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mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Джордж Салманазар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Салманазар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Psalmanazar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Psalmanazar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Psalmanazar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Psalmanazar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Psalmanazar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジョルジュ・サルマナザール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョルジュ・サルマナザール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Psalmanazar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Psalmanazar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Салманазар, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Салманазар, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%92%92%E7%91%AA%E7%B4%8D%E6%9C%AD" title="喬治·撒瑪納札 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬治·撒瑪納札" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French writer (1679–1763)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Psalmanazar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_MS_Hyde_76_(1.1.xix)_-_George_Psalmanazar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Houghton_MS_Hyde_76_%281.1.xix%29_-_George_Psalmanazar.jpg/220px-Houghton_MS_Hyde_76_%281.1.xix%29_-_George_Psalmanazar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Houghton_MS_Hyde_76_%281.1.xix%29_-_George_Psalmanazar.jpg/330px-Houghton_MS_Hyde_76_%281.1.xix%29_-_George_Psalmanazar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Houghton_MS_Hyde_76_%281.1.xix%29_-_George_Psalmanazar.jpg/440px-Houghton_MS_Hyde_76_%281.1.xix%29_-_George_Psalmanazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1685" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">George Psalmanazar (1679–1763)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1679–1684<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">south France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1763-05-03</span>)</span>3 May 1763 (aged 78–84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Ironmonger Row, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Memoirist, imposter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Formosan culture <a href="/wiki/Fake_memoir" title="Fake memoir">memoir hoax</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Psalmanazar</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1679 – 3 May 1763) was a Frenchman who claimed to be the first native of <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) to visit Europe. For some years, he convinced many in Britain, but he was eventually revealed to be of European origin. He subsequently became a theological essayist, and a friend and acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> and other noted figures in 18th-century literary London. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Psalmanazar intentionally obscured many details of his early life, it is believed that he was born in southern France, perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, some time between 1679 and 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-UnivoDel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnivoDel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His birth name is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-UnivoDel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnivoDel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his posthumously published autobiography, he was educated in a <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> school and then a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> academy. In both these institutions he claimed to have been celebrated by his teachers for what he called "my uncommon genius for languages".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, by his own account Psalmanazar was something of a <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">child prodigy</a>. He claims that he attained fluency in Latin by the age of seven or eight, and excelled in competition with children twice his age. Later encounters with a <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">sophistic</a> philosophy tutor made him disenchanted with academicism, however, and he discontinued his education around the time he was fifteen or sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-NativofFormo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NativofFormo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_as_an_impostor">Career as an impostor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career as an impostor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to travel safely and affordably in France, Psalmanazar first pretended to be an Irish <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrim</a> on his way to Rome. After learning English, forging a passport, and stealing a pilgrim's cloak and staff from the reliquary of a local church he set off, but he soon found that many people he met were familiar with Ireland and were able to see through his disguise.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deciding that a more exotic disguise was needed, Psalmanazar drew upon the missionary reports about East Asia that he had heard of from his Jesuit tutors and decided to impersonate a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japanese Christian convert</a>. At some point he further embellished this new persona by pretending to be a "Japanese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heathen" class="extiw" title="wikt:heathen">heathen</a>". Due to a lack of Western knowledge of Japanese cultures, Psalmanazar displayed fictitious customs to convince the public of the authenticity of his background. These so-called customs included eating raw meat spiced with <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> and sleeping while sitting upright in a chair. </p><p>Having failed to reach Rome, Psalmanazar travelled through various <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">German principalities</a> between 1700 and 1702. In the latter year, he appeared in the Netherlands, where he served as an occasional mercenary and soldier. By this time, he had shifted his supposed homeland from Japan to the even more obscure <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>), and had developed more elaborate customs, such as following a foreign calendar, worshipping the Sun and the Moon with complex <a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">propitiatory</a> rites of his own invention, and even speaking an invented language. </p><p>In late 1702, Psalmanazar met the Scottish priest Alexander Innes, who was the chaplain of a Scottish army unit. Afterwards Innes claimed that he had converted the heathen to Christianity and christened him George Psalmanazar (after the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a>, who is referenced in the Bible). In 1703, they left via <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> for London, where they planned to meet Anglican clergymen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psalmamazar_Formosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Psalmamazar_Formosa.jpg/230px-Psalmamazar_Formosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Psalmamazar_Formosa.jpg/345px-Psalmamazar_Formosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Psalmamazar_Formosa.jpg/460px-Psalmamazar_Formosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Psalmanazar's book</figcaption></figure> <p>When they reached London, news of the exotic foreigner with bizarre habits spread quickly and Psalmanazar achieved a high level of fame. His appeal not only derived from his exotic ways, which tapped into a growing domestic interest in travel narratives describing faraway locales, but also played upon the prevailing anti-Catholic and anti-Jesuit religious sentiment of early 18th-century Britain. Central to his narrative was his claim to have been abducted from Formosa by malevolent <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> and taken to France, where he had steadfastly refused to become a Catholic. Psalmanazar declared himself to be a reformed heathen who now practised <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. He became a favourite of the Bishop of London <a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> and other esteemed members of London society.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building upon this growing interest in his life, Psalmanazar published a book in 1704, <i>An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island subject to the Emperor of Japan</i>. This book purported to be a detailed description of Formosan customs, geography and political economy; it was in fact completely fabricated. The "facts" contained in the book are an amalgam of other travel reports, especially influenced by accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> civilisations in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, and by embellished descriptions of Japan. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a></i> may also have served as an inspiration. Some of his claims about Japanese religion seem to also be derived from a misinterpretation of the Chinese idea of <a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">three teachings</a>, as he claims that there were three different forms of "idolatry" practiced in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Psalmanazar, Formosa was a prosperous country with a capital city called Xternetsa. Men walked naked except for a gold or silver plate to cover their genitals. Their main food was a serpent that they hunted with branches. Formosans were <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamous</a> and husbands had a right to eat their wives for infidelity. They executed murderers by hanging them upside down and shooting them full of arrows. Every year they sacrificed the hearts of 18,000 young boys to gods, and their priests ate the bodies in an act of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. They used horses and camels for transport, and dwelled underground in circular houses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudo-lexicographer">Pseudo-lexicographer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pseudo-lexicographer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Formosan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Psalmanazar2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Psalmanazar2.jpg/200px-Psalmanazar2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Psalmanazar2.jpg/300px-Psalmanazar2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Psalmanazar2.jpg/400px-Psalmanazar2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The "Formosan alphabet", as fabricated by Psalmanazar</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">George Psalmanazar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1704</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Hoax <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Formosan</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Formosan alphabet</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/qfo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:qfo">qfo</a></code> <sup id="cite_ref-note_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clcr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clcr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>art-x-formosan<sup id="cite_ref-note_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clcr_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clcr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>Psalmanazar's book also described the Formosan language, an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a>. His efforts in this regard were so convincing that German grammarians included samples of his so-called "Formosan alphabet", in books about language, well into the 19th century, even after his larger imposture had been exposed. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Amy Pornio dan chin Ornio vicy, Gnayjorhe </p><p>sai Lory, Eyfodere sai Bagalin, jorhe sai domion apo chin Ornio, kay chin Badi eyen, Amy khatsada nadakchion toye ant nadayi, kay Radonaye ant amy Sochin, apo ant radonern amy Sochiakhin, bagne ant kau chin malaboski, ali abinaye ant tuen Broskacy, kens sai vie Bagalin, kay Fary, kay </p><p>Barhaniaan chinania sendabey. </p><p>Amien. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Formosan" translation of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Psalmanazar's book was an unqualified success. It went through two English editions, and French and German editions followed. After its publication, Psalmanazar was invited to lecture on Formosan culture and language before several learned societies, and it was even proposed that he be summoned to lecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. In the most famous of these engagements he spoke before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, where he was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>. </p><p>Psalmanazar was frequently challenged by sceptics, but for the most part he managed to deflect criticism of his core claims. He explained, for instance, that his pale skin was due to the fact that the upper classes of Formosa lived underground. The contradictory testimony of Jesuits who had actually worked as missionaries in Formosa was not believed, probably because of anti-Jesuit prejudice. </p><p>The Formosan constructed language has been assigned the codes <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">qfo</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">art-x-formosan</code> in the <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">ConLang</a> Code Registry.<sup id="cite_ref-clcr_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clcr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaplain_and_theological_essayist">Chaplain and theological essayist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chaplain and theological essayist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innes eventually went to Portugal as chaplain general to the British forces. By then, however, he had developed an opium addiction and had become involved in several misguided business ventures, including a failed effort to market decorated fans purported to be from Formosa. Psalmanazar's claims became increasingly less credible as time went on and knowledge of Formosa from other sources began to contradict his claims. His energetic defence of his imposture began to slacken and in 1706 he confessed, first to friends and then to the general public. By then London society had largely grown tired of the "Formosan craze". </p><p>In the following years Psalmanazar worked for a time as a clerk in an army regiment until some clergymen gave him money to study theology. Psalmanazar then participated in the literary milieu of <a href="/wiki/Grub_Street" title="Grub Street">Grub Street</a>, writing pamphlets, editing books and undertaking other low-paid and unglamorous tasks. He learned <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, co-authored <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer_(printer)" title="Samuel Palmer (printer)">Samuel Palmer</a>'s <i>A General History of Printing</i> (1732), and contributed a number of articles to the <i>Universal History</i>. He even contributed to <i>A Complete System of Geography</i> and wrote about the real conditions in Formosa, pointedly criticising the hoax he himself had perpetrated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appears to have become increasingly religious and disowned his youthful impostures. This newfound religiosity culminated in his anonymous publication of a book of theological essays in 1753. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friend_of_Samuel_Johnson_and_others">Friend of Samuel Johnson and others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Friend of Samuel Johnson and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although this last phase of Psalmanazar's life brought him far less fame than his earlier career as a fraud, it resulted in some remarkable historical coincidences. Perhaps the most famous of these is the elderly Psalmanazar's unlikely friendship with the young <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, who was also a Grub Street <a href="/wiki/Hack_writer" title="Hack writer">hack</a> (writer for hire). In later years Johnson recalled that Psalmanazar had been well known in his neighbourhood as an eccentric but saintly figure, "whereof he was so well known and esteemed, that scarce any person, even children, passed him without showing him signs of respect".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psalmanazar also interacted with a number of other important English literary figures of his age. In the early months of 1741 he appears to have sent the novelist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a> an unsolicited bundle of forty handwritten pages in which he attempted to continue the plotline of Richardson's immensely popular epistolary novel <i><a href="/wiki/Pamela,_or_Virtue_Rewarded" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded">Pamela</a></i>. Richardson called Psalmanazar's attempted sequel "ridiculous and improbable".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> ridicules Psalmanazar in passing, sardonically citing "the famous Salamanaazor, a Native of the island of Formosa, who came from thence to London, above twenty Years ago," as an eminent proponent of cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A novel by <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Smollett" title="Tobias Smollett">Tobias Smollett</a> refers mockingly to "Psalmanazar, who, after having drudged half a century in the literary mill in all the simplicity and abstinence of an Asiatic, subsists on the charity of a few booksellers, just sufficient to keep him from the parish".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_memoirs">Death and memoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death and memoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memoirs_of_GP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Memoirs_of_GP.jpg/220px-Memoirs_of_GP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Memoirs_of_GP.jpg/330px-Memoirs_of_GP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Memoirs_of_GP.jpg/440px-Memoirs_of_GP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <i>Memoirs of ****, Commonly Known by the Name of George Psalmanazar; a Reputed Native of Formosa</i></figcaption></figure> <p>George Psalmanazar died on 3 May 1763 in Ironmonger Row, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his will, completed the previous year, he styled himself a poor, sinful and worthless creature; he directed that his body should be committed to the common burying ground, in the humblest and cheapest manner; and he solemnly declared that his History of Formosa was a base and shameful imposture, a fraud on the public. He left behind him an autobiography, <i>Memoirs of ****, Commonly Known by the Name of George Psalmanazar; a Reputed Native of Formosa,</i> which first appeared in 1764. The book withholds his real birth name, which is still unknown, but contains a wealth of detail about his early life and the development of his impostures.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_writing_system" title="Constructed writing system">Constructed writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travel literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caraboo" title="Princess Caraboo">Princess Caraboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korla_Pandit" title="Korla Pandit">Korla Pandit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The codes <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">qfo</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">art-x-formosan</code> are for local use and have been registered in the ConLang Code Registry.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UnivoDel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnivoDel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnivoDel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303031016/http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/forgery/psalm.htm">"Forging a Collection"</a>. University of Delaware Library. 3 March 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/forgery/psalm.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forging+a+Collection&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Library&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.udel.edu%2Fud%2Fspec%2Fexhibits%2Fforgery%2Fpsalm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/fantasy-adventures-of-early-modern-walter-mitty-go-on-show">"Fantasy adventures of early-modern Walter Mitty go on show"</a>. <i>University of Cambridge</i>. 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Fantasy+adventures+of+early-modern+Walter+Mitty+go+on+show&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Ffantasy-adventures-of-early-modern-walter-mitty-go-on-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Psalmanazar, <i>Memoirs</i>, London, 1764, pg. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NativofFormo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NativofFormo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/formosa.html">The Native of Formosa</a> by Alex Boese. Museum of Hoaxes. Last modified 2002. Accessed 3 November 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Papers/psalm.html">Orientalism as Performance Art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105170937/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Papers/psalm.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Jack Lynch. Delivered 29 January 1999 at the CUNY Seminar on Eighteenth-Century Literature. Accessed 2007 – 3–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Great Hoaxes of History". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press" title="The Pittsburgh Press">The Pittsburgh Press</a></i>. 18 January 1910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Great+Hoaxes+of+History&rft.date=1910-01-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo13657764.html"><i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FI%2Fbo13657764.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clcr-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clcr_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clcr_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clcr_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettencourt" class="citation web cs1">Bettencourt, Rebecca G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/">"ConLang Code Registry"</a>. <i>www.kreativekorp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kreativekorp.com&rft.atitle=ConLang+Code+Registry&rft.aulast=Bettencourt&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kreativekorp.com%2Fclcr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Psalmanazar, <i>Memoirs</i>, London, 1764, pg. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley, Frederic J., <i>The Great Formosan Impostor</i>. New York: Privately printed, 1968, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Lennard J. Factual Fictions: The Origins of the English Novel. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983, 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (1896). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Psalmanazar, George"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Psalmanazar,_George">"Psalmanazar, George" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 46. pp. 439–442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalmanazar%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=439-442&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStauth1998" class="citation journal cs1">Stauth, Georg (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ajss/26/2/article-p85_5.xml">"Contextualizing a Vision: Psalmanaazaar, Formosa and Anthropology"</a>. <i>Asian Journal of Social Science</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 85–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F030382498X00175">10.1163/030382498X00175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-4849">1568-4849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Contextualizing+a+Vision%3A+Psalmanaazaar%2C+Formosa+and+Anthropology&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-101&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F030382498X00175&rft.issn=1568-4849&rft.aulast=Stauth&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fajss%2F26%2F2%2Farticle-p85_5.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracey1924" class="citation journal cs1">Bracey, Robert (May 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-2005.1924.tb03564.x">"George Psalmanazar, Imposter and Penitent"</a>. <i>New Blackfriars</i>. <b>5</b> (50): 82–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1924.tb03564.x">10.1111/j.1741-2005.1924.tb03564.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4289">0028-4289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Blackfriars&rft.atitle=George+Psalmanazar%2C+Imposter+and+Penitent&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=82-88&rft.date=1924-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1924.tb03564.x&rft.issn=0028-4289&rft.aulast=Bracey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1924.tb03564.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsalmanazar" class="citation book cs1">Psalmanazar, George. "A Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa". In Shimada, Takau (ed.). <i>Japan in Eighteenth-Century English Satirical Writings</i>. Vol. 1–5. Tokyo: Edition Synapse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86166-034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86166-034-4"><bdi>978-4-86166-034-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Historical+and+Geographical+Description+of+Formosa&rft.btitle=Japan+in+Eighteenth-Century+English+Satirical+Writings&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Edition+Synapse&rft.isbn=978-4-86166-034-4&rft.aulast=Psalmanazar&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2001" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Paul (2001). "Psalmanzar". <i>Banvard's Folly</i>. Picadore USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-48688-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-48688-8"><bdi>0-330-48688-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalmanzar&rft.btitle=Banvard%27s+Folly&rft.pub=Picadore+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-330-48688-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeevak2004" class="citation book cs1">Keevak, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pretendedasiange0000keev"><i>The Pretended Asian: George Psalmanazar's Eighteenth-Century Formosan Hoax</i></a>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3198-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3198-9"><bdi>978-0-8143-3198-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pretended+Asian%3A+George+Psalmanazar%27s+Eighteenth-Century+Formosan+Hoax&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3198-9&rft.aulast=Keevak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpretendedasiange0000keev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch, Jack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.lsu.edu/sixteenfifty/vol11/iss1/3">"Forgery as Performance Art: The Strange Case of George Psalmanazar"</a>. <i>1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era</i>. <b>11</b> 3: 21–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-3112">1065-3112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1650%E2%80%931850%3A+Ideas%2C+Aesthetics%2C+and+Inquiries+in+the+Early+Modern+Era&rft.atitle=Forgery+as+Performance+Art%3A+The+Strange+Case+of+George+Psalmanazar&rft.volume=11&rft.artnum=3&rft.pages=21-35&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1065-3112&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.lsu.edu%2Fsixteenfifty%2Fvol11%2Fiss1%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Psalmanazar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lynch, Jack (2008). <i>Deception and Detection in Eighteenth-Century Britain.</i> Aldershot, England: Ashgate.</li> <li>Earnshaw, Graham (2017). <i>The Formosa Fraud: The Story of the Fake Writings of George Psalmanazar, One of the Greatest Charlatans in Literary History.</i> Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Earnshaw_Books" title="Earnshaw Books">Earnshaw Books</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Psalmanazar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Psalmanazar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Psalmanazar">George Psalmanazar</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Psalmanazar%2C%20George%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Psalmanazar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Psalmanazar%2C%20George%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Psalmanazar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Psalmanazar%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Psalmanazar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Psalmanazar%2C%20George%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Psalmanazar%22%29%20OR%20%28%221679-1763%22%20AND%20Psalmanazar%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about George Psalmanazar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15742">Works by George Psalmanazar</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanization.com/books/psalmanazaar/index.html">Selections from <i>An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066326581">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32086459">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/80215/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyrPQmTRPT3JghY43wHmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119146088">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81114372">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12419403n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12419403n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621320">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35650266">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070980667">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/237380">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119146088.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119146088">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033315841">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hd9t4r">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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