulast=Baxell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+volunteers+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLannon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Lannon" title="Frances Lannon">Lannon, Frances</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar100lann"><i>The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</i></a></span>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841763699" title="Special:BookSources/9781841763699"><bdi>9781841763699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781841763699&rft.aulast=Lannon&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishcivilwar100lann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+volunteers+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070119063940/http://www.jewishtraces.org/search.php">300 German and Austrian brigadists in French internment camp on jewishtraces.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-who-served-in-the-international-brigade-in-the-spanish-civil-war">Martin Sugarman, <i>Jews in the Spanish Civil War</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415202439/http://www.lib.msu.edu/coll/main/spec_col/radicalism/saul.htm">Saul Wellman Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707081354/http://www.eui.eu/Personal/Researchers/Zaagsma/thesis.pdf">Gerben Zaagsma, <i>Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/jewish/botwin/introduction.htm">Mitch Abidor, <i>The Naftali Botwin Company</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="XV_International_Brigade_–_Abraham_Lincoln" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;background: #c11; color: #fe1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:XV_International_Brigade" title="Template:XV International Brigade"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #fe1">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:XV_International_Brigade" title="Template talk:XV International Brigade"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #fe1">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:XV_International_Brigade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:XV International Brigade"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #fe1">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="XV_International_Brigade_–_Abraham_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #fe1; text-decoration: inherit;">XV International Brigade – <i>Abraham Lincoln</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_G%C3%A1licz" title="János Gálicz">János Gálicz</a> <small>(Jan–Feb 1937)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C4%86opi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ćopić">Vladimir Ćopić</a> <small>(Feb–Jul 1937)</small></li> <li>Klaus Becker <small>(Jul–Aug 1937)</small></li> <li>Vladimir Ćopić <small>(Aug 1937–Mar 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hale_Merriman" title="Robert Hale Merriman">Robert Hale Merriman</a> <small>(Mar–Apr 1938)</small></li> <li>Vladimir Ćopić <small>(Apr–May 1938)</small></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Valledor_%C3%81lvarez" class="extiw" title="es:José Antonio Valledor Álvarez">José Antonio Valledor Álvarez</a> <small>(May–Sep 1938)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg/50px-Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg/75px-Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg/100px-Fin_flash_of_the_Spain_1931-1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Battalions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a> <small>(incl. <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Bureau" title="American Medical Bureau">American Medical Bureau</a> & <a href="/wiki/Connolly_Column" title="Connolly Column">Connolly Column</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrov_Battalion" title="Dimitrov Battalion">Dimitrov Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_of_February_Battalion" title="Sixth of February Battalion">Sixth of February Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Battalion_(International_Brigade)" title="24th Battalion (International Brigade)">24 Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Battalion">Washington Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aalto" title="William Aalto">William Aalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ades" title="Bernard Ades">Bernard Ades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Alexander_(British_politician)" title="Bill Alexander (British politician)">Bill Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_K._Barsky" title="Edward K. Barsky">Edward K. Barsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walker_Ben%C3%A9t" title="James Walker Benét">James Walker Benét</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Bessie" title="Alvah Bessie">Alvah Bessie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmer_Berg" title="Delmer Berg">Delmer Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bottcher" title="Herman Bottcher">Herman Bottcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Carter_Jr." title="Edward A. Carter Jr.">Edward A. Carter Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caudwell" title="Christopher Caudwell">Christopher Caudwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Clive" title="Lewis Clive">Lewis Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Copeman" title="Fred Copeman">Fred Copeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cornford" title="John Cornford">John Cornford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_Cunningham" title="Jock Cunningham">Jock Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Daly_(Republican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Daly (Republican)">Peter Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peko_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Peko Dapčević">Peko Dapčević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Delgado_Delgado" title="Carmelo Delgado Delgado">Carmelo Delgado Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Donnelly_(poet)" title="Charles Donnelly (poet)">Charles Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Doyle_(activist)" title="Bob Doyle (activist)">Bob Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Drap%C5%A1in" title="Petar Drapšin">Petar Drapšin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Edwards_(communist)" title="Frank Edwards (communist)">Frank Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Eloesser" title="Leo Eloesser">Leo Eloesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosess_Fishman" title="Mosess Fishman">Moe Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Garner" title="Hugh Garner">Hugh Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gates" title="John Gates">John Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Guest_(communist)" title="David Guest (communist)">David Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Gurney" title="Jason Gurney">Jason Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herrick_(novelist)" title="William Herrick (novelist)">William Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hilliard" title="Robert Hilliard">Robert Hilliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Jack Jones (trade unionist)">Jack Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaria_Kea" title="Salaria Kea">Salaria Kea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Klonsky" title="Robert Klonsky">Robert Klonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Law" title="Oliver Law">Oliver Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Lee" title="Laurie Lee">Laurie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Levitas" title="Maurice Levitas">Maurice Levitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yank_Levy" title="Yank Levy">Yank Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Mattson" title="Matti Mattson">Matti Mattson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_McDade" title="Alex McDade">Alex McDade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Roe_McLaughlin" title="Paddy Roe McLaughlin">Paddy Roe McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Na%C4%91" title="Kosta Nađ">Kosta Nađ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conlon_Nancarrow" title="Conlon Nancarrow">Conlon Nancarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nathan" title="George Nathan">George Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Nelson_(activist)" title="Steve Nelson (activist)">Steve Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_O%27Daire" title="Paddy O'Daire">Paddy O'Daire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Reilly_(soldier)" title="John O'Reilly (soldier)">John O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Riordan" title="Michael O'Riordan">Michael O'Riordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patten_(socialist)" title="Thomas Patten (socialist)">Thomas Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Paynter" title="Will Paynter">Will Paynter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da_Popovi%C4%87" title="Koča Popović">Koča Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Wayland_Randall" title="Harry Wayland Randall">Harry Wayland Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Read" title="Patrick Read">Patrick Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmond_Romilly" title="Esmond Romilly">Esmond Romilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ryan_(Irish_republican)" title="Frank Ryan (Irish republican)">Frank Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sherman" title="Alfred Sherman">Alfred Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sossenko" title="George Sossenko">George Sossenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Tapsell" title="Wally Tapsell">Wally Tapsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Thompson" title="Robert G. Thompson">Robert G. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wintringham" title="Tom Wintringham">Tom Wintringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Wolff" title="Milton Wolff">Milton Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(1933)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (1933)">Communist Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Congress" title="Republican Congress">Republican Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_(Cuba)" title="Popular Socialist Party (Cuba)">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#630b57; color:#fcdd09;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Squadron" title="Yankee Squadron">Yankee Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigade_Memorial_Trust" title="International Brigade Memorial Trust">International Brigade Memorial Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarama_Valley_(song)" title="Jarama Valley (song)">Jarama Valley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Lincoln_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of the Lincoln Battalion">Songs of the Lincoln Battalion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_la_Quinta_Brigada" title="Viva la Quinta Brigada">Viva la Quinta Brigada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Yugoslav volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_socialist_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Irish socialist volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Irish volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Atomic spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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