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UTOPIE - Encyclopædia Universalis
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Utopie et utopies </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="UTOPIE, L'utopie architecturale" href="/encyclopedie/utopie/2-l-utopie-architecturale/"> 2. L'utopie architecturale </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="UTOPIE, « Nuance schizophrénique » du rêve utopiste" href="/encyclopedie/utopie/3-nuance-schizophrenique-du-reve-utopiste/"> 3. « Nuance schizophrénique » du rêve utopiste </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="UTOPIE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/utopie/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>UTOPIE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC073047_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC073047_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH998149" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <em>Thomas More</em>, H. Holbein le Jeune" href="/media/thomas-more-h-holbein-le-jeune-ph998149/"><img id="PH998149" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/5/csm_ph998149_ae6599b2dd.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<em>Thomas More</em>, H. Holbein le Jeune - crédits : VCG Wilson/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Thomas More (1478-1535) fut décapité pour avoir refusé de reconnaître Henri VIII comme chef suprême de l'Église d'Angleterre. H. Holbein le Jeune, Thomas More, 1527. Huile sur panneau de chêne, 74.93 cm × 60.33 cm. Frick Collection, New York." data-copyright="VCG Wilson/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="819" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"><em>Thomas More</em>, H. Holbein le Jeune </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> VCG Wilson/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Le terme d'utopie, inconnu du grec, a été forgé par Thomas More pour figurer dans le titre donné par lui à ce qui, de son propre aveu, ne devait être qu'une « bagatelle littéraire échappée presque à son insu de sa plume », c'est-à-dire ce petit libelle sur la « meilleure des Républiques » sise en la nouvelle île d'Utopie. Le texte, publié à Louvain en novembre 1516, allait rencontrer aussitôt une audience exceptionnelle dans l'intelligentsia européenne et caractériser non seulement un genre littéraire mais une littérature sociologique. Aujourd'hui, en effet, à la littérature d'expression utopique s'est adjointe une littérature de réflexion sur cette expression. Des textes se rééditent ; des nomenclatures se dessinent ; des typologies ou même des modèles s'esquissent ; des réhabilitations sont opérées : l'utopie prend une place notoire non seulement dans la sociologie de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La connaissance désigne un rapport de la pensée à la réalité extérieure et engage la notion de vérité comme adéquation de l' esprit et de la chose. Par extension, le terme connaissance désigne le contenu de la pensée qui correspond à la nature de la chose visée, et s'oppose à erreur ou illusion . Ses caractères sont l'universalité et la nécessité , ce qui suppose de réf..." title="Article : CONNAISSANCE" href="/encyclopedie/connaissance/">connaissance</a> rétrospective mais aussi dans celle de l'action prospective.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC073047_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC073047_1"></i><h2>Utopie et utopies</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC073047_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC073047_1_0"></i><h3>Panorama de l'utopie</h3><p>« Utopie », selon <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de THOMAS MORE (1477 ou 1478-1535). Vir omnium horarum , « homme de toutes les heures », Thomas More est aussi l'homme d'une époque. Il apparaît dans l'histoire à ce moment crucial des premières décennies du xvi e siècle où l'Europe chrétienne, divisée par les ambitions picrocholines de ses rois, en proie à une profonde crise intellectuelle et religieuse, s'ouvre à ..." title="Article : THOMAS MORE (1477 ou 1478-1535)" href="/encyclopedie/thomas-more/">Thomas More</a>, signifie « nulle part » : un lieu qui n'est dans aucun lieu ; une présence absente, une réalité irréelle, un ailleurs nostalgique, une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Soi et Autrui, identité et différence. D'une part, être conscient de soi, se saisir comme un Je, un sujet , privilège exclusivement humain. D'autre part, autrui, le différent, ce qui m'est étranger, un moi qui n'est pas moi et qui se prétend toutefois mon semblable, mon alter ego, un autre soi en même temps qu'un autre que soi : « Comment peut-on être persan ? » demandait Mon..." title="Article : ALTÉRITÉ, philosophie" href="/encyclopedie/alterite-philosophie/">altérité</a> sans <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'acception psychologique de la notion, la forme d' identité la plus directement accessible est celle qu'a dégagée, en rupture avec la tradition cartésienne, la critique de la substantialité du moi . « Le soi ( Self ), écrit Locke, est cette chose pensante consciente (de quelle substance elle est formée, spirituelle ou matérielle, simple ou composée, il n'importe) qui est sens..." title="Article : IDENTIFICATION" href="/encyclopedie/identification/">identification</a>. À ce nom s'attache une série de paradoxes : Amaurote, la capitale de l'île, est une ville fantôme ; son fleuve, Anhydris, un fleuve sans eau ; son chef, Ademus, un prince sans peuple ; ses habitants, les Alaopolites, des citoyens sans cité et leurs voisins, les Achoréens, des habitants sans pays. Cette prestidigitation philologique a pour dessein avoué d'annoncer la plausibilité d'un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de monde est utilisé dans des contextes très divers pour indiquer, d'une manière ou de l'autre, une totalité d'appartenance. Ainsi on parle du « monde grec » ou du « monde de la Renaissance », pour désigner des ensembles culturels spécifiques, situés dans notre passé historique et auxquels nous avons accès à travers un certain nombre d'œuvres qui sont venues jusqu'à ..." title="Article : MONDE" href="/encyclopedie/monde/">monde</a> à l'envers et pour dessein latent de dénoncer la légitimité d'un monde soi-disant à l'endroit.</p><div class="block_3" data-ucode="yC073047_1_0_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC073047_1_0_0"></i><h4>Les utopies anciennes (gréco-latines)</h4><p>C'est à partir de Thomas More et pendant trois siècles (<span class="pc">xvi</span><sup>e</sup>-<span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup>) que l'utopie atteindra en Occident son paroxysme. Mais elle aura eu son précédent dans les sociétés gréco-latines.</p><p><a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Homère : un homme ou des hommes inconnus. Mais, pour donner vie à ce nom à travers les âges, deux poèmes, deux « vivants » eux-mêmes, l'un plus héroïque, l'autre plus romanesque, L' Iliade et L' Odyssée .. Les civilisations antiques ont pu s'effondrer, partout où il s'est trouvé des « clercs » pour survivre aux Barbares la gloire d'Homère a reparu avant même ses œuvres. En..." title="Article : HOMÈRE" href="/encyclopedie/homere/">Homère</a> (<em>Odyssée</em>, chap. <span class="pc">vii</span>) introduit Ulysse dans les jardins d'Alkninoos, où les arbres fruitiers se relaient pour porter des fruits toute l'année : « La poire après la poire, la pomme après la pomme, la grappe après la grappe, la figue après la figue... » Hésiode évoque la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Utilisé pour signifier la différence entre les groupes humains (et plus généralement la différence des types au sein d'une espèce animale quelconque), le mot « race » s'attache à des caractères apparents, le plus souvent immédiatement visibles. Les plus frappantes de ces différences sont chez l' homme la couleur de la peau, la forme générale du visage avec ses traits distinctifs, ..." title="Article : RACE" href="/encyclopedie/race/">race</a> d'or, sans soucis, sans vieillesse, sans misère, sans exclusive : « Tous les biens leur appartenaient. » Ici ou là, chez Homère ou chez Hésiode, et ultérieurement chez <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de PINDARE (517 av. J.-C./518-apr. 446 av. J.-C.). Pindare est le principal représentant de la grande lyrique chorale, non seulement parce que la plupart des œuvres de ses rivaux ont disparu, mais parce que pour les Anciens eux-mêmes il était le maître incontesté. Certains de ses contemporains ont pu lui préférer Bacchylide , plus agréable et plus proche d'eux. Pindare, lui,..." title="Article : PINDARE (517 av. J.-C./518-apr. 446 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/pindare/">Pindare</a>, émerge la silhouette d'une île des Bienheureux, « aux extrémités de la terre », île d'abondance et de festins, loin des labeurs et des combats.</p><p><a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="— 429 Mort de Périclès.. — 428-— 427 Naissance de Platon , issu de noble lignée, à Athènes ou Égine.. — 415-— 413 Expédition de Sicile.. — 399 Procès et condamnation à mort de Socrate , à Athènes.. — 399-— 390 Platon rédige ses premiers dialogues : Hippias mineur , Ion , Lachès , Charmide , Protagoras , Euthyphron.. — 395-— 394 Spar..." title="Article : PLATON - repères chronologiques" href="/encyclopedie/platon-reperes-chronologiques/">Platon</a> engrange l'utopie, et la postérité se fournira à son grenier. Il récupère l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Moment mythique de l'humanité décrit comme étant celui de l'abondance dans une nature généreuse, où tout pousse sans travail, où les animaux domestiques et sauvages vivent en paix entre eux et avec les hommes, où la ronce distille le miel. Les Zéphirs soufflent alors une brise rafraîchissante ; la pluie et le soleil alternent si heureusement que la terre prodigue trois fois l'an ses mei..." title="Article : ÂGE D'OR" href="/encyclopedie/age-d-or/">âge d'or</a> hésiodique pour l'articuler sur le mythe-histoire des Atlantes et de leur Atlantide : « Les citoyens et la cité qu'hier vous aviez imaginés comme une fable, nous dirons aujourd'hui que ce sont nos ancêtres bien réels » : ceux que le récit d'un « prêtre égyptien » situe « dans une île devant le détroit que vous nommez les colonnes d'Hercule ». Mais aussi, et peut-être surtout, le même <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de PLATON (env. 428-env. 347 av. J.-C.). On a pu écrire que toute l'histoire de la philosophie se résumait à une série de notes en bas de page apposées à l'œuvre de Platon. Si pour certains il a déjà tout dit − l'être travaillé par le négatif et par la différence, la pensée transcendantale et les concepts a priori, la sublimation de l'énergie érotique, la gramma..." title="Article : PLATON (env. 428-env. 347 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/platon/">Platon</a>, dans les deux grands dialogues <em>La <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Du fronton de nos monuments aux chapitres de nos manuels de droit et d'histoire, la familiarité que nous entretenons avec la notion de république nous renvoie à une polysémie et à des enjeux historiques où celle-ci endosse, tour à tour, le rôle d'une catégorie d'analyse et celui d'étendard de la forme moderne de la politique.. La république ( res publica , la « chose publique » d..." title="Article : RÉPUBLIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/republique/">République</a></em>et <em>Les Lois</em>, passe de cette rétrospective à une prospective, « car il n'y aura point de terme aux malheurs des hommes tant que ne sera pas réalisé le régime politique qui dans nos propos est actuellement la matière d'un conte ». Dans la « république » platonicienne, une communauté intégrale – de biens, de femmes, d'enfants, de vie – régente la classe des gardiens. <em>Les Lois</em> scrutent les détails de cette cité idéale en matière de démographie, d'urbanisme, de pédagogie, d'économie, d'organisation politique, de religion, de justice, d'eugénisme : « Pliant notre fiction aux conditions réelles de la colonie<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C073047_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DESROCHE, Henri"><a title="Auteur : Henri DESROCHE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/henri-desroche/"><strong>Henri DESROCHE</strong></a> : directeur d'études à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="GABEL, Joseph"><a title="Auteur : Joseph GABEL" rel="author" href="/auteurs/joseph-gabel/"><strong>Joseph GABEL</strong></a> : docteur en médecine, docteur ès lettres, professeur émérite de sociologie à l'université d'Amiens </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PICON, Antoine"><a title="Auteur : Antoine PICON" rel="author" href="/auteurs/antoine-picon/"><strong>Antoine PICON</strong></a> : professeur d'histoire de l'architecture et des techniques à la Graduate school of design de l'université Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts (États-Unis) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : UTOPIE" href="/carte-mentale/utopie/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC073047_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Genres littéraires"> <a title="Classification : Genres littéraires" href="/classification/litteratures/genres-litteraires/"> Genres littéraires </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/"> Sciences politiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Philosophie politique"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/philosophie-politique/"> Philosophie politique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Arts" href="/classification/arts/"> Arts </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Architecture" href="/classification/arts/architecture/"> Architecture </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Théories de l'architecture" href="/classification/arts/architecture/theories-de-l-architecture/"> Théories de l'architecture </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Utopies architecturales"> <a title="Classification : Utopies architecturales" href="/classification/arts/architecture/theories-de-l-architecture/utopies-architecturales/"> Utopies architecturales </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC073047_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998149" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <em>Thomas More</em>, H. Holbein le Jeune" href="/media/thomas-more-h-holbein-le-jeune-ph998149/"> <img id="PH998149" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/5/csm_ph998149_ae6599b2dd.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<em>Thomas More</em>, H. Holbein le Jeune - crédits : VCG Wilson/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Thomas More (1478-1535) fut décapité pour avoir refusé de reconnaître Henri VIII comme chef suprême de l'Église d'Angleterre. H. Holbein le Jeune, Thomas More, 1527. Huile sur panneau de chêne, 74.93 cm × 60.33 cm. Frick Collection, New York." data-copyright="VCG Wilson/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="819" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <em>Thomas More</em>, H. Holbein le Jeune </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> VCG Wilson/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA085303" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>Vue en perspective de la ville de Chaux</it>, C. N. Ledoux" href="/media/vue-en-perspective-de-la-ville-de-chaux-c-n-ledoux-pa085303/"> <img id="PA085303" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/5/csm_pa085303_188a1b3ee3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>Vue en perspective de la ville de Chaux</it>, C. N. Ledoux - crédits : AKG-images" data-description="«Vue en perspective de la ville de Chaux», 1804. La ville idéale selon Claude Nicolas Ledoux a été construite de 1774 à 1779 autour d'un noyau industriel formé par la Saline royale d'Arc-et-Senans. Gravure sur cuivre." data-copyright="AKG-images" width="1024" height="709" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>Vue en perspective de la ville de Chaux</it>, C. N. Ledoux </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC073047_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/utopie-arts-et-architecture/"> <span class="rg">UTOPIE </span><span class="rm">(arts et architecture)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Antoine PICON</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 691 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Publiée en 1516 , <em>L'Utopie, ou le Traité de la meilleure forme de gouvernement</em> (trad. franç., 1550) de l'humaniste anglais <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de THOMAS MORE (1477 ou 1478-1535). Vir omnium horarum , « homme de toutes les heures », Thomas More est aussi l'homme d'une époque. Il apparaît dans l'histoire à ce moment crucial des premières décennies du xvi e siècle où l'Europe chrétienne, divisée par les ambitions picrocholines de ses rois, en proie à une profonde crise intellectuelle et religieuse, s'ouvre à ..." title="Article : THOMAS MORE (1477 ou 1478-1535)" href="/encyclopedie/thomas-more/">Thomas More</a> codifie pour plus de deux siècles et demi les principes du genre. Se présentant généralement comme un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le caractère essentiel du récit de voyage devrait être sa diversité. N'est-ce pas pour être désorienté qu'on va à l'étranger, ou qu'on lit ? Il est cependant possible de trouver des points communs à la multitude de récits qui racontent des pèlerinages ou constituent des enquêtes : quelqu'un s'adresse à un lecteur dont il se fait une idée particulière pour le mettre au courant..." title="Article : RÉCIT DE VOYAGE" href="/encyclopedie/recit-de-voyage/">récit de voyage</a>, l'utopie décrit une société parfaitement...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/theodor-wiesengrund-adorno/#c5732"> <span class="rg">ADORNO </span><span class="pc">THEODOR WIESENGRUND </span><span class="rm">(1903-1969)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Miguel ABENSOUR</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 899 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ADORNO THEODOR WIESENGRUND (1903-1969)" href="/encyclopedie/theodor-wiesengrund-adorno/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Theodor Adorno, 1935 - crédits : I. Mayer-Gehrken/ T. W. Adorno Archiv, Frankfurt a.M." width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/c/csm_ph060024_db13cc380f.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Il en va de même de l'utopie divisée en deux figures contraires. Ou bien, habitée par le désir de réconciliation et d'harmonie, l'utopie peut aisément dégénérer en mythologie et donner naissance à des formes de domination d'autant plus funestes qu'elles se réclament du bonheur et de la ... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/age-d-or/"> <span class="rg">ÂGE D'OR</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Rose MAYEUX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">865 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Moment mythique de l'humanité décrit comme étant celui de l'abondance dans une nature généreuse, où tout pousse sans travail, où les animaux domestiques et sauvages vivent en paix entre eux et avec les hommes, où la ronce distille le miel. Les Zéphirs soufflent alors une brise rafraîchissante...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/jardin-d-alkinoos/"> <span class="rg">ALKINOOS </span><span class="pc">JARDIN D'</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Rose MAYEUX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">744 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Enclos merveilleux autour duquel le chant VII de <em>L'Odyssée</em> développe un thème utopique évoquant les choix possibles d'Ulysse et ceux des Grecs eux-mêmes. Épuisé pour avoir lutté pendant deux jours et deux nuits contre la tempête déchaînée par Poséidon, Ulysse, dont le radeau vient de sombrer,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/anglais-art-et-culture-litterature/#c5732"> <span class="rg">ANGLAIS (ART ET CULTURE) - </span><span class="rm">Littérature</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Elisabeth ANGEL-PEREZ</span> , <span rel="author">Jacques DARRAS</span> , <span rel="author">Jean GATTÉGNO</span> , <span rel="author">Vanessa GUIGNERY</span> , <span rel="author">Christine JORDIS</span> , <span rel="author">Ann LECERCLE</span> et <span rel="author">Mario PRAZ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">28 170 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">30 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ANGLAIS (ART ET CULTURE) - Litt&eacute;rature" href="/encyclopedie/anglais-art-et-culture-litterature/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="James Joyce - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis Historical/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/2/csm_ph991548_c6047f2b8b.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...poésie épique » (selon Boris Vian) et domaine où brillent quelques-uns des meilleurs auteurs anglais : Brian Aldiss, J. G. Ballard et Michael Moorcock ; le roman utopique enfin, qui exerça une influence considérable au début du siècle avec H. G. Wells, George Orwell et Aldous Huxley (<em>Brave New World...</em> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/utopie/"> Afficher les 61 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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