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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Other traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmotziger_Donnerstag" title="Schmotziger Donnerstag – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schmotziger Donnerstag" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الخميس البدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخميس البدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chueves_Lardero" title="Chueves Lardero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chueves Lardero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Дебел четвъртък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дебел четвъртък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijous_gras" title="Dijous gras – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dijous gras" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmotziger_Donnerstag" title="Schmotziger Donnerstag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmotziger Donnerstag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Γλυκοπέμπτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλυκοπέμπτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueves_lardero" title="Jueves lardero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jueves lardero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lardero_eguna" title="Lardero eguna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lardero eguna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="پنجشنبه چاق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنجشنبه چاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeudi_gras" title="Jeudi gras – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeudi gras" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9A%B1%EB%9A%B1%ED%95%9C_%EB%AA%A9%EC%9A%94%EC%9D%BC" title="뚱뚱한 목요일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뚱뚱한 목요일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamis_Gemuk" title="Kamis Gemuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamis Gemuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juebia_grassa" title="Juebia grassa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Juebia grassa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetten_Donneschdeg" title="Fetten Donneschdeg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fetten Donneschdeg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouw-wieverbal" title="Ouw-wieverbal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ouw-wieverbal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkos_cs%C3%BCt%C3%B6rt%C3%B6k" title="Torkos csütörtök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Torkos csütörtök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%A8%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5" title="脂の木曜日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脂の木曜日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetetorsdag" title="Fetetorsdag – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fetetorsdag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBkin_payshanba" title="Toʻkin payshanba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toʻkin payshanba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeudi_jeudyou" title="Jeudi jeudyou – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jeudi jeudyou" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82usty_czwartek" title="Tłusty czwartek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tłusty czwartek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnavalul_german" title="Carnavalul german – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carnavalul german" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Жирный четверг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жирный четверг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusty_sztwortek" title="Tusty sztwortek – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tusty sztwortek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasvatorstai" title="Rasvatorstai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rasvatorstai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жирний четвер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жирний четвер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fat Thursday" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%9F%E5%9B%9B" title="肥胖星期四 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肥胖星期四" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q285320#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Christian tradition before Lent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Fat_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat Tuesday">Fat Tuesday</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Fat Thursday</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_paczki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polish_paczki.jpg/225px-Polish_paczki.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polish_paczki.jpg/338px-Polish_paczki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polish_paczki.jpg/450px-Polish_paczki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="617" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Plate of Polish <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian, cultural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Celebration period before fasting season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Feasting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">5 days before <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>, 6 days before <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 52 days before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2023 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 27</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat Tuesday">Fat Tuesday</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fat Thursday</b> is a Christian tradition in some countries marking the last Thursday before <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and is associated with the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>. Because Lent is a time of fasting, the days leading up to <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> provide the last opportunity for feasting (including simply eating <a href="/wiki/Lent#Associated_customs" title="Lent">forbidden items</a>) until <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. Traditionally it is a day dedicated to eating, when people meet in their homes or cafés with their friends and relatives and eat large quantities of sweets, cakes and other meals usually not eaten during Lent. Among the most popular all-national dishes served on that day are <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a> in Poland<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">Berliners</a>, fist-sized donuts filled with rose hip jam, and angel wings (<a href="/wiki/Faworki" class="mw-redirect" title="Faworki">faworki</a>), puff pastry fingers served with powdered sugar. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Slovenia, Fat Thursday is celebrated with specific culinary traditions. People often enjoy special foods that are rich and hearty. A common treat is “krof,” a type of doughnut that is usually filled with jam, particularly apricot, and dusted with powdered sugar. These doughnuts are a staple of the celebration and are enjoyed by many. </p><p>Apart from krof, other fatty and rich foods are also consumed, reflecting the tradition’s focus on indulgence and enjoyment before the austerity of Lent. The celebration is not just about food; it’s also a time for social gatherings, family get-togethers, and community events, often accompanied by music and festivities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tradition may have an older background though. The position of men compared to women in society has often been a matter of debate. In <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> is since 1824 the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Weiberfastnacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Weiberfastnacht">Weiberfastnacht</a></i> known. On the Thursday before carnaval, women are wearing men's clothes, reversing the roles and thus literally "being the man". In the Dutch border village <a href="/w/index.php?title=Groenstraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groenstraat (page does not exist)">Groenstraat</a> a precursor to the <i>Auwwieverbal</i> (Old women ball) or <i>Auw Wieverdaag</i> (old women day) was known already in the early 19th century. The people at that time earned a living by breeding goats and selling woman's hair. The Thursday before carnaval the men would sell the hair to their French buyers. After the sale, as the man had plenty of money, they would go visit the pubs. The women would not be at the sale because they were expected to stay at home. Out of fear that their men would squander the money raised by their hair, the women would go find their husbands to prevent them from wasting it on alcohol. The search along the pubs transformed later to the <i>Ouwewijvenbal</i>. The women, this time incognito, firmly asserted themselves to their husbands and other men.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faworki_(plate).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Faworki_%28plate%29.jpg/220px-Faworki_%28plate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Faworki_%28plate%29.jpg/330px-Faworki_%28plate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Faworki_%28plate%29.jpg/440px-Faworki_%28plate%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>A plate of <a href="/wiki/Angel_wings" title="Angel wings">angel wings</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Fat Thursday is called <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">tłusty czwartek</i></span> (which translates to Fat Thursday). People purchase their favorite pastries from their local bakeries. Traditional foods include <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a> (doughnuts), which are large deep-fried pieces of yeast <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a>, traditionally filled with <a href="/wiki/Fruit_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit jam">fruit jam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rosa_canina" title="Rosa canina">rose</a> petal jam (though others are often used) and topped with powdered sugar, <a href="/wiki/Icing_(food)" title="Icing (food)">icing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(cooking_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaze (cooking technique)">glaze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Angel_wings" title="Angel wings">Angel wings</a> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">faworki</i></span> or <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">chrusty</i></span>) are also commonly consumed on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jeudi Gras (French for Fat Thursday) is a time when crepes would be served to use up stores of butter or lard and eggs, similar to the Shrove Tuesday tradition regarding pancakes in England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weiberfastnacht</i></span> is an unofficial holiday in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the majority of workplaces, work ends before noon. Celebrations start at 11:11 am in Germany. In comparison with <a href="/wiki/Rosenmontag" title="Rosenmontag">Rosenmontag</a>, there are hardly any parades, but people wear costumes and celebrate in pubs and in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Beueler Weiberfastnacht</i></span> ("women's carnival in Beuel") is traditionally celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> district of Beuel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition is said to have started here in 1824, when local women first formed their own "carnival committee". The symbolic storming of the Beuel town hall is broadcast live on TV. In many towns across the state of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Rhine Westphalia">North Rhine Westphalia</a>, a ritual "takeover" of the town halls by local women has become tradition. Among other established customs, on that day women cut off the ties of men, which are seen as a symbol of men's status. The men wear the stumps of their ties and get a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bützchen</i></span> (little kiss) as compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></div> <p>Known as Tsiknopempti in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, it is part of the traditional celebrations of <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Apókries</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Απόκριες</span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Carnival#Greece" title="Carnival">Greek Carnival</a> season. The celebration, normally translated as Smelly Thursday, Charred Thursday, or Smoky Thursday, centers on the consumption of large amounts of grilled and roasted meats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Giovedì grasso</i></span> (Fat Thursday) is celebrated in Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is not very different from <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">martedì grasso</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>). In Venice at the turn of the twentieth century, for example, it was marked by "masquerades, a battle of flowers on the Plaza, a general illumination and the opening of the lottery".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English writer <a href="/wiki/Marie_Corelli" title="Marie Corelli">Marie Corelli</a> mentioned <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">giovedì grasso</i></span> (as "Giovedi Grasso") in her second novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Vendetta!" title="Vendetta!">Vendetta</a></i> (1886), as a day when "the fooling and the mumming, the dancing, shrieking, and screaming would be at its height."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lardero.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lardero.JPG/220px-Lardero.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lardero.JPG/330px-Lardero.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lardero.JPG/440px-Lardero.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>"Bizcochos" and "mona" on Fat Thursday in Albacete, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> this celebration is called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">jueves lardero</i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">jueves de comadre</i></span> and in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>-speaking areas, <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">dijous gras</i></span>, a children's holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> community of Castille-La Mancha, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">jueves lardero</i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Dia de la Mona</i></span> is celebrated with a round pastry with a boiled egg in the middle called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mona</i></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> a meal is prepared with a special <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longaniza_de_Graus" class="extiw" title="es:Longaniza de Graus">sausage</a> from <a href="/wiki/Graus" title="Graus">Graus</a> while in Catalonia the tradition is to eat sweet <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Bunyols</a> and <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botifarra_d%E2%80%99ou" class="extiw" title="ca:Botifarra d’ou">Botifarra d’ou</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syrian Catholics</a> have celebrated the day as "Drunkard's Thursday" with <a href="/wiki/Dolmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmas">dolmas</a> as the traditional food.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a> (a similar holiday in Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMroziak2017" class="citation news cs1">Mroziak, Michael (February 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wbfo.org/post/youve-heard-fat-tuesday-theres-also-fat-thursday">"You've heard of Fat Tuesday, but there's also Fat Thursday"</a>. WFBO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=You%27ve+heard+of+Fat+Tuesday%2C+but+there%27s+also+Fat+Thursday&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.aulast=Mroziak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wbfo.org%2Fpost%2Fyouve-heard-fat-tuesday-theres-also-fat-thursday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Thursday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/90408,Poles-gorge-themselves-on-Fat-Thursday">"Poles gorge themselves on Fat Thursday"</a>. <i>TheNews.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423064803/http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/90408,Poles-gorge-themselves-on-Fat-Thursday">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheNews.pl&rft.atitle=Poles+gorge+themselves+on+Fat+Thursday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2F1%2F9%2FArtykul%2F90408%2CPoles-gorge-themselves-on-Fat-Thursday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Thursday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fat Thursday in Poland – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lodzpost.com/entertainment/fat-thursday-in-poland-or-happy-doughnut-day/">Lodz Post – Poland in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206024832/http://lodzpost.com/entertainment/fat-thursday-in-poland-or-happy-doughnut-day/">Archived</a> February 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goirlesbelang.nl/nw-7833-7-157193/nieuws/stichting_karnaval_ballefruttersgat_organiseert_het_aaw_wvebal.html">Stichting Karnaval Ballefruttersgat organiseert het Aaw Wèèvebal – Goirles Belang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010209/http://www.goirlesbelang.nl/nw-7833-7-157193/nieuws/stichting_karnaval_ballefruttersgat_organiseert_het_aaw_wvebal.html">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Goirlesbelang.nl (28 January 2009). Retrieved on 2015-05-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/Fat-Thursday_72507f">"Fat Thursday & Herring Night"</a>. <i>inyourpocket.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207153604/http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/Fat-Thursday_72507f">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inyourpocket.com&rft.atitle=Fat+Thursday+%26+Herring+Night&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inyourpocket.com%2Fpoland%2FFat-Thursday_72507f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Thursday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/126520,Poland-celebrates-Fat-Thursday">"Poland celebrates 'Fat Thursday'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>thenews.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207155852/http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/126520,Poland-celebrates-Fat-Thursday">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenews.pl&rft.atitle=Poland+celebrates+%27Fat+Thursday%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2F1%2F9%2FArtykul%2F126520%2CPoland-celebrates-Fat-Thursday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Thursday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodziński2011" class="citation web cs1">Brodziński, Piotr (March 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.org.pl/2011/03/03/552/">"Słów kilka o zapustnych zwyczajach"</a>. <i>Historia.org.pl - Polski portal historyczny</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214110105/https://historia.org.pl/2011/03/03/552/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia.org.pl+-+Polski+portal+historyczny&rft.atitle=S%C5%82%C3%B3w+kilka+o+zapustnych+zwyczajach&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=Brodzi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.org.pl%2F2011%2F03%2F03%2F552%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFat+Thursday" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220268/tyrone_daily_herald/">"Attack of the Giant Bananas: Germany Kicks off Carnival"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513055143/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220268/tyrone_daily_herald/">Archived</a> May 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Tyrone Daily Herald</i> (February 7, 1996): 9. via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220180/weiberfastnacht_in_1972/">"Mark in Germany"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513055133/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220180/weiberfastnacht_in_1972/">Archived</a> May 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Lake Park News</i> (March 2, 1972): 7. via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220218/weiberfastnacht_in_beuel_1959/">"This was 'Weiberfastnacht,' and Milady Held the Reins"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512235006/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220218/weiberfastnacht_in_beuel_1959/">Archived</a> May 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Salt Lake Tribune</i> (February 6, 1959): 35. via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petra Pluwatsch: Weiberfastnacht – Die Geschichte eines ganz besonderen Tages. KiWi, Köln, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-462-03805-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-462-03805-7">978-3-462-03805-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4216941/fat_thursday_celebrated_by_the_romans/">"'Fat Thursday' Celebrated by the Romans"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040359/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4216941/fat_thursday_celebrated_by_the_romans/">Archived</a> February 2, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Lebanon Daily News</i> (February 27, 1930): 1. via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4217001/carnival_in_venice_1899/">"Carnival of Venice Opens"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513054849/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4217001/carnival_in_venice_1899/">Archived</a> May 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Times</i> (Philadelphia) (February 10, 1899): 7. via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie Corelli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmayCQAAQBAJ&dq=Corelli+Vendetta+Giovedi+Grasso&pg=PA376"><i>Vendetta: A Story of One Forgotten</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118163005/https://books.google.com/books?id=zmayCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA376&ots=mk2d3H9MS2&dq=Corelli%20Vendetta%20Giovedi%20Grasso&pg=PA376">Archived</a> January 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Floating Press 2015): 376. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1776587513" title="Special:BookSources/978-1776587513">978-1776587513</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ora W. L. Slater, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220348/barcelona_childrens_day_1928/">"Thursday before Lent is Barcelona Children's Day"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513054858/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220348/barcelona_childrens_day_1928/">Archived</a> May 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>El Paso Herald</i> (June 25, 1928): 10. via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxine Buren, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220329/prelenten_holidays_1960/">"February Has Many Pre-Lenten Holidays"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512235444/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4220329/prelenten_holidays_1960/">Archived</a> May 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Oregon Statesman</i> (February 13, 1960): 6. via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/recipes/view.cfm?id=26">"Catholic Recipe: Dolmas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913004134/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/recipes/view.cfm?id=26">Archived</a> September 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Catholic Culture.org</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat_Thursday&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/fat-thursday-polands-tastiest-tradition">Fat Thursday: Poland’s Tastiest Traditions</a> on Culture.pl</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Tablice_świąt_ruchomych">Polish movable feasts</a> in Polish Wikisource</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_folk_customs_and_traditions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Polish folk customs and traditions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konik_(ritual)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konik (ritual) (page does not exist)">Konik</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koza_(ritual)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koza (ritual) (page does not exist)">Koza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pod%C5%82a%C5%BAniczka" title="Podłaźniczka">Podłaźniczka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromnica (page does not exist)">Gromnica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Viscum" title="Viscum">Jemioła</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aci%C4%99cie_%C5%9Bmierci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ścięcie śmierci (page does not exist)">Ścięcie śmierci</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podkozio%C5%82ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podkoziołek (page does not exist)">Podkoziołek</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popielcowe_klocki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popielcowe klocki (page does not exist)">Popielcowe klocki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wkupne_do_bab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wkupne do bab (page does not exist)">Wkupne do bab</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival#Zapusty_in_Poland" title="Slavic carnival">Zapusty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ostatki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostatki">Ostatki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Przebiera%C5%84ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przebierańce (page does not exist)">Przebierańce</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comber_(tradition)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comber (tradition) (page does not exist)">Comber</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herody (page does not exist)">Herody</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kol%C4%99da" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolęda">Kolęda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Zielone Świątki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregorianki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregorianki (page does not exist)">Gregorianki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaszki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judaszki (page does not exist)">Hanging of Judas</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pucheroki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pucheroki (page does not exist)">Pucheroki</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99conka" title="Święconka">Święconka</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Śmigus-dyngus</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emaus_fair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emaus fair (page does not exist)">Emaus fair</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki_(ritual)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turki (ritual) (page does not exist)">Turki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dziady_%C5%9Bmigustne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dziady śmigustne (page does not exist)">Dziady śmigustne</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amiergust" title="Śmiergust">Śmiergust</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siuda_Baba" title="Siuda Baba">Siuda Baba</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurek_dyngusowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurek dyngusowy (page does not exist)">Kurek dyngusowy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pisanka_(Polish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanka (Polish)">Pisanki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Walatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Walatka">Walatka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Easter_palm" title="Easter palm">Easter palm</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezusek_Palmowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezusek Palmowy (page does not exist)">Jezusek Palmowy</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrzeb_%C5%BCuru_i_%C5%9Bledzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrzeb żuru i śledzia (page does not exist)">Funeral of żur and a herring</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodu%C5%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roduś (page does not exist)">Roduś</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%99kawka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rękawka (page does not exist)">Rękawka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBandary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żandary (page does not exist)">Żandary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siwki_(Easter_tradition)" title="Siwki (Easter tradition)">Siwki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fat Thursday</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gorzkie_%C5%BCale" title="Gorzkie żale">Gorzkie żale</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Noc Kupały</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sob%C3%B3tka" title="Sobótka">Sobótka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyzwolenie_kosiarza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyzwolenie kosiarza (page does not exist)">Wyzwolenie kosiarza</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oborywanie_przepi%C3%B3rki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oborywanie przepiórki (page does not exist)">Oborywanie przepiórki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beheading_the_Kite" title="Beheading the Kite">Ścinanie kani</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Za%C5%BCynki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zażynki (page does not exist)">Zażynki</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autumn</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Do%C5%BCynki" title="Dożynki">Dożynki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dziady" title="Dziady">Dziady</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zaduszki" title="Zaduszki">Zaduszki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_gingerbread" title="Toruń gingerbread">Katarzynki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrzejki" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrzejki">Andrzejki</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland" title="National costumes of Poland">Attire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland#Traditional_music" title="Music of Poland">Traditional music</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Folk dances</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_beliefs" title="Polish folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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