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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viewing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Binary compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Binary file</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ملف ثنائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملف ثنائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kilik_fayl" title="İkilik fayl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkilik fayl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Бінарны файл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бінарны файл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Бинарен файл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бинарен файл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitxer_binari" title="Fitxer binari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fitxer binari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_soubor" title="Binární soubor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Binární soubor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A4rdatei" title="Binärdatei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Binärdatei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahendfail" title="Kahendfail – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kahendfail" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo_binario" title="Archivo binario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Archivo binario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پرونده دودویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرونده دودویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_binaire" title="Fichier binaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fichier binaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%84_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC" title="이진 파일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이진 파일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgovor:Binarna_datoteka" title="Razgovor:Binarna datoteka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Razgovor:Binarna datoteka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_binario" title="File binario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="File binario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="קובץ בינארי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קובץ בינארי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail_perduaan" title="Fail perduaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fail perduaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binair_bestand" title="Binair bestand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Binair bestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA" title="バイナリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイナリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik_binarny" title="Plik binarny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plik binarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquivo_bin%C3%A1rio" title="Arquivo binário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquivo binário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Двоичный файл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двоичный файл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A1rny_s%C3%BAbor" title="Binárny súbor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Binárny súbor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бинарна датотека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бинарна датотека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A4%C3%A4ritiedosto" title="Binääritiedosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Binääritiedosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A4rfil" title="Binärfil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Binärfil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இருமக்கோப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருமக்கோப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Двійковий файл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Двійковий файл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin_nh%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%A2n" title="Tập tin nhị phân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tập tin nhị phân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%88%B6%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="二進制格式 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="二進制格式" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%88%B6%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6" title="二进制文件 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-human-readable computer file encoded in binary form</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Binaries" redirects here. For double stars, see <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">".bin" redirects here. For the CD image format, see <a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">Disk image</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Binary_file" title="Special:EditPage/Binary file">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Binary+file%22">"Binary file"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Binary+file%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Binary+file%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Binary+file%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Binary+file%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Binary+file%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_favicon_hexdump.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wikipedia_favicon_hexdump.svg/220px-Wikipedia_favicon_hexdump.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wikipedia_favicon_hexdump.svg/330px-Wikipedia_favicon_hexdump.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wikipedia_favicon_hexdump.svg/440px-Wikipedia_favicon_hexdump.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hex_dump" title="Hex dump">hex dump</a> of the 318 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Favicon" title="Favicon">favicon</a>, or <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-favicon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Wikipedia-favicon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>. The first column numerates the line's starting address, while the <code>*</code> indicates repetition.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>binary file</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a> that is not a <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "binary file" is often used as a term meaning "non-text file".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many binary <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file formats</a> contain parts that can be interpreted as text; for example, some <a href="/wiki/Document_file_format" title="Document file format">computer document files</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Formatted_text" title="Formatted text">formatted text</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Doc_(computing)#Microsoft_Word_Binary_File_Format" title="Doc (computing)">older Microsoft Word document</a> files, contain the text of the document but also contain formatting information in binary form.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Binary files are usually thought of as being a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>, which means the binary digits (<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a>) are grouped in eights. Binary files typically contain bytes that are intended to be interpreted as something other than text <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Compiled" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiled">Compiled</a> computer programs are typical examples; indeed, compiled applications are sometimes referred to, particularly by programmers, as <b>binaries</b>. But binary files can also mean that they contain images, sounds, compressed versions of other files, etc. – in short, any type of file content whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some binary files contain <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">headers</a>, blocks of <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> used by a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> to interpret the data in the file. The header often contains a <a href="/wiki/List_of_file_signatures" title="List of file signatures">signature or <i>magic</i> number</a> which can identify the format. For example, a <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> file can contain multiple images, and headers are used to identify and describe each block of image data. The leading bytes of the header would contain text like <code>GIF87a</code> or <code>GIF89a</code> that can identify the binary as a <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> file. If a binary file does not contain any headers, it may be called a <b>flat binary file</b>. </p><p>A text file may consist partly or entirely of encoded binary information. When sending binary files over the network they may be encoded so that they use only printable characters. This is often necessary due to the limitations of network protocols used for internet browsing and e-mail communication. One such encoding is <a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a>. Also, files containing public-key and private-key information for use in systems employing <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric cryptography">asymmetric cryptography</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital certificate">website certificates</a>) may also be stored with the binary information encoded in printable characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manipulation">Manipulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To send binary files through certain systems (such as <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>) that do not allow all data values, they are often translated into a plain text representation (using, for example, <a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a>). Encoding the data has the disadvantage of increasing the file size during the transfer (for example, using Base64 will increase the file's size by approximately 30%), as well as requiring translation back into binary after receipt. The increased size may be countered by lower-level link compression, as the resulting text data will have about as much less <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a> as it has increased size, so the actual data transferred in this scenario would likely be very close to the size of the original binary data. See <a href="/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding" title="Binary-to-text encoding">Binary-to-text encoding</a> for more on this subject. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and its standard libraries for the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> programming languages allow the programmer to specify a parameter indicating if a file is expected to be plain text or binary when opening a file; this affects the standard library calls to read and write from the file in that the system converts between the C/C++ "end of line" character (the ASCII linefeed character) and the end-of-line sequence Windows expects in files (the ASCII <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a> and linefeed characters in sequence). In <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, the C and C++ standard libraries on those systems also allow the programmer to specify whether a file is expected to be text or binary, but the libraries can and do ignore that parameter, as the end-of-line sequence in Unix-like systems is just the C/C++ end-of-line character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viewing">Viewing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hex_editor" title="Hex editor">hex editor</a> or viewer may be used to view file data as a sequence of hexadecimal (or decimal, binary or ASCII character) values for corresponding bytes of a binary file.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a binary file is opened in a <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a>, each group of eight bits will typically be translated as a single character, and the user will see a (probably unintelligible) display of textual characters. If the file is opened in some other application, that application will have its own use for each byte: maybe the application will treat each byte as a number and output a stream of numbers between 0 and 255—or maybe interpret the numbers in the bytes as colors and display the corresponding picture. Other type of viewers (called 'word extractors') simply replace the unprintable characters with spaces revealing only the human-readable text. This type of view is useful for a quick inspection of a binary file in order to find passwords in games, find hidden text in non-text files and recover corrupted documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can even be used to inspect suspicious files (software) for unwanted effects. For example, the user would see any URL/email to which the suspected software may attempt to connect in order to upload unapproved data (to steal). If the file is itself treated as an <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> and run, then the operating system will attempt to interpret the file as a series of instructions in its <a href="/wiki/Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standards are very important to binary files. For example, a binary file interpreted by the ASCII character set will result in text being displayed. A custom application can interpret the file differently: a byte may be a sound, or a pixel, or even an entire word. Binary itself is meaningless, until such time as an executed algorithm defines what should be done with each bit, byte, word or block. Thus, just examining the binary and attempting to match it against known formats can lead to the wrong conclusion as to what it actually represents. This fact can be used in <a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">steganography</a>, where an algorithm interprets a binary data file differently to reveal hidden content. Without the algorithm, it is impossible to tell that hidden content exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binary_compatibility">Binary compatibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Binary compatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For <a href="/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code">binary code</a> <a href="/wiki/Executable_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Executable file">executable file</a> compatibility, see <a href="/wiki/Binary_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compatible">Binary compatible</a>.</div> <p>Two files that are binary compatible will have the same sequence of zeros and ones in the data portion of the file. The file header, however, may be different. </p><p>The term is used most commonly to state that data files produced by one application are exactly the same as data files produced by another application. For example, some software companies produce applications for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> that are binary compatible, which means that a file produced in a Windows environment is interchangeable with a file produced on a Macintosh. This avoids many of the conversion problems caused by importing and exporting data. </p><p>One possible binary compatibility issue between different computers is the <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endianness</a> of the computer. Some computers store the bytes in a file in a different order.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_large_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary large object">Binary large object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disassembler" title="Disassembler">Disassembler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">Executable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_formats" title="List of file formats">List of file formats</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/binary_file.html">"Binary file definition by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)"</a>. <i>www.linfo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linfo.org&rft.atitle=Binary+file+definition+by+The+Linux+Information+Project+%28LINFO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linfo.org%2Fbinary_file.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+file" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/sum2003/cmsc311/Notes/BitOp/asciiBin.html">"Ascii vs. Binary Files"</a>. <i>www.cs.umd.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.umd.edu&rft.atitle=Ascii+vs.+Binary+Files&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2Fclass%2Fsum2003%2Fcmsc311%2FNotes%2FBitOp%2FasciiBin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+file" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100213/https://www.ncl.ucar.edu/Applications/r-binary.shtml">"NCL: Reading binary data"</a>. <i>www.ncl.ucar.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncl.ucar.edu/Applications/r-binary.shtml">the original</a> on 2017-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncl.ucar.edu&rft.atitle=NCL%3A+Reading+binary+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncl.ucar.edu%2FApplications%2Fr-binary.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinary+file" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_file&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" 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signatures">File signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">Magic number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open file formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_file_format" title="Proprietary file format">Proprietary file formats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafile">Metafile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidecar_file" title="Sidecar file">Sidecar file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">Sparse file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Swap file">Swap file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_file" title="System file">System file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_file" title="Temporary file">Temporary file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-byte_file" title="Zero-byte file">Zero-byte file</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filename" title="Filename">Filename</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">Long filename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filename_mangling" title="Filename mangling">Filename mangling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_filename_extensions" title="List of filename extensions">List of filename extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">File size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_file_and_hidden_directory" title="Hidden file and hidden directory">Hidden file / Hidden directory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory/folder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">NTFS links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_folder" title="Temporary folder">Temporary folder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_structure" title="Directory structure">Directory structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" title="Filesystem Hierarchy Standard">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic file system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">Path</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="File operation">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_(system_call)" title="Open (system call)">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">File descriptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcut_(computing)" title="Shortcut (computing)">Shortcut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(Mac_OS)" title="Alias (Mac OS)">Alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(OS/2)" title="Shadow (OS/2)">Shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic link</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_comparison" title="File comparison">File comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_copying" title="File copying">File copying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_managers" title="Comparison of file managers">Comparison of file managers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_fragmentation" title="File system fragmentation">File system fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">File-system permissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_synchronization" title="File synchronization">File synchronization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_verification" title="File verification">File verification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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