Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="author" content="Dove Press"> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, width=device-width"> <title>Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature | IJN</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature | IJN" /> <meta name="description" content="Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature Justin T Seil, Thomas J WebsterLaboratory for Nanomedicine Research, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USAAbstract: The need for novel antibiotics comes from the relatively high incidence of bacterial infection and the growing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics. Consequently, new methods for reducing bacteria activity (and associated infections) are badly needed. Nanotechnology, the use of materials with dimensions on the atomic or molecular scale, has become increasingly utilized for medical applications and is of great interest as an approach to killing or reducing the activity of numerous microorganisms. While some natural antibacterial materials, such as zinc and silver, possess greater antibacterial properties as particle size is reduced into the nanometer regime (due to the increased surface to volume ratio of a given mass of particles), the physical structure of a nanoparticle itself and the way in which it interacts with and penetrates into bacteria appears to also provide unique bactericidal mechanisms. A variety of techniques to evaluate bacteria viability, each with unique advantages and disadvantages, has been established and must be understood in order to determine the effectiveness of nanoparticles (diameter ≤100 nm) as antimicrobial agents. In addition to addressing those techniques, a review of select literature and a summary of bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms are covered in this manuscript.Keywords: nanomaterial, nanoparticle, nanotechnology, bacteria, antibacterial, biofilm" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature Justin T Seil, Thomas J WebsterLaboratory for Nanomedicine Research, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USAAbstract: The need for novel antibiotics comes from the relatively high incidence of bacterial infection and the growing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics. Consequently, new methods for reducing bacteria activity (and associated infections) are badly needed. Nanotechnology, the use of materials with dimensions on the atomic or molecular scale, has become increasingly utilized for medical applications and is of great interest as an approach to killing or reducing the activity of numerous microorganisms. While some natural antibacterial materials, such as zinc and silver, possess greater antibacterial properties as particle size is reduced into the nanometer regime (due to the increased surface to volume ratio of a given mass of particles), the physical structure of a nanoparticle itself and the way in which it interacts with and penetrates into bacteria appears to also provide unique bactericidal mechanisms. A variety of techniques to evaluate bacteria viability, each with unique advantages and disadvantages, has been established and must be understood in order to determine the effectiveness of nanoparticles (diameter ≤100 nm) as antimicrobial agents. In addition to addressing those techniques, a review of select literature and a summary of bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms are covered in this manuscript.Keywords: nanomaterial, nanoparticle, nanotechnology, bacteria, antibacterial, biofilm" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.dovepress.com/assets/img/addon/og_logo.png" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.dovepress.com/antimicrobial-applications-of-nanotechnology-methods-and-literature-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.dovepress.com/antimicrobial-applications-of-nanotechnology-methods-and-literature-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN" /> <link itemprop="sameAs" href="https://twitter.com/dovepress"> <link rel="image_src" href="assets/img/addon/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="assets/img/addon/favicon.ico" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,600,700" rel="stylesheet"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2012/06/06"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Nanomedicine"> <meta name="citation_journal_issn" content="1178-2013"> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="IJN"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Dove Press"> <meta name="citation_language" content="English"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="7"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="2767"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2781"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.2147/IJN.S24805"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/10046"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Justin T Seil"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Thomas J Webster"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="cr_data/cache/css_compressed/min.default.all.v22.12.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="cr_data/cache/css_compressed/min.articles.articles.all.v22.12.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="cr_data/cache/css_compressed/min.articles.articles.print.v22.12.css" media="print" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="cr_data/cache/css_compressed/min.articles.articles.screen.v22.12.css" media="screen" />  <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? 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href="get_permissions.php?a_id=10046" >Get Permission</a></li><li class=""><a href="#" id="btn-cite_article">Cite this article</a></li></ul></div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> var article_cite_text = 'Seil I, Webster T. Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature. <i>Int J Nanomedicine</i>. 2012;7:2767-2781<br />https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24805'; </script> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="articles "> <div class="intro rs_skip"> <div class="padding"> <p> <strong>Authors</strong> <a target="_blank" href="author_profile.php?id=123495">Seil I</a>, <a target="_blank" href="author_profile.php?id=458930">Webster T</a> <a target="_blank" class="icon-orcid" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-5969" title="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-5969"></a> </p> <p> <strong>Received</strong> <abbr title="These are actual dates the paper was submitted to, accepted for, and published in the journal.">3 August 2011</abbr> </p> <p> <strong>Accepted for publication</strong> 31 August 2011 </p> <p> <strong>Published</strong> 6 June 2012 Volume 2012:7 Pages 2767—2781 </p> <p> <strong>DOI</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24805">https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24805</a> </p> <p> <strong>Review by</strong> <a href="peer-review-guidelines">Single anonymous peer review</a> </p> <p> <strong>Peer reviewer comments</strong> 2 </p> <div class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24805'></div> </div>  </div> <div class="rs_skip"><a class="download-btn print-hide" href="article/download/10046" id="download-pdf">Download Article <span>[PDF]</span></a> </div> <br clear="all"/><br/> <div class="copy"> <div class="article-inner_html"> <p>Justin T Seil, Thomas J Webster<br />Laboratory for Nanomedicine Research, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA<br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong> The need for novel antibiotics comes from the relatively high incidence of bacterial infection and the growing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics. Consequently, new methods for reducing bacteria activity (and associated infections) are badly needed. Nanotechnology, the use of materials with dimensions on the atomic or molecular scale, has become increasingly utilized for medical applications and is of great interest as an approach to killing or reducing the activity of numerous microorganisms. While some natural antibacterial materials, such as zinc and silver, possess greater antibacterial properties as particle size is reduced into the nanometer regime (due to the increased surface to volume ratio of a given mass of particles), the physical structure of a nanoparticle itself and the way in which it interacts with and penetrates into bacteria appears to also provide unique bactericidal mechanisms. A variety of techniques to evaluate bacteria viability, each with unique advantages and disadvantages, has been established and must be understood in order to determine the effectiveness of nanoparticles (diameter ≤100 nm) as antimicrobial agents. In addition to addressing those techniques, a review of select literature and a summary of bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms are covered in this manuscript.<br /><br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> nanomaterial, nanoparticle, nanotechnology, bacteria, antibacterial, biofilm<br /></p> <div id="article-fulltext" class=""> </div> </div> <p class="article-cc-license"> <img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/3.0/us/88x31.png"/> © 2012 The Author(s). This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. 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Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature | IJN