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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Architectural terracotta</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg/220px-Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg/330px-Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg/440px-Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="2391"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_History_Museum_London_Jan_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> has an ornate <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> facade typical of high <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a>. The carvings represent the contents of the Museum</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs,_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%2C_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg/220px-The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%2C_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%2C_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg/330px-The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%2C_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%2C_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg/440px-The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%2C_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Church_of_St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs,_Lever_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1709102.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%27_Church,_Lever_Bridge" title="St Stephen and All Martyrs' Church, Lever Bridge">St Stephen and All Martyrs' Church, Lever Bridge</a>, Bolton, England</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg/220px-Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg" width="220" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg/330px-Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg/440px-Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1199"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_History_Museum_Detail.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The architectural detail on the facade of the building represents the contents of the Museum</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg/220px-Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg/330px-Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg/440px-Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_Edison_Telephone_Building.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_%26_19_Newhall_Street,_Birmingham" title="17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham">The Bell Edison Telephone Building</a>, Birmingham, England</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg/170px-Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg" width="170" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg/255px-Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg/340px-Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="640"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prudential_Assurance_Liverpool.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Assurance_Building,_Liverpool" title="Prudential Assurance Building, Liverpool">Prudential Assurance Building</a>, Liverpool, England</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Architectural terracotta</b>, in its unglazed form, became fashionable as an architectural ceramic construction material in England in the 1860s, and in the <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the 1870s. It was generally used to supplement <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> and <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a> of similar colour in late <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> buildings.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> had been used architecturally before this in <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> from 1824 by <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>. <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Sharpe" title="Edmund Sharpe">Edmund Sharpe</a> designed and oversaw the construction of the first church built almost exclusively of the material, <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen_and_All_Martyrs%27_Church,_Lever_Bridge" title="St Stephen and All Martyrs' Church, Lever Bridge">St Stephen and All Martyrs' Church, Lever Bridge</a> in <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, erected 1842–45. <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cole" title="Henry Cole">Henry Cole</a>, secretary to the Science and Arts Department of the UK adopted <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> for the building which is now the <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> (1859–71) and then the <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> (1867–71), both in <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waterhouse" title="Alfred Waterhouse">Alfred Waterhouse</a> used it in his designs when in business in <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> from 1853 and London from 1865. He used a combination of buff and blue-grey terracotta in his <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> in London.</p> <p>The colour of terracotta varies with the source of the clay. London clay gives a pale pink or buff colour, whereas the <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruabon#Brick_and_clay_works" title="Ruabon">Ruabon</a> (<a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>) clay gives a bright red.</p> <p>Terracotta had the advantage of being cheap and light. It was adaptable to mass-production techniques for stock shapes, although the plaster moulds had a limited capability for re-use. Additionally it could be freely worked by craftsmen to make custom-sculptured adornments and plaques. It was accepted as a material by the <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> because despite seeming a mass-produced material it was handmade and designed by craftsmen. It had a manufacture time of about eight weeks and each piece had to be made over-size to allow for shrinkage as the clay body dried. To avoid cracking the pieces had to be quite thin. They were filled with concrete as they were applied to buildings.</p> <p>The disadvantage of terracotta, apart from its rather uniform colour in a given district, was that it was not easy to keep clean. Town smoke made it blacken. A more modern phenomenon is the growth of naturally seeded plants and small trees which grow in the nooks and crannies of the intricate designs high above the streets now that the Victorian pollution has gone.</p> <p>Unglazed terracotta went out of fashion from around the 1890s, giving way to <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazed_architectural_terra-cotta" title="Glazed architectural terra-cotta">glazed architectural terra-cotta</a>, or <i>faience</i> as it is known in Britain, which does not attract grime and is easy to clean, giving way to a more colourful architecture.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architectural_terracotta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manufacturers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marriott_Blashfield" title="John Marriott Blashfield">John Marriott Blashfield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524014407/http://bostonvalley.com/">Boston Valley Terra Cotta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmantofts_Pottery" title="Burmantofts Pottery">Burmantofts Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_and_Canning_Limited" title="Gibbs and Canning Limited">Gibbs and Canning Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladding,_McBean" title="Gladding, McBean">Gladding, McBean</a>, California, USA</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Amboy_Terra_Cotta_Company" title="Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company">Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company</a> of <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey" title="Perth Amboy, New Jersey">Perth Amboy, New Jersey</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architectural_terracotta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Brick: A World History</i>, James W P Campbell & Will Pryce, 2003, <a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500341958" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-500-34195-8</a></p> <table class="mbox-small-left plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Terracotta_in_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Terracotta in architecture">Terracotta in architecture</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524014407/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architectural_terracotta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524014407/http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/terracot/terracot.htm">Article on terracotta in <i>Victorian and Edwardian Terracotta Buildings</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524014407/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/52/UNDERSTANDING_dir/UNDERSTANDING_s.htm"><i>Understanding and Conserving Terracotta</i> - Dr Michael Stratton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524014407/http://www.boltonmuseums.org.uk/collections/local-history/social-history-images/197055127by/imageFile_480">Bolton Museums</a></li> </ul>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524014407im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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