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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1749–1804 encyclopedic collection by Buffon</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;"><i>Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Histoire+Naturelle%2C+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+et+particuli%C3%A8re%2C+avec+la+description+du+Cabinet+du+Roi%27%27&rft.author=%5B%5BGeorges-Louis+Leclerc+de+Buffon%7CGeorges-Louis+Leclerc%2C+comte+de+Buffon%5D%5D&rft.date=1749%E2%80%931804&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BImprimerie+nationale%7CImprimerie+royale%5D%5D%27%27&rft.place=%5B%5BFrance%5D%5D&rft.pages=36+%2B+8+volumes"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon,_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc,_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle,_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re,_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/220px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/330px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/440px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1743" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page of the 10th volume, 1763</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_S%C3%A8ve" title="Jacques de Sève">Jacques de Sève</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrupeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupeds">quadrupeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">Encyclopaedia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimerie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprimerie nationale">Imprimerie royale</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1749–1804</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">36 + 8 volumes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[istwaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>natyʁɛl]</a></span>; English: <i lang="en">Natural History, General and Particular, with a Description of the King's Cabinet</i>) is an encyclopaedic collection of 36 large (quarto) volumes written between 1749–1804, initially by the <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a>, and continued in eight more volumes after his death by his colleagues, led by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a>. The books cover what was known of the "natural sciences" at the time, including what would now be called <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> of animals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="An_encyclopaedic_work">An encyclopaedic work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: An encyclopaedic work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon_1707-1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Buffon_1707-1788.jpg/170px-Buffon_1707-1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Buffon_1707-1788.jpg/255px-Buffon_1707-1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Buffon_1707-1788.jpg/340px-Buffon_1707-1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (1707–1788) made the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> his life's work.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i> is the work that the <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (1707–1788) is remembered for. He worked on it for some 50 years, initially at <a href="/wiki/Montbard" title="Montbard">Montbard</a> in his office in the Tour Saint-Louis, then in his library at Petit Fontenet. 36 volumes came out between 1749 and 1789, followed by 8 more after his death, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a>. It includes all the knowledge available in his time on the "natural sciences", a broad term that includes disciplines which today would be called material science, physics, chemistry and technology. Buffon notes the morphological similarities between men and apes, although he considered apes completely devoid of the ability to think, differentiating them sharply from human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffon's attention to internal anatomy made him an early <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative anatomist">comparative anatomist</a>. "L’intérieur, dans les êtres vivants, est le fond du dessin de la nature", he wrote in his <i>Quadrupèdes,</i> "the interior, in living things, is the foundation of nature's design."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Histoire Naturelle</i>, which was meant to address the whole of natural history, actually covers only <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Quadrupeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupeds">quadrupeds</a> among animals. It is accompanied by some discourses and a theory of the earth by way of introduction, and by supplements including an elegantly written account of the epochs of nature. </p><p>The <i>Suppléments</i> cover a wide range of topics; for example, in (Suppléments IV), there is a <i>Discours sur le style</i> (Discourse on Style) and an <i>Essai d'arithmétique morale</i> (essay on Moral Arithmetic). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean-Marie_Daubenton" title="Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton">Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton</a> assisted Buffon on the quadrupeds; <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Gu%C3%A9neau_de_Montbeillard" title="Philippe Guéneau de Montbeillard">Philippe Guéneau de Montbeillard</a> worked on the birds. They were joined, from 1767, by <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Faujas_de_Saint-Fond" title="Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond">Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond</a>, the abbot Gabriel Bexon and <a href="/wiki/Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert_Sonnini_de_Manoncourt" title="Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt">Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt</a>. The whole descriptive and anatomical part of <i>l’Histoire des Quadrupèdes</i> was the work of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean-Marie_Daubenton" title="Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton">Daubenton</a> and Jean-Claude Mertrud. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lynx-Georges-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lynx-Georges-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon.jpg/170px-Lynx-Georges-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lynx-Georges-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon.jpg/255px-Lynx-Georges-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lynx-Georges-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon.jpg/340px-Lynx-Georges-Louis_Leclerc_Buffon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a> in Volume IX, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_S%C3%A8ve" title="Jacques de Sève">Jacques de Sève</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Buffon attached much importance to the illustrations; <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_S%C3%A8ve" title="Jacques de Sève">Jacques de Sève</a> illustrated the quadrupeds and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Martinet" title="François-Nicolas Martinet">François-Nicolas Martinet</a> illustrated the birds. Nearly 2000 plates adorn the work, representing animals with care given both to <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> accuracy, with dreamlike and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> settings. </p><p>On minerals, Buffon collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thouin" title="André Thouin">André Thouin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Faujas_de_Saint-Fond" title="Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond">Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton-Morveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau">Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a> provided sources for the mineral volumes. </p><p>L’<i>Histoire Naturelle</i> met immense success, almost as great as <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_ou_Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_des_sciences,_des_arts_et_des_m%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers">Encyclopédie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Diderot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diderot">Diderot</a>, which came out in the same period. The first three volumes of <i>L’Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du cabinet du Roi</i> were reprinted three times in six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The encyclopaedia appeared in 36 volumes : </p> <ul><li>3 volumes in 1749 : <i>De la manière d’étudier l’histoire naturelle</i> followed by <i>Théorie de la Terre</i>, <i>Histoire Générale des animaux</i> and <i>Histoire Naturelle de l’homme</i></li> <li>12 volumes on quadrupeds (1753 to 1767)</li> <li>9 volumes on birds (1770 to 1783])</li> <li>5 volumes on minerals (1783 to 1788), the last including <i>Traité de l’aimant</i>, the last work published by Buffon in his lifetime</li> <li>7 volumes of supplements (1774 to 1789), including <i>Époques de la nature</i> (from 1778).</li></ul> <p><i>L’Histoire Naturelle</i> was initially printed at the <a href="/wiki/Imprimerie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprimerie nationale">Imprimerie royale</a> in 36 volumes (1749–1789). In 1764 Buffon bought back the rights to his work. It was continued by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a>, who described the <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">egg-laying quadrupeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishes">fishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> in 8 volumes (1788–1804). </p><p>Buffon was assisted in the work by Jacques-François Artur (1708–1779), Gabriel Léopold Charles Amé Bexon (1748–1785), Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716–1799), <a href="/wiki/Edme-Louis_Daubenton" title="Edme-Louis Daubenton">Edme-Louis Daubenton</a> (1732–1786), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_S%C3%A8ve" title="Jacques de Sève">Jacques de Sève</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">actif</a> 1742–1788), <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Faujas_de_Saint-Fond" title="Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond">Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond</a> (1741–1819), Philippe Guéneau de Montbeillard (1720–1785), <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton-Morveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau">Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau</a> (1737–1816), Bernard Germain de Lacépède (1756–1825), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Martinet" title="François-Nicolas Martinet">François-Nicolas Martinet</a> (1731–1800), the anatomist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Mertrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Claude Mertrud (page does not exist)">Jean-Claude Mertrud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Mertrud" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Claude Mertrud">fr</a>]</span> (1728–1802), <a href="/wiki/Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert_Sonnini_de_Manoncourt" title="Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt">Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt</a> (1751–1812), and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thouin" title="André Thouin">André Thouin</a> (1747–1823). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière""><img alt="1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buffon-2.jpg/131px-Buffon-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buffon-2.jpg/197px-Buffon-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Buffon-2.jpg/262px-Buffon-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="3721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-1-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frontispiece of 1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière""><img alt="Frontispiece of 1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Buffon-1-2.jpg/180px-Buffon-1-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Buffon-1-2.jpg/270px-Buffon-1-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Buffon-1-2.jpg/360px-Buffon-1-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="3287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frontispiece of 1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-1-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table of contents for a 1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière""><img alt="Table of contents for a 1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffon-1-3.jpg/109px-Buffon-1-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffon-1-3.jpg/164px-Buffon-1-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Buffon-1-3.jpg/218px-Buffon-1-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="3075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table of contents for a 1774 edition of volume 1 of "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approach">Approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinson_de_neige_-_Buffon.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pinson_de_neige_-_Buffon.jpeg/220px-Pinson_de_neige_-_Buffon.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pinson_de_neige_-_Buffon.jpeg/330px-Pinson_de_neige_-_Buffon.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pinson_de_neige_-_Buffon.jpeg/440px-Pinson_de_neige_-_Buffon.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Spread of <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> pages, with decorative tail-piece illustration (1779)</figcaption></figure> <p>Each group is introduced with a general essay. This is followed by an article, sometimes of many pages, on each animal (or other item). The article on the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> begins with the claim that it is one of the animals with a specially strong appetite for flesh; it asserts that the animal is naturally coarse and cowardly (<i>grossier et poltron</i>), but becoming crafty at need, and hardy by necessity, driven by hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language, as in this instance, is elegant and elaborate, even "flowery and ornate".<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffon was roundly criticised by his fellow academics for writing a "purely popularizing work, empty and puffed up, with little real scientific value".<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The species is named in Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, German, English, Swedish, and Polish. The zoological descriptions of the species by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Gessner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Theodor_Klein" title="Jacob Theodor Klein">Klein</a> and Buffon himself ("<i>Canis ex griseo flavescens. Lupus vulgaris</i>. Buffon. <i>Reg. animal. pag. 235</i>") are cited. </p><p>The text is written as a continuous essay, without the sections on identification, distribution and behaviour that might have been expected from other natural histories. Parts concern human responses rather than the animal itself, as for example that the wolf likes human flesh, and the strongest wolves sometimes eat nothing else.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurements may be included; in the case of the wolf, 41 separate measurements are tabulated, in pre-revolutionary French feet and inches<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starting with the "Length of the whole body measured in a straight line from the end of the muzzle to the anus........3 feet. 7 inches." (1.2 m); the "Length of the largest claws" is given as "10 lines" (2.2 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wolf is illustrated standing in farmland, and as a complete skeleton standing on a stone plinth in a landscape. The account of the species occupies 32 pages including illustrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buffon's_original_edition_continued_by_Lacépède"><span id="Buffon.27s_original_edition_continued_by_Lac.C3.A9p.C3.A8de"></span>Buffon's original edition continued by Lacépède</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buffon's original edition continued by Lacépède"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B_G_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/B_G_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de.jpg/170px-B_G_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/B_G_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de.jpg/255px-B_G_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/B_G_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a> (1756–1825) continued the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> after Buffon's death.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original edition of the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> by Buffon comprised 36 volumes in quarto, divided into the following series: Histoire de la Terre et de l'Homme, Quadrupèdes, Oiseaux, Minéraux, Suppléments. Buffon edited 35 volumes in his lifetime. Soon after his death, the fifth and final volume of <i>l’Histoire des minéraux</i> appeared in 1788 at the <i>Imprimerie des Bâtiments du Roi</i>. The seventh and final volume of <i>Suppléments</i> by Buffon was published posthumously in 1789 through Lacépède's hands. Lacépède continued the part of the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> which dealt with animals. A few months before Buffon's death, in 1788, Lacépède published, as a continuation, the first volume of his <i>Histoire des Reptiles</i>, on egg-laying quadrupeds. The next year, he wrote a second volume on snakes, published during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Between 1798 and 1803, he brought out the volume <i>Histoire des Poissons</i>. Lacépède made use of the notes and collections left by <a href="/wiki/Philibert_Commerson" title="Philibert Commerson">Philibert Commerson</a> (1727–1773). He wrote <i>Histoire des Cétacés</i> which was printed in 1804. At that point, the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i>, by Buffon and Lacépède, thus contained 44 quarto volumes forming the definitive edition.<sup id="cite_ref-wit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_in_the_editions_by_Buffon_and_Lacépède"><span id="Variations_in_the_editions_by_Buffon_and_Lac.C3.A9p.C3.A8de"></span>Variations in the editions by Buffon and Lacépède</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variations in the editions by Buffon and Lacépède"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another edition in quarto format was printed by the <i>Imprimerie royale</i> in 36 volumes (1774–1804). It consisted of 28 volumes by Buffon, and 8 volumes by Lacépède. The part containing anatomical articles by Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton was dropped. The supplements were merged into the relevant articles in the main volumes. </p><p>The <i>Imprimerie royale</i> also published two editions of the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> in duodecimo format (1752–1805), occupying 90 or 71 volumes, depending on whether or not they included the part on anatomy. In this print format, the original work by Buffon occupied 73 volumes with the part on anatomy, or 54 volumes without the part on anatomy. The continuation by Lacépède took up 17 duodecimo volumes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/220px-Buffon-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/330px-Buffon-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/440px-Buffon-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Volumes 1-12 of a 1774 edition of <i>"Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière."</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A de luxe edition of <i>Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux</i> (Birds) (1771–1786) was produced by the <i>Imprimerie royale</i> in 10 folio and quarto volumes, with 1008 engraved and hand-coloured plates, executed under Buffon's personal supervision by <a href="/wiki/Edme-Louis_Daubenton" title="Edme-Louis Daubenton">Edme-Louis Daubenton</a>, cousin and brother-in-law of Buffon's principal collaborator.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> was translated into languages including English,<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatEn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatEn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German,<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatDe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatDe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedish,<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatSv_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatSv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatRu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatRu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatIt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatIt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many translations, often partial (single volumes, or all volumes to a certain date), abridged, reprinted in the same translation by different printers, or with additional text (for example on insects) and new illustrations, were made at the end of the eighteenth century and the start of the nineteenth century, presenting a complicated publication history. Early translations were necessarily only of the earlier volumes. Given the complexity, all catalogue dates other than of single volumes should be taken as approximate. </p><p>R. Griffith published an early translation of the volume on <i>The Horse</i> in London in 1762. T. Bell published a translation of the first six volumes in London between 1775 and 1776. <a href="/wiki/William_Creech" title="William Creech">William Creech</a> published an edition in Edinburgh between 1780 and 1785. T. Cadell and W. Davies published another edition in London in 1812. An abridged edition was published by Wogan, Byrne et al. in Dublin in 1791; that same year R. Morison and Son of Perth, J. and J. Fairbairn of Edinburgh and T. Kay and C. Forster of London published their edition.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatEn_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatEn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> W. Strahan and T. Cadell published a translation with notes by the encyclopaedist <a href="/wiki/William_Smellie_(encyclopedist)" title="William Smellie (encyclopedist)">William Smellie</a> in London around 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-Smellie_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smellie-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Barr's Buffon</i> in ten volumes was published in London between 1797 and 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> W. Davidson published an abridged version including the natural history of insects taken from Swammerdam, Brookes, Goldsmith et al., with "elegant engravings on wood"; its four volumes appeared in Alnwick in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-Davison_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davison-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German translations include those published by Joseph Georg Trassler 1784–1785; by Pauli, 1772–1829; Grund and Holle, 1750–1775; and Johann Samuel Heinsius, 1756–1782. </p><p>Italian translations include those published by Fratelle Bassaglia around 1788 and Boringherieri in 1959. </p><p>Per Olof Gravander translated an 1802–1803 French abridgement into Swedish, publishing it in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a> in 1806–1807. </p><p>A Russian version (The General and Particular Natural History by Count Buffon; "Всеобщая и частная естественная история графа Бюффона") was brought out by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">The Imperial Academy of Sciences (Императорской Академией Наук)</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> between 1789 and 1808. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1792 English translation of "Buffon’s Natural History" (volume 1)"><img alt="1792 English translation of "Buffon’s Natural History" (volume 1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Buffon-2-1.jpg/155px-Buffon-2-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Buffon-2-1.jpg/233px-Buffon-2-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Buffon-2-1.jpg/310px-Buffon-2-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-file-height="4546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1792 English translation of <i>"Buffon’s Natural History"</i> (volume 1)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page"><img alt="Title page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buffon-2-2.jpg/129px-Buffon-2-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buffon-2-2.jpg/194px-Buffon-2-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buffon-2-2.jpg/258px-Buffon-2-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table of contents page"><img alt="Table of contents page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Buffon-2-3.jpg/138px-Buffon-2-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Buffon-2-3.jpg/207px-Buffon-2-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Buffon-2-3.jpg/276px-Buffon-2-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="3276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table of contents page </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffon-2-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preface page"><img alt="Preface page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Buffon-2-4.jpg/111px-Buffon-2-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Buffon-2-4.jpg/167px-Buffon-2-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Buffon-2-4.jpg/223px-Buffon-2-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="3626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preface page </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's"><span id="Children.27s"></span>Children's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Children's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An abridged edition for children was published by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Warne_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Warne & Co">Frederick Warne</a> in London and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner, Welford and Co.</a> c. 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatEn_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatEn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_by_volume">Contents by volume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contents by volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_cerf_-_Stag_-_Gallica_-_ark_12148-btv1b2300253d-f11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Le_cerf_-_Stag_-_Gallica_-_ark_12148-btv1b2300253d-f11.png/170px-Le_cerf_-_Stag_-_Gallica_-_ark_12148-btv1b2300253d-f11.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Le_cerf_-_Stag_-_Gallica_-_ark_12148-btv1b2300253d-f11.png/255px-Le_cerf_-_Stag_-_Gallica_-_ark_12148-btv1b2300253d-f11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Le_cerf_-_Stag_-_Gallica_-_ark_12148-btv1b2300253d-f11.png/340px-Le_cerf_-_Stag_-_Gallica_-_ark_12148-btv1b2300253d-f11.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Stag from <i>Quadrupèdes</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The original edition was arranged as follows: </p><p><b>Natural history, and description of the king's cabinet of curiosities</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp01AQAAMAAJ&dq=Th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20terre%20Buffon%20histoire%20naturelle&pg=PP9">Volume I</a> : <i>Premier Discours - De la manière d’étudier et de traiter l’histoire naturelle</i>, <i>Second Discours - Histoire et théorie de la Terre</i>, <i>Preuves de la théorie de la Terre</i>, 1749</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOQUS7zs3msC&dq=Th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20terre%20Buffon%20histoire%20naturelle&pg=PP7">Volume II</a> : <i>Histoire générale des Animaux</i>, <i>Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme</i>, 1749</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUjAVaXk0R0C&dq=Buffon%20histoire%20naturelle&pg=PP7">Volume III</a> : <i>Description du cabinet du Roi</i>, <i>Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme</i>, 1749</li></ul> <p><b><i>Quadrupèdes</i> (Quadrupeds)</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067230t">Volume IV</a> (Quadrupèdes I) : <i>Discours sur la nature des Animaux</i>, <i>Les Animaux domestiques</i>, 1753</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10672406">Volume V</a> (Quadrupèdes II) : 1755</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10672421">Volume VI</a> (Quadrupèdes III) : <i>Les Animaux sauvages</i>, 1756</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067244v">Volume VII</a> (Quadrupèdes IV) : <i>Les Animaux carnassiers</i>, 1758</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067246p">Volume VIII</a> (Quadrupèdes V) : 1760</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067248h">Volume IX</a> (Quadrupèdes VI) : 1761</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067250k">Volume X</a> (Quadrupèdes VII) : 1763</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067252d">Volume XI</a> (Quadrupèdes VIII) : 1764</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10672547">Volume XII</a> (Quadrupèdes IX) : 1764</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10672562">Volume XIII</a> (Quadrupèdes X) : 1765</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067258w">Volume XIV</a> (Quadrupèdes XI) : <i>Nomenclature des Singes</i>, <i>De la dégénération des Animaux</i>, 1766</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067260z">Volume XV</a> (Quadrupèdes XII) : 1767</li></ul> <p><b><i>Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux</i> (Birds) (1770–1783)</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coliou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coliou.JPG/170px-Coliou.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coliou.JPG/255px-Coliou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coliou.JPG/340px-Coliou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue-naped_mousebird" title="Blue-naped mousebird">Blue-naped mousebird</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069704p">Volume XVI</a> (Oiseaux I) : 1770</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069710d">Volume XVII</a> (Oiseaux II) : 1771</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10697127">Volume XVIII</a> (Oiseaux III) : 1774</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10697142">Volume XIX</a> (Oiseaux IV) : 1778</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069716w">Volume XX</a> (Oiseaux V) : 1778</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069718q">Volume XXI</a> (Oiseaux VI) : 1779</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069720s">Volume XXII</a> (Oiseaux VII) : 1780</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069722m">Volume XXIII</a> (Oiseaux VIII) : 1781</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069724f">Volume XXIV</a> (Oiseaux IX) : 1783</li></ul> <p><b><i>Histoire Naturelle des Minéraux</i> (Minerals) (1783–1788)</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10705885">Volume XXV</a> (Minéraux I) : 1783</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10705907">Volume XXVI</a> (Minéraux II) : 1783</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10705922">Volume XXVII</a> (Minéraux III) : 1785</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073178b">Volume XXVIII</a> (Minéraux IV) : 1786</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073180d">Volume XXIX</a> (Minéraux V) : <i>Traité de l'Aimant et de ses usages</i>, 1788</li></ul> <p><b><i>Suppléments à l’Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière</i> (Supplements) (1774–1789)</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1070532s">Volume XXX</a> (Suppléments I) : <i>Servant de suite à la Théorie de la Terre, et d’introduction à l’Histoire des Minéraux</i>, 1774</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10705388">Volume XXXI</a> (Suppléments II) : <i>Servant de suite à la Théorie de la Terre, et de préliminaire à l’Histoire des Végétaux - Parties Expérimentale & Hypothétique</i>, 1775</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1070540b">Volume XXXII</a> (Suppléments III) : <i>Servant de suite à l'Histoire des Animaux quadrupèdes</i>, 1776</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10705425">Volume XXXIII</a> (Suppléments IV) : <i>Servant de suite à l'Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme</i>, 1777</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10705440">Volume XXXIV</a> (Suppléments V) : <i>Des Époques de la nature</i>, 1779</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1070546t">Volume XXXV</a> (Suppléments VI) : <i>Servant de suite à l'Histoire des Animaux quadrupèdes</i>, 1782</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1070548n">Volume XXXVI</a> (Suppléments VII) : <i>Servant de suite à l'Histoire des Animaux quadrupèdes</i>, 1789</li></ul> <p><b><i>Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes ovipares et des Serpents</i> (Egg-laying Quadrupeds and Snakes) (1788–1789)</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacepede_Gecko_vol_1_plate_XXIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lacepede_Gecko_vol_1_plate_XXIX.jpg/170px-Lacepede_Gecko_vol_1_plate_XXIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lacepede_Gecko_vol_1_plate_XXIX.jpg/255px-Lacepede_Gecko_vol_1_plate_XXIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lacepede_Gecko_vol_1_plate_XXIX.jpg/340px-Lacepede_Gecko_vol_1_plate_XXIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The Gecko, 1788</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10731842">Volume XXXVII</a> (Reptiles I) : <i>Histoire générale et particulière des Quadrupèdes ovipares</i>, 1788</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073186w">Volume XXXVIII</a> (Reptiles II) : <i>Histoire des Serpents</i>, 1789</li></ul> <p><b><i>Histoire Naturelle des Poissons</i> (Fish) (1798–1803)</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073188q">Volume XXXIX</a> (Poissons I) : 1798</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073190s">Volume XXXX</a> (Poissons II) : 1800</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073192m">Volume XXXXI</a> (Poissons III) : 1802</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1073194f">Volume XXXXII</a> (Poissons IV) : 1802</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10731968">Volume XXXXIII</a> (Poissons V) : 1803</li></ul> <p><b><i>Histoire Naturelle des Cétacés</i> (Cetaceans) (1804)</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15105434">Volume XXXXIV</a> (Cétacés) : 1804</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nashorn.buffon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nashorn.buffon.jpg/170px-Nashorn.buffon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nashorn.buffon.jpg/255px-Nashorn.buffon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nashorn.buffon.jpg/340px-Nashorn.buffon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> (1767)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> had a distinctly mixed reception in the eighteenth century. Wealthy homes in both England and France purchased copies, and the first edition was sold out within six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Buffon was criticised by some priests for suggesting (in the essay <i>Les Epoques de Nature</i>, Volume XXXIV)<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Earth was more than 6,000 years old and that mountains had arisen in geological time. Buffon cites as evidence that fossil sea-shells had been found at the tops of mountains;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the claim was seen as contradicting the biblical account in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. Buffon also disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">system of classifying plants</a> as described in <i>Systema Naturae</i> (1735). In Buffon's view, expounded in the "Premier Discours" of the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> (1749), the concept of species was entirely artificial, the only real entity in nature being the individual; as for a taxonomy based on the number of <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistils</a> in a flower, mere counting (despite Buffon's own training in mathematics) had no bearing on nature.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paris faculty of theology, acting as the official censor, wrote to Buffon with a list of statements in the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> that were contradictory to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Church teaching. Buffon replied that he believed firmly in the biblical account of creation, and was able to continue printing his book, and remain in position as the leader of the 'old school', complete with his job as director of the royal botanical garden. On Buffon's death, the 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> celebrated with the words "This time, the Comte de Buffon is dead and buried". Soon afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> went much further in sweeping away old attitudes to natural history, along with much else.<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippo.buffon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hippo.buffon.jpg/170px-Hippo.buffon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hippo.buffon.jpg/255px-Hippo.buffon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hippo.buffon.jpg/340px-Hippo.buffon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>Newborn <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a> (1767)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> calls the <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> "Buffon's major work", observing that "In addressing the history of the earth, Buffon also broke with the 'counter-factual' tradition of Descartes, and presented a secular and realist account of the origins of the earth and its life forms."<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its view, the work created an "age of Buffon", defining what natural history itself was, while Buffon's "Discourse on Method" (unlike that of <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>) at the start of the work argued that repeated observation could lead to a greater certainty of knowledge even than "mathematical analysis of nature".<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffon also led natural history away from the <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a> of British <a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">parson-naturalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a>. He thus offered both a new methodology and an empirical style of enquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffon's position on <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> is complex; he noted in Volume 4 from Daubenton's comparative anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> that species might "transform", but initially (1753) rejected the possibility. However, in doing so he changed the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> from a fixed or universal class (which could not change, by definition) to "the historical succession of ancestor and descendant linked by material connection through generation", identified by the ability to mate and produce fertile offspring. Thus the horse and donkey, which produce only sterile hybrids, are seen empirically not to be the same species, even though they have similar anatomy. That empirical fact leaves open the possibility of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Style">Style</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The botanist Sandra Knapp writes that "Buffon's prose was so <a href="/wiki/Purple_prose" title="Purple prose">purple</a> that the ideas themselves are almost hidden",<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observing that this was also the contemporary academic opinion. She notes that some quite radical ideas are to be found in his work, but they are almost invisible, given the language they are cloaked in. She quotes Buffon's dramatic description of the lion, which along with the engraving in her view "emphasized both the lion's regal bearing and personality not only in his text but also in the illustration... A reader was left in no doubt as to the importance and character of the animal."<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She concludes "No wonder the cultured <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic">aristocratic</a> public lapped it up – the text reads more like a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic novel">romantic novel</a> than a dry scientific treatise".<sup id="cite_ref-Huxley_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolutionary_thought">Evolutionary thought</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evolutionary thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a> comments that "In this monumental and fascinating <i>Histoire naturelle</i>, Buffon dealt in a stimulating manner with almost all the problems that would subsequently be raised by evolutionists. Written in a brilliant style, this work was read in French or in one of the numerous translations by every educated person in Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayr argued that "virtually all the well-known writers of the Enlightenment"<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were "Buffonians", and calls Buffon "the father of all thought in <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> in the second half of the eighteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mayr notes that Buffon was not an "evolutionist", but was certainly responsible for creating the great amount of interest in natural history in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He agrees that Buffon's thought is hard to classify and even self-contradictory, and that the <a href="/wiki/Theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologians">theologians</a> forced him to avoid writing some of his opinions openly. Mayr argues however that Buffon was "fully aware of the possibility of 'common descent', and was perhaps the first author ever to articulate it clearly",<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quoting Buffon at length, starting with "Not only the ass and the horse, but also man, the apes, the quadrupeds, and all the animals might be regarded as constituting but a single family",<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later "that man and ape have a common origin", and that "the power of nature...with sufficient time, she has been able from a single being to derive all the other organized beings". Mayr notes, however, that Buffon immediately rejects the suggestion and offers three arguments against it, namely that no new species have arisen in historical times; that <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid infertility">hybrid infertility</a> firmly separates species; and that animals intermediate between, say, the horse and the donkey are not seen (in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Illustrations_de_Histoire_naturelle_du_Roy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Illustrations de Histoire naturelle du Roy">Illustrations de Histoire naturelle du Roy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement_in_France_before_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution">The pre-revolutionary units of measurement <i>pieds</i> (feet) and <i>pouces</i> (inches)</a> were slightly (1.066×) larger than the equivalent British feet and inches.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_Naturelle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buffon, "Nomenclature des Singes ", in <i>Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>, Tome Quatorzième ("Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes" XI), Imprimerie royale, Paris, 1766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buffon, "L'Unau et l'Aï", in <i>Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi</i>, Tome Treizième ("Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes" X), Imprimerie royale, Paris, 1765.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger, Jacques. <i>Buffon, un philosophe au Jardin du Roi</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1989, 645 p. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-02265-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-02265-8">2-213-02265-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97496g/f44.zoom"><i>Le Loup</i></a> Volume VII. p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huxley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp,_Sandra" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Buffon" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Buffon">Knapp, Sandra</a>. Huxley, Robert (ed.). <i>The Great Naturalists</i>. Thames and Hudson. pp. 140–148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Naturalists&rft.pages=140-148&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97496g/f53.zoom"><i>Le Loup</i></a> Volume VII. p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97496g/f62.zoom"><i>Le Loup</i></a> Volume VII. pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wit-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wit_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendrik Cornelius Dirk De Wit, <i>Histoire du Développement de la Biologie</i>, Volume III, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 1994, pp. 101–110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88074-264-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-88074-264-1">2-88074-264-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Laurent_de_Jussieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu">Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu</a>, <i>Sixième Notice historique sur le Muséum</i>, Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Tome Onzième, Tourneisen Fils libraire, Paris, 1808, pp.1-39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCatEn-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatEn_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatEn_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatEn_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3ANatural+History+au%3ABuffon&qt=advanced&dblist=638">"Natural History: Buffon"</a>. WorldCat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+History%3A+Buffon&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dti%253ANatural%2BHistory%2Bau%253ABuffon%26qt%3Dadvanced%26dblist%3D638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCatDe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatDe_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffon" class="citation web cs1">Buffon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3AHistoire+Naturelle+au%3ABuffon&fq=ln%3Ager&qt=advanced&dblist=638">"Histoire Naturelle"</a>. WorldCat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histoire+Naturelle&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft.au=Buffon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dti%253AHistoire%2BNaturelle%2Bau%253ABuffon%26fq%3Dln%253Ager%26qt%3Dadvanced%26dblist%3D638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCatSv-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatSv_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffon" class="citation web cs1">Buffon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3AHistoire+Naturelle+au%3ABuffon&fq=ln%3Aswe&qt=advanced&dblist=638">"Naturalhistoria"</a>. Worldcat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naturalhistoria&rft.pub=Worldcat&rft.au=Buffon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dti%253AHistoire%2BNaturelle%2Bau%253ABuffon%26fq%3Dln%253Aswe%26qt%3Dadvanced%26dblist%3D638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCatRu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatRu_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffon" class="citation book cs1">Buffon. <i>Vseobshchai︠a︡ i chastnai︠a︡ estestvennai︠a︡ istorīi︠a︡ grafa de Bi︠u︡ffona</i>. WorldCat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80253027">80253027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vseobshchai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+i+chastnai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+estestvennai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+istor%C4%ABi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+grafa+de+Bi%EF%B8%A0u%EF%B8%A1ffona&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80253027&rft.au=Buffon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCatIt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatIt_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffon" class="citation book cs1">Buffon. <i>Storia Naturale</i>. WorldCat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637863895">637863895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+Naturale&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637863895&rft.au=Buffon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smellie-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smellie_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmellie" class="citation book cs1">Smellie, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77168#page/7/mode/1up"><i>Natural History, General and Particular, by the Count de Buffon</i></a>. Vol. 2. W. Strahan and T. Cadell<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Buffon's Natural History</i></a>. Vol. 5. Barr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barr%27s+Buffon.+Buffon%27s+Natural+History&rft.pub=Barr&rft.date=1807&rft.au=Buffon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F83089%23page%2F4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davison_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffon1814" class="citation web cs1">Buffon (1814). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23837#/summary">"The System of Natural History written by M. de Buffon, Carefully Abridged"</a>. <i>Biodiversity Heritage Library</i>. W. Davison<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+Heritage+Library&rft.atitle=The+System+of+Natural+History+written+by+M.+de+Buffon%2C+Carefully+Abridged&rft.date=1814&rft.au=Buffon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F23837%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQueen,_Rod" class="citation web cs1">McQueen, Rod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawntoduskpublications.com/html/rocks_ages_chapter.htm">"Rocks of Ages"</a>. Dawn to Dusk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocks+of+Ages&rft.pub=Dawn+to+Dusk&rft.au=McQueen%2C+Rod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawntoduskpublications.com%2Fhtml%2Frocks_ages_chapter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrängsmyr,_ToreHeilbron,_J.L.Rider,_Robin_E.1990" class="citation book cs1">Frängsmyr, Tore; Heilbron, J.L.; Rider, Robin E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft6d5nb455&chunk.id=d0e2314&toc.depth=100&brand=ucpress">"The Broken Circle. The Challenge of Plenitude"</a>. <i>The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century</i>. University of California Press. pp. 60–61<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Broken+Circle.+The+Challenge+of+Plenitude&rft.btitle=The+Quantifying+Spirit+in+the+18th+Century&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Fr%C3%A4ngsmyr%2C+Tore&rft.au=Heilbron%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Rider%2C+Robin+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft6d5nb455%26chunk.id%3Dd0e2314%26toc.depth%3D100%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolution-to-1872/#2.4">"The Concept of Evolution to 1872"</a>. 3 June 2014 [2005]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Evolution+to+1872&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fevolution-to-1872%2F%232.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayr-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr,_Ernst1981" class="citation book cs1">Mayr, Ernst (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google.co.uk/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC&pg=PA330"><i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i></a>. Harvard. pp. 329–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674364462" title="Special:BookSources/9780674364462"><bdi>9780674364462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Biological+Thought&rft.pages=329-337&rft.pub=Harvard&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780674364462&rft.au=Mayr%2C+Ernst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHThtE2R0UQC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoire+Naturelle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical<br />antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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