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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_monuments_historiques,_1819–1880" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_monuments_historiques,_1819–1880"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Creation of the <span><i>monuments historiques</i></span>, 1819–1880</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_monuments_historiques,_1819–1880-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_expansion,_1880–1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_expansion,_1880–1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development and expansion, 1880–1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_expansion,_1880–1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extension_and_evolution_of_protections_(since_1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extension_and_evolution_of_protections_(since_1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Extension and evolution of protections (since 1930)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extension_and_evolution_of_protections_(since_1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_distribution_and_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_distribution_and_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical distribution and statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_distribution_and_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical distribution and statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_distribution_and_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_by_decade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_decade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification by decade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_decade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions_relating_to_heritage_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions_relating_to_heritage_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Institutions relating to heritage protection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutions_relating_to_heritage_protection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Institutions relating to heritage protection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions_relating_to_heritage_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_Heritage_Media_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_Heritage_Media_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture and Heritage Media Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_Heritage_Media_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_monuments_research_laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_monuments_research_laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Historical monuments research laboratory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_monuments_research_laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Protection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Protection proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_protection_for_historical_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_protection_for_historical_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Establishment of protection for historical monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_protection_for_historical_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_and_conservation_of_the_protection_file" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_and_conservation_of_the_protection_file"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Constitution and conservation of the protection file</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_and_conservation_of_the_protection_file-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_classification_as_a_monument_historique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_classification_as_a_monument_historique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Consequences of classification as a <span><i>monument historique</i></span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences_of_classification_as_a_monument_historique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consequences of classification as a <span><i>monument historique</i></span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_classification_as_a_monument_historique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maintenance_and_restoration_of_historical_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_and_restoration_of_historical_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Maintenance and restoration of historical monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_and_restoration_of_historical_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_on_the_surroundings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_on_the_surroundings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Consequences on the surroundings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_on_the_surroundings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guided_tours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guided_tours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Guided tours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guided_tours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_tax_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_tax_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Specific tax regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_tax_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations_in_certain_overseas_territories_(Outre-Mer)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations_in_certain_overseas_territories_(Outre-Mer)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regulations in certain overseas territories (<i>Outre-Mer</i>)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulations_in_certain_overseas_territories_(Outre-Mer)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulations in certain overseas territories (<i>Outre-Mer</i>) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulations_in_certain_overseas_territories_(Outre-Mer)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Caledonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Caledonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>New Caledonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Caledonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Polynesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Polynesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>French Polynesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Polynesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The logo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_to_heritage_registers_of_other_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_to_heritage_registers_of_other_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Comparisons to heritage registers of other nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_to_heritage_registers_of_other_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Monument historique</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="المعالم التاريخية في فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المعالم التاريخية في فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentu_hist%C3%B3ricu_de_Francia" title="Monumentu históricu de Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monumentu históricu de Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarixi_abid%C9%99_(Fransa)" title="Tarixi abidə (Fransa) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tarixi abidə (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique_(Fran%C3%A7a)" title="Monument historique (França) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monument historique (França)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_(%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ιστορικό Μνημείο (Γαλλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορικό Μνημείο (Γαλλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_hist%C3%B3rico_de_Francia" title="Monumento histórico de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monumento histórico de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Monumento_(Francio)" title="Historia Monumento (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historia Monumento (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentu_historiko_(Frantzia)" title="Monumentu historiko (Frantzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monumentu historiko (Frantzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique_(France)" title="Monument historique (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monument historique (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EB%AC%BC_(%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4)" title="역사기념물 (프랑스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사기념물 (프랑스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_storico_(Francia)" title="Monumento storico (Francia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monumento storico (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumen_sejarah_(Perancis)" title="Monumen sejarah (Perancis) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monumen sejarah (Perancis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E7%89%A9_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9)" title="歴史的記念物 (フランス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史的記念物 (フランス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_istoric_en_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Monument istoric en França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Monument istoric en França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_hist%C3%B3rico_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Monumento histórico da França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monumento histórico da França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Исторический памятник (Франция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исторический памятник (Франция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="อนุสรณ์สถานทางประวัติศาสตร์แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุสรณ์สถานทางประวัติศาสตร์แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Історична пам'ятка (Франція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історична пам'ятка (Франція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Monument historique" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9" title="法国历史遗迹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National heritage site designation in France</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_ombr%C3%A9,_encadr%C3%A9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_ombr%C3%A9%2C_encadr%C3%A9.svg/220px-Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_ombr%C3%A9%2C_encadr%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_ombr%C3%A9%2C_encadr%C3%A9.svg/330px-Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_ombr%C3%A9%2C_encadr%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_ombr%C3%A9%2C_encadr%C3%A9.svg/440px-Logo_monument_historique_-_rouge_ombr%C3%A9%2C_encadr%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Monument historique</i></span> logo, based on the <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_of_the_Reims_Cathedral" title="Labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral">Labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Monument historique</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɔnymɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>istɔʁik]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Designation_(heritage_assets)" title="Designation (heritage assets)">designation</a> given to some <a href="/wiki/National_heritage_site" title="National heritage site">national heritage sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It may also refer to the state procedure in France by which national heritage protection is extended to a building, a specific part of a building, a collection of buildings, a garden, a bridge, or other structure, because of their importance to France's architectural and historical <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both public and privately owned structures may be listed in this way, as well as movable objects. As of 2012,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 44,236 monuments listed. </p><p>The term "classification" is reserved for designation performed by the French <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a> for a monument of national-level significance. Monuments of lesser significance may be "inscribed" by various regional entities. </p><p>Buildings may be given the classification (or inscription) for either their exteriors or interiors. A monument's designation could be for a building's décor, its furniture, a single room, or even a staircase. An example is the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span> classification of the décor in the café "<i>Deux Garçons</i>" in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> whose patrons once included <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>. Some buildings are designated because of their connection to a single personality, such as the <a href="/wiki/Auberge_Ravoux" title="Auberge Ravoux">Auberge Ravoux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auvers-sur-Oise" title="Auvers-sur-Oise">Auvers-sur-Oise</a> which is designated an MH because of its connection to the painter <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>. Since the 1990s, a significant number of places have been given the designation because of their historical importance to science. </p><p>The MH designation traces its roots to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> when the government appointed <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lenoir" title="Alexandre Lenoir">Alexandre Lenoir</a> to specify and safeguard certain structures. Though the first classifications were given in the 19th century by the writer <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>, inspector-general of historical monuments, by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_monuments_of_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic monuments of 1840">first list established in 1840</a>. In 1851, Mérimée organized the <a href="/wiki/Missions_H%C3%A9liographiques" title="Missions Héliographiques">Missions Héliographiques</a> to document France's medieval architecture. </p><p>A <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span> may be marked by the official logo for the program, signage for which is distributed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Rempart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Rempart (page does not exist)">Union Rempart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Rempart" class="extiw" title="fr:Union Rempart">fr</a>]</span>, a union of French historical restoration associations. It consists of a design representing the <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_of_the_Reims_Cathedral" title="Labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral">labyrinth that used to be in Reims Cathedral</a>, which is itself a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Use of the logo is optional. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:141-R-1199_Villeneuve-Saint-Georges-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/141-R-1199_Villeneuve-Saint-Georges-a.jpg/220px-141-R-1199_Villeneuve-Saint-Georges-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/141-R-1199_Villeneuve-Saint-Georges-a.jpg/330px-141-R-1199_Villeneuve-Saint-Georges-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/141-R-1199_Villeneuve-Saint-Georges-a.jpg/440px-141-R-1199_Villeneuve-Saint-Georges-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Despite its size, the steam locomotive <a href="/wiki/141_R_1199" title="141 R 1199">141 R 1199</a> is classified as an object,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as boats can also be.</figcaption></figure> <p>The notion of historical monument, sparked by both the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, led to a policy of protection founded by the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>. This is a recognition of public interest for buildings (buildings, gardens and parks, archaeological reserves, etc.) which more specifically concerns the art and history attached to the monument and constitutes a public utility easement. </p><p>There are two levels of protection: <i>registration as historical monuments</i> (formerly known as "registration in the supplementary inventory of historic monuments"),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for furniture and buildings of regional interest, and the <i>classification as historical monuments</i> to a level of national interest. Usually, places (in the first case) are said to be "registered", and objects are said to be "classified".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two protections can also apply to movable objects (either furniture proper, or buildings by destination) of historical, artistic, technical, etc. interest. under the name of <i>classification under object title</i> or (rarer) of <i>registration under object title</i> as well as for the census. </p><p>Long subject to the provisions of the law of 31 December 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classification and registration are now governed by Title II of Book VI of the Heritage Code and can take 15 to 18 months (legislative part and regulatory part) to fully enshrine a place or object. From a legal point of view, this protection constitutes an official French label. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleumeur-Bodou_-_Rad%C3%B4me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pleumeur-Bodou_-_Rad%C3%B4me.jpg/220px-Pleumeur-Bodou_-_Rad%C3%B4me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pleumeur-Bodou_-_Rad%C3%B4me.jpg/330px-Pleumeur-Bodou_-_Rad%C3%B4me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pleumeur-Bodou_-_Rad%C3%B4me.jpg/440px-Pleumeur-Bodou_-_Rad%C3%B4me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>The dome covering the antenna of the space telecommunications center of Pleumeur-Bodou was classified in 2000 as historical monuments and according to the label "Patrimoine du XXe siècle" (Patrimony of the 20th century).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Leclerc_-_Brest_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Leclerc_-_Brest_2008.jpg/220px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Leclerc_-_Brest_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Leclerc_-_Brest_2008.jpg/330px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Leclerc_-_Brest_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Leclerc_-_Brest_2008.jpg/440px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Leclerc_-_Brest_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>The <i>General Leclerc</i>, sloop shelly in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, classified as a historical monument in 2005</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genesis">Genesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">biens nationaux</a></i></span> ("National Properties"), created in the wake of the nationalization of Church property (Decree of the clergy property made available to the Nation of 2 November 1789),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emigrants (Decree of 9 November 1791)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the crown of France (Decree of 10 August 1792), have had varying fortunes. Some were appropriated by the state due to popular vindictiveness, giving rise to the notion of vandalism invented by the <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9goire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé Grégoire">Abbé Grégoire</a> in a report presented to the Convention on 31 August 1794 on "the destruction carried out by vandalism and the means of recovering it".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other properties have been kept by the state and have changed functions (prisons such as <a href="/wiki/Maguelone" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguelone">Maguelone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clairvaux_Prison" title="Clairvaux Prison">Clairvaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>), but the greater part were sold to individuals, often to serve as a quarry for building materials and have disappeared (<a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Cluny" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Cluny">Abbey of Cluny</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Abbey</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1790, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubin_Louis_Millin" class="extiw" title="fr:Aubin Louis Millin">Aubin Louis Millin</a> spoke for the first time of "historical monument" in a report submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> on the occasion of the demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a>. The phrase "Historic monument" thus became symbolic of the pre-revolutionary era, the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>. The idea of preserving a site linked to the Ancien Régime circulated, and the Assembly, under the impetus of <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>, adopted the decree of 13 October 1790, which created the Commission of Monuments, whose role is to study "the fate of monuments, arts and sciences". In 1791, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lenoir" title="Alexandre Lenoir">Alexandre Lenoir</a> was appointed to create the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Monuments_fran%C3%A7ais_(1795%E2%80%931816)" title="Musée des Monuments français (1795–1816)">Museum of French Monuments</a>, opened in 1795, in which he gathered the fragments of architecture that he had managed to save from destruction over the previous several years. But this museum was closed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> under the ordinance of 24 April 1816, during the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a>, and its collections, which were to be returned "to families and churches", were ultimately dispersed from state control.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vandalism of the French built environment that accompanied the anticlerical nature of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> subsequently inspired numerous responses, particularly ones tinged with nostalgia and romanticism; for example, either <a href="/wiki/Chateaubriand" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> published in 1825 a pamphlet, <i>War for Demolition</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protection of historic monuments necessarily involves the creation of an inventory, and from 1795 onward the council of civil buildings completed the inventory of the castles that <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> had started. </p><p>In 1820, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Isidore_Justin_S%C3%A9verin_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor">Baron Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a> published their <i>Picturesque and Romantic Voyages in Ancient France</i>, at the time when the first archaeological societies in the country were being formed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Celtic Academy</i> was founded in 1804 by Éloi Johanneau and others, who met for the first time on 3 Ventôse year XIII (22 February 1805). This first association was to be devoted only to the study of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, but quickly its members became interested in national antiquities. As early as 1811, <a href="/wiki/Roquefort" title="Roquefort">Roquefort</a> proposed to change the name of the society to give it one more in line with its activity. The new statutes as well as the new one of the company, <i>Société des antiquaires de France,</i> were adopted on 29 October 1813. <a href="/wiki/Arcisse_de_Caumont" title="Arcisse de Caumont">Arcisse de Caumont</a> founded the <i>Society of Antiquaries of Normandy</i> in 1824, and the <i>French Society of Archeology</i> in 1834. The <i>Archaeological Society of the South of France</i> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Du_M%C3%A8ge" title="Alexandre Du Mège">Alexandre Du Mège</a> in 1831. In 1834 the <i>Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest</i> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mangon_de_La_Lande" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Mangon de La Lande">Charles Mangon de La Lande</a> from members of the <i>Academic Society of Agriculture, Belles Lettres, Sciences and Arts of Poitiers,</i> itself founded in 1818. Other societies would follow in the various <a href="/wiki/Departements" class="mw-redirect" title="Departements">departements</a> such as the Société des antiquaires de Picardie à Amiens. In turn, the <i>Committee for Historical and Scientific Work</i> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> in 1834 to direct research and support that of various learned societies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_monuments_historiques,_1819–1880"><span id="Creation_of_the_monuments_historiques.2C_1819.E2.80.931880"></span>Creation of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span>, 1819–1880</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creation of the monuments historiques, 1819–1880"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitet,_Ludovic_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Vitet%2C_Ludovic_%282%29.jpg/220px-Vitet%2C_Ludovic_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Vitet%2C_Ludovic_%282%29.jpg/330px-Vitet%2C_Ludovic_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Vitet%2C_Ludovic_%282%29.jpg/440px-Vitet%2C_Ludovic_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Ludovic Vitet served as the first Inspector of Historic Monuments from 1830 to 1834.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1819, for the first time, the budget of the Ministry of the Interior included an allowance of 80,000 francs for "historical monuments", about one-fifteenth of the total sum.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, on 21 October 1830, the Minister of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> proposed in a report presented to King <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe">Louis-Philippe</a> to create the post of Inspector of Historic Monuments which he assigned to <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Vitet" title="Ludovic Vitet">Ludovic Vitet</a> on 25 November 1830, then reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a> on 27 May 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission of the Inspector of Historic Monuments was to classify the buildings and to distribute the funds for maintenance and restoration. On 29 September 1837, the Minister of the Interior, the <a href="/wiki/Marthe_Camille_Bachasson,_Count_of_Montalivet" title="Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet">Count of Montalivet</a>, officially established the Commission for Historic Monuments (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Commission des monuments historiques</i></span>), succeeding the former Committee for the Arts. Composed of seven volunteers and chaired by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vatout" title="Jean Vatout">Jean Vatout</a>, the Director of Public monuments, the new Commission carried out inventory and classification work (classification on the basis of political considerations then emphasizing around 1835 sites primarily of historical interest only, expanded from 1841 to include those for their architectural quality) and the allocation of funding. It was also responsible for training architects who work on monuments (starting with <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Emmanuel_Viollet-le-Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_historic_monuments_protected_in_1840" title="List of French historic monuments protected in 1840">the Commission published its first list</a>, composed of 1082 historical monuments, including 934 buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This list consisted only of prehistoric monuments and ancient and medieval buildings (those constructed between the 5th and 16th centuries), which predictably included many religious buildings, but also objects that today might be termed broadly "material culture", such as the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>. All of these sites were and remain properties of the state, the department or the municipality in which they are located, the conservation of which requires work (and therefore funds).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the Commission continued its inventory work, and the historical monuments increased in number and the area of protection widened in three directions: chronological, categorical (that is, towards vernacular architecture), and typological or conceptual (towards the protection of buildings representing a particular type—i.e., the <i>typicum</i>—and no longer just the unique structure or <i>unicum</i>). Thus for this purpose, in 1851 the Commission created the <a href="/wiki/Missions_H%C3%A9liographiques" title="Missions Héliographiques">Mission Héliographique</a>, responsible for photographing French monuments, one of the earliest and most significant widespread and systematic uses of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, one of whose chief employees was <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Baldus" title="Édouard Baldus">Édouard-Denis Baldus</a>. However, local authorities, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> were reluctant to recognize the prerogatives of the state over their heritage; furthermore, the classification of monuments that were privately owned required the owners' consent. These obstacles explain why the number of monuments classified annually actually decreased from 2,800 in 1848 to 1,563 in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_expansion,_1880–1930"><span id="Development_and_expansion.2C_1880.E2.80.931930"></span>Development and expansion, 1880–1930</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development and expansion, 1880–1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Tour_Eiffel_le_29_novembre_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/La_Tour_Eiffel_le_29_novembre_2016.jpg/200px-La_Tour_Eiffel_le_29_novembre_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/La_Tour_Eiffel_le_29_novembre_2016.jpg/300px-La_Tour_Eiffel_le_29_novembre_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/La_Tour_Eiffel_le_29_novembre_2016.jpg/400px-La_Tour_Eiffel_le_29_novembre_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Eiffel Tower was registered as a historic monument on 24 June 1964.</figcaption></figure><p>The law of 30 March 1887, for the conservation of historic monuments, enumerated for the first time the specific criteria and procedure for official classification of monuments. It also contains provisions establishing the body of chief architects of historic monuments (or ACMH, drawing inspiration from the situation of diocesan architects in the Service des Edifices Diocésains—a state agency designed for the specific upkeep of church properties—and gradually replacing local architects) established by decree of 26 January 1892. In 1893 the first competition of the ACMH took place, and finally in 1907 a decree permanently enshrined their legal status. </p><p>Proposed by the Minister of Public Education Aristide Briand, the law of April 21, 1906, on the protection of natural sites and monuments of artistic character, resulted from the action carried out among others by the Society of Friends of Trees (founded in 1898 by Julien-François Jeannel), the French Alpine Club, the Society for the Protection of Landscapes and the aesthetics of France, and the Touring Club of France, which had all protested vigorously against the effects of industrialization. the 1906 law laid down the principle of classification of picturesque natural sites. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>, local communities and the state were entrusted with the responsibility of the religious buildings, but certain communes refused to take charge of some of these buildings, which were not considered to be of "national interest", while other localities did not hesitate to auction off their heritage, which caused scandals and revealed the weaknesses of the legislative texts of 1887. The law of December 31, 1913, on historic monuments complemented and improved the provisions of the 1887 law, widening the field of protection of the classification criteria (to properties whose conservation no longer responds simply to the notion of "national interest" but to that of "public interest", which also takes into account the small local heritage classification extended to private property without needing the consent of the owner, a prelude to registration in the additional inventory), defining the obligatory actors, establishing criminal and civil sanctions in the event of unauthorized work on listed monuments, etc. That same year, the Commission of Historic Monuments also accepted four castles dating from later than the Middle Ages: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Versailles">Versailles</a>, Maisons-Laffitte, and the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. At the end of 1911, more than 4,000 buildings and 14,000 objects were classified. </p><p>During the 1920s and 1930s, the classification opened up to private heritage, which created an easement which was then considered as a deprivation of property (see on this subject the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saltworks_of_Arc-et-Senans" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans">Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans</a> in 1926), but which was then compensated by the subsidization of works, then by tax advantages. It also opens up to the Renaissance and the age of neoclassicism, roughly from the 16th to the 18th century (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (Paris)">Church of St. Genevieve of Paris</a> in 1920). There was also the acceptance, timidly, of eclectic architecture of the 19th century: the classification in 1923 of the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Garnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Garnier">Opera Garnier</a>. With the abandonment of the sites by the military following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Renaissance and neoclassical military architecture began to be classified as well. Finally, it was during this period that a sort of second-order classification was invented: the "inscription in the supplementary inventory of historical monuments", in 1925, which in 2005 became the "inscription under the title of historic monuments." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extension_and_evolution_of_protections_(since_1930)"><span id="Extension_and_evolution_of_protections_.28since_1930.29"></span>Extension and evolution of protections (since 1930)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extension and evolution of protections (since 1930)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg/220px-Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg/330px-Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg/440px-Salle_de_lecture_Bibliotheque_Sainte-Genevieve_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Henri Labrouste's Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, with its famous reading room, was not listed until 1988.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Majorelle_Nancy_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_Nord_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9e_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Villa_Majorelle_Nancy_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_Nord_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9e_2020.jpg/220px-Villa_Majorelle_Nancy_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_Nord_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9e_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Villa_Majorelle_Nancy_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_Nord_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9e_2020.jpg/330px-Villa_Majorelle_Nancy_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_Nord_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9e_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Villa_Majorelle_Nancy_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_Nord_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9e_2020.jpg/440px-Villa_Majorelle_Nancy_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_Nord_r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9e_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Villa Majorelle in Nancy was one of the early sites classified as "20th Century Heritage", as part of the work of the Ecole de Nancy in 1999.</figcaption></figure> <p>The law of May 2, 1930, which replaced that of 1906, consolidated the procedures for classifying built monuments on the one hand, and that of sites and natural spaces, by creating the category of "classified site and registered site". It also introduced the possibility of classifying as a site an area located near a listed or registered building. The protection of classified natural sites is currently governed by the Environment Code. The law of February 25, 1943, modifying the law of December 31, 1913, clarifies these provisions by introducing a field of vision of 500 meters. The law of 1943 indeed considers that a monument is also the impression that its surroundings give. This is why the law imposes a form of vigilance with regard to work projects in the field of visibility of historic monuments. Numerous classifications are made during the <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Occupation</a>, in order to prevent destruction by the occupier, but also to make the people in charge of protection work partly in order to escape the compulsory labor service in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> was listed as a historical monument by decree of June 24, 1964. </p><p>After the Second World War and the massive destruction due to the German bombings of 1940 and the Allies of 1944 and 1945, and the economic boom of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Glorious_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Glorious Years">Thirty Glorious Years</a> during which destruction continues to rebuild something new, the protection in reaction changes scale. On October 4, 1962, a new law empowered the Minister of Culture <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> to safeguard sectors of towns that were first created by the decree of March 4, 1964. As a result, the service of the General Inventory of monuments and artistic riches of France does not list only singular historical monuments. Meanwhile, historic buildings open to civil architecture sixteenth to the eighteenth century, the vernacular and native architecture starting with the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Cheval" title="Ferdinand Cheval">Palais idéal du facteur Cheval</a>, in 1969, and the monumental architecture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This is when a few of those monuments were entered or classified: </p> <ul><li>the Eiffel Tower (1887–1889), inscribed in 1964</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1929–1931), listed in 1965</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-du-Haut" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame-du-Haut">Notre-Dame-du-Haut</a> chapel in <a href="/wiki/Ronchamp" title="Ronchamp">Ronchamp</a> (1950–1955), listed in 1965 and then classified in 1967</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_du_Raincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame du Raincy">Notre-Dame du Raincy</a> church (1922–1923), listed in 1966</li> <li>the Villa Stein (1927–1928), inscribed in 1975</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité d'Habitation">Unité d'Habitation</a> (or Cité Radieuse) of Marseilles (1945–1952), classified in 1995</li> <li>the Church of the Sacred Heart of Audincourt (1949–1951), classified in 1996</li> <li>the Notre-Dame-de-Any-Grâce church on the Assy plateau, classified in 2004</li></ul> <p>Metallic architecture took a long time to be recognized and classified: <a href="/wiki/Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Baltard" title="Victor Baltard">Victor Baltard</a> were destroyed between 1969 and 1971 (only one pavilion was classified as a historical monument and was reassembled in <a href="/wiki/Nogent-sur-Marne" title="Nogent-sur-Marne">Nogent-sur-Marne</a> in 1977, outside its context of origin), the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève">Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Labrouste" title="Henri Labrouste">Henri Labrouste</a> was not registered until 1988. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">Archives</a>, which are collection of documents, were eligible to be classified as "historical monuments", until the passage of a 1979 law on archives. This established a specific regime (currently codified in book II of the heritage code), which is, however, inspired by much of the regime of historical monuments. </p><p>The end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s saw the beginning of the protection of the industrial heritage, both the architecture (the mill of the Menier chocolate factory by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Saulnier" title="Jules Saulnier">Jules Saulnier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Noisiel" title="Noisiel">Noisiel</a> was classified in 1992) and the machines (the automobile collection Schlumpf was classified in 1978 to avoid its dispersion). At the same time the mission of maritime and fluvial heritage, with the classification of lighthouses, beacons, river cranes, then boats (the first of these were the three-masted <i>Duchesse Anne</i> and the barge <i>Mad-Atao</i> in 1982), etc. </p><p>Also protected are historic villages: Joan of Arc's birthplace (classified from 1840) or that of Napoleon I, the wall of Federated, Oradour-sur-Glane (ranked May 10, 1946), etc.; and gardens: around 1920 the parks of Versailles and Fontainebleau were listed, as was that of Azay-le-Rideau around 1930. </p><p>Other monuments, reflections of French Art Nouveau (in particular the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_de_Nancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole de Nancy">Ecole de Nancy</a>) were also listed at the end of the 1990s, mainly in Nancy. To accentuate this visibility, the label "Heritage 20th century" was created in 1999, automatically assigned to all the historical monuments built during the 20th century, but the present buildings in ZPPAUP or offered for regional commission heritage and architecture. </p><p>The name "additional inventory of historic monuments" was replaced by "registration as historical monuments" in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_distribution_and_statistics">Historical distribution and statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical distribution and statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:31_-_Eglise_Notre-Dame_du_Taur_-_Facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/31_-_Eglise_Notre-Dame_du_Taur_-_Facade.jpg/220px-31_-_Eglise_Notre-Dame_du_Taur_-_Facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/31_-_Eglise_Notre-Dame_du_Taur_-_Facade.jpg/330px-31_-_Eglise_Notre-Dame_du_Taur_-_Facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/31_-_Eglise_Notre-Dame_du_Taur_-_Facade.jpg/440px-31_-_Eglise_Notre-Dame_du_Taur_-_Facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="4356" /></a><figcaption>The Church of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_du_Taur" title="Notre-Dame du Taur">Notre-Dame du Taur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a>), was one of the original historic monuments classified by the French state in 1840.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 1 February 2015, there were 43,600 buildings protected as historical monuments in France (14,100 classified and 29,500 registered), as well as around 300,000 movable objects (more than 135,000 classified and around 150,000 registered) to which it is necessary to add 1,400 musical organs. 49.4% of historical monuments are private property; the municipalities own 55.82%, versus 5.67% for the state and 3.6% for other local authorities. A third of historical monuments concern domestic architecture, 29.6% are religious buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were broken down in 2014 as follows: </p> <ul><li>3.82% of monuments from prehistory and protohistory;</li> <li>1.65% of monuments of Antiquity;</li> <li>32.67% of monuments from the Middle Ages;</li> <li>44.24% of monuments from modern times and</li> <li>17.62% of monuments from the contemporary period.</li></ul> <p>As of 31 December 2008, there were 43,180 monuments distributed as follows: 14,367 classified and 28,813 registered as historical monuments, 323 additional compared to 2007, 44,236 in 2012 and 44,318 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-chiffrescles_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiffrescles-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the control of the architect of the buildings of France is also exercised by the means of the requirement, since 1977, of his agreement on the permit to demolish buildings located in the perimeters protected for their patrimonial or environmental interest (sites registered, etc.), as well as since 1943 on all works located in covisibility and, henceforth, in the vicinity of historical monuments by virtue of the provisions of Article L. 621-30.II of the Heritage Code, or in remarkable heritage sites (former sectors saved) since 1964. In reality, there are therefore several hundred thousand existing buildings, if not several million, which are directly or indirectly protected in France by a rigorous aesthetic and heritage control, during any work on them. </p><p>Faced with the sharp increase in the number of historical monuments, some authors such as Françoise Choay consider that the historic monument has become a kind of Noah syndrome: the state continues to register historical monuments in greater quantity than what it can actually occupy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, the restoration credits allocated by the Ministry of Culture are decentralized in the DRACs or managed by the operator of heritage and real estate projects for culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_by_decade">Classification by decade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification by decade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following graphs summarize the number of classification and registration as historical monuments by decade, since 1840. </p> <div class="center"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_9y644megu87cv1ubvcvhukv0wpu038n"></map><img usemap="#timeline_9y644megu87cv1ubvcvhukv0wpu038n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/9y644megu87cv1ubvcvhukv0wpu038n.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_9ml1bg125zhj8dgca24ov50w0g0k0ef"></map><img usemap="#timeline_9ml1bg125zhj8dgca24ov50w0g0k0ef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/9ml1bg125zhj8dgca24ov50w0g0k0ef.png" /></div><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_csugy2ei9wwepyt5j1piu4vhjxtr4p4"></map><img usemap="#timeline_csugy2ei9wwepyt5j1piu4vhjxtr4p4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/csugy2ei9wwepyt5j1piu4vhjxtr4p4.png" /></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions_relating_to_heritage_protection">Institutions relating to heritage protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Institutions relating to heritage protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1934_Hispano_Suiza_J12_Coup%C3%A9-Chauffeur_%26_1924_Peugeot_174_(40136005833).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1934_Hispano_Suiza_J12_Coup%C3%A9-Chauffeur_%26_1924_Peugeot_174_%2840136005833%29.jpg/300px-1934_Hispano_Suiza_J12_Coup%C3%A9-Chauffeur_%26_1924_Peugeot_174_%2840136005833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1934_Hispano_Suiza_J12_Coup%C3%A9-Chauffeur_%26_1924_Peugeot_174_%2840136005833%29.jpg/450px-1934_Hispano_Suiza_J12_Coup%C3%A9-Chauffeur_%26_1924_Peugeot_174_%2840136005833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1934_Hispano_Suiza_J12_Coup%C3%A9-Chauffeur_%26_1924_Peugeot_174_%2840136005833%29.jpg/600px-1934_Hispano_Suiza_J12_Coup%C3%A9-Chauffeur_%26_1924_Peugeot_174_%2840136005833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3491" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>The Schlumpf automobile collection was classified as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span> in 2018 to prevent its dispersal. It is on display in Paris at the National Museum of the Automobile.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_Heritage_Media_Library">Architecture and Heritage Media Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture and Heritage Media Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Architecture and Heritage Media Library (MAP) is responsible for collecting, conserving and communicating the archives and documentation of the administration of historic monuments since its creation in 1830 and the state's photographic heritage, comprising more than four million prints and fifteen million negatives dating back to the origins of photography and including those relating to historical monuments. </p><p>To this end, the MAP is made up of four scientific departments: archives and library, documentation, photography and the Center for Research on Historical Monuments (CRMH) and has three sites in <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>: the main site of the media library, installed in <a href="/wiki/Charenton-le-Pont" title="Charenton-le-Pont">Charenton-le-Pont</a> in its premises refurbished in April 2014; the <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Saint-Cyr" title="Fort de Saint-Cyr">Fort de Saint-Cyr</a> site for the photographic archives; and the documentation center of the Bons Enfants site near the ministry. </p><p>In addition, the collection of models and materials (the material library) of the research center are hosted by the Chaillot school to serve as educational support for its students.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_monuments_research_laboratory">Historical monuments research laboratory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical monuments research laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Density_of_Monuments_historiques_by_department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/France_Density_of_Monuments_historiques_by_department.svg/220px-France_Density_of_Monuments_historiques_by_department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/France_Density_of_Monuments_historiques_by_department.svg/330px-France_Density_of_Monuments_historiques_by_department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/France_Density_of_Monuments_historiques_by_department.svg/440px-France_Density_of_Monuments_historiques_by_department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Density of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span> by 100 km<sup>2</sup> (red is the highest)</figcaption></figure><p> The historical monuments research laboratory (LRMH) is a service with national competence of the Ministry of Culture, attached to the service responsible for heritage within the General Directorate of Heritage. He is part of the Center for Research on Conservation (CRC), a team associated with USR 3224 of the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) also made up of the Center for Research on the Conservation of Collections (CRCC) and the Conservation-Research of the Music Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LRMH is responsible for carrying out scientific and technical studies as well as research on the conservation of buildings and cultural heritage objects protected as Historical Monuments. He studies the constituent materials and the alteration phenomena that compromise their conservation. He works on the treatments to be applied to altered works, as well as on the conservation conditions of the monuments and objects studied. It disseminates the results of its studies and research as widely as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection">Protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemoustoir-kerantre01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lemoustoir-kerantre01.jpg/220px-Lemoustoir-kerantre01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lemoustoir-kerantre01.jpg/330px-Lemoustoir-kerantre01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lemoustoir-kerantre01.jpg/440px-Lemoustoir-kerantre01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>The Croix de chemin du Moustoir (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>), registered as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span> on 22 January 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two levels of protection: </p> <ul><li>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">classement au titre des monuments historiques</i></span> is a national level of importance for the objects or buildings;</li> <li>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">inscription au titre des monuments historiques</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regional</a> level of importance for the objects or buildings (until 2005 formerly called the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">inventaire supplémentaire des monuments historiques</i></span>, ISMH).</li></ul> <p>These two levels of protection are determined after a thorough historical study by the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet" class="mw-redirect" title="Préfet">prefect</a> for the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gion" class="mw-redirect" title="Région">region</a>, or by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Culture (France)">Minister of Culture</a> for the national level. They are aided by the advice of a commission named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_r%C3%A9gionale_du_patrimoine_et_des_sites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites (page does not exist)">Commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_r%C3%A9gionale_du_patrimoine_et_des_sites" class="extiw" title="fr:Commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites">fr</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_proposal">Protection proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protection proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The buildings are classified or listed as historical monuments respectively according to the provisions of Articles L. 621-1 and L. 621-25 et seq. of the Heritage Code. </p><p>The classification process can be proposed by the owner or any public actor (territorial architecture and heritage service which has become a departmental architecture and heritage unit, regional inventory service, etc.) or private (heritage conservation associations, for example), with the architect of buildings in France with territorial jurisdiction or the Regional Conservation of Historic Monuments attached to the Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs. In the context of buildings or objects requiring an archaeological study or found during excavations, the regional archeology service can examine the file.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protection request file is generally made up by the documentary study officers of the Regional Conservation of Historic Monuments . The file must include a documentary part giving detailed information on the building (history, urban situation, legal, etc.) and photographic and cartographic documents. It also includes the opinions of the chief architect of historical monuments, of the architect of buildings of France and of the curator of historic monuments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_protection_for_historical_monuments">Establishment of protection for historical monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Establishment of protection for historical monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_viollet_le_duc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eugene_viollet_le_duc.jpg/220px-Eugene_viollet_le_duc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eugene_viollet_le_duc.jpg/330px-Eugene_viollet_le_duc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eugene_viollet_le_duc.jpg/440px-Eugene_viollet_le_duc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-duc, a friend of Prosper Merrimée, was one of the first architects employed to restore some of the first buildings listed on the Historic Monuments register in 1840.</figcaption></figure><p>The protection file thus constituted is then submitted to the opinion of the regional commission for heritage and architecture (CRPA) chaired by the regional prefect. </p><p>The prefect, according to the opinion of the commission, can issue a registration order, or refuse it. Whether the decree is taken or not, he can also choose, depending on the wish expressed by the commission or not, to send the file to the Ministry of Culture for classification. In the event that the file is submitted to the Minister, the National Heritage and Architecture Commission makes a decision and then has two possibilities: either it proposes the classification, or it proposes or confirms the registration if the building presented does not justify not a ranking. In the case of acceptance of the owner, the minister signs the order of ranking, prepared by the Regional Conservation of Historical Monuments concerned. The publication of the list of protected historic monuments in the course of one year is made in an issue of <i>The Official Journal</i> of the French Republic of the following year, but the protection is effective from the signing of the protection order. </p><p>A registration order can be issued for a building without the agreement of the owner of the monument, unlike a classification order. In the event of refusal by the owner of the building or of the object that it is proposed to classify, the classification can be carried out ex officio by decree in Council of State. The registration of a movable object belonging to a private person cannot be made without his consent. </p><p>In case of emergency (danger, safeguarding of heritage, etc.), a classification authority procedure can be set up by the administrative authority (minister or prefect). The administration then has a period of one year to set up the procedure, on the date of notification to the owner. </p><p>Once the protection is effective, the Territorial Architecture and Heritage Service (STAP) takes over. The architect of buildings of France (ABF) is the privileged interlocutor with regard to the control of the application of the easements once the effective protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_and_conservation_of_the_protection_file">Constitution and conservation of the protection file</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Constitution and conservation of the protection file"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The protection file is created both in the case of registration and classification, throughout the examination of the file. It includes a historical file, summarizing the research carried out on the monument and justifying its protection (photographs showing the evolution of the monument, correspondence mentioning it, press articles, etc.) and an administrative file including the decree and the various stages protection. Finally, the file is archived and kept by the CRMH. These files are public and can be consulted, with the exception of confidential documents with regard to the law. </p><p>A summary file for the work is also compiled, including the preliminary studies of the work and the documentary files of the works executed. They can also be viewed by the public once the work is completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_of_classification_as_a_monument_historique">Consequences of classification as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consequences of classification as a monument historique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg/300px-1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg/450px-1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg/600px-1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7007" data-file-height="4134" /></a><figcaption>The old citadel and walls of <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> were controversially restored by Viollet-le-duc to a state that had never existed at any point in history in 1853.</figcaption></figure><p> For any alteration to the building or listed object, the owners must make a request at least four months before the start of work to the prefect, indicating the details of the work to be carried out. </p><p>Once listed, the monument cannot be transferred (sold, bequeathed, given, etc.) without first informing the Minister of Culture. The new owner must be informed, before the sale, of the classification or the registration. </p><p>Likewise, no new construction may be built against the protected building without the prior consent of the Minister. </p><p>In return, maintenance is partially funded by the state, and tax exemption is possible for owners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance_and_restoration_of_historical_monuments">Maintenance and restoration of historical monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maintenance and restoration of historical monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maintenance, repair and restoration work carried out for the conservation of the building may benefit from state aid (limited to 40% of the total amount, but cumulative with those, if any, from other communities). The work authorized on a classified or registered building must be scheduled by the owner with the assistance of the architect and companies of his choice and will be carried out under the control of the administration, under the scientific and technical control of the state. When the owner, the beneficiary, his agent or any person providing proof of a title authorizing him to have work carried out informs the regional prefect of his intention to carry out a work project on a building, an object or an organ protected, the regional prefect makes available to him the state of knowledge at his disposal on the property in question and indicates to him the regulatory, architectural and technical constraints that the project must respect. An appointment with the architect of the buildings of France is more than desirable before the filing of the file. In the case of work on a classified property, the regional prefect indicates to him, depending on the nature, importance and complexity of the work envisaged, the scientific and technical studies which must be carried out prior to determining the operating program. </p><p>Since Decree no. 2009-749 of June 22, 2009, relating to the project management on buildings classified as historical monuments, the historical monuments service is withdrawing from the project management and the project management. Whereas previously, the restoration work had to be carried out by the ACHM with territorial jurisdiction and the maintenance work by the architect of the buildings of France (with an extremely blurred border since the intervention of the ABF was free), the state abolished the compulsory recourse to the administration except for its own property. Thus, all so-called "heritage" architects (that is to say, graduates of additional training, either carried out at the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Chaillot" class="extiw" title="fr:École de Chaillot">Ecole de Chaillot</a>, be validated by the specialization diploma in architecture and heritage from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Architecture_de_Paris-Belleville" title="École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris-Belleville">École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris-Belleville</a> or equivalent) can claim maintenance and "repair" work on a listed monument. The "restoration" works are open to competition from architects from the European community who are qualified to take the competition based on qualifications, who have ten years of experience in restoring old buildings, under the provisions codified in Articles R.621- 26 and R.621-28 of the heritage code. </p><p>In the event of an unsuccessful call for tenders, ACHM and ABF may be appointed as prime contractor. They can call on a monument restoration association, which then implements the rehabilitation of the listed heritage through concrete actions (masonry, stone cutting, guided tours, etc.) carried out by volunteers. </p><p>For listed historic monuments, the use of an architect is compulsory. All work must be the subject of a building permit  (even those generally subject to prior declaration). For example, replacing shutters involves a building permit. </p><p>The amount of the possible state participation is determined by the nature of its protection (registered or classified) "taking into account the particular characteristics of this building, its current state, the nature of the planned work, and finally the efforts consented by the owner or any other person interested in the conservation of the monument." Work remaining the responsibility of the owner may be offset by tax benefits. </p><p>From 2018, old and listed buildings will be able to become producers and, possibly, self-consumers of solar energy under certain conditions, such as on outbuildings or on parts of the building that are not visible (for some time now, architects have sometimes allowed "discrete solar tiles"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_on_the_surroundings">Consequences on the surroundings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consequences on the surroundings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Lambert-des-Bois_Church_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Saint-Lambert-des-Bois_Church_1.jpg/300px-Saint-Lambert-des-Bois_Church_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Saint-Lambert-des-Bois_Church_1.jpg/450px-Saint-Lambert-des-Bois_Church_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Saint-Lambert-des-Bois_Church_1.jpg/600px-Saint-Lambert-des-Bois_Church_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3542" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Church of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Lambert-et-Saint-Blaise" class="extiw" title="fr:Église Saint-Lambert-et-Saint-Blaise">Saint-Lambert-et-Saint-Blaise</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Lambert,_Yvelines" title="Saint-Lambert, Yvelines">Saint-Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a>), is classified as a historical monument, as are, independently, its bell on the one hand, and the cemetery on the other.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg/300px-Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg/450px-Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg/600px-Chateau-Villandry-VueGenerale-Jardins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry" title="Château de Villandry">Château de Villandry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a> departement was listed as MH in 1934.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontevraud3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fontevraud3.jpg/300px-Fontevraud3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fontevraud3.jpg/450px-Fontevraud3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Fontevraud3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey</a>, founded in 1101 in <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>), was suppressed during the French Revolution but named one of the first <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span> on the 1840 list.</figcaption></figure> <p>Considering that the heritage value and the amenity of a monument is also the "impression" that its surroundings provide, the law of 1943, amended by article 40 of the SRU law of December 2000, imposes a form of vigilance with regard to work projects in the "field of visibility" of historic monuments. </p><p>The protection of the surroundings of historic monuments is governed by the provisions of articles: </p> <ul><li>L. 621-31 and R. 621-92 et seq. of the Heritage Code for the delimitation of their perimeter;</li> <li>L. 621-30 and following and L. 632-2 of the Heritage Code, R. 425-1 of the town planning code or L. 581-8 (advertisements) and R. 581-16 (brands) of the environment code for work in these perimeters;</li> <li>R. 621-96 et seq. of the Heritage Code for work not subject to authorization under the town planning or environmental codes.</li></ul> <p>Protecting the relationship between a building and its environment consists, depending on the case, in ensuring the quality of the interventions (facades, roofs, materials), taking care of the treatment of floors, street furniture and lighting, or even prohibiting any new construction around the monument. The servitude to protect the surroundings automatically comes into play as soon as a building is classified or registered. All modifications to the exterior appearance of buildings, new constructions, but also interventions on exterior spaces must receive the authorization of the architect of buildings of France (ABF). Advertising and signs are also under its control. </p><p>Pursuant to article L. 621-30.II of the Heritage Code, protection under the surroundings applies: </p> <ul><li>to any building, whether built or not, located within the perimeter delimited under the conditions set out in Article L. 621-31. This perimeter may be common to several historical monuments;</li> <li>in the absence of a delimited perimeter, to any building, whether built or not, visible from the historic monument or visible at the same time as it and located less than five hundred meters from it;</li> <li>to any part not protected as historical monuments of a classified or partially protected historic monument. This provision replaced the notion of backing onto a classified building only.</li></ul> <p>In the second case, the notion of surroundings of a historic monument corresponds to that of field of visibility or covisibility and means that from a space on the ground accessible to the public the construction is visible from the monument, or that from the same point of view the two buildings are visible together, within a radius of 500 meters, from the perimeter of the protected building. </p><p>Since the SRU law, the protection perimeter corresponding to the first case can be modified (widened or narrowed), on a proposal from the architect of the buildings of France, with the agreement of the municipal council . Since the law on the freedom of creation, architecture and heritage (2016), the perimeter is established if possible after agreement of the authority (municipal or inter-municipal) competent to set the local urban plan. If no agreement is reached, the decision is taken by the Ministry of Culture. However, if the perimeter extends beyond the distance of 500 meters, a decree in Council of State is necessary. </p><p>According to article L. 621-32 of the heritage code, when a building is located in the vicinity of a building protected as historical monuments, its exterior appearance cannot be modified without prior authorization, which may take the place of those other legislations listed in article L. 632-2 of said code. </p><p>Thus, any landscape or building located in the vicinity of a historic monument is subject to specific regulations in the event of modification, which must obtain the prior agreement of the architect of the buildings of France. The latter can issue an assent, which means that the mayor is bound by this opinion, or a simple opinion if, in the case concerned, there is no covisibility. The mayor's decision is then not bound by the opinion of the architect of the buildings of France. </p><p>Article L. 632-2.II and III of the Heritage Code provides for cases of appeal by the applicant or the authority ruling on the application against the opinion of the architect of buildings in France, reminded in particular to Articles R. 424-14 and R. 423-68 of the Town Planning Code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guided_tours">Guided tours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Guided tours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 8 July 2016, guided tours of a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span> must be led by a qualified professional guide-lecturer. </p><p>Law no. 2016-925, Article 109: "Art. L. 221-1. - For the conduct of guided tours in the museums of France and historical monuments, natural or legal persons carrying out, including on an ancillary basis, the operations mentioned in I of article L. 211-1 may only use the services qualified persons holding a professional guide-lecturer card issued under conditions set by decree of the Council of State. The legal persons mentioned in III of article L. 211-18 are not subject to this obligation." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_tax_regimes">Specific tax regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Specific tax regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_tour-tan_Eckm%C3%BChl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/An_tour-tan_Eckm%C3%BChl.JPG/250px-An_tour-tan_Eckm%C3%BChl.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/An_tour-tan_Eckm%C3%BChl.JPG/375px-An_tour-tan_Eckm%C3%BChl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/An_tour-tan_Eckm%C3%BChl.JPG/500px-An_tour-tan_Eckm%C3%BChl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phare_d%27Eckm%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Phare d'Eckmühl">Phare d'Eckmühl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>) is one of many <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a> relatively recently added to the list of French historic monuments as part of a recognition of France's significant maritime built environment.</figcaption></figure><p> The owner of a part of the French historical heritage benefits from specific tax regimes. </p><p>Regarding income tax: property charges: works, insurance, property taxes, interest on loans, etc. relating to protected parts are deductible up to 50% of taxable income. And up to 100% when the monument is open to the public or for the part of the subsidized work remaining the responsibility of the owner. The objective of the administration is to help preserve our historical heritage and to promote its safeguard. </p><p>However, if the work relates to a part of the building that is not classified or registered, the land charges are deductible only if the building is income-producing and essentially protected. The property must be kept for at least 15 years by its owner (natural person or family SCI). In the event of non-compliance with this commitment, this leads to an increase in income for the year the monument was sold and for the two following years by the amount of deductions made. Work undertaken on a classified property must always consist of restoration and not of "reconstruction". It is a question of restoring the existing one, and not of completing a work which would have disappeared with time. </p><p>Concerning inheritance or donation: historic monuments may be exempt from inheritance or donation tax. However, this exemption is not automatic, and is subject to the signing of an indefinite agreement with the Ministers of Culture and Finance including a commitment to conservation and openness to the public. The opening period is 60 days from 15 June to 15 September, or 80 days between 1 May and 30 September (including Sundays and public holidays). This exemption from inheritance tax is also granted for property owned in a company, such as family SCIs that have not opted for corporate tax. </p><p>Concerning the ISI: historical monuments are integrated into the taxable base of the ISI as was the case for the solidarity tax on wealth (ISF). However, the tax administration is tolerant as regards the estimation of these historic residences, because it must take into account the particular penalties which weigh on the owner because of the protection and the opening to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations_in_certain_overseas_territories_(Outre-Mer)"><span id="Regulations_in_certain_overseas_territories_.28Outre-Mer.29"></span>Regulations in certain overseas territories (<i>Outre-Mer</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regulations in certain overseas territories (Outre-Mer)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As heritage protection is not the responsibility of the state, the texts are different in New Caledonia and French Polynesia. If the classification or registration procedures are adapted to the status of each community, the other metropolitan rules are largely identical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Caledonia">New Caledonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New Caledonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Caledonia, the regulation of historical monuments is the responsibility of each province. It is fixed: </p> <ul><li>in the North Province, by Title II of Book II of the Environmental Code of the North Province;</li> <li>in the South Province, by Chapters II and III (art. 10 to 33) of the deliberation no. 14-90 / APS of January 24, 1990, on the protection and conservation of heritage in the South Province;</li> <li>in the Loyalty Islands Province, by Chapters II and III (s. 10-33) of the resolution no. 90-66 / API of July 20, 1990, on the protection and conservation of heritage in the province of Islands.</li></ul> <p>After examination of the file and opinion of the provincial commission of sites and monuments, the classification or the inscription is pronounced by decree of the president of the province in the event of agreement of the owner, or by deliberation of the assembly of province in the case opposite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Polynesia">French Polynesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: French Polynesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In French Polynesia, historical monuments fall of Book VI of the Code of the heritage of French Polynesia adopted by the law of the country no. 2005-10 of November 19, 2015. </p><p>After examination of the file, it is submitted to the opinion of the historical heritage commission, composed of two sections respectively for buildings and for furniture. Classification or registration is pronounced by decree taken in the Council of Ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_logo">The logo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The logo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_of_the_Reims_Cathedral" title="Labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral">labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral</a>, the logo designating historic monuments can be affixed to any monument subject to protection as historical monuments. The commercial exploitation of this logo has been entrusted by the Ministry of Culture to the union of associations REMPART, which manages the manufacture of unified panels and the conditions of use of the logo on all media other than paper. Presented in 1985, it was modernized in 2017 by the Rudi Baur agency at the same time as the "remarkable heritage site" logo was created. </p><p>The logo is declined in a road ideogram coded ID16a. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinthe_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dessin du labyrinthe de la cathédrale de Reims"><img alt="Dessin du labyrinthe de la cathédrale de Reims" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Labyrinthe_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims.svg/180px-Labyrinthe_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Labyrinthe_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims.svg/270px-Labyrinthe_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Labyrinthe_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims.svg/360px-Labyrinthe_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dessin du labyrinthe de la <a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims">cathédrale de Reims</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_road_sign_ID16a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Idéogramme routier ID16a"><img alt="Idéogramme routier ID16a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/France_road_sign_ID16a.svg/179px-France_road_sign_ID16a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/France_road_sign_ID16a.svg/269px-France_road_sign_ID16a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/France_road_sign_ID16a.svg/359px-France_road_sign_ID16a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Idéogramme routier ID16a</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of buildings classified as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span> include well known Parisian structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> opera house, plus abbeys, churches such as <a href="/wiki/Corbiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbiac">Corbiac</a>, and cathedrals such as <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> or hotels such as the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon" title="Hôtel de Crillon">Crillon</a>. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_of_the_Loire_Valley" title="Châteaux of the Loire Valley">Châteaux of the Loire Valley</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montsoreau" title="Château de Montsoreau">Château de Montsoreau</a>, carry the MH designation, as do the renowned gardens at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villandry" title="Château de Villandry">Château de Villandry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Monet_in_Giverny" title="Fondation Monet in Giverny">the home and gardens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> in Giverny. The scope of the monuments covered is broad enough to include individual tombs of important people, for example, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> as well as less eminent people such as <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Souret" title="Agnès Souret">Agnès Souret</a>, the first Miss France, whose tomb is in the <a href="/wiki/French_Basque_Country" title="French Basque Country">Basque Country</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_to_heritage_registers_of_other_nations">Comparisons to heritage registers of other nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Comparisons to heritage registers of other nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classification of a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monument historique</i></span> is similar to the listing of a property onto the United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> (NRHP). A major difference is that in France permanent restrictions are attached to a public or private building, disallowing renovations which have not received approval. In the U.S., NRHP listing imposes no such restrictions, and indeed many NRHP-listed buildings have been altered or entirely demolished by their owners, without requiring any Federal review. Depending on location, though, local governments may, however, impose restrictions on recognized historic properties through their building codes and zoning laws. NRHP listing is a "primarily an honor".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Listing does provide eligibility for Federal tax subsidies for eligible restorations and for renovations that preserve historic character, and for state or local subsidies too, again depending upon the location. Also public awareness associated with a listing may contribute indirectly towards protection. </p><p>Property types eligible vary as well. Archives (collections of books and documents) were eligible for classification in France, while not ever in the U.S. Relatively smaller and more moveable items which might be allowed as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span> are not eligible for NRHP listing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_des_monuments_nationaux" title="Centre des monuments nationaux">Centre des monuments nationaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint-Libert,_Tours" title="Chapel of Saint-Libert, Tours">Chapel of Saint-Libert, Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_historiques_in_Paris" title="List of monuments historiques in Paris">List of monuments historiques in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">List of heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">List of World Heritage Sites in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heritage Site">National Heritage Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authon-%C3%89b%C3%A9on_pyramid" title="Authon-Ébéon pyramid">Authon-Ébéon pyramid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bady, Jean-Pierre (1998). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les monuments historiques en France</i></span>. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_Palissy" title="Base Palissy">Base Palissy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM35000721">Locomotive à vapeur, à tender séparé, à voie normale, 141 R 1199</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=89A5188D651DD8D012EED7EBA2FB5133.tpdjo15v_2?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006845840&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074236&dateTexte=20100622">"Article L621-25 du code du patrimoine"</a>. 9 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+L621-25+du+code+du+patrimoine&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichCodeArticle.do%3Bjsessionid%3D89A5188D651DD8D012EED7EBA2FB5133.tpdjo15v_2%3FidArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006845840%26cidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006074236%26dateTexte%3D20100622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+historique" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=89A5188D651DD8D012EED7EBA2FB5133.tpdjo15v_2?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006845801&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074236&dateTexte=20100622">"Article L621-1 du code du patrimoine"</a>. 9 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+L621-1+du+code+du+patrimoine&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichCodeArticle.do%3Bjsessionid%3D89A5188D651DD8D012EED7EBA2FB5133.tpdjo15v_2%3FidArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006845801%26cidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006074236%26dateTexte%3D20100622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+historique" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource" class="extiw" title="s:Wikisource">Loi sur les monuments historiques promulguée le 31 décembre 1913</a>. This law was repealed and codified in the Heritage Code, but the repeal was deferred until the publication of the regulatory part of the code in 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clément Benelbaz, <i>Le principe de laïcité en droit public français</i> (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2011) <abbr>coll.</abbr> « Logiques juridiques ». (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-56136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-56136-6">978-2-296-56136-6</a>), p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chantal Georgel, <i>La Jeunesse des musées: les musées de France au XIXe siècle</i> (Paris: Éditions de la réunion des musées nationaux, 1994), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Hubert, <i>Nouveau recueil d'études d'archéologie et d'histoire, de la fin du monde antique au Moyen Âge</i>, (Paris: Librairie Droz, 1985), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Bodinier and Éric Teyssier, <i>L'événement le plus important de la Révolution : la vente des biens nationaux (1789-1867) en France et dans les territoires annexés</i> (Paris: Société des études robespierristes, 2000), p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Françoise Choay, <i>L'allégorie du patrimoine</i> (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1992), p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Guerre_aux_d%C3%A9molisseurs">Read on Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Claude Yon, <i>Histoire culturelle de la France au XIXe siècle</i> (Paris: Armand Colin, 2010), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Mallion, <i>Victor Hugo et l'art architectural</i>, (Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>, 1962), p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabila Oulebsir, <i>Les usages du patrimoine: monuments, musées et politique coloniale en Algérie, 1830-1930</i> (Paris: Les Éditions de la MSH), 2004, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Keith Barnett, <i>Histoire des Bibliothèques Publiques en France, de la Révolution à 1939</i> (Paris: Cercle De La Librairie, 1987), p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André Dupont-Sommer, <i>Prosper Mérimée et l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</i> (Paris: Institut de France, 1970), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Léon, <i>La vie des monuments français: destruction, restauration</i> (Paris: Daupeley-Gouverneur, 1951), p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Françoise Férat, <i>Rapport d'information no 599, Au service d'une politique nationale du patrimoine: le rôle incontournable du Centre des monuments nationaux</i>, 30 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annie Gondras, <i>La valorisation touristique des châteaux et demeures historiques</i> (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2012), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Claude Yon, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistère_de_la_Culture2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minist%C3%A8re_de_la_Culture_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministère de la Culture (France) (page does not exist)">Ministère de la Culture</a> (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/Thematiques/Monuments-historiques-Sites-patrimoniaux-remarquables/Presentation/Monuments-historiques">"Les monuments historiques"</a>. <i>www.culture.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Les+monuments+historiques&rft.date=2019-06&rft.au=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2FThematiques%2FMonuments-historiques-Sites-patrimoniaux-remarquables%2FPresentation%2FMonuments-historiques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+historique" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiffrescles-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiffrescles_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/culture/deps/chiffres-cles2011/04-patrimoine-architecture-2011.pdf">"Patrimoine et architecture - Chiffres clés 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patrimoine+et+architecture+-+Chiffres+cl%C3%A9s+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.culture.gouv.fr%2Fculture%2Fdeps%2Fchiffres-cles2011%2F04-patrimoine-architecture-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+historique" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoay1999" class="citation book cs1">Choay, Françoise (1999) [1992]. "Chapitre IV — Le patrimoine historique à l'âge de l'industrie culturelle". <i>L'Allégorie du patrimoine</i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Seuil</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-030023-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-030023-0"><bdi>978-2-02-030023-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46734134">46734134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapitre+IV+%E2%80%94+Le+patrimoine+historique+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A2ge+de+l%27industrie+culturelle&rft.btitle=L%27All%C3%A9gorie+du+patrimoine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46734134&rft.isbn=978-2-02-030023-0&rft.aulast=Choay&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+historique" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediatheque-patrimoine.culture.gouv.fr/pages/decouvrir/qui_sommes_nous/crmh.html">Le Centre de recherches sur les Monuments historiques</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724021506/http://www.mediatheque-patrimoine.culture.gouv.fr/pages/decouvrir/qui_sommes_nous/crmh.html">Archived</a> 2016-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> à la <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine (page does not exist)">MAP</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crc.mnhn.fr">Site du CRC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Code du patrimoine, art. R.621-2 et R.621-3; R.621-53 et suivants; R.622-2 et R.622-3; R.622-33 et R.622-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncdcr.gov/about/history/division-historical-resources/state-historic-preservation-office/local-historic-preservation-commissions-and-clgs/about-local-historic-preservation-commissions/comparison-national-register-historic-places">"A comparison to the National Register of Historic Places"</a>. North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+comparison+to+the+National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Department+of+Natural+and+Cultural+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdcr.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fdivision-historical-resources%2Fstate-historic-preservation-office%2Flocal-historic-preservation-commissions-and-clgs%2Fabout-local-historic-preservation-commissions%2Fcomparison-national-register-historic-places&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonument+historique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les monuments historiques de la France: bulletin trimestriel</i></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>. Paris: Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monuments_historiques_in_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monuments historiques in France">Monument historique</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723121119/http://european-heritage.net/sdx/herein/national_heritage/voir.xsp?id=intro_FR_fr">Website of the Réseau européen du patrimoine : Politiques nationales du patrimoine</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merimee.culture.fr/">Prosper Mérimée 1803–1870</a> The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span> inspector Prosper Mérimée established the first list of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments classés</i></span> in 1840 and invented the concept of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720204316/http://www.archi.fr/MIQCP/IMG/pdf/MEDIATIONS_21.pdf">Rules and regulations on <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span></a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111220145/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/084000155/0000.pdf">Monumental parks and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">monuments historiques</i></span> in need of work</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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