CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91346a7c0e66fde4',cH: 'vjVv77Uieo3ScNqa8Ml_hEPaGLaR1ByMUG8SoUeiHxY-1739781032-1.2.1.1-qVaY7xKOM6gdy_susUCugY1BH__wXnMrM6Zns9PcTFnnhTWt8mHeOXRjCb9ARXm6',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=freeze-thaw%20cycles&__cf_chl_tk=I0mwlmG8ui7glExT1DwHWVhJmfwST2SIOPg8lzCV6_Q-1739781032-1.0.1.1-E2jZIhgrstrCH76EteFsa0IlcW.BqvTbpeWXSL4hfp4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739781032',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=freeze-thaw%20cycles&__cf_chl_f_tk=I0mwlmG8ui7glExT1DwHWVhJmfwST2SIOPg8lzCV6_Q-1739781032-1.0.1.1-E2jZIhgrstrCH76EteFsa0IlcW.BqvTbpeWXSL4hfp4",md: "ZqQJo_jF9Rfc4SHt0W0Zvm.FeLGdsXE04Yrdsilqcm8-1739781032-1.2.1.1-Ba4F3LedI3ZWHeu4e9SgBG.D2KYd1q88Ih4Dc7mlb4Ko59_7UxiavLr8a1EWn8pDWvDtVzh1akCfHOIU1LKlYM.1gXTBWNpe9va9tpUnnFjOEjX8qtIcuwiBfBqI.ey5s2IkCtT6Tod3DnKMrFfbkuUAMvR2EQaWQZql9QoRCv0jY14BdmTh_EZ.vOz2EOzGXXpjLLPDRWaZoZEplsBJ.MqHA.zebWnF05pQijWTQtweV19yKAKkkv06Cwi.MNxCRW9ivnksDnw.2Khrp5gaK9EF6pAUIg6.qjsYCvHuUrfxJrz1jTZ8WmjhttLgi0SlekeEV.Pe3aOroZlRYf8xI4q4TDdqwEA0OeqS95B31ZeXR0YuYpmSIF5ilTVBvwW9JRG6hmBbheT8RcMLQz8ujmHGjcJPy1qcWIENn.5MlL1zppdbfL6yrM2BYIk3zaTR6N16HTzYPCTGoAh5O85ajKVtX0iDrMTGL4p1NhpAaDZLGV7gtiECoQUE34j68aF8cqm3N.0sEKVnWx.w8IAnWAP2M8kKRziduTzA1zCWKldGeG9Th3ghBJ6o_6UDuX9tAKzR_85717ChEwQN6_Vd4p7AURqS2AnOtDrobTeRJMhQsPy3bzZ5KTjJX_7JuPJeU01YVv.5L.7X3SbyiGPPy99AU.cgWuHJ.TncuJ5H9z__NEiJofJxbORUCETdWFJ6j5SKzYBTCfdNp6gX2kXsdRU8NmvtM5ycpjD5gxXaglMhMaw0TT9iokz4W3ovBoTBeWjmeR6LMBVAgJ6RCD02tYf5_WmflL1NqOc7WtDF2PQxjDkv0nj7W9YKGRmLQn_rAVf9VISFrW_GpUSxXTDdpeBRlQhMI.JxFRF9NdYyzwBCp.Qd7ID6lRnfR5nOSHVQSwtVK57Ztp4iEu_wHepN87DAE_wva7yE7bQvNrEGFJMbq53a.VIesDvQk4yeDArNYfoNe1Mwyy9uu8FS5QIQ7bjw5OpDbsOBpE1ijmpIGWoBaW4b9CtyVl4MdcJfcTXrWaKUf2jyVLugs143JOwapc_JHzZO52Q4HmqtUk3Cpi4CccUnzPFjHXi18K1Wco_QJG2NnSqvZQ3_iOVkTbm4ceqiD0jAn5Pbi8fRPmBSxEMUJvipvmb641W_e6EjiuIdcOD1lNnyAbqgPGTguy9_mnZcTEuivhEyiMEVyNklom1S3c5Sid4DKTsa.3mCO.ckLYgd9M.BMjTsAwP.j35wl4ioqmprFWP7BVF1Wuap4f4Gu_iR0KyJbOQFs24tN3LNStX6MQj7BGztJYMDoJwMQ81dUEsujWBMFTq.ERHi0VxReiWRH65UsZbdoCFh5ZUWYmvX_1exeWld.b.aebrbI_V1MzdtXNrs0uKSx8PlMzUapH1e9aHadHVH5sZP7e56U3EOMXhH6GPrMEgIJwT61CYEPQcA0YVEjs8VIe40IiLvD.AN3frSWMZh8jUwywb1Z6oy_Vi_LSYThaXHebo1RHpaXESzqqFocb1WrJXjKLLi9wkEw2t76Iv.FMmIp69etAy.R.zelxjh5NgJ7W8v.xr2NsKZOCb2gsr1KavLqTSOQ.F7iBWnxpTLiDOjaPetnQMVt8yQLqxeRGYnBchNGVppZv4ZwY9nQ6D5AT40RNY.qX3o6neB0aiAUu0HnhS7fGBU_5AvQt3ZE419oL0pDDLDZoDR_domkRhvJZys_0lQ.JNzMANuObMQBm.2727u6vgs5gU.bdatEVSEP1Opwoq6TFSagwbOj5go.vX2yy26C3HxKaAep86tAS28T4K79dDigllW9iBnARDLiIws8wOE3tTL_GouMlVvSs5alahBeThIjjP_VNbTpLM6aB.BAl_fnCRgA.o5..sh2bNP533lwaR7VcdkG6.KcBMHg4lfB0VpGDZmw3noAaAGKxn5g.fx4huvhowFTtwB26.CUgUpyMEEjR9oXciprNKXJJ4",mdrd: "uSj4MYYE8xzLcx_s60klwN9wNY0pfc6BM8vKP3pDNZc-1739781032-1.2.1.1-CejpMXQdTZ2KAQjSI1KRbEv30PfSE9qcs0kBrpF09rL7.adXfszpzQzuXDGKFs00S5RCFcwD2G6ZmGv4xyMIcKeBSiWOKawyF4UVTenE0aswCbP5vkpZvtx3eEpKE9U3l1Pe.oU8o1UlHuGA0obwEtC4IQmrw3QpjSnePsL95C8ZOJn2jRZZF4MGsv96O3fSaoOwu71WGRYkz48fHmdEG9Wc5i4jdkj4E3EhDdvlk14T7POtK3J5J.cgUTZpH1it5Lef4rLAXB7X054ikbsOe.v_aCcFgG2GW2_SCTsAkuoY.Xg__Av3mhCisyJcuHtiJY3P.w1H9snFL81UxEv_fYPbOumsFR.ViORwH2tX7HRdQiBH9bVntUi5JHQgO2rQPumWBF0QfNZ4QWhXxrQ2MT2Pu2SPYpNhxqSw9urlu_0saNWPL4HE9OJT1147jRWFM0NTeXSECM04U7gkHLJuHdGtcwWcsP_.4tY7sk7aULsdfbBygZA7JFcneHmpc0GuKkhQ_R1BVepvCN6tc6_hzT7IauRe1tAiGGupNbm8MOwUVMmxIhcIgCD_2tSY0HjwWzgZF7.ai03XcDJZik0.rqDxxnPjPyFmwrg4DNC2dg_nhsPWAp5AEE.Eq6ntFgDU6aozD1q9XryKXUTEUtwti6zOOVbAfOvl0dGkkDhE45BvtHeL7hBZflD8d5vPjg1ubUGFQVa4MNxz3DiwqiLwQvcUIHCT0R1i8M0QusVZJ0tpGLsyVtT5m_4zkfc9wc9wC9nmACIOWFvuYQv8Ft_EwKwcM7_1Th1sY.fwGlkEFGnGrItCfcj5Sc7j8wEX1Kw0dfoJnYrD8WxiGC1YOYGU1x4Q8rIXSVWdYUl0ZzoaF.6uvqGOGK8xXEaruTy74zDS7g2FDFPO6ir69yL_FObm7mCzUweC9ddjnsSSibqlNIFov28T06itoFH6HKydE64FH8f.raqRE52hQ3JzRp1g9AxhktBn_H7mN21Nv7XFtkke2UbrjjAM_z0WPoFMjbYkzxBwhUr8etKMK7WCd49ZEUr2qmRgY8e9fmWNReQ0dOBzodo4DIN3ZLkeLRUMs4CrqOHC3lUdVZWQXL2B5RPgjpzhw7hPVLeUoBA1Dr_i4UV70nj.bocjddFeGvFVyoVUP1XPUwhU8C4sComUM9dpHZKXX47vnd22a5EsY8WdzF3GsD403i5w2q3pglsTH2ftyLP4QbvNW5VFLixTvLYKC8_1BRk3ALDb7X0Goll2gdQGJ0iNKVWM1rs0jwdK3xUr6izbKvXEizeEbQ6GHOCh5qp8WS1pBF.s6F4nvNbA35q4HzsHbTtyKb5pXncziNDoAwZgSbZjRZ0b.uUmakgTCjabDRCOQBYnk3uzq9mAQplf7NY9LuBKI_.vw9I8QaAmEUjLtSzisrXJ2IdO.N3rGKcovbR0iKESb6blqQfT.xp1K0XFcLa.0ETj0VnsS.wN77HN.CSih._7u69_xFFSwuAAhzbbbcF1Jav5x3ewJCwlDKeRtufODn3t1vEl_bOgFpKYOug21GqPCCKXyOXgocoSPX5R4IsDgYI80ue71hH_tidYqTvOQZBESqNe.7aq3xC6BUbsOZ4gpCFOswAoIA.vpl21qLBOfMU8W51685nsaW7okBkwk5SFgG7wfDBcWqPDp6nl.HkBnvdzmPkqG2sP6m.6iPQquT0rhgYeo6Ky.Jb.QHJWH2cQUKHc6ksveo2cwI4O8KY12GGonmYK1eMM10Ua.1xSdXFgg1JHh.I7vtrDh73lMpVJyTVm1skfUvboi9Ls.unLxxAarEDKKL_Xdj2NNMgu2J.erqi8G1.UMYEZ.gxu6l3XWrIPm20mM2QKIyQeTwVqGPd4znZw7qxkM.8.o.fQpt4hHfLRtOMlyL60eocmMTT3vc57SW5IH4Eam4b46v3GKK1gJPGNavvvVwr3dIuUF9iUUvaEPWM.i9t2yp4dNrBtgxfcp4qJI0r4VvJ_xIu5UcHjeEYEZw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91346a7c0e66fde4';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=freeze-thaw%20cycles&__cf_chl_rt_tk=I0mwlmG8ui7glExT1DwHWVhJmfwST2SIOPg8lzCV6_Q-1739781032-1.0.1.1-E2jZIhgrstrCH76EteFsa0IlcW.BqvTbpeWXSL4hfp4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>