Manually create and measure Baseline Profiles | App quality

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track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-profile" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Profiling a benchmark</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-instrumentation-args" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-instrumentation-args" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-instrumentation-args" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Adding instrumentation arguments</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-and-hilt" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-and-hilt" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-and-hilt" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Microbenchmark and Hilt</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-without-gradle" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-without-gradle" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/benchmarking/microbenchmark-without-gradle" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Building without Gradle</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/benchmarking/benchmarking-in-ci" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/benchmarking/benchmarking-in-ci" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/benchmarking/benchmarking-in-ci" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Benchmarking in CI</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Measure performance</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/measuring-performance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/measuring-performance" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/measuring-performance" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/performance-measurement-examples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/performance-measurement-examples" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/performance-measurement-examples" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Examples</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Improving performance</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/improving-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/improving-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/improving-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How to improve performance</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Baseline Profiles</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About Baseline Profiles</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/create-baselineprofile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/create-baselineprofile" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/create-baselineprofile" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create Baseline Profiles</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/create-baselineprofile-library" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/create-baselineprofile-library" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/create-baselineprofile-library" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create Baseline Profiles for a library</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/configure-baselineprofiles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/configure-baselineprofiles" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/configure-baselineprofiles" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Configure Baseline Profile generation</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/measure-baselineprofile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/measure-baselineprofile" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/measure-baselineprofile" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Measure with Macrobenchmark library</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/manually-create-measure" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/manually-create-measure" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/manually-create-measure" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manually create and measure Baseline Profiles</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/dex-layout-optimizations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/dex-layout-optimizations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/dex-layout-optimizations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create Startup Profiles</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/debug-baseline-profiles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/debug-baseline-profiles" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/debug-baseline-profiles" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug Baseline Profiles</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/case-study-android-calendar" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/baselineprofiles/case-study-android-calendar" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/case-study-android-calendar" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Case study - Android Calendar</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App startup</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/appstartup/analysis-optimization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/appstartup/analysis-optimization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/appstartup/analysis-optimization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze and optimize app startup</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/appstartup/case-study-gmail-wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/appstartup/case-study-gmail-wear" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/appstartup/case-study-gmail-wear" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Case study - Gmail Wear OS</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/libraries/app-startup" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/libraries/app-startup" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/libraries/app-startup" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App startup library</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Guides</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/appstartup/setup-env" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/appstartup/setup-env" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/appstartup/setup-env" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up your environment for testing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/background" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/background" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/background" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About background work ⍈</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/performance-class" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/performance-class" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/performance-class" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Declare a device performance class</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/appstandby" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/appstandby" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/appstandby" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About App Standby Buckets</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/app-hibernation" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/app-hibernation" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/app-hibernation" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About app hibernation</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/practices/verifying-apps-art" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/practices/verifying-apps-art" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/practices/verifying-apps-art" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Verify app behavior on the Android runtime (ART)</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Solving common problems</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/launch-time" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/launch-time" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/launch-time" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Startup</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>ANRs</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/anrs/keep-your-app-responsive" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/anrs/keep-your-app-responsive" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/anrs/keep-your-app-responsive" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Keep your app responsive</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/anrs/diagnose-and-fix-anrs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/anrs/diagnose-and-fix-anrs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/anrs/diagnose-and-fix-anrs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Diagnose and fix ANRs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/anrs/find-unresponsive-thread" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/anrs/find-unresponsive-thread" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/anrs/find-unresponsive-thread" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Find the unresponsive thread</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Rendering</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/rendering" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/rendering" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/rendering" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Performance of rendering</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/rendering/overdraw" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/rendering/overdraw" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/rendering/overdraw" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reducing overdraw</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/rendering/optimizing-view-hierarchies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/rendering/optimizing-view-hierarchies" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/rendering/optimizing-view-hierarchies" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Performance and view hierarchies</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/rendering/profile-gpu" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/rendering/profile-gpu" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/rendering/profile-gpu" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyzing with profile GPU rendering</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/develop/ui/views/layout/improving-layouts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /develop/ui/views/layout/improving-layouts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/develop/ui/views/layout/improving-layouts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Improve layout performance</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Memory</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/memory-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/memory-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/memory-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About memory management</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/memory-management" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/memory-management" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/memory-management" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Memory allocation among processes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/memory" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/memory" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/memory" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage your app's memory</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/components/processes-and-threads" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/components/processes-and-threads" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/components/processes-and-threads" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Processes and threads</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Battery and power</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/training/monitoring-device-state/doze-standby" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /training/monitoring-device-state/doze-standby" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/training/monitoring-device-state/doze-standby" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Optimize for doze and app standby</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/training/monitoring-device-state/battery-monitoring" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /training/monitoring-device-state/battery-monitoring" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/training/monitoring-device-state/battery-monitoring" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor the battery level and charging state</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/training/monitoring-device-state/connectivity-status-type" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /training/monitoring-device-state/connectivity-status-type" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/training/monitoring-device-state/connectivity-status-type" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor connectivity status and connection metering</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/training/monitoring-device-state/docking-monitoring" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /training/monitoring-device-state/docking-monitoring" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/training/monitoring-device-state/docking-monitoring" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Determining and monitor docking state and type</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/power/setup-battery-historian" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/power/setup-battery-historian" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/power/setup-battery-historian" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Profile battery usage with Batterystats and Battery Historian</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/power/battery-historian" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/power/battery-historian" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/power/battery-historian" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyze power use with Battery Historian</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/power/test-power" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/power/test-power" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/power/test-power" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test power-related issues</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/background-optimization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/background-optimization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/background-optimization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Background optimizations</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/reduce-apk-size" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/reduce-apk-size" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/reduce-apk-size" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reduce app size</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/hardware-accel" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/hardware-accel" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/hardware-accel" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Hardware acceleration</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/sqlite-performance-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/sqlite-performance-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/sqlite-performance-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best practices for SQLite performance</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/appstartup/best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/appstartup/best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/appstartup/best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Performance best practices</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitoring performance</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/monitoring-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/monitoring-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/monitoring-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About monitoring performance</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Android vitals</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>About Android vitals</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/anr" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/anr" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/anr" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>ANRs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/crash" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/crash" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/crash" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Crashes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/render" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/render" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/render" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Slow Rendering</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/slow-session" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/slow-session" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/slow-session" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Slow Sessions</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/wakelock" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/wakelock" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/wakelock" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Stuck Partial Wake Locks</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/wakeup" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/wakeup" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/wakeup" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Excessive Wakeups</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/bg-wifi" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/bg-wifi" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/bg-wifi" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Excessive Background Wi-Fi Scans</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/bg-network-usage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/bg-network-usage" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/bg-network-usage" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Excessive Background Network Usage</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/permissions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/permissions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/permissions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Permission Denials</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/vitals/launch-time" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/vitals/launch-time" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/vitals/launch-time" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Startup Time</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/topic/performance/jankstats" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /topic/performance/jankstats" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/topic/performance/jankstats" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>JankStats library</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>On Google Play</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/vitals/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://play.google.com/console/about/vitals/" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/console/about/vitals/" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Android vitals</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/releasewithconfidence/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/releasewithconfidence/" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/releasewithconfidence/" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Healthy releases</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Essentials" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gemini in Android Studio </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/gemini-in-android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn more" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn more </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get Android Studio" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get Android Studio </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Hello world" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Hello world </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/courses" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Training courses" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Training courses </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/codelabs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Tutorials" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tutorials </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/kotlin" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Kotlin for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Kotlin for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Monetization with Play ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Monetization with Play ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Extend by device </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/adaptive-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: ChromeOS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > ChromeOS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/multi-device-development" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-device SDK" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-device SDK </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build by category </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Games" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Games </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Camera & Media" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Camera & Media </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/social-and-messaging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Social & messaging" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Social & messaging </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Health & Fitness" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Health & Fitness </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/productivity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Productivity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Productivity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/work/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Enterprise apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Enterprise apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get the latest </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Latest updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Latest updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates/experimental" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Experimental updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Experimental updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/preview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack & Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack & Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables/versions/4" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy Sandbox" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy Sandbox </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Design & Plan" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > UI Design </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/mobile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mobile" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mobile </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Large screens (e.g., tablets)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Large screens (e.g., tablets) </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/widget" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Widgets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Widgets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Architecture </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/architecture/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Introduction" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/libraries/view-binding" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Navigation" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Navigation </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/modularization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Modularization" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Modularization </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing/fundamentals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Testing" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Testing </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Quality </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/core-value" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core value" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core value </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User experience" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User experience </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/technical" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technical quality" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technical quality </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/privacy-and-security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/privacy-and-security/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security/fraud-prevention" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fraud prevention" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fraud prevention </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build for Billions </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About new markets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About new markets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/androidgo" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android (Go edition)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android (Go edition) </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Develop" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build AI experiences </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get started" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core areas </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/samples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Samples" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Samples </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quick-guides" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Try Quick Guidesᵇᵉᵗᵃ" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Try Quick Guidesᵇᵉᵗᵃ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/ui" 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Background work </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data and files" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data and files </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop#core-areas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: All core areas ⤵️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > All core areas ⤵️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tools and workflow </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/write" 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your app </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/performance/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Performance" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Performance </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Command-line tools" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Command-line tools </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/reference/tools/gradle-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Gradle plugin API" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gradle plugin API </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Device tech </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Large screens (e.g., tablets)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Large screens (e.g., tablets) </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness/guides" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Health" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Health </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/connectivity/cross-device-sdk/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-device SDK" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-device SDK </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for 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<section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav has-sidebar > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="On this page" depth="2" scrollbars ></devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-sidebar class="nocontent devsite-nav"> </devsite-recommendations-sidebar> </div> </div> <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Android Developers" > Android Developers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div 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href="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Technical quality </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Manually create and measure Baseline Profiles </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-dropdown class="nocontent"></devsite-recommendations-dropdown> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>We highly recommend automating generation of profile rules using the <a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/measure-baselineprofile">Jetpack Macrobenchmark library</a> to reduce manual effort and increase general scalability. However, it is possible to manually create and measure profile rules in your app.</p> <h2 id="define-rules-manually" data-text="Define profile rules manually" tabindex="-1">Define profile rules manually</h2> <p>You can define profile rules manually in an app or a library module by creating a file called <code translate="no" dir="ltr">baseline-prof.txt</code> located in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">src/main</code> directory. This is the same folder that contains the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file.</p> <p>The file specifies one rule per line. Each rule represents a pattern for matching methods or classes in the app or library that needs to be optimized.</p> <p>The syntax for these rules is a superset of the human-readable ART profile format (HRF) when using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">adb shell profman --dump-classes-and-methods</code>. The syntax is similar to the <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/dex-format">syntax for descriptors and signatures</a>, but lets wildcards be used to simplify the rule-writing process.</p> <p>The following example shows a few Baseline Profile rules included in the Jetpack Compose library:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">HSPLandroidx/compose/runtime/ComposerImpl;->updateValue(Ljava/lang/Object;)V HSPLandroidx/compose/runtime/ComposerImpl;->updatedNodeCount(I)I HLandroidx/compose/runtime/ComposerImpl;->validateNodeExpected()V PLandroidx/compose/runtime/CompositionImpl;->applyChanges()V HLandroidx/compose/runtime/ComposerKt;->findLocation(Ljava/util/List;I)I Landroidx/compose/runtime/ComposerImpl; </code></pre> <p>You can try modifying profile rules in this <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/zYf5Pqb8h">sample Compiler Explorer project</a>. Note that Compiler Explorer only supports the human-readable ART profile format (HRF), so wildcards aren't supported.</p> <h3 id="rule_syntax" data-text="Rule syntax" tabindex="-1">Rule syntax</h3> <p>These rules take one of two forms to target either methods or classes:</p> <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">[FLAGS][CLASS_DESCRIPTOR]->[METHOD_SIGNATURE] </code></pre> <p>A class rule uses the following pattern:</p> <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">[CLASS_DESCRIPTOR] </code></pre> <p>See the following table for a detailed description:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Syntax</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">FLAGS</code></td> <td>Represents one or more of the characters <code translate="no" dir="ltr">H</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">S</code>, and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">P</code> to indicate whether this method must be flagged as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Hot</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Startup</code>, or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Post Startup</code> in regards to the startup type. <br><br>A method with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">H</code> flag indicates that it is a "hot" method, meaning it is called many times during the lifetime of the app. <br><br>A method with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">S</code> flag indicates that it is a method called during startup. <br><br>A method with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">P</code> flag indicates that it is a method called after startup. <br><br>A class present in this file indicates that it is used during startup and must be pre-allocated in the heap to avoid the cost of class loading. ART compiler employs various optimization strategies, such as AOT compilation of these methods and performing layout optimizations in the generated AOT file.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">CLASS_DESCRIPTOR</code></td> <td>Descriptor for the targeted method's class. For example, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">androidx.compose.runtime.SlotTable</code> has a descriptor of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Landroidx/compose/runtime/SlotTable;</code>. L is prepended here per the <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/dex-format">Dalvik Executable (DEX) format</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">METHOD_SIGNATURE</code></td> <td>Signature of the method, including the name, parameter types, and return types of the method. For example:<br><br> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">// LayoutNode.kt</code> <br><br><code translate="no" dir="ltr">fun isPlaced():Boolean {</code> <br> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">// ...</code><br><code translate="no" dir="ltr">}</code> <br><br>on <code translate="no" dir="ltr">LayoutNode</code> has the signature <code translate="no" dir="ltr">isPlaced()Z</code>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>These patterns can have wildcards to have a single rule encompass multiple methods or classes. For guided assistance when writing with rule syntax in Android Studio, see the <a href="https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/17384-android-baseline-profiles">Android Baseline Profiles</a> plugin.</p> <p>An example of a wildcard rule might look something like this:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">HSPLandroidx/compose/ui/layout/**->**(**)** </code></pre> <h3 id="supported-types" data-text="Supported types in Baseline Profile rules" tabindex="-1">Supported types in Baseline Profile rules</h3> <p>Baseline Profile rules support the following types. For details on these types, see the <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/dex-format">Dalvik Executable (DEX) format</a>.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Character</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">B</code></td> <td>byte</td> <td>Signed byte</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">C</code></td> <td>char</td> <td>Unicode character code point encoded in UTF-16</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">D</code></td> <td>double</td> <td>Double-precision floating point value</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">F</code></td> <td>float</td> <td>Single-precision floating point value</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">I</code></td> <td>int</td> <td>Integer</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">J</code></td> <td>long</td> <td>Long integer</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">S</code></td> <td>short</td> <td>Signed short</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">V</code></td> <td>void</td> <td>Void</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Z</code></td> <td>boolean</td> <td>True or false</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code translate="no" dir="ltr">L</code> (class name)</td> <td>reference</td> <td>An instance of a class name</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Additionally, libraries can define rules that are packaged in AAR artifacts. When you build an APK to include these artifacts, the rules are merged together—similar to how manifest merging is done—and compiled to a compact binary ART profile that is specific to the APK.</p> <p>ART leverages this profile when the APK is used on devices to AOT compile a specific subset of the app at install-time on Android 9 (API level 28), or Android 7 (API level 24) when using <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/profileinstaller"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">ProfileInstaller</code></a>.</p> <h2 id="manually_collect_baseline_profiles" data-text="Manually collect Baseline Profiles" tabindex="-1">Manually collect Baseline Profiles</h2> <p>You can manually generate a Baseline Profile without setting up the Macrobenchmark library and create UI automations of your critical user journeys. Although we recommend using Macrobenchmarks, it might not always be possible. For example, if you're using a non-Gradle build system, then you can't use the Baseline Profile Gradle plugin. In such cases, you can manually collect Baseline Profile rules. This is much easier if you use a device or emulator running API 34 and higher. Although it's still possible with lower API levels, it requires root access, and you need to use an emulator running an AOSP image. You can collect rules directly by doing the following:</p> <ol> <li>Install a release version of your app on a test device. The app build type must be R8-optimized and non-debuggable for an accurate profile.</li> <li>Make sure the profiles aren't already compiled.<p/> <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 id="api34+" data-text="API 34 and higher" tabindex="-1">API 34 and higher</h3> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb shell cmd package compile -f -m verify <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> adb shell pm art clear-app-profiles <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> </pre> </section><section><h3 id="api33-" data-text="API 33 and lower" tabindex="-1">API 33 and lower</h3> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb root adb shell cmd package compile --reset <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> </pre> </section></div> </div><p/> If your APK has a dependency on the Jetpack <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/profileinstaller">Profile Installer</a> library, the library bootstraps a profile on the first launch of your APK. This can interfere with the profile generation process, so disable it with the following command:<p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb shell am broadcast -a androidx.profileinstaller.action.SKIP_FILE <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var>/androidx.profileinstaller.ProfileInstallReceiver </pre></li> <li>Run the app and manually navigate through your critical user journeys you want to collect a profile for.</li> <li>Prompt ART to dump the profiles. If your APK has a dependency on the Jetpack Profile Installer library, use that to dump the profiles:<p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb shell am broadcast -a androidx.profileinstaller.action.SAVE_FILE <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var>/androidx.profileinstaller.ProfileInstallReceiver adb shell am force-stop <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> </pre> If you're not using Profile Installer, dump the profiles manually on an emulator using the following command:<p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb root adb shell killall -s SIGUSR1 <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> adb shell am force-stop <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> </pre></li> <li>Wait at least five seconds to let profile generation complete.</li> <li>Convert the binary profiles that are generated to text:<p/> <div> <div class="ds-selector-tabs"><section><h3 id="api34+" data-text="API 34 and higher" tabindex="-1">API 34 and higher</h3> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb shell pm dump-profiles --dump-classes-and-methods <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> </pre> </section><section><h3 id="api33-" data-text="API 33 and lower" tabindex="-1">API 33 and lower</h3> <p/>Determine whether a reference profile or a current profile has been created. A reference profile is located in the following location:<p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> /data/misc/profiles/ref/$<var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var>/primary.prof </pre><p/> A current profile is located in the following location:<p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> /data/misc/profiles/cur/0/<var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var>/primary.prof </pre><p/> Determine the location of the APK:<p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb root adb shell pm path <var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var> </pre><p/> Perform the conversion:<p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb root adb shell profman --dump-classes-and-methods --profile-file=<var translate="no">$PROFILE_PATH</var> --apk=<var translate="no">$APK_PATH</var> > /data/misc/profman/<var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var>-primary.prof.txt </pre><p/> </section></div> </div></li> <li>Use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">adb</code> to retrieve the dumped profile from the device: <p/> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"> adb pull /data/misc/profman/<var translate="no">$PACKAGE_NAME</var>-primary.prof.txt <var translate="no">PATH_TO_APP_MODULE</var>/src/main/ </pre></li> </ol> <p>This pulls the generated profile rules and installs them into your app module. The next time you build the app, the Baseline Profile is included. Verify this by following the steps in <a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/debug-baseline-profiles#installation_issues">Installation issues</a>.</p> <h2 id="measuring-baseline" data-text="Manually measure app improvements" tabindex="-1">Manually measure app improvements</h2> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> For greater stability and accuracy, we recommend using Macrobenchmark to measure performance impact, as it can measure repeatedly in a loop, capture traces for performance debugging, and increase reliability—for example, by clearing the operating system's disk cache.</span></aside> <p>We highly recommend that you measure app improvements through benchmarking. However, if you'd like to measure improvements manually, you can get started by measuring the unoptimized <a href="/topic/performance/vitals/launch-time#time-initial">app startup</a> for reference.</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-sh" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr">PACKAGE_NAME=com.example.app</code> <code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Force Stop App adb shell am force-stop $PACKAGE_NAME # Reset compiled state adb shell cmd package compile --reset $PACKAGE_NAME</code> <code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Measure App startup # This corresponds to `Time to initial display` metric. adb shell am start-activity -W -n $PACKAGE_NAME/.ExampleActivity \ | grep "TotalTime"</code> </pre> <p>Next, sideload the Baseline Profile.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> This workflow is only supported on version Android 9 (API 28) to Android 11 (API 30). For more information, see <a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/overview#compilation-behaviors">Compilation behavior across Android versions</a>.</span></aside><pre class="prettyprint lang-sh" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Unzip the Release APK first. unzip release.apk</code> <code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Create a ZIP archive. # The name should match the name of the APK. # Copy `baseline.prof{m}` and rename it `primary.prof{m}`. cp assets/dexopt/baseline.prof primary.prof cp assets/dexopt/baseline.profm primary.profm</code> <code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Create an archive. zip -r release.dm primary.prof primary.profm</code> <code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Confirm that release.dm only contains the two profile files: unzip -l release.dm # Archive: release.dm # Length Date Time Name # --------- ---------- ----- ---- # 3885 1980-12-31 17:01 primary.prof # 1024 1980-12-31 17:01 primary.profm # --------- ------- # 2 files</code> <code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Install APK + Profile together. adb install-multiple release.apk release.dm</code> </pre> <p>To verify that the package was optimized on install, run the following command:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-sh" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Check dexopt state. adb shell dumpsys package dexopt | grep -A 1 $PACKAGE_NAME</code> </pre> <p>The output must state that the package is compiled:</p> <pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">[com.example.app] path: /data/app/~~YvNxUxuP2e5xA6EGtM5i9A==/com.example.app-zQ0tkJN8tDrEZXTlrDUSBg==/base.apk arm64: [status=speed-profile] [reason=install-dm] </code></pre> <p>Now, you can measure app startup performance like before but without resetting the compiled state. Ensure that you don't reset the compiled state for the package.</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-sh" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Force stop app adb shell am force-stop $PACKAGE_NAME</code> <code class="devsite-terminal" translate="no" dir="ltr"># Measure app startup adb shell am start-activity -W -n $PACKAGE_NAME/.ExampleActivity \ | grep "TotalTime"</code> </pre><aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> For greater stability and accuracy, it's recommended to use Macrobenchmark to measure performance impact, as it can measure repeatedly in a loop, capture traces for performance debugging, and increase reliability (for example, by clearing the operating system's disk cache).</span></aside> <h2 id="android-baseline" data-text="Baseline Profiles and profgen" tabindex="-1">Baseline Profiles and profgen</h2> <p>This section describes what the <em>profgen</em> tool does when building a compact binary version of a <a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/overview">Baseline Profile</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/tools/base/+/refs/heads/mirror-goog-studio-main/profgen/profgen-cli/src/main/kotlin/com/android/tools/profgen/cli/">Profgen-cli</a> helps with profile compilation, introspection, and transpiling ART profiles, so they can be installed on Android-powered devices regardless of the target SDK version.</p> <p>Profgen-cli is a CLI that compiles the HRF of a Baseline Profile to its compiled format. The CLI also ships in the <a href="/studio/command-line"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">cmdline-tools</code></a> repository as part of the Android SDK.</p> <p>These features are available in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">studio-main</code> branch:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">➜ ..<strong>/cmdline-tools/latest/bin</strong> apkanalyzer avdmanager lint <strong>profgen</strong> retrace screenshot2 sdkmanager </code></pre> <h3 id="building-compact" data-text="Build compact binary profiles with Profgen-cli" tabindex="-1">Build compact binary profiles with Profgen-cli</h3> <p>The commands available with Profgen-cli are <code translate="no" dir="ltr">bin</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">validate</code>, and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dumpProfile</code>. To see the available commands, use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">profgen --help</code>:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">➜ <strong>profgen --help</strong> Usage: profgen options_list Subcommands: bin - Generate Binary Profile validate - Validate Profile dumpProfile - Dump a binary profile to a HRF Options: --help, -h -> Usage info </code></pre> <p>Use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">bin</code> command to generate the compact binary profile. The following is an example invocation:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">profgen bin ./baseline-prof.txt \ --apk ./release.apk \ --map ./obfuscation-map.txt \ --profile-format v0_1_0_p \ --output ./baseline.prof \ </code></pre> <p>To see the available options, use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">profgen bin options_list</code>:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Usage: profgen bin options_list Arguments: profile -> File path to Human Readable profile { String } Options: --apk, -a -> File path to apk (always required) { String } --output, -o -> File path to generated binary profile (always required) --map, -m -> File path to name obfuscation map { String } --output-meta, -om -> File path to generated metadata output { String } --profile-format, -pf [V0_1_0_P] -> The ART profile format version { Value should be one of [ v0_1_5_s, v0_1_0_p, v0_0_9_omr1, v0_0_5_o, v0_0_1_n ] } --help, -h -> Usage info </code></pre> <p>The first argument represents the path to the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">baseline-prof.txt</code> HRF.</p> <p>Profgen-cli also needs the path to the release build of the APK and an <a href="#obfuscation-maps">obfuscation map</a> that is used to obfuscate the APK when using R8 or Proguard. This way, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">profgen</code> can translate source symbols in the HRF to their corresponding obfuscated names when building the compiled profile.</p> <p>Because ART profiles formats aren't forward or backward compatible, provide a profile format so that <code translate="no" dir="ltr">profgen</code> packages profile metadata (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">profm</code>) that you can use to transcode one ART profile format to another when required.</p> <h3 id="profile-formats" data-text="Profile formats and platform versions" tabindex="-1">Profile formats and platform versions</h3> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> When bundling the profile in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">assets</code> folder, always target the format v0_1_0_p.</span></aside> <p>The following options are available when choosing a profile format:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: center">Profile format</th> <th style="text-align: center">Platform version</th> <th style="text-align: center">API level</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">v0_1_5_s</td> <td style="text-align: center">Android S+</td> <td style="text-align: center">31+</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">v0_1_0_p</td> <td style="text-align: center">Android P, Q, and R</td> <td style="text-align: center">28-30</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">v0_0_9_omr1</td> <td style="text-align: center">Android O MR1</td> <td style="text-align: center">27</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">v0_0_5_o</td> <td style="text-align: center">Android O</td> <td style="text-align: center">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">v0_0_1_n</td> <td style="text-align: center">Android N</td> <td style="text-align: center">24-25</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Copy the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">baseline.prof</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">baseline.profm</code> output files into the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">assets</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dexopt</code> folder in the APK.</p> <h4 id="obfuscation-maps" data-text="Obfuscation maps" tabindex="-1">Obfuscation maps</h4> <p>You only need to provide the obfuscation map if the HRF uses source symbols. If the HRF is generated from a release build that is already obfuscated and there is no mapping necessary, you can ignore that option and copy the outputs to the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">assets</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dexopt</code> folder.</p> <h2 id="traditional-installation" data-text="Traditional installation of Baseline Profiles" tabindex="-1">Traditional installation of Baseline Profiles</h2> <p>Baseline Profiles are traditionally delivered to a device in one of two ways.</p> <h3 id="install-multiple" data-text="Use install-multiple with DexMetadata" tabindex="-1">Use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">install-multiple</code> with DexMetadata</h3> <p>On devices running API 28 and later, the Play client downloads the APK and DexMetadata (DM) payload for an APK version being installed. The DM contains the profile information that is passed on to Package Manager on device.</p> <p>The APK and DM are installed as part of a single install session using something like:</p> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">adb install-multiple base.apk base.dm</code></p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> The right profile DM payload is delivered based on the device SDK version where the APK download request is being made from. Play generates a tuple by transcoding profiles packaged as v0_1_0_p to every known profile version in use to deliver the correct version.</span></aside> <h3 id="androidx-profileinstaller" data-text="Jetpack ProfileInstaller" tabindex="-1">Jetpack ProfileInstaller</h3> <p>On devices running API level 29 and later, the <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/profileinstaller">Jetpack ProfileInstaller</a> library provides an alternative mechanism to <em>install</em> a profile packaged into <code translate="no" dir="ltr">assets</code>or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dexopt</code> after the APK is installed on the device. <a href="/reference/androidx/profileinstaller/ProfileInstaller"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">ProfileInstaller</code></a> is invoked by <a href="/reference/androidx/profileinstaller/ProfileInstallReceiver"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">ProfileInstallReceiver</code></a> or by the app directly.</p> <p>The ProfileInstaller library transcodes the profile based on the target device SDK version, and copies the profile into the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">cur</code> directory on device (a package-specific staging directory for ART profiles on the device).</p> <p>Once the device is idle, the profile is then picked up by a process called <code translate="no" dir="ltr">bg-dexopt</code> on device.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> ProfileInstaller can backport ART profiles all the way to Android N, even though Play delivery of Baseline Profiles using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">install-multiple</code> is only supported on Android P devices and later. Therefore, it's important to declare a dependency on the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ProfileInstaller</code> library when using Baseline Profiles.</span></aside> <h3 id="sideload-baseline-profile" data-text="Sideload a Baseline Profile" tabindex="-1">Sideload a Baseline Profile</h3> <p>This section describes how to install a Baseline Profile given an APK.</p> <h4 id="broadcast-androidx.profileinstaller" data-text="Broadcast with androidx.profileinstaller" tabindex="-1">Broadcast with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">androidx.profileinstaller</code></h4> <p>On devices running API 24 and later, you can broadcast a command to install the profile:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"># Broadcast the install profile command - moves binary profile from assets # to a location where ART uses it for the next compile. # When successful, the following command prints "1": adb shell am broadcast \ -a androidx.profileinstaller.action.INSTALL_PROFILE \ <pkg>/androidx.profileinstaller.ProfileInstallReceiver # Kill the process am force-stop <pkg> # Compile the package based on profile adb shell cmd package compile -f -m speed-profile <pkg> </code></pre> <p>ProfileInstaller isn't present in most APKs with Baseline Profiles—which is in about 77K of 450K apps in Play—though it is present in effectively every APK using Compose. This is because libraries can provide profiles without declaring a dependency on ProfileInstaller. Adding a dependency in each library with a profile applies starting with Jetpack.</p> <h4 id="install-multiple-profgen" data-text="Use install-multiple with profgen or DexMetaData" tabindex="-1">Use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">install-multiple</code> with profgen or DexMetaData</h4> <p>On devices running API 28 and later, you can sideload a Baseline Profile without having to have the ProfileInstaller library in the app.</p> <p>To do so, use Profgen-cli:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">profgen extractProfile \ --apk app-release.apk \ --output-dex-metadata app-release.dm \ --profile-format V0_1_5_S # Select based on device and the preceding table. # Install APK and the profile together adb install-multiple appname-release.apk appname-release.dm </code></pre> <p>To support APK splits, run the preceding extract profile steps once per APK. At install time, pass each APK and associated <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.dm</code> file, ensuring the APK and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.dm</code> names match:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">adb install-multiple appname-base.apk appname-base.dm \ appname-split1.apk appname-split1.dm </code></pre> <h4 id="verification" data-text="Verification" tabindex="-1">Verification</h4> <p>To verify that the profile is correctly installed, you can use the steps from <a href="/topic/performance/baselineprofiles/manually-create-measure#measuring-baseline">Manually measure app improvements</a>.</p> <h3 id="dumping-contents" data-text="Dump the contents of a binary profile" tabindex="-1">Dump the contents of a binary profile</h3> <p>To introspect the contents of a compact binary version of a Baseline Profile, use the Profgen-cli <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dumpProfile</code> option:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-bash" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Usage: profgen dumpProfile options_list Options: --profile, -p -> File path to the binary profile (always required) --apk, -a -> File path to apk (always required) { String } --map, -m -> File path to name obfuscation map { String } --strict, -s [true] -> Strict mode --output, -o -> File path for the HRF (always required) { String } --help, -h -> Usage info </code></pre> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">dumpProfile</code> needs the APK because the compact binary representation only stores DEX offsets and, therefore, it needs them to reconstruct class and method names.</p> <p>Strict mode is enabled by default, and this performs a compatibility check of the profile to the DEX files in the APK. If you are trying to debug profiles that were generated by another tool, you might get compatibility failures that prevent you from being able to dump for investigation. In such cases, you can disable strict mode with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--strict false</code>. 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