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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of gas compressors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_gas_compressors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of gas compressors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_gas_compressors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reciprocating_compressors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocating_compressors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reciprocating compressors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocating_compressors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_screw_compressors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_screw_compressors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rotary screw compressors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_screw_compressors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centrifugal_compressors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centrifugal_compressors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Centrifugal compressors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centrifugal_compressors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centrifugal_Compressor_Surge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centrifugal_Compressor_Surge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Centrifugal Compressor Surge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centrifugal_Compressor_Surge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scroll_compressors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scroll_compressors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Scroll compressors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scroll_compressors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressor_lubrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressor_lubrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Compressor lubrication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressor_lubrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features_and_facts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features_and_facts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other features and facts of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features_and_facts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economic analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vapor-compression refrigeration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تبريد بانضغاط البخار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبريد بانضغاط البخار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeraci%C3%B3_per_compressi%C3%B3_de_vapor" title="Refrigeració per compressió de vapor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refrigeració per compressió de vapor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompressionsk%C3%A4ltemaschine" title="Kompressionskältemaschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kompressionskältemaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeraci%C3%B3n_por_compresi%C3%B3n" title="Refrigeración por compresión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refrigeración por compresión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تبرید تراکم-بخار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبرید تراکم-بخار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9frig%C3%A9rateur_%C3%A0_compression_de_vapeur" title="Réfrigérateur à compression de vapeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réfrigérateur à compression de vapeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrixeraci%C3%B3n_por_compresi%C3%B3n" title="Refrixeración por compresión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refrixeración por compresión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EC%95%95%EC%B6%95_%EB%83%89%EB%8F%99" title="증기 압축 냉동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증기 압축 냉동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendingin_kompresi_uap" title="Pendingin kompresi uap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendingin kompresi uap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%91zkompresszi%C3%B3s_h%C5%B1t%C5%91g%C3%A9p" title="Gőzkompressziós hűtőgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gőzkompressziós hűtőgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E5%9C%A7%E7%B8%AE%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E6%A9%9F" title="蒸気圧縮冷凍機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒸気圧縮冷凍機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_compress%C3%A3o" title="Refrigeração por compressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refrigeração por compressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_frigorific%C4%83_cu_compresiune_mecanic%C4%83_de_vapori" title="Mașină frigorifică cu compresiune mecanică de vapori – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mașină frigorifică cu compresiune mecanică de vapori" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_cycle" title="Vapor-compression cycle – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vapor-compression cycle" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7" title="蒸氣壓縮製冷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒸氣壓縮製冷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q615475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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searchaux" style="display:none">Refrigeration process</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"VCRS" redirects here. For videocassette recorders, see <a href="/wiki/VCRs" class="mw-redirect" title="VCRs">VCRs</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refrigeration_PV_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Refrigeration_PV_diagram.svg/300px-Refrigeration_PV_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Refrigeration_PV_diagram.svg/450px-Refrigeration_PV_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Refrigeration_PV_diagram.svg/600px-Refrigeration_PV_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A representative pressure–volume diagram for a refrigeration cycle</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vapour-compression refrigeration</b> or <b>vapor-compression refrigeration system</b> (<b>VCRS</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerant</a> undergoes <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase changes</a>, is one of the many <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigeration cycle">refrigeration cycles</a> and is the most widely used method for <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a>, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and industrial services. <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Oil refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical</a> processing plants, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing</a> plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often utilize large vapor-compression refrigeration systems. <a href="/wiki/Cascade_refrigeration" title="Cascade refrigeration">Cascade refrigeration</a> systems may also be implemented using two compressors. </p><p>Refrigeration may be defined as lowering the temperature of an enclosed space by removing heat from that space and transferring it elsewhere. A device that performs this function may also be called an <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">air source heat pump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal heat pump">geothermal heat pump</a>, or chiller (<a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">heat pump</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Refrigeration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Refrigeration.png" decoding="async" width="299" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1: Vapor compression refrigeration</figcaption></figure> <p>Vapor-compression uses a circulating liquid <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerant</a> as the medium which absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere. Figure 1 depicts a typical, single-stage vapor-compression system. All such systems have four components: a <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>, a metering device or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">thermal expansion valve</a> (also called a <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a> valve), and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point#Saturation_temperature_and_pressure" title="Boiling point">saturated vapor</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensed</a> with either cooling water or cooling air flowing across the coil or tubes. </p><p>The superheated vapor then passes through the <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>. This is where heat is transferred from the circulating refrigerant to an external medium, allowing the gaseous refrigerant to cool and <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condense</a> into a liquid. The rejected heat is carried away by either the water or the air, depending on the type of condenser. </p><p>The condensed liquid refrigerant, in the thermodynamic state known as a <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point#Saturation_temperature_and_pressure" title="Boiling point">saturated liquid</a>, is next routed through an <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">expansion valve</a> where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic <a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">flash evaporation</a> of a part of the liquid refrigerant. The auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated. </p><p>The cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. Air in the enclosed space circulates across the coil or tubes due to either thermal <a href="/wiki/Natural_convection" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural convection">convection</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">fan</a>. Since the air is warmer than the cold liquid refrigerant, heat is transferred from the air to the refrigerant, which cools the air and warms the refrigerant, causing <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, returning it to a gaseous state. While liquid remains in the refrigerant flow, its temperature will not rise above the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of the refrigerant, which depends on the pressure in the evaporator. Most systems are designed to evaporate all of the refrigerant to ensure that no liquid is returned to the compressor. </p><p>To complete the <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigeration cycle">refrigeration cycle</a>, the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated vapor and is routed back into the compressor. Over time, the evaporator may collect ice or water from ambient <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. The ice is melted through <a href="/wiki/Auto-defrost" title="Auto-defrost">defrosting</a>. The water from the melted ice or the evaporator then drips into a drip pan, and the water is carried away by gravity or a condensate pump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refrigerants">Refrigerants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Refrigerants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">List of refrigerants</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Working_fluid_selection" title="Working fluid selection">selection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a> has a significant impact on the performance of the refrigeration cycles and as such it plays a key role when it comes to designing or simply choosing an ideal machine for a certain task. One of the most widespread refrigerants is "<a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">Freon</a>". Freon is a trade name for a family of <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">haloalkane</a> refrigerants manufactured by <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> and other companies. These refrigerants were commonly used due to their superior stability and safety properties: they were not flammable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, nor obviously toxic as were the fluids they replaced, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>. Haloalkanes are also an order(s) of magnitude more expensive than petroleum-derived flammable alkanes of similar or better cooling performance. </p><p>Unfortunately, chlorine- and fluorine-bearing refrigerants reach the upper atmosphere when they escape. In the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, substances like <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFCs</a> and <a href="/wiki/HCFC" class="mw-redirect" title="HCFC">HCFCs</a> break up due to <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> radiation, releasing their chlorine free-radicals. These chlorine free-radicals act as <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> in the breakdown of ozone through chain reactions. One CFC molecule can cause thousands of ozone molecules to break down. This causes severe damage to the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> that shields the Earth's surface from the Sun's strong UV radiation and has been shown to lead to increased rates of skin cancer. The chlorine will remain active as a catalyst until and unless it binds with another particle, forming a stable molecule. CFC refrigerants in common but receding usage include <a href="/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane" title="Trichlorofluoromethane">R-11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">R-12</a>. </p><p>Newer refrigerants that have reduced <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> effects compared to CFCs have replaced most CFC use. Examples include <a href="/wiki/HCFC" class="mw-redirect" title="HCFC">HCFCs</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethane" title="Chlorodifluoromethane">R-22</a>, used in most homes) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">HFCs</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/R-134a" class="mw-redirect" title="R-134a">R-134a</a>, used in most cars). HCFCs in turn are being phased out under the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> and replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which do not contain <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> atoms. However, CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs all have very large <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP). </p><p>More benign refrigerants are currently the subject of research, such as <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/R-744" class="mw-redirect" title="R-744">R-744</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have similar efficiencies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> compared to existing CFC- and HFC-based compounds, and have many orders of magnitude lower global warming potential. General industry and governing body push are toward more GWP-friendly refrigerants. In industrial settings <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, as well as gasses like <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iso-butane" class="mw-redirect" title="Iso-butane">iso-butane</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> are commonly used (and have their own R-x customary numbers), depending on required temperatures and pressures. Many of these gases are flammable, explosive, or toxic; making their use restricted (i.e. well-controlled environment by qualified personnel, or a very small amount of refrigerant used). <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoroolefin" title="Hydrofluoroolefin">HFOs</a> which can be considered to be HFCs with some carbon-carbon bonds being double bounds, do show promise of lowering GWP so little to be of no further concern. In the meantime, various blends of existing refrigerants are used to achieve the required properties and efficiency, at a reasonable cost and lower GWP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermodynamic_analysis_of_the_system">Thermodynamic analysis of the system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thermodynamic analysis of the system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:RefrigerationTS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/RefrigerationTS.png" decoding="async" width="387" height="319" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Figure 2: Temperature–Entropy diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> of the vapor compression cycle can be analyzed on a temperature versus <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> diagram as depicted in Figure 2. At point 1 in the diagram, the circulating refrigerant enters the <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a> as a low-temperature, low-pressure saturated vapor. From point 1 to point 2, the vapor is <a href="/wiki/Isentropic_process" title="Isentropic process">isentropically</a> compressed (compressed at constant entropy) and exits the compressor as a high-pressure, high-temperature vapor. </p><p>From point 2 to point 3, the vapor travels through part of the condenser which removes the heat by cooling the vapor. Between point 3 and point 4, the vapor travels through the remainder of the condenser and is condensed into a high-temperature, high-pressure subcooled liquid. Subcool is the amount of sensible heat removed from the liquid below its maximum saturation. The condensation process occurs at essentially constant pressure. </p><p>Between points 4 and 5, the subcooled liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve and undergoes an abrupt decrease of pressure. That process results in the adiabatic flash evaporation and auto-refrigeration of a portion of the liquid (typically, less than half of the liquid flashes). The adiabatic flash evaporation process is <a href="/wiki/Isenthalpic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isenthalpic">isenthalpic</a> (occurs at constant <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a>). </p><p>Between points 5 and 1, the cold and partially vaporized refrigerant travels through the coil or tubes in the evaporator where it is totally vaporized by the warm air (from the space being refrigerated) that a fan circulates across the coil or tubes in the evaporator. The evaporation process occurs at essentially constant temperature. After evaporation is completed, the vapor will start to increase in temperature. The amount of sensible heat added to the vapor above its saturation point, i.e. its <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, is called superheat. </p><p>The resulting superheated vapor returns to the compressor inlet at point 1 to complete the thermodynamic cycle. </p><p>The above discussion is based on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle which does not take into account real world items like frictional pressure drop in the system, slight internal irreversibility during the compression of the refrigerant vapor, or non-ideal gas behavior (if any). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_gas_compressors">Types of gas compressors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of gas compressors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></div> <p>The most common compressors used in refrigeration are <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_compressor" title="Reciprocating compressor">reciprocating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">scroll compressors</a>, but large chillers or industrial cycles may use <a href="/wiki/Rotary_screw_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary screw compressor">rotary screw</a> or <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">centrifugal</a> compressors. Each application prefers one or another due to size, noise, efficiency, and pressure issues. Compressors are often described as being either open, <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">hermetic</a>, or semi-hermetic, to describe how the compressor and/or motor is situated in relation to the refrigerant being compressed. Variations of motor/compressor types can lead to the following configurations: </p> <ul><li>Hermetic motor, hermetic compressor</li> <li>Hermetic motor, semi-hermetic compressor</li> <li>Open motor (belt driven or close coupled), hermetic compressor</li> <li>Open motor (belt driven or close coupled), semi-hermetic compressor</li></ul> <p>Typically in hermetic, and most semi-hermetic compressors (sometimes known as accessible hermetic compressors), the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the refrigerant system. The motor is hermetic and is designed to operate, and be cooled by, the refrigerant being compressed. The obvious disadvantage of hermetic motor compressors is that the motor drive cannot be maintained in situ, and the entire compressor must be removed if a motor fails. A further disadvantage is that burnt out windings can contaminate whole refrigeration systems requiring the system to be entirely pumped down, and the refrigerant replaced. </p><p>An open compressor has a motor drive which is outside of the refrigeration system, and provides drive to the compressor by means of an input shaft with suitable gland seals. Open compressor motors are typically air-cooled and can be fairly easily exchanged or repaired without degassing of the refrigeration system. The disadvantage of this type of compressor is a failure of the shaft seals, leading to loss of refrigerant. </p><p>Open motor compressors are generally easier to cool (using ambient air) and therefore tend to be simpler in design and more reliable, especially in high pressure applications where compressed gas temperatures can be very high. However the use of liquid injection for additional cooling can generally overcome this issue in most hermetic motor compressors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciprocating_compressors">Reciprocating compressors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reciprocating compressors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kompresors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kompresors.svg/110px-Kompresors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kompresors.svg/165px-Kompresors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kompresors.svg/220px-Kompresors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Reciprocating compressor</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_compressor" title="Reciprocating compressor">Reciprocating compressor</a></div> <p>Reciprocating compressors are piston-style, positive displacement compressors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_screw_compressors">Rotary screw compressors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rotary screw compressors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg/110px-Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg/165px-Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg/220px-Lysholm_screw_rotors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Lysholm<br />screw compressor</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotary_screw_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary screw compressor">Rotary screw compressor</a></div> <p>Rotary screw compressors are also positive displacement compressors. Two meshing screw-rotors rotate in opposite directions, trapping refrigerant vapor, and reducing the volume of the refrigerant along the rotors to the discharge point. </p><p>Small units are not practical due to back-leakage but large units have very high efficiency and flow capacity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centrifugal_compressors">Centrifugal compressors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Centrifugal compressors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CentrifugalFan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CentrifugalFan.png/110px-CentrifugalFan.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CentrifugalFan.png/165px-CentrifugalFan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CentrifugalFan.png/220px-CentrifugalFan.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Centrifugal principle</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></div> <p>Centrifugal compressors are dynamic compressors. These compressors raise the pressure of the refrigerant by imparting velocity or dynamic energy, using a rotating impeller, and converting it to pressure energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Centrifugal_Compressor_Surge">Centrifugal Compressor Surge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Centrifugal Compressor Surge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chillers with centrifugal compressors have a 'Centrifugal Compressor Map' that shows the "surge line" and the "choke line." For the same capacity ratings, across a wider span of operating conditions, chillers with the larger diameter lower-speed compressor have a wider 'Centrifugal Compressor Map' and experience surge conditions less than those with the smaller diameter, less expensive, higher-speed compressors. The smaller diameter, higher-speed compressors have a flatter curve.,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the refrigerant flow rate decreases, some compressors change the gap between the impeller and the volute to maintain the correct velocity to avoid surge conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scroll_compressors">Scroll compressors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scroll compressors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scroll_scrollcrompressor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scroll_scrollcrompressor.png/220px-Scroll_scrollcrompressor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scroll_scrollcrompressor.png/330px-Scroll_scrollcrompressor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scroll_scrollcrompressor.png/440px-Scroll_scrollcrompressor.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Figure 4: Operating principle of a Scroll Compressor</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></div> <p>Scroll compressors are also positive displacement compressors. The refrigerant is compressed when one spiral orbits around a second stationary spiral, creating smaller and smaller pockets and higher pressures. By the time the refrigerant is discharged, it is fully pressurized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_compressor" title="Diaphragm compressor">Diaphragm compressor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axial-flow_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Axial-flow compressor">Axial-flow compressor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_or_mixed-flow_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagonal or mixed-flow compressor">Diagonal or mixed-flow compressor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_ring_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid ring compressor">Liquid ring compressor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roots_blower" title="Roots blower">Roots blower</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diaphram_pump.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diaphragm pump"><img alt="Diaphragm pump" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diaphram_pump.svg/60px-Diaphram_pump.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diaphram_pump.svg/90px-Diaphram_pump.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diaphram_pump.svg/120px-Diaphram_pump.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diaphragm pump</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TF30_Side_Cut_Compressor_HP.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Axial-flow compressor of a jet engine"><img alt="Axial-flow compressor of a jet engine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TF30_Side_Cut_Compressor_HP.jpeg/60px-TF30_Side_Cut_Compressor_HP.jpeg" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TF30_Side_Cut_Compressor_HP.jpeg/90px-TF30_Side_Cut_Compressor_HP.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TF30_Side_Cut_Compressor_HP.jpeg/120px-TF30_Side_Cut_Compressor_HP.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axial-flow compressor of a <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_ring.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Liquid ring"><img alt="Liquid ring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Liquid_ring.png/60px-Liquid_ring.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Liquid_ring.png/90px-Liquid_ring.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Liquid_ring.png/120px-Liquid_ring.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liquid ring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roots_blower_-_2_lobes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roots blower"><img alt="Roots blower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roots_blower_-_2_lobes.svg/60px-Roots_blower_-_2_lobes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roots_blower_-_2_lobes.svg/90px-Roots_blower_-_2_lobes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roots_blower_-_2_lobes.svg/120px-Roots_blower_-_2_lobes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roots blower</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compressor_lubrication">Compressor lubrication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compressor lubrication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to lubricate the moving parts of the compressor, oil is added to the refrigerant during installation or commissioning. The type of oil may be mineral or synthetic to suit the compressor type, and also chosen so as not to react with the refrigerant type and other components in the system. In small refrigeration systems the oil is allowed to circulate throughout the whole circuit, but care must be taken to design the pipework and components such that oil can drain back under gravity to the compressor. In larger more distributed systems, especially in retail refrigeration, the oil is normally captured at an oil separator immediately after the compressor, and is in turn re-delivered, by an oil level management system, back to the compressor(s). Oil separators are not 100% efficient so system pipework must still be designed so that oil can drain back by gravity to the oil separator or compressor. </p><p>Some newer compressor technologies use <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_bearing" title="Magnetic bearing">magnetic bearings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_bearing" title="Air bearing">air bearings</a> and require no lubrication, for example the <a href="/wiki/Danfoss" title="Danfoss">Danfoss</a> Turbocor range of centrifugal compressors. Avoiding the need for oil lubrication and the design requirements and ancillaries associated with it, simplifies the design of the refrigerant system, increases the heat transfer coefficient in evaporators and condensers, eliminates the risk of refrigerant being contaminated with oil, and reduces maintenance requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control">Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In simple commercial refrigeration systems the compressor is normally controlled by a simple pressure switch, with the expansion performed by a capillary tube or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">thermal expansion valve</a>. In more complex systems, including multiple compressor installations, the use of electronic controls is typical, with adjustable set points to control the pressure at which compressors cut in and cut out, and temperature control by the use of electronic expansion valves. </p><p>In addition to the operational controls, separate high-pressure and low-pressure switches are normally utilised to provide secondary protection to the compressors and other components of the system from operating outside of safe parameters. </p><p>In more advanced electronic control systems the use of floating head pressure, and proactive suction pressure, control routines allow the compressor operation to be adjusted to accurately meet differing cooling demands while reducing energy consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_features_and_facts_of_interest">Other features and facts of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other features and facts of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The schematic diagram of a single-stage refrigeration system shown in Figure 1 does not include other equipment items that would be provided in a large commercial or industrial vapor compression refrigeration system, such as: </p> <ul><li>A horizontal or vertical <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a>, equipped internally with a <a href="/wiki/Demister_(vapor)" title="Demister (vapor)">demister</a>, between the evaporator and the compressor inlet to capture and remove any residual, entrained liquid in the refrigerant vapor because liquid may damage the compressor. Such <a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_separator" title="Vapor–liquid separator">vapor–liquid separators</a> are most often referred to as "suction line accumulators". (In other industrial processes, they are called "compressor suction drums" or "knockout pots".)</li> <li>Large commercial or industrial refrigeration systems may have multiple expansion valves and multiple evaporators in order to refrigerate multiple enclosed spaces or rooms. In such systems, the condensed liquid refrigerant may be routed into a pressure vessel, called a receiver, from which liquid refrigerant is withdrawn and routed through multiple pipelines to the multiple expansion valves and evaporators.</li> <li>Filter Dryers, installed before the compressors to catch any moisture or contaminants in the system and thus protect the compressors from internal damage</li> <li>Some refrigeration units may have multiple stages which requires the use of multiple compressors in various arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In most of the world, the <a href="/wiki/Cooling_capacity" title="Cooling capacity">cooling capacity</a> of refrigeration systems is measured in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a>. Common residential air conditioning units range in capacity from 3.5 to 18 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kilowatt</a>. In a few countries it is measured in "<a href="/wiki/Ton_of_refrigeration" title="Ton of refrigeration">tons of refrigeration</a>", with common residential air conditioning units from about 1 to 5 tons of refrigeration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Refrigeration application</th> <th>Short descriptions</th> <th>Typical refrigerants used </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domestic refrigeration</td> <td>Appliances used for keeping food in dwelling units</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">R-600a, R-134a, R-22</a>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commercial refrigeration</td> <td>Holding and displaying frozen and fresh food in retail outlets</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">R-134a, R-404A, R-507</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Food processing and cold storage</td> <td>Equipment to preserve, process, and store food from its source to the wholesale distribution point</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">R-123, R-134a, R-407C, R-410A, R-507</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial refrigeration</td> <td>Large equipment, typically 25 kW to 30 MW, used for chemical processing, cold storage, food processing, building, and district heating and cooling</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">R-123, R-134a, R-404A, R-407C, R-507, R-717</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transport refrigeration</td> <td>Equipment to preserve and store goods, primarily foodstuffs, during transport by road, rail, air, and sea</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">R-134a, R-407C, R-410A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electronic cooling</td> <td>Low-temperature cooling of CMOS circuitry and other components in large computers and servers<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">R-134a, R-404A, R-507</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medical refrigeration</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">R-134a, R-404A, R-507</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cryogenic refrigeration</td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chiller.jpg/220px-Chiller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chiller.jpg/330px-Chiller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chiller.jpg/440px-Chiller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Figure 5: Commercial water-cooled liquid chiller installation for building air conditioning</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_analysis">Economic analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Very mature technology.</li> <li>Relatively inexpensive.</li> <li>Can be driven directly using mechanical energy (water, car or truck motor) or with electrical energy.</li> <li>Efficient up to 60% of <a href="/wiki/Cycle_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle efficiency">Carnot's</a> theoretical limit (as evaluated in <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a> testing conditions: evaporation temperature of −23.3 °C, condensing temperature of 54.4 °C, and ambient temperature of 32 °C)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> based on some of the best commercially available compressors, as produced by manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Danfoss" title="Danfoss">Danfoss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Electric_Works" title="Panasonic Electric Works">Matsushita</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.emerson.com/en-us/brands/copeland">Copeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraco" title="Embraco">Embraco</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristolcompressors.com/">Bristol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh_Products" title="Tecumseh Products">Tecumseh</a>. However, many refrigeration systems use compressors that have lower efficiencies of between 40 and 55%, since the 60% efficient ones cost almost twice as much as the lower efficiency ones.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many systems still use <a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorofluorocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrochlorofluorocarbon">HCFC</a> <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a>, which contribute to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">depletion of the Earth's ozone layer</a>. In countries adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>, HCFCs are due to be phased out and are largely being replaced by ozone-friendly <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">HFCs</a>. However, systems using HFC refrigerants tend to be slightly less efficient than systems using HCFCs. HFCs also have an extremely large <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a>, because they remain in the atmosphere for many years and trap heat more effectively than <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. </p><p>With the ultimate phasing out of HCFCs already a certainty, alternative non-<a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">haloalkane</a> refrigerants are gaining popularity. In particular, once-abandoned refrigerants such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a> for example) and CO<sub>2</sub> are coming back into more extensive use. For example, <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>'s vending machines at the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a> in Germany used refrigeration utilizing CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>) is one of the oldest refrigerants, with excellent performance and essentially no pollution problems. However, ammonia has two disadvantages: it is toxic and it is incompatible with copper tubing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png/180px-Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png/270px-Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png/360px-Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of Dr. John Gorrie's 1841 mechanical ice machine.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1805, the American inventor <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans" title="Oliver Evans">Oliver Evans</a> described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum. Heat would be removed from the environment by recycling vaporized refrigerant, where it would move through a <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heating_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating coil">condenser</a>, and would eventually revert to a liquid form in order to repeat the refrigeration process over again. However, no such refrigeration unit was built by Evans.<sup id="cite_ref-Hempstead_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempstead-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, an American expatriate to Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Perkins" title="Jacob Perkins">Jacob Perkins</a>, built the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a closed-cycle that could operate continuously, as he described in his patent: </p> <dl><dd>I am enabled to use volatile fluids for the purpose of producing the cooling or freezing of fluids, and yet at the same time constantly condensing such volatile fluids, and bringing them again into operation without waste.</dd></dl> <p>His prototype system worked although it did not succeed commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-burstall_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burstall-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar attempt was made in 1842, by American physician, <a href="/wiki/John_Gorrie" title="John Gorrie">John Gorrie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who built a working prototype, but it was a commercial failure. American engineer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Twining" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Twining">Alexander Twining</a> took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapor compression system that used ether. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AppareilCarr%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AppareilCarr%C3%A9.jpg/220px-AppareilCarr%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AppareilCarr%C3%A9.jpg/330px-AppareilCarr%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AppareilCarr%C3%A9.jpg/440px-AppareilCarr%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Carr%C3%A9" title="Ferdinand Carré">Ferdinand Carré</a>'s ice-making device.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first practical vapor compression refrigeration system was built by <a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(engineer)" title="James Harrison (engineer)">James Harrison</a>, a British journalist who had emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1856 patent was for a vapor compression system using ether, alcohol or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, and his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison also introduced commercial vapor-compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses and, by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in operation in Australia and England. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption refrigeration">gas absorption</a> refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Carr%C3%A9" title="Ferdinand Carré">Ferdinand Carré</a> of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a>, an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany, patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876. His new process made possible using gases such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Methyl_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl chloride">methyl chloride</a> (CH<sub>3</sub>Cl) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator" title="Einstein refrigerator">Einstein refrigerator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">Flash evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a> (HVAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration" title="Magnetic refrigeration">Magnetic refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">Working fluid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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V. C. Rao (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitiespress.com/details?id=9788173714610"><i>An Introduction to Thermodynamics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-461-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-461-0"><bdi>978-81-7371-461-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Thermodynamics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Universities+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7371-461-0&rft.au=Y.+V.+C.+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitiespress.com%2Fdetails%3Fid%3D9788173714610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapor-compression+refrigeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saturated vapors and saturated liquids are vapors and liquids at their <a href="/wiki/Saturation_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation temperature">saturation temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturation_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation pressure">saturation pressure</a>. A superheated vapor is at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r744.com/knowledge/faq">r744.com – Everything R744</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724071330/http://www.r744.com/knowledge/faq">Archived</a> 2017-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Natural Refrigerant R744 (CO)<sub>2</sub>, 2006–2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tc0802.ashraetcs.org/documents/programs/Seminar%2069%20Houston%20King%2020180627.pdf">Fundamentals of Centrifugal Chillers | Johnson Controls</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylor-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EDR_DesignGuidelines_CoolToolsChilledWater.pdf">Chilled Water Plant Design Guide | Taylor Engineering | Pages 281</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theengineeringmindset.com/chiller-surge-explained/">Chiller Surge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energy-models.com/centrifugal-chiller-fundamentals">Centrifugal Chiller - Fundamentals | McQuay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_Doc_Ref=SPD_VAVR-AE7T7G_EN">"The Different Types of Cooling Compressors"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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R.; Notohardjono, B. D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5388972">"High-end server low-temperature cooling"</a>. <i>IBM Journal of Research and Development</i>. <b>46</b> (6): 739–751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.466.0739">10.1147/rd.466.0739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=High-end+server+low-temperature+cooling&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=739-751&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.466.0739&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Notohardjono%2C+B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5388972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapor-compression+refrigeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/environmental_report2006.pdf">2006 Environmental Performance, the Coca-Cola Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110131010/http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/environmental_report2006.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (scroll down to pdf page 6 of 9 pdf pages).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/ammonia_refrigeration/ammonia/index.html">Ammonia Refrigeration – Properties of Ammonia</a>, osha.gov, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hempstead-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hempstead_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_HempsteadWilliam_E._Worthington2005" class="citation book cs1">Colin Hempstead; William E. 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Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374996-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374996-3"><bdi>978-0-12-374996-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Engineering+Thermodynamic&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374996-3&rft.au=Robert+T.+Balmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVC-RuN6moREC%26q%3DJacob%2BPerkins%2Brefrigeration%26pg%3DPA543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapor-compression+refrigeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burstall-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burstall_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstall1965" class="citation book cs1">Burstall, Aubrey F. (1965). <i>A History of Mechanical Engineering</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-52001-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-52001-X"><bdi>0-262-52001-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mechanical+Engineering&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-262-52001-X&rft.aulast=Burstall&rft.aufirst=Aubrey+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapor-compression+refrigeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00008080&homeurl=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1%2526Sect2=HITOFF%2526d=PALL%2526p=1%2526u=%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r=1%2526f=G%2526l=50%2526s1=0008080.PN.%2526OS=PN/0008080%2526RS=PN/0008080&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">"Patent Images"</a>. <i>pdfpiw.uspto.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pdfpiw.uspto.gov&rft.atitle=Patent+Images&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfpiw.uspto.gov%2F.piw%3FDocid%3D00008080%26homeurl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%252526Sect2%3DHITOFF%252526d%3DPALL%252526p%3D1%252526u%3D%2525252Fnetahtml%2525252FPTO%2525252Fsrchnum.htm%252526r%3D1%252526f%3DG%252526l%3D50%252526s1%3D0008080.PN.%252526OS%3DPN%2F0008080%252526RS%3DPN%2F0008080%26PageNum%3D%26Rtype%3D%26SectionNum%3D%26idkey%3DNONE%26Input%3DView%2Bfirst%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapor-compression+refrigeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/scienceworks/whats-on/">"What's on"</a>. <i>Scienceworks</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scienceworks&rft.atitle=What%27s+on&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseumsvictoria.com.au%2Fscienceworks%2Fwhats-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapor-compression+refrigeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunus_A._Cengel_and_Michael_A._Boles2008" class="citation book cs1">Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/infoCenter.do?isbn=0073529214"><i>Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach</i></a> (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352921-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352921-9"><bdi>978-0-07-352921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics%3A+An+Engineering+Approach&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-352921-9&rft.au=Yunus+A.+Cengel+and+Michael+A.+Boles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhighered.mcgraw-hill.com%2Fclassware%2FinfoCenter.do%3Fisbn%3D0073529214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVapor-compression+refrigeration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor-compression_refrigeration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226113352/http://web.me.unr.edu/me372/Spring2001/Vapor%20Compression%20Refrigeration%20Cycles.pdf">"The ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle", University of Nevada (US)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/Refrigeration_Cycle.html">"The Refrigeration Cycle: Central Air Conditioner For Homeowners"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.howstuffworks.com/refrigerator4.htm">"The Refrigeration Cycle", from HowStuffWorks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r744.com/knowledge/">Scientific papers about CO<sub>2</sub> heat pumps and refrigeration</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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engine">External<br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Without phase change<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hot_air_engine" title="Hot air engine">hot air engines</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle#Reverse_Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Bell Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericsson_cycle" title="Ericsson cycle">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_cycle" title="Stirling cycle">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo_Stirling_cycle" title="Pseudo Stirling cycle">Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoddard cycle">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">With phase change</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_cycle" title="Kalina cycle">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic_cycle" title="Hygroscopic cycle">Hygroscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Organic_Rankine_cycle" title="Organic Rankine cycle">Organic Rankine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative cycle">Regenerative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal <br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_cycle" title="Diesel cycle">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expander_cycle" title="Expander cycle">Expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-generator_cycle" title="Gas-generator cycle">Gas-generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_cycle" title="Humphrey cycle">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a 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title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Refrigeration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampson%E2%80%93Linde_cycle" title="Hampson–Linde cycle">Hampson–Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleemenko_cycle" title="Kleemenko cycle">Kleemenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigerator" title="Pulse tube refrigerator">Pulse tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cooling" title="Regenerative cooling">Regenerative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcritical_cycle" title="Transcritical cycle">Transcritical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Vapor absorption</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vapor-compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_cycle" title="Siemens cycle">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuilleumier_cycle" title="Vuilleumier cycle">Vuilleumier</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> 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