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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergence_from_Kodokan_Judo_and_Jujutsu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergence_from_Kodokan_Judo_and_Jujutsu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Divergence from Kodokan Judo and Jujutsu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divergence_from_Kodokan_Judo_and_Jujutsu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Prominence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_of_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_of_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style of fighting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style_of_fighting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Style of fighting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Style_of_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Training_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Training methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etiquette_&_Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etiquette_&_Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Etiquette & Customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etiquette_&_Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_ground_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_ground_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Primary ground positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_ground_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary ground positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_ground_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Side_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Side control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knee_on_belly_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knee_on_belly_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Knee on belly position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knee_on_belly_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_mount" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_mount"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Full mount</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_mount-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back_mount" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back_mount"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Back mount</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back_mount-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_south_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_south_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>North south position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_south_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Guards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Submissions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Submissions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Submissions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Submissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compression_locks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression_locks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Compression locks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression_locks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_locks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_locks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Joint locks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_locks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chokes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uniform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Federations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Weight classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tournaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health considerations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health considerations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Skin health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cauliflower_ear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cauliflower_ear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Cauliflower ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cauliflower_ear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance-enhancing_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance-enhancing_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Performance-enhancing drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-enhancing_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cervical_and_spinal_lock_"neck_cranks"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cervical_and_spinal_lock_"neck_cranks""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Cervical and spinal lock "neck cranks"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cervical_and_spinal_lock_"neck_cranks"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elbow_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elbow_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Elbow injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elbow_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knee_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knee_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Knee injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knee_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foot_and_ankle_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foot_and_ankle_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Foot and ankle injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foot_and_ankle_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finger_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finger_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>Finger injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finger_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoulder_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoulder_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.10</span> <span>Shoulder injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoulder_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neck_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.11</span> <span>Neck injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.12</span> <span>Rehab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_fighters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_fighters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable fighters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_fighters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable fighters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_fighters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Champions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Champions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>World Champions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Champions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiu-jitsu_masters_(coral_belts:_7th_&_8th_degree)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiu-jitsu_masters_(coral_belts:_7th_&_8th_degree)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Jiu-jitsu masters (coral belts: 7th & 8th degree)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiu-jitsu_masters_(coral_belts:_7th_&_8th_degree)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(9th_degree_red_belts)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(9th_degree_red_belts)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Jiu-jitsu grand masters (9th degree red belts)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(9th_degree_red_belts)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(10th_degree_red_belts)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(10th_degree_red_belts)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Jiu-jitsu grand masters (10th degree red belts)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(10th_degree_red_belts)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جيو جيتسو برازيلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيو جيتسو برازيلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu_brasilanu" title="Jiu-jitsu brasilanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jiu-jitsu brasilanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya_ciu-citsusu" title="Braziliya ciu-citsusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Braziliya ciu-citsusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81" title="ব্রাজিলীয় জিউ-জিৎসু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাজিলীয় জিউ-জিৎসু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%83-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83" title="Бразилско жиу-жицу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бразилско жиу-жицу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu_brazilian" title="Jiu-jitsu brazilian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jiu-jitsu brazilian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu_brasiler" title="Jujutsu brasiler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jujutsu brasiler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilsk%C3%A9_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilské jiu-jitsu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brazilské jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliansk_jiu-jitsu" title="Brasiliansk jiu-jitsu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brasiliansk jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu" title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia_jiu-jitsu" title="Brasiilia jiu-jitsu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brasiilia jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B6%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βραζιλιάνικο ζίου ζίτσου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραζιλιάνικο ζίου ζίτσου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu_brasile%C3%B1o" title="Jiu-jitsu brasileño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jiu-jitsu brasileño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazila_%C4%B5u%C4%B5icuo" title="Brazila ĵuĵicuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brazila ĵuĵicuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جوجیتسو برزیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوجیتسو برزیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu_br%C3%A9silien" title="Jiu-jitsu brésilien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jiu-jitsu brésilien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BA-Jiots%C3%BA_Brasa%C3%ADleach" title="Jú-Jiotsú Brasaíleach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jú-Jiotsú Brasaíleach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A7%93%EC%88%98" title="브라질 주짓수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라질 주짓수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82-%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Բրազիլական ջիու-ջիթսու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրազիլական ջիու-ջիթսու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilski_d%C5%BEiju-d%C5%BEicu" title="Brazilski džiju-džicu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brazilski džiju-džicu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu_Brasil" title="Jiu-jitsu Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jiu-jitsu Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil%C3%ADskt_jiu-jitsu" title="Brasilískt jiu-jitsu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brasilískt jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_jitsu_brasiliano" title="Jiu jitsu brasiliano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jiu jitsu brasiliano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99" title="ג'ו ג'יטסו ברזילאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ו ג'יטסו ברזילאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu_Brasil" title="Jiu-jitsu Brasil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jiu-jitsu Brasil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu_brazilianus" title="Jujutsu brazilianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jujutsu brazilianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C5%A1kas_d%C5%BEiud%C5%BEitsu" title="Braziliškas džiudžitsu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Braziliškas džiudžitsu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_dzs%C3%BAdzsucu" title="Brazil dzsúdzsucu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brazil dzsúdzsucu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu_Brazil" title="Jujutsu Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jujutsu Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliaans_jiujitsu" title="Braziliaans jiujitsu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Braziliaans jiujitsu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%9F%94%E8%A1%93" title="ブラジリアン柔術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラジリアン柔術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliansk_jiu-jitsu" title="Brasiliansk jiu-jitsu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brasiliansk jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya_jiu-jitsusi" title="Braziliya jiu-jitsusi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Braziliya jiu-jitsusi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylijskie_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazylijskie jiu-jitsu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brazylijskie jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-j%C3%ADtsu_brasileiro" title="Jiu-jítsu brasileiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jiu-jítsu brasileiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu_brazilian" title="Jiu-jitsu brazilian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jiu-jitsu brazilian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%83-%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%83" title="Бразильское джиу-джитсу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бразильское джиу-джитсу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhu-xhucu_Brazilian" title="Xhu-xhucu Brazilian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhu-xhucu Brazilian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlske_d%C5%BEiu-d%C5%BEicu" title="Brazílske džiu-džicu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brazílske džiu-džicu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilski_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilski jiu-jitsu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brazilski jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جیو جیتسوی بەڕازیلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیو جیتسوی بەڕازیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83" title="Бразилски џијуџицу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бразилски џијуџицу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilialainen_jujutsu" title="Brasilialainen jujutsu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brasilialainen jujutsu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliansk_jiu-jitsu" title="Brasiliansk jiu-jitsu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brasiliansk jiu-jitsu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9" title="บราซิลเลียนยิวยิตสู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บราซิลเลียนยิวยิตสู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya_Jiujitsusu" title="Brezilya Jiujitsusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brezilya Jiujitsusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%83-%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%83" title="Бразильське джіу-джитсу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бразильське джіу-джитсу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhu_thu%E1%BA%ADt_Brasil" title="Nhu thuật Brasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhu thuật Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%94%E8%A1%93" title="巴西柔術 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴西柔術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%94%E6%9C%AF" title="巴西柔术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴西柔术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Martial art</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BJJ" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/BJJ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="BJJ (disambiguation)">BJJ (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gracie jiu-jitsu" redirects here. For the book by Helio Gracie, see <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Jiu-Jitsu_(book)" title="Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (book)">Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (book)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GABRIEL_VELLA_vs_ROMINHO_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/GABRIEL_VELLA_vs_ROMINHO_51.jpg/200px-GABRIEL_VELLA_vs_ROMINHO_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/GABRIEL_VELLA_vs_ROMINHO_51.jpg/300px-GABRIEL_VELLA_vs_ROMINHO_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/GABRIEL_VELLA_vs_ROMINHO_51.jpg/400px-GABRIEL_VELLA_vs_ROMINHO_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Romulo_Barral" title="Romulo Barral">Romulo Barral</a> attempting a triangle choke on Gabriel Vella at the <a href="/wiki/2009_World_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="2009 World Jiu-Jitsu Championship">2009 World Jiu-Jitsu Championship</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">BJJ, Gracie jiu-jitsu, gi jiu-jitsu, no-gi jiu-jitsu, <a href="/wiki/Submission_grappling" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission grappling">submission grappling</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Portuguese name:</b></span><br /><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Jiu-jitsu brasileiro</i></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Japanese name:</b></span><br /><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Burajirian jūjutsu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ブラジリアン柔術</span></span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground fighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submission_grappling" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission grappling">grappling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts#Full-contact" title="Martial arts">Full contact</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mataemon_Tanabe" title="Mataemon Tanabe">Mataemon Tanabe</a>, Senjuro Kataoka, <a href="/wiki/Taro_Miyake" title="Taro Miyake">Taro Miyake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Tani" title="Yukio Tani">Yukio Tani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sada_Miyako" title="Sada Miyako">Sada Miyako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geo_Omori" title="Geo Omori">Geo Omori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Yano" title="Takeo Yano">Takeo Yano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soshihiro_Satake" title="Soshihiro Satake">Soshihiro Satake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugoro_Ito" title="Tokugoro Ito">Tokugoro Ito</a>, Jacintho Ferro,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donato Pires dos Reis,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie" title="Hélio Gracie">Hélio Gracie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a>, George Gracie, Oswaldo Gracie, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luiz França">Luiz França</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Fadda" title="Oswaldo Fadda">Oswaldo Fadda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous practitioners</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners">See full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kodokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan">Kodokan</a> <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">Catch wrestling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendant arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_planet_jiu-jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="10th planet jiu-jitsu">10th planet jiu-jitsu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brazilian jiu-jitsu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">jiu-jitsu brasileiro</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ʒiw<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʒitsu<span class="wrap"> </span>bɾaziˈlejɾu,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒu<span class="wrap"> </span>-]</a></span>), often abbreviated to <b>BJJ</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">ground fighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Submission_holds" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission holds">submission holds</a>. It is primarily a ground-based fighting style and focuses on taking one's opponent down to the ground, gaining a dominant position, and using a number of techniques to force them into <a href="/wiki/Submission_(combat_sports)" title="Submission (combat sports)">submission</a> via <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint locks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokeholds</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Compression_lock" title="Compression lock">compression locks</a>. </p><p>Brazilian jiu-jitsu was first developed around 1925 by Brazilian brothers <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos</a>, Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie" title="Hélio Gracie">Hélio Gracie</a>, after Carlos was taught <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_judo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan judo">Kodokan judo</a> by a travelling Japanese judoka, <a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a>, in 1917. Later on the <a href="/wiki/Gracie_family" title="Gracie family">Gracie family</a> developed their own <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> system which they named <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Jiu-Jitsu_(book)" title="Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (book)"><i>Gracie Jiu-Jitsu</i></a>. BJJ eventually came to be its own defined <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> through the innovations, practices, and adaptation of Gracie jiu-jitsu and <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, and has become one of the essential <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial arts</a> for modern <a href="/wiki/MMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MMA">MMA</a>. </p><p>BJJ revolves around the concept that a smaller, weaker person can successfully defend themselves against a bigger, stronger opponent by using leverage and weight distribution, taking the fight to the ground and using a number of holds and submissions to defeat them. <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a>, commonly referred to as "rolling" within the BJJ community, and <a href="/wiki/Aliveness_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliveness (martial arts)">live drilling</a> plays a major role in the practitioner's development. In contrast to some other martial arts BJJ can be practiced both using a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">gi uniform</a> or not which is known as 'no-gi BJJ', for this purpose <a href="/wiki/Rash_guard" title="Rash guard">rash guards</a> are used. The <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a> (IBJJF) is the main governing body of the martial art, establishing the rules and general guidelines, as well as promoting competitions and training of referees. BJJ can also be used as a method of promoting physical fitness, building character, and as a way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-stanlei13_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanlei13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle">Principle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While grappling such as judo or wrestling mainly uses upperbody strenghth to hold and subdue the opponent, this is a martial art that uses the legs to wrap around the opponent. The opponent is subdued by wrapping the legs around the neck, shoulders, torso, hips, thighs. by applying weight, push, pull, or rotate, mainly from leg wrapping with some upperbody strength. </p><p>Since the core of Jiu-Jitsu is leg wrapping, when you meet an opponent who has trained Jiu-Jitsu and also want to compete them in a grappling way, firstly subdue one of your opponent's legs to prevent him wrapping his leg, it will make them difficult to exert force. Also, since the goal of Jiu-Jitsu is to create a so-called 2 on 1 situations where you use your own two arms to subdue others one arm or wrap the opponent's entire body with your legs, it is better to prevent such situations in advance. </p><p>In the case where an opponent had already his legs wrapped around your torso, which is a common situation in Jiu-Jitsu, it is easy to escape by applying force to one side of the opponent's hip. If an opponent approaches you while sitting, it is good to push them away from either side as if rolling a ball. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a>, one of the Kodokan's top judo black belts trained by <a href="/wiki/Tomita_Tsunejir%C5%8D" title="Tomita Tsunejirō">Tomita Tsunejirō</a>, the first student of judo's founder <a href="/wiki/Kano_Jigoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano Jigoro">Kano Jigoro</a>, was sent overseas to demonstrate and spread his art to the world. He left Japan in 1904 and visited several countries giving demonstrations and accepting challenges from <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">savate</a> fighters, and various other martial artists, and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> on 14 November 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maeda_&_Gracie"><span id="Maeda_.26_Gracie"></span>Maeda & Gracie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maeda & Gracie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gastão Gracie was a business partner of the <i>American Circus</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>. In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Argentine">Italian Argentine</a> circus Queirolo Brothers staged shows there and presented Maeda.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917 Gastão's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRACIE_FAMILY_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRACIE_FAMILY-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> watched a demonstration of ‘Kano jiu-jitsu’ (judo's common name at the time) by Maeda at the <a href="/wiki/Da_Paz_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Paz Theatre">Da Paz Theatre</a> and decided he wanted to learn. Maeda accepted him as a pupil at his school overseen by Jacintho Ferro.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gracie's account of the events is that his younger sibling <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie" title="Hélio Gracie">Hélio Gracie</a> gradually developed Gracie jiu-jitsu as a softer, pragmatic adaptation that focused more on the <a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">ground fighting</a> and leverages aspect of jiu-jitsu/judo (<a href="/wiki/Ne-waza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ne-waza">ne-waza</a>) rather than the throws, as he was unable to perform many judo throws, due to his size, that required direct opposition to an opponent's strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracie_History_|_Gracie_Academy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracie_History_|_Gracie_Academy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Gracie_family" title="Gracie family">Gracie family</a> is typically recognized as the main family to first promote Brazilian jiu-jitsu as it is known today, there was also another prominent lineage derived from Maeda via another Brazilian disciple, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luiz França">Luiz França</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Equipe_Mestre_Wilson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Equipe_Mestre_Wilson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lineage had been represented particularly by <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Fadda" title="Oswaldo Fadda">Oswaldo Fadda</a>. Fadda and his students were famous for defeating the Gracies in a gym battle and by the influential use of <a href="/wiki/Footlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Footlock">footlocks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lineage still survives through Fadda's links in teams such as <a href="/wiki/Nova_Uni%C3%A3o_(mixed_martial_arts)" title="Nova União (mixed martial arts)">Nova União</a> and <a href="/wiki/GFTeam" title="GFTeam">Grappling Fight Team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides França's and Fadda's lineage, there are four other main BJJ branches in Brazil: Gracie Humaitá, <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Barra" title="Gracie Barra">Gracie Barra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlson_Gracie" title="Carlson Gracie">Carlson Gracie</a> Jiu-Jitsu, and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Jiu_Jitsu" title="Alliance Jiu Jitsu">Alliance Jiu Jitsu</a>. Each branch traces its roots back to <a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "jiu-jitsu" derives from an older <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of its original spelling in the West; the modern <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E8%A1%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:柔術">柔術</a> is "jūjutsu". </p><p>When Maeda left Japan, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> was still often referred to as "Kano jiu-jitsu",<sup id="cite_ref-name_b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name_b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, even more generically, simply as <i>jiu-jitsu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-name_c_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name_c-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-name_d_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name_d-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higashi, the co-author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Kano_Jiu-Jitsu_(Judo)" title="The Complete Kano Jiu-Jitsu (Judo)">The Complete Kano Jiu-Jitsu (Judo)</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-name_b_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name_b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote in the foreword: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some confusion has arisen over the employment of the term 'jiudo'. To make the matter clear I will state that jiudo is the term selected by Professor Kano as describing his system more accurately than jiu-jitsu does. Professor Kano is one of the leading educators of Japan, and it is natural that he should cast about for the technical word that would most accurately describe his system. But the Japanese people generally still cling to the more popular nomenclature and call it jiu-jitsu.<sup id="cite_ref-name_b_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name_b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9lio_Gracie_(1952).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie_%281952%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-H%C3%A9lio_Gracie_%281952%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie_%281952%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-H%C3%A9lio_Gracie_%281952%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie_%281952%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-H%C3%A9lio_Gracie_%281952%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4997" data-file-height="8108" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie" title="Hélio Gracie">Hélio Gracie</a> in 1952.</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside Japan, however, this distinction was noted even less. Thus, when Maeda and Satake arrived in Brazil in 1914, every newspaper announced their art as being "jiu-jitsu", despite both men being <a href="/wiki/Kodokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan">Kodokan</a> judoka. </p><p>It was not until 1925 that the Japanese government itself officially mandated that the correct name for the martial art taught in the Japanese public schools should be "judo" rather than "jujutsu".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil, the art is still called "jiu-jitsu". When the Gracies went to the United States and spread jiu-jitsu, they used the terms "Gracie jiu-jitsu" and non-Gracies using the term "Brazilian jiu-jitsu" to differentiate from the already present styles using similar-sounding names. In a 1994 interview with Yoshinori Nishi, Hélio Gracie said that he did not even know the word <i>judo</i> itself until the sport came in the 1950s to Brazil, because he heard that Mitsuyo Maeda called his style "jiu-jitsu". </p><p>The art is sometimes referred to as Gracie jiu-jitsu (GJJ), a name <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rorion_Gracie" title="Rorion Gracie">Rorion Gracie</a>, but after a legal dispute with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Carley_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Carley Gracie">Carley Gracie</a>, his trademark to the name was voided.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other members of the Gracie family often call their style by personalized names, such as Ceaser Gracie Jiu-Jitsu or Renzo Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, and similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Machado_family" title="Machado family">Machado family</a> call their style Machado Jiu-Jitsu (MJJ). While each style and its instructors have their own unique aspects, they are all basic variations of Brazilian jiu-jitsu. </p><p>Brazilian jiu-jitsu shares many techniques with the original <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_judo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan judo">Kodokan judo</a>, especially certain styles practiced before judo became part of the Olympics such as <a href="/wiki/Kosen_judo" title="Kosen judo">Kosen judo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still practiced to a lesser extent,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as with the earlier <i>ryu</i> school of jujutsu. Because of this some practitioners have suggested that Brazilian jiu-jitsu should just be called "jiu-jitsu".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divergence_from_Kodokan_Judo_and_Jujutsu">Divergence from Kodokan Judo and Jujutsu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Divergence from Kodokan Judo and Jujutsu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain changes were made to the <a href="/wiki/Judo_rules" title="Judo rules">rules of judo</a> after it was introduced to Brazil. Some of these rule changes sought to enhance it as a spectator sport, and to improve safety. Several of these rule changes de-emphasized the groundwork aspects of judo, and others have reduced the range of <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint locks</a> application. Brazilian jiu-jitsu since its inception did not strictly follow kodokan judo rules, this divergence helped BJJ develop a distinct identity becoming a groundwork and submission focus fighting style. This difference was later consolidated with the creation of a new set of rules that guide BJJ practice today.<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though BJJ uses and allows many of the techniques found in judo and jujutsu, the evolution of these techniques in BJJ has followed a distinct path, giving primary emphasis to ground fighting positions and maneuvers, and having the <a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)" title="Guard (grappling)">guard</a> as the central working point of the fight. This is reflected on how different fighting techniques are scored in competition. In BJJ positions such as the rear mount receive a higher score, and the focus of the fight is to establish a dominant position against the adversary on the ground and submit them using chokeholds or joint locks. By contrast in judo, throwing techniques are scored higher and can give a direct victory if executed correctly, the goal of the fight is to sweep or throw the opponent to the ground to win. </p><p>BJJ also allows heelhooks and knee-reaping which are prohibited in judo, and any takedowns used in wrestling, sambo, or other grappling arts, including direct attempts to take down by touching the legs or dragging the opponent to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spinal_lock" title="Spinal lock">Spinal locks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cervical_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical lock">cervical locks</a> are not allowed in gi jiu-jitsu,<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amateur MMA,<sup id="cite_ref-abcboxing.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcboxing.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multiple forms of no-gi jiu-jitsu,<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judo,<sup id="cite_ref-intjudo.eu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intjudo.eu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other martial arts,<sup id="cite_ref-usgrappling.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgrappling.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to potential to cause serious bodily injury. BJJ also has become more "sports-oriented" in recent years, prohibiting techniques such as slams.<sup id="cite_ref-USGR_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGR-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another divergence of BJJ from judo and jujutsu is that the first allows no-gi practice and competition, with its own subset of rules. Use of holds and takedowns from wrestling and other grappling styles is common in no-gi BJJ, and strikes may also be used when the competition rules permit, such as the open palm strike in CJJ (<a href="/wiki/Combat_jiu-jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat jiu-jitsu">Combat jiu-jitsu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominence">Prominence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prominence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a> moved to the United States to teach jiu-jitsu, and in 1978 was followed by <a href="/wiki/Rorion_Gracie" title="Rorion Gracie">Rorion Gracie</a>, who co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> (UFC) in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiu-jitsu came to international prominence in martial arts circles when Brazilian jiu-jitsu expert <a href="/wiki/Royce_Gracie" title="Royce Gracie">Royce Gracie</a> won the <a href="/wiki/UFC_1" title="UFC 1">first</a>, <a href="/wiki/UFC_2" title="UFC 2">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/UFC_4" title="UFC 4">fourth</a> Ultimate Fighting Championships, which at the time were <a href="/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament">single elimination</a> martial arts tournaments. Royce fought successfully against several larger opponents proficient in other fighting styles, including <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoot-fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoot-fighting">shootfighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muay thai">Muay Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>. BJJ has since become an elementary aspect of <a href="/wiki/MMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MMA">MMA</a>, revealing the importance of <a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">ground fighting</a> in a fight. Sport BJJ tournaments continue to grow in popularity and have given rise to no-gi <a href="/wiki/Submission_grappling" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission grappling">submission grappling</a> tournaments, such as the <a href="/wiki/ADCC_Submission_Wrestling_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship">ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Grappling_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Grappling Association (page does not exist)">NAGA</a>, the North American Grappling Association. Sport BJJ has also become a popular method of fitness around the world in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_of_fighting">Style of fighting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Style of fighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_techniques" title="List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu techniques">List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu techniques</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Special:EditPage/Brazilian jiu-jitsu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brazilian jiu-jitsu focuses on getting an opponent to the ground in order to neutralize possible strength or size advantages through <a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">ground fighting</a> techniques and <a href="/wiki/Submission_holds" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission holds">submission holds</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Joint-locks" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint-locks">joint-locks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokeholds</a>. On the ground, physical strength can be offset or enhanced through proper grappling techniques. </p><p>BJJ employs a wide range of takedown techniques to bring an opponent to the ground such as "<a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)#Pulling_Guard" title="Guard (grappling)">pulling guard</a>", which is not used in other combat sports such as judo or wrestling. Once the opponent is on the ground, a number of manoeuvres (and counter-manoeuvres) are available to manipulate the opponent into a suitable position for the application of a submission technique. Achieving a dominant position on the ground is one of the hallmarks of BJJ, which includes effective use of the <a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)" title="Guard (grappling)">guard</a> position to defend oneself from bottom (using both submissions and sweeps, with sweeps leading to the possibility of dominant position or an opportunity to pass the guard), and passing the guard to dominate from top position with <a href="/wiki/Side_control" title="Side control">side control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_(grappling)" title="Mount (grappling)">mount</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Back_mount" title="Back mount">back mount</a> positions. This system of manoeuvring and manipulation can be likened to a form of kinetic or physical chess when executed by two experienced practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A submission hold in BJJ is often likened to the equivalent of "checkmate", where the opponent is left with no other option but to tap, be injured, or choked. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Gracie" title="Renzo Gracie">Renzo Gracie</a> wrote in his book <i>Mastering JUJITSU</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The classical jujutsu of old Japan appeared to have no common strategy to guide a combatant over the course of a fight. Indeed, this was one of Kano's most fundamental and perceptive criticisms of the classical program." Maeda not only taught the art of judo to <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a>, but also taught a particular philosophy about the nature of combat developed by Kano, and further refined by Maeda based on his worldwide travels competing against fighters skilled in a wide variety of martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-renzog1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzog1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The book details Maeda's theory as arguing that physical combat could be broken down into distinct phases, such as the striking phase, the grappling phase, the ground phase, etc. Thus, it was a smart fighter's task to keep the fight located in the phase of combat best suited to his own strengths. Renzo Gracie stated that this was a fundamental influence of the Gracie approach to combat. These strategies were further developed over time by the Gracie family, among others, and became prominent in contemporary MMA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_methods">Training methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Training methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_strengthens_camaraderie,_build_trust_at_Camp_Lemonnier_140727-F-SJ695-033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_strengthens_camaraderie%2C_build_trust_at_Camp_Lemonnier_140727-F-SJ695-033.jpg/220px-Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_strengthens_camaraderie%2C_build_trust_at_Camp_Lemonnier_140727-F-SJ695-033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_strengthens_camaraderie%2C_build_trust_at_Camp_Lemonnier_140727-F-SJ695-033.jpg/330px-Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_strengthens_camaraderie%2C_build_trust_at_Camp_Lemonnier_140727-F-SJ695-033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_strengthens_camaraderie%2C_build_trust_at_Camp_Lemonnier_140727-F-SJ695-033.jpg/440px-Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_strengthens_camaraderie%2C_build_trust_at_Camp_Lemonnier_140727-F-SJ695-033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>A Brazilian jiu-jitsu instructor demonstrates how to tackle an opponent.</figcaption></figure> <p>As BJJ focuses on submissions, sparring and live drilling ("rolling") become the most essential part of the training regime. This type of training allows practitioners to practice at full speed and with full strength, resembling the effort made in a competition. Training methods include drills in which techniques are practiced against a non-resisting and resisting partners; isolation sparring (commonly referred to as positional drilling) where only a certain technique or sets of techniques are used; and full sparring where each practitioner tries to submit their opponent through technique. Physical conditioning is also an important aspect of training. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gracie_family" title="Gracie family">Gracie family</a> lineage descended from Helio Gracie focuses on practical applications of BJJ that apply primarily to self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They will often run development drills in which a person is surrounded by a circle of other students who will attempt to attack the defending student, who in turn must defend themselves using techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etiquette_&_Customs"><span id="Etiquette_.26_Customs"></span>Etiquette & Customs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Etiquette & Customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazilian jiu-jitsu gyms typically follow a set of ground rules to instill trust, respect, and cleanliness amongst students. Common practices include: </p> <ul><li>Taking shoes off before stepping on the mat.</li> <li>Bowing before and after stepping on the mat.</li> <li>Lining up in rank order before and after class.</li> <li>Teaching or explaining techniques to lower ranked students.</li> <li>Addressing the teacher as coach or professor.</li> <li>Keeping your gi closed with a belt.</li> <li>Bowing or shaking hands before and after sparring.</li> <li>Covering any cuts with tape or gauze.</li> <li>Having good hygiene practices including brushing teeth, having a clean gi, and wearing deodorant.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_ground_positions">Primary ground positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary ground positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grappling_position" title="Grappling position">Grappling position</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Special:EditPage/Brazilian jiu-jitsu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Once on the ground, the BJJ practitioner strives to take a dominant or controlling position from where to apply submissions. These positions provide different submission or transition options. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_control">Side control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Side control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Side_control" title="Side control">Side control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udegarami.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Udegarami.JPG/220px-Udegarami.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Udegarami.JPG/330px-Udegarami.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Udegarami.JPG/440px-Udegarami.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>An Americana armlock submission from traditional <a href="/wiki/Side_control" title="Side control">side control</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In side control, the practitioner pins his opponent to the ground from the side of their torso. The top grappler lies across the opponent with weight applied to the opponent's chest. The opponent may be further controlled by pressure on either side of the shoulders and hips from the practitioner's elbows, shoulders, and knees. A wide variety of submissions can be initiated from side control. It is also referred to as the side mount and "cem quilos" (a hundred kilograms) in Brazilian Portuguese. Additionally, the typical side mount increases opportunity for the top grappler to advance to other dominant positions. This position is often used in MMA as it allows the top fighter to strike whilst overcoming their opponents defense. There are many variants of the side control position, including <a href="/wiki/Kesa_gatame" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesa gatame">kesa gatame</a>, standard side control, reverse side control, and other positions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knee_on_belly_position">Knee on belly position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Knee on belly position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Knee-on-stomach" title="Knee-on-stomach">Knee-on-stomach</a></div> <p>The knee on belly position is a modified side pin that is distinctly separated from the side control position. The knee on belly position is characterized primarily by the control of the opponent with one leg out for base and balance and the other leg positioned across the opponent's torso pinning them to the ground. This form of pin is a mobile pin rather than a static pin and is considered a more dominant position in many grappling formats. The knee on belly position is worth additional points because it provides a greater striking platform than traditional side control and is closer to achieving the more ideal mounted position.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_mount">Full mount</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Full mount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_(grappling)" title="Mount (grappling)">Mount (grappling)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Galvao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Andrea_Galvao.jpg/220px-Andrea_Galvao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Andrea_Galvao.jpg/330px-Andrea_Galvao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Andrea_Galvao.jpg/440px-Andrea_Galvao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_(grappling)" title="Mount (grappling)">Full Mount</a> is considered one of the most dominant <a href="/wiki/Grappling_position" title="Grappling position">grappling positions</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mount (or full mount) position, the practitioner sits astride the opponent's front torso or chest, controlling the opponent with his bodyweight and hips. In the strongest form of this position, the practitioner works his knees into the opponent's armpits to reduce arm movements and ability to move or counter submission attempts. Full Mount can be used to apply a variety of submissions including armlocks or chokes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_mount">Back mount</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Back mount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Back_mount" title="Back mount">Back mount</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Back_mount.jpg/220px-Back_mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Back_mount.jpg/330px-Back_mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Back_mount.jpg/440px-Back_mount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Back mount, also considered one of the most dominant positions in BJJ</figcaption></figure> <p>When taking the back mount position (often known in Brazilian jiu-jitsu as the <i>back grab</i> or <i>attacking the back</i>), the practitioner attaches to the back of the opponent by wrapping his legs around and hooking the opponent's thighs with their heel,<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or locking in a body triangle by crossing one shin across the waist like a belt then placing the back of the opposing knee over the instep as if finishing a triangle choke. Simultaneously, the upper body is controlled by wrapping the arms around the chest or neck of the opponent. This position is often used to apply <a href="/wiki/Chokeholds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chokeholds">chokeholds</a>, as well as arm bars and triangles, and neutralizes an opponent's potential size or strength advantage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_south_position">North south position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North south position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The North South position occurs when a practitioner is lying on their back on the ground and their opponent is lying on top, with the head over the chest area and controlling the bottom practitioner's arms. As with most top controlling positions in BJJ, the top practitioner applies pressure by bringing their hips downwards towards the ground, generating what is referred to as <i>dead weight</i>. There are several submissions and transitions that are possible from the North South position, most commonly the North South choke, North South <a href="/wiki/Kimura_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimura lock">kimura</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guards">Guards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Guards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)" title="Guard (grappling)">Guard (grappling)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_Jiu-jitsu-Closed_guard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Brazilian_Jiu-jitsu-Closed_guard.jpg/220px-Brazilian_Jiu-jitsu-Closed_guard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Brazilian_Jiu-jitsu-Closed_guard.jpg/330px-Brazilian_Jiu-jitsu-Closed_guard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Brazilian_Jiu-jitsu-Closed_guard.jpg/440px-Brazilian_Jiu-jitsu-Closed_guard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Jiu-Jitsu practitioner in blue is demonstrating a type of closed <a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)" title="Guard (grappling)">guard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When in the "Guard" position, the practitioner is on their back controlling an opponent with his legs. The bottom practitioner pushes and pulls with the legs or feet to unbalance and limit the movements of his opponent. This position allows practitioners a wide variety of counter-attacks from the bottom position, including submissions and sweeps. </p><p>The three most common types of guards include the Closed Guard, <a href="/wiki/Half_guard" title="Half guard">Half Guard</a>, and Open Guard. </p><p>In closed guard, the bottom grappler has his legs around the opponent's hips, with ankles closed together to control their opponent. The closed guard can be an effective position. This guard allows many setups for submissions such as joint locks and chokes, as well as sweeps. In the open guard, the legs are not hooked together and the bottom grappler uses his legs or feet to push or pull their opponent. </p><p>There are many variations of open guard with distinct names and positioning including the Butterfly Guard, De La Riva Guard, X-Guard, K-Guard, <a href="/wiki/Rubber_guard" title="Rubber guard">Rubber guard</a>, Spider Guard, Octopus Guard, Lapel Guard, Worm Guard (made popular by <a href="/wiki/Keenan_Cornelius" title="Keenan Cornelius">Keenan Cornelius</a>) and others. Butterfly guard is when the bottom grappler brings his legs up and feet together against the inner thighs of top opponent. The name is derived from the resulting butterfly wing shape. Butterfly guard increases both space to maneuver and the ability to counter the opponent with the shins or arches of the feet against the competitor's inner thighs. Spider guard is when the bottom grappler puts one or two of his feet on his opponents arms, this guard is effective at keeping control on the bottom and can be used to set up sweeps or submissions. </p><p>In the half guard, one of the top grappler's legs is controlled by the bottom grappler's legs, preventing the top opponent from passing side control or full mount positions. There is also a variant of half guard called "50/50 guard", which consist of each opponent usually in sitting positions with one of their legs hooking the same leg of their opponent in a mirrored fashion. This position is called 50/50 because neither opponent has a distinct advantage, where both sides have the same possibilities of sweeps and attacks. </p><p>Another variation of the half guard position is the "deep half guard", which involves the bottom grappler positioning themselves underneath their opponent, grabbing the top grappler's thigh. This gives the individual on the bottom the opportunity to sweep their opponent, and end up on a more dominant, top position. This position was popularized by American BJJ Black Belt, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Glover" title="Jeff Glover">Jeff Glover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The De La Riva Guard (DLR) is an open guard technique in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, named after the competitor Ricardo De La Riva. While not an entirely new concept in grappling, as it had origins in nonatei style judo credited to Oda Tsunetane, it gained prominence through De La Riva's use. In Brazilian jiu-jitsu, the DLR Guard is identified when a competitor lies on their back, controlling their opponent with open legs. This position is defined by one leg hooking outside the opponent's leg (e.g., the guard player's left leg hooking the passer's right leg), thereby compromising the passer's balance. This outside hook is what distinguishes the DLR Guard from other open guards. The De La Riva Guard is pivotal in modern jiu-jitsu, serving as a foundation for many advanced guard techniques developed since its introduction.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bjjheroes.com/featured/the-de-la-riva-guard">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Submissions">Submissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Submissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of list of Brazilian jiu-jitsu techniques, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_techniques" title="List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu techniques">List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu techniques</a>.</div> <p>The majority of submission holds can be grouped into two broad categories: <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint locks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokes</a>. Joint locks typically involve isolating an opponent's limb and creating a lever with the body position, which will force the joint to move past its normal range of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-mma_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mma-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure is increased in a controlled manner and released if the opponent cannot escape the hold and signals defeat by <a href="/wiki/Submission_(combat_sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission (combat sport)">tapping</a>. A choke hold can disrupt the blood supply to the brain and cause unconsciousness if the opponent does not tap when required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression_locks">Compression locks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Compression locks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Compression_lock" title="Compression lock">Compression lock</a> </p><p>A less common type of submission hold is a <a href="/wiki/Compression_lock" title="Compression lock">compression lock</a>, where the muscle of an opponent is compressed against a hard, large bone (commonly the shin or wrist), causing significant pain to the opponent. These types of locks are not usually allowed in competition due to the high risk of tearing muscle tissue. This type of lock also often hyper-extends the joint in the opposite direction, pulling it apart. Some compression locks include the <a href="/wiki/Compression_lock#Achilles_lock" title="Compression lock">Achilles lock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compression_lock#Biceps_slicer" title="Compression lock">Biceps slicer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compression_lock#Leg_slicer" title="Compression lock">Leg slicer</a> (or Calf slicer). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_locks">Joint locks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Joint locks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In-guard_armbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/In-guard_armbar.jpg/170px-In-guard_armbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/In-guard_armbar.jpg/255px-In-guard_armbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/In-guard_armbar.jpg/340px-In-guard_armbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2255" /></a><figcaption>A practitioner attempting an <a href="/wiki/Armbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Armbar">armbar</a> submission</figcaption></figure> <p>While many joint locks are permitted in BJJ, most competitions ban or restrict some or all joint locks that involve the knees, ankles, and spine. The reason for this is that the angles of manipulation required to cause pain are nearly the same as those that would cause serious injury. Joint locks that require a twisting motion of the knee (such as heel hooks) are usually banned in gi competitions because successfully completing the move can frequently result in permanent damage, often requiring surgery. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Neck_Crank" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck Crank">joint manipulations of the spine</a> are typically barred due to the inherent danger of crushing or misaligning <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a>. Leglocks are allowed in varying degrees depending on skill level, with the most prominent BJJ tournaments typically allowing only the straight ankle lock and muscle stretching submissions such as the "banana split" from white through purple belt, with the kneebar, toehold, and calf slicer submissions being permitted at brown and black belt. <a href="/wiki/Heel_hooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Heel hooks">Heel hooks</a> and knee-reaping are illegal in gi BJJ, since they are considered to be exceptionally dangerous techniques, but are allowed by <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">IBJJF</a> rules in no-gi competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-USGR_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGR-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most joint locks involving the wrist, elbow, shoulder or ankle are permitted as there is a great deal more flexibility in those joints and those locks are usually safe. </p><p>Joint locks include armbars, kimuras, Americanas, straight-arm lock, omoplata, marceloplata, banana split (or electric chair), twister, wrist lock, heel hook, toehold, kneebar, straight ankle lock, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chokes">Chokes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chokes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCMAP_Rear_choke_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MCMAP_Rear_choke_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_2006.jpg/170px-MCMAP_Rear_choke_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MCMAP_Rear_choke_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_2006.jpg/255px-MCMAP_Rear_choke_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MCMAP_Rear_choke_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_2006.jpg/340px-MCMAP_Rear_choke_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rear_naked_choke" title="Rear naked choke">rear naked choke</a> or "<i>mata-leão"</i> in Brazilian Portuguese (<i>lion killer choke</i>) as demonstrated by a <a href="/wiki/MCMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="MCMAP">MCMAP</a> instructor</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokes</a> are common forms of submission. In BJJ, the chokes that are used put pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Carotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid">carotid</a> arteries, and may also apply pressure to the nerve <a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">baroreceptors</a> in the neck. This kind of choke is very fast acting (if done properly) with victims typically losing consciousness in around 3–5 seconds. In contrast, an air choke (involving constriction of the <a href="/wiki/Windpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Windpipe">windpipe</a>) can take up to two minutes, depending on how long the person can hold their breath, and may cause serious damage to the throat. </p><p>Chokes include <a href="/wiki/Rear-naked_choke" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear-naked choke">rear-naked choke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okuri_eri_jime" title="Okuri eri jime">bow and arrow choke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankaku-jime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankaku-jime">triangle</a>, Guillotine choke, <a href="/wiki/Sode_guruma_jime" title="Sode guruma jime">sleeve choke</a> (or Ezekiel choke), cross collar choke (or X choke), <a href="/wiki/Kata_juji_jime#variants" title="Kata juji jime">baseball choke</a>, Clock choke, D'Arce choke, Anaconda choke, <a href="/wiki/Arm_triangle_choke" title="Arm triangle choke">Arm triangle choke</a>, north–south choke, crucifix choke, <a href="/wiki/Gogoplata" title="Gogoplata">gogoplata</a>, loop choke, <a href="/wiki/Kata_ha_jime" title="Kata ha jime">lapel half nelson choke</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniform">Uniform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uniform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi</a></div> <p>The Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner's uniform is commonly referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">gi</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a></i> is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Judogi" title="Judogi">judogi</a>, but with slight differences in the dimensions and often made of lighter material with tighter cuffs on the pants and jacket. This allows the practitioner to benefit from a closer fit, providing less material for an opponent to manipulate. Traditionally, to be <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_ranking_system" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system">promoted</a> in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, the wearing of the jiu-jitsu gi while training is a requirement. Recently with the growing popularity of "no-gi" Brazilian jiu-jitsu has the practice of giving out belts to no-gi practitioners (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rolles_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolles Gracie">Rolles Gracie</a> awarding <a href="/wiki/Rashad_Evans" title="Rashad Evans">Rashad Evans</a> a black belt) has become more common. </p><p>There are certain differences between <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">gi</a> jiu-jitsu and "no-gi" jiu-jitsu. In gi jiu-jitsu one can grip an opponent's uniform, using it to submit or advance position. There are a number of submissions that are specific to the gi, such as the "Loop choke", "Collar choke", and others. A specific set of rules to guide no-gi competitions is issued by the <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">IBJJF</a>, but there may be variation in the set of rules applied in each competition. By IBJJF rules uniform grips are not permitted in "no-gi" jiu-jitsu.<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BJJ athletes who practice no-gi usually wear a rash guard and MMA shorts or Spats.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading">Grading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;"> <caption>Black belt grades<br />(19 and over) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Black 0–6</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_BlackBelt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BJJ_BlackBelt.svg/75px-BJJ_BlackBelt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BJJ_BlackBelt.svg/113px-BJJ_BlackBelt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BJJ_BlackBelt.svg/150px-BJJ_BlackBelt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black/Red 7</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_black_red_belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BJJ_black_red_belt.svg/75px-BJJ_black_red_belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BJJ_black_red_belt.svg/113px-BJJ_black_red_belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BJJ_black_red_belt.svg/150px-BJJ_black_red_belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red/White 8</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_red_white_belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BJJ_red_white_belt.svg/75px-BJJ_red_white_belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BJJ_red_white_belt.svg/113px-BJJ_red_white_belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BJJ_red_white_belt.svg/150px-BJJ_red_white_belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red 9–10</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Red_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BJJ_Red_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Red_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BJJ_Red_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Red_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BJJ_Red_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Red_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;"> <caption>Senior belt colours<br />(16 and over) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>White</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_White_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BJJ_White_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_White_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BJJ_White_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_White_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BJJ_White_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_White_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blue</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Blue_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BJJ_Blue_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Blue_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BJJ_Blue_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Blue_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BJJ_Blue_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Blue_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Purple</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Purple_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BJJ_Purple_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Purple_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BJJ_Purple_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Purple_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BJJ_Purple_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Purple_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brown</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Brown_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/BJJ_Brown_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Brown_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/BJJ_Brown_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Brown_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/BJJ_Brown_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Brown_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;"> <caption>Junior belt colours<br />(16 and under) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>White</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_White_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BJJ_White_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_White_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BJJ_White_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_White_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/BJJ_White_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_White_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grey</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Grey_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BJJ_Grey_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Grey_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BJJ_Grey_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Grey_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BJJ_Grey_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Grey_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="198" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yellow</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Yellow_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BJJ_Yellow_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Yellow_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BJJ_Yellow_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Yellow_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BJJ_Yellow_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Yellow_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orange</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Orange_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BJJ_Orange_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Orange_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BJJ_Orange_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Orange_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BJJ_Orange_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Orange_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJJ_Green_Belt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BJJ_Green_Belt.svg/75px-BJJ_Green_Belt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BJJ_Green_Belt.svg/113px-BJJ_Green_Belt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BJJ_Green_Belt.svg/150px-BJJ_Green_Belt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_ranking_system" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system">Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gracie_jiu-jitsu_ranking_system" title="Gracie jiu-jitsu ranking system">Gracie jiu-jitsu ranking system</a></div> <p>The Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system awards a practitioner different coloured belts to signify increasing levels of technical knowledge and practical skill. While the system's structure shares its origins with the <a href="/wiki/Judo#Rank_and_grading" title="Judo">judo ranking system</a> and the origins of all coloured belts, it now contains many of its own unique aspects and themes. Some of these differences are relatively minor, such as the division between youth and adult belts and the stripe/degree system. Others are quite distinct and have become synonymous with the art, such as a higher degree of informality in promotional criteria, a focus on competitive demonstration of skill, and a conservative approach to promotion in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracie1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracie1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the concept of competitive skill demonstration as a quickened and earned route of promotion holds true.<sup id="cite_ref-IBJJF_Graduation_System_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBJJF_Graduation_System-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gracie1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracie1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some schools have placed a green belt for adults between the white and blue belt ranks due to the long periods between advancement. In addition, the use of a grey belt has been instituted for many children's programs to signal progress between the white and yellow belt rankings. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a> in Brazilian jiu-jitsu commonly takes more than several years to earn, and the rank is generally considered expert level. The amount of time it takes to achieve the rank of black belt varies between the practitioner. Some notable individuals who had previous backgrounds in other martial arts have been promoted directly to black belt rank without going through any intermediate rank, though this has fallen out of favour in recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have achieved the rank in relatively short time frames.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of exceptions such as these, the average time frame is around 10 years with a consistent training schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ryron Gracie (grandson/grandnephew of founders <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie" title="Hélio Gracie">Hélio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a>) has stated that the average of 10–12 years is longer than necessary, suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Ego_(Freudian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ego (Freudian)">ego</a> of the practitioner often hinders progress, and advancement to black belt should take about 7 years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federations">Federations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Federations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its inception Brazilian jiu-jitsu has had different registered federations and tournaments. The first jiu-jitsu federation was the <a href="/wiki/Jiu-Jitsu_Federation_of_Guanabara" title="Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara">Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara</a>, which has remained a regional federation of Rio de Janeiro, while many others were founded. Among the most prestigious of the many federations are the <a href="/wiki/Sport_Jiu_Jitsu_International_Federation_(SJJIF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF)">Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF)</a>, a nonprofit organization with federations and tournaments around the globe with the mission of making jiu-jitsu an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic sport">Olympic sport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a>, a for-profit organization that hosts a number of tournaments<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and JJGF, founded by <a href="/wiki/Rickson_Gracie" title="Rickson Gracie">Rickson Gracie</a>, which has focus on both BJJ as self-defense and as a sport.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weight_classes">Weight classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Weight classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_weight_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu weight classes">Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu weight classes</a></div> <p>The weight classes for BJJ competitions can differ depending on the organisation that is promoting the event. The IBJJF weight classes are the most commonly used, under the IBJJF rules, the weight classes vary by age, sex and competition type (Gi vs Nogi).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>IBJJF Adults/Masters Weight Classes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Weight divisions </th> <th>Adults/Masters Gi – male </th> <th>Adults/Masters No Gi – male </th> <th>Adults/Masters Gi – female </th> <th>Adults/Masters No Gi – female </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Rooster<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Galo</i></span> </td> <td>57.5 kg (126.8 lb) </td> <td>55.5 kg (122.4 lb) </td> <td>48.5 kg (106.9 lb) </td> <td>46.5 kg (102.5 lb) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Light Feather<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Pluma</i></span> </td> <td>64 kg (141.1 lb) </td> <td>61.5 kg (135.6 lb) </td> <td>53.5 kg (117.9 lb) </td> <td>51.5 kg (113.5 lb) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Feather<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Pena</i></span> </td> <td>70 kg (154.3 lb) </td> <td>67.5 kg (148.8 lb) </td> <td>58.5 kg (129.0 lb) </td> <td>56.5 kg (124.6 lb) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Light<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Leve</i></span> </td> <td>76 kg (167.6 lb) </td> <td>73.5 kg (162.0 lb) </td> <td>64 kg (141.1 lb) </td> <td>61.5 kg (135.6 lb) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Middle<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Médio</i></span> </td> <td>82.3 kg (181.4 lb) </td> <td>79.5 kg (175.3 lb) </td> <td>69 kg (152.1 lb) </td> <td>66.5 kg (146.6 lb) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Medium Heavy<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Meio-Pesado</i></span> </td> <td>88.3 kg (194.7 lb) </td> <td>85.5 kg (188.5 lb) </td> <td>74 kg (163.1 lb) </td> <td>71.5 kg (157.6 lb) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Heavy<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Pesado</i></span> </td> <td>94.3 kg (207.9 lb) </td> <td>91.5 kg (201.7 lb) </td> <td>79.3 kg (174.8 lb) </td> <td>76.5 kg (168.7 lb) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Super Heavy<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Super Pesado</i></span> </td> <td>100.5 kg (221.6 lb) </td> <td>97.5 kg (215.0 lb) </td> <td>No weight limit </td> <td>No weight limit </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Ultra Heavy<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Pesadissimo</i></span> </td> <td>No weight limit </td> <td>No weight limit </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Open Class<br /><span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Absoluto</i></span> </td> <td>open to all weight divisions </td> <td>open to all weight divisions </td> <td>open to all weight divisions </td> <td>open to all weight divisions </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tournaments">Tournaments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tournaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are numerous local and regional tournaments administered regularly by private individuals and academies, there are two major entities in jiu-jitsu circles. First, is the <a href="/wiki/Sport_Jiu_Jitsu_International_Federation_(SJJIF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF)">Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF)</a>, a (nonprofit) organization with international federations and tournaments. Second, is the <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a> (IBJJF), a for-profit company that hosts a number of major tournaments worldwide. These include the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Championship_(jiu-jitsu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-American Championship (jiu-jitsu)">Pan American Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Championship_(Brazilian_jiu-jitsu)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Championship (Brazilian jiu-jitsu)">European Championship</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mundials" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundials">Mundials</a>. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> are the three states in the US which host tournaments most frequently. Other promotions within <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, such as Battleground Grappling Championship, American Grappling Federation (AGF), North American BJJ Federation (NABJJF), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Grappling_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Grappling Association (page does not exist)">North American Grappling Association</a> (NAGA) host tournaments nationwide, but visit these states multiple times within a tournament season. </p><p>Another tournament to spring from the founding Gracie lineage is the Gracie Nationals or Gracie Worlds. Founded in 2007 by Rose Gracie, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> creator and Brazilian jiu-jitsu grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Rorion_Gracie" title="Rorion Gracie">Rorion Gracie</a>. Gracie Nationals/Worlds followed the guidelines of other major tournaments of the time, implementing a points systems </p><p>In 2012, the Gracie Worlds introduced a new submission-only format, removing certain judging systems that many interpreted as an outdated scoring system. Rose spoke about this change when she said, "Today's tournaments aren't what my grandfather [Helio Gracie] envisioned. There's so many rules that it takes away from the actual art of jiu-jitsu. We don't see many submissions. We see cheating, we see decisions made by a referee. We need to stand together against this and support a submission only kind of revolution." Cheating in jiu-jitsu, Rose said, comes in many forms. "[A competitor] will earn a point, then hold for the entire match so they can win with that one little advantage they got at the start," Rose said. "That's not jiu-jitsu. That's cheating." Mark McDonnell from Gracie Botany agrees.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This discontent with points-based and advantage-style competition has been echoed throughout the jiu-jitsu community, leading to many prominent submission-only style events. At these events, the winner of a match is determined only by submission, and these tournaments at times have no time limit, or are timed with a result of double disqualification if there is no submission victory. This form of tournament have yet to become widespread, but is gaining in popularity especially amongst MMA competitors. <a href="/wiki/Metamoris" title="Metamoris">Metamoris</a>, a grappling competition event run by Rose's brother <a href="/wiki/Ralek_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralek Gracie">Ralek Gracie</a>, has helped advocate this tournament form. Another notable example of a submission-only format is the EBI Eddie Bravo Invitational, which was the first televised event of its kind, and is now being featured on <a href="/wiki/UFC_Fight_Pass" title="UFC Fight Pass">UFC Fight Pass</a>. Other submission-only events have cropped up all over the world including TUFF invitational, <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Pro_Grappling" title="Polaris Pro Grappling">Polaris Pro Grappling</a> based in the United Kingdom, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Submission_Underground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submission Underground (page does not exist)">Submission Underground</a> backed by longtime MMA star <a href="/wiki/Chael_Sonnen" title="Chael Sonnen">Chael Sonnen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Quintet_(grappling)" title="Quintet (grappling)">QUINTET</a> promotion, devised by Japanese MMA legend <a href="/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba" title="Kazushi Sakuraba">Kazushi Sakuraba</a> and based around teams of five players each representing a different gym or background.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At tournaments, especially those hosted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a> (IBJJF), some athletes engage in a practice called "closing out".<sup id="cite_ref-graciemag.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graciemag.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs when two athletes, usually friends or members of the same team, meet in a match but refuse to fight. Tournament organizers can minimize the chance of close-outs by placing athletes from the same team on opposite sides of the bracket, a practice which makes the finals the only match in which they could possibly meet (assuming each team has no more than two competitors in a given bracket). When two athletes close out a match, they agree which one of them will technically forfeit to the other. As this most often occurs in the final matches of tournaments, this usually means deciding which of the two will win the gold medal and which will win the silver. Notable examples of closing out include Marcus "Buchecha" Almeida forfeiting the finals of the Absolute division at the 2018 IBJJF World Championship to his friend Leandro Lo, who had suffered a shoulder injury during a previous match,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and frequent close outs between the brothers Paulo and Joao Miyao, who often compete in the same weight division.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of close-outs claim it fosters team unity and allows competitors to train as hard and as freely as they can with their teammates. They say that facing a teammate in a competition would make them hold back in training. Critics of the practice say it diminishes audience enjoyment of tournaments where it is allowed,<sup id="cite_ref-graciemag.com_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graciemag.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some tournaments, notably the ADCC, ban it.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_considerations">Health considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Health considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazilian jiu-jitsu is one of the safest full contact martial arts. Its injury rate is around 9~39 per 1000 athlete exposures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is lower than in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> (236~286 per 1000), <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> (210~420 per 1000), <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> (25~131 per 1000) and <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a> (21~140 per 1000). It is similar to <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, which also uses grappling instead of striking. The few injuries that may be incurred in Brazilian jiu-jitsu usually affect the joints and rarely the head. The most common injuries Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners suffer from are <a href="/wiki/ACL_tear" class="mw-redirect" title="ACL tear">ACL tears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a> tears in the shoulders, and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_disc_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc hernia">spinal disc herniations</a>, most commonly in the neck region. Many are repairable via surgery that require an extended rehab period before the athlete can return to BJJ training. Also many athletes suffer from minor injuries, such as elbow, finger, and wrist <a href="/wiki/Tendonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendonitis">tendonitis</a>, due to overtraining and the grappling nature of the martial art, which can be strenuous and taxing for the joints and the tendons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_health">Skin health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Skin health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the normal strains and pulls associated with most martial arts, Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners (along with wrestlers, judoka, and other grapplers) are exposed to regular skin abrasions and potential unsanitary mat conditions. They are thus at higher risk for developing skin disease.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several commonly contracted skin diseases include <a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">ringworm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">impetigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpes_gladiatorum" title="Herpes gladiatorum">herpes gladiatorum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">staph infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper hygiene practices, including regular cleaning of classroom mats, showering immediately after class with <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, disinfecting and covering any open wounds, thorough cleaning of any <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">gi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rashguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashguard">rashguard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wrestling_headgear" title="Wrestling headgear">headgear</a> used before the next class, not sharing used towels/uniforms, and using a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_cream" title="Barrier cream">barrier cream</a> greatly reduces the chance of contracting a disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cauliflower_ear">Cauliflower ear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cauliflower ear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Cruz_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dom_Cruz_2.png/220px-Dom_Cruz_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dom_Cruz_2.png/330px-Dom_Cruz_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Dom_Cruz_2.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Dominick Cruz's cauliflower ears</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the use of the head to maintain position and attack in jiu-jitsu, the ears can easily be damaged and begin to swell. Without immediate medical treatment, the cartilage in a swollen ear will separate from the <a href="/wiki/Perichondrium" title="Perichondrium">perichondrium</a> that supplies its nutrients and will become permanently swollen/deformed (<a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_ear" title="Cauliflower ear">cauliflower ear</a>). <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_headgear" title="Wrestling headgear">Wrestling headgear</a> is sometimes used for the prevention of this condition. Treatment includes draining the hematoma or surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance-enhancing_drugs">Performance-enhancing drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Performance-enhancing drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of taking <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-enhancing drugs">performance-enhancing drugs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ergogenic_use_of_anabolic_steroids" title="Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids">anabolic steroids</a>, is believed to be relatively commonplace among competitors in jiu-jitsu tournaments and has sparked letters and public statements by some of jiu-jitsu's top competitors, including <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Medeiros" title="Rodrigo Medeiros">Rodrigo Medeiros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caio_Terra" title="Caio Terra">Caio Terra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/IBJJF" class="mw-redirect" title="IBJJF">IBJJF</a> began testing for performance-enhancing drugs at IBJJF sponsored events, starting with the 2013 Pan American Championship.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most other tournaments tend to lack PED testing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cervical_and_spinal_lock_"neck_cranks""><span id="Cervical_and_spinal_lock_.22neck_cranks.22"></span>Cervical and spinal lock "neck cranks"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cervical and spinal lock "neck cranks""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Spinal_lock" title="Spinal lock">spinal lock</a> is a multiple <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint lock</a> applied to the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_column" title="Spinal column">spinal column</a>, which is performed by forcing the spine beyond its normal ranges of motion. This is typically done by bending or twisting the head or upper body into abnormal positions. Commonly, spinal locks might <a href="/wiki/Strain_(injury)" title="Strain (injury)">strain</a> the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">spinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">musculature</a> or result in a mild spinal <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprain</a>, while a forcefully and/or suddenly applied spinal lock may cause severe <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligament</a> damage or damage to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a>, and possibly result in serious <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>, or death. Spinal locks and cervical locks are forbidden in gi jiu-jitsu,<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amateur MMA,<sup id="cite_ref-abcboxing.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcboxing.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multiple forms of no-gi jiu-jitsu,<sup id="cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judo,<sup id="cite_ref-intjudo.eu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intjudo.eu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other martial arts<sup id="cite_ref-usgrappling.com_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgrappling.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its illegal nature and express purpose to cause serious, irrevocable bodily injury, paralysis, and death.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forceful application of chokes such as the <a href="/wiki/Rear_Naked_Choke" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Naked Choke">Rear Naked Choke</a> and subsequent cranking of the neck whilst being choked can potentially lead to arterial dissection, which could lead to stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due care should be exercised when applying these chokes in sparring situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elbow_injuries">Elbow injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Elbow injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elbow injuries commonly occur from arm bars, Kimuras, and takedowns with a fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH). These injuries include LCL sprain [of elbow], MCL sprain [of elbow], anterior sprain of distal biceps tendon, elbow dislocation, and posterior tenderness at olecranon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knee_injuries">Knee injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Knee injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knee injuries occur from passing guard, takedowns, sweeps, direct pressure, and various stress with flexed knee. These injuries include LCL sprain [of knee], MCL sprain [of knee], and lateral meniscus tear.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foot_and_ankle_injuries">Foot and ankle injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Foot and ankle injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foot and ankle injuries occur from pushing forward, takedowns, and footlocks. These injuries include ankle ATFL sprain, turf toe, and hyper flexion sprain of great toe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finger_injuries">Finger injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Finger injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finger injuries occur from getting caught in the gi, applying arm bars, and blocking opponents. These injuries include sprains, dislocations, and fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shoulder_injuries">Shoulder injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Shoulder injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shoulder injuries occur from Kimuras, takedowns with a fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH), and pushing opponents. These injuries include acromioclavicular separation, anterior dislocation, and anterior subluxation (partial dislocation).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neck_injuries">Neck injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Neck injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neck injuries can occur from triangle chokes and resisting them. These injuries include cervical strains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehab">Rehab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Rehab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the severity, many injuries require evaluation by a professional, usually a primary care provider, sports medicine physician, orthopedic surgeon, or physical therapist. Other injuries may be treated with a home exercise program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_fighters">Notable fighters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable fighters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_practitioners" title="List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners">List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Champions">World Champions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: World Champions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/World_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Jiu-Jitsu Championship">World Jiu-Jitsu Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Nogi_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Nogi Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championship">World Nogi Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championship</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a> world champions include the following (not exhaustive): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ryan" title="Gordon Ryan">Gordon Ryan</a> (American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Sperry">Mario Sperry</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Gracie" title="Clark Gracie">Clark Gracie</a> (American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Gracie" title="Roger Gracie">Roger Gracie</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaury_Bitetti" title="Amaury Bitetti">Amaury Bitetti</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulo_Barral" title="Romulo Barral">Romulo Barral</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ffion_Davies" title="Ffion Davies">Ffion Davies</a> (Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Fadda" title="Oswaldo Fadda">Oswaldo Fadda</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Liborio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Liborio">Ricardo Liborio</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyra_Gracie" title="Kyra Gracie">Kyra Gracie</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Gadelha" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudia Gadelha">Claudia Gadelha</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Galvao" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Galvao">Andre Galvao</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Lo" title="Leandro Lo">Leandro Lo</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Garcia_(grappler)" title="Marcelo Garcia (grappler)">Marcelo Garcia</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikey_Musumeci" title="Mikey Musumeci">Mikey Musumeci</a> (American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristiane_Justino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristiane Justino">Cristiane Justino</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Lovato_Jr." title="Rafael Lovato Jr.">Rafael Lovato Jr.</a> (American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demian_Maia" title="Demian Maia">Demian Maia</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredson_Paix%C3%A3o" title="Fredson Paixão">Fredson Paixão</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsis_Humphreys" title="Tarsis Humphreys">Tarsis Humphreys</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.J._Penn" title="B.J. Penn">B.J. Penn</a> (American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Popovitch" title="Pablo Popovitch">Pablo Popovitch</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Souza" title="Ronaldo Souza">Ronaldo Souza</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulo_Ribeiro" title="Saulo Ribeiro">Saulo Ribeiro</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xande_Ribeiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Xande Ribeiro">Xande Ribeiro</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Almeida" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Almeida">Marcus "Buchecha" Almeida</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Vieira_(BJJ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodolfo Vieira (BJJ)">Rodolfo Vieira</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Faria" title="Bernardo Faria">Bernardo Faria</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ribeiro" title="Leticia Ribeiro">Leticia Ribeiro</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrielle Garcia">Gabrielle Garcia</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Ribeiro" title="Vítor Ribeiro">Vítor Ribeiro</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Gurgel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabio Gurgel">Fabio Gurgel</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Leopoldo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabio Leopoldo">Fabio Leopoldo</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braulio_Estima" title="Braulio Estima">Braulio Estima</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Mendes" title="Rafael Mendes">Rafael Mendes</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venla_Luukkonen" title="Venla Luukkonen">Venla Luukkonen</a> (Finnish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilherme_Mendes" title="Guilherme Mendes">Guilherme Mendes</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vieira" title="Leonardo Vieira">Leonardo Vieira</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vieira" title="Ricardo Vieira">Ricardo Vieira</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Miyao" title="Paulo Miyao">Paulo Miyao</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caio_Terra" title="Caio Terra">Caio Terra</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Calasans" title="Claudio Calasans">Claudio Calasans</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Malfacine" title="Bruno Malfacine">Bruno Malfacine</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabricio_Werdum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabricio Werdum">Fabricio Werdum</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Moraes" title="Sérgio Moraes">Sérgio Moraes</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robson_Moura" title="Robson Moura">Robson Moura</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubens_Charles_Maciel" title="Rubens Charles Maciel">Rubens Charles Maciel</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominyka_Obelenyte" title="Dominyka Obelenyte">Dominyka Obelenyte</a> (Lithuanian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Langhi" title="Michael Langhi">Michael Langhi</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andresa_Correa" title="Andresa Correa">Andresa Correa</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayane_Porfirio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayane Porfirio">Tayane Porfirio</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Mesquita" title="Beatriz Mesquita">Beatriz Mesquita</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Nicolini" title="Michelle Nicolini">Michelle Nicolini</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Dern" title="Mackenzie Dern">Mackenzie Dern</a> (Brazilian/American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burns" title="Gilbert Burns">Gilbert Burns</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oliveira" title="Charles Oliveira">Charles Oliveira</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Pantoja" title="Alexandre Pantoja">Alexandre Pantoja</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_dos_Anjos" title="Rafael dos Anjos">Rafael dos Anjos</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailton_Almeida" title="Jailton Almeida">Jailton Almeida</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luana_Alzuguir" class="mw-redirect" title="Luana Alzuguir">Luana Alzuguir</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_do_Val" title="Claudia do Val">Claudia do Val</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikako_Yuasa" title="Rikako Yuasa">Rikako Yuasa</a> (Japanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_Stefanac" title="Lana Stefanac">Lana Stefanac</a> (American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannette_Staack" title="Hannette Staack">Hannette Staack</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Cruz" title="Márcio Cruz">Márcio Cruz</a> (Brazilian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Roque" title="João Roque">João Roque</a> (Angolan/Portuguese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Meregali" title="Nicholas Meregali">Nicholas Meregali</a> (Brazilian)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiu-jitsu_masters_(coral_belts:_7th_&_8th_degree)"><span id="Jiu-jitsu_masters_.28coral_belts:_7th_.26_8th_degree.29"></span>Jiu-jitsu masters (coral belts: 7th & 8th degree)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Jiu-jitsu masters (coral belts: 7th & 8th degree)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murilo_Bustamante" title="Murilo Bustamante">Murilo Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie_Jr." title="Carlos Gracie Jr.">Carlos Gracie Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Stambowsky" title="Márcio Stambowsky">Márcio Stambowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Machado_(fighter)" title="Carlos Machado (fighter)">Carlos Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigan_Machado" title="Rigan Machado">Rigan Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Machado" title="Jean Jacques Machado">Jean Jacques Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Machado" class="mw-redirect" title="John Machado">John Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Motta_Gomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauricio Motta Gomes">Mauricio Motta Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romero_%22Jacare%22_Cavalcanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Romero "Jacare" Cavalcanti">Romero "Jacare" Cavalcanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geny_Rebello" title="Geny Rebello">Geny Rebello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Penha" title="Sérgio Penha">Sérgio Penha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royler_Gracie" title="Royler Gracie">Royler Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royce_Gracie" title="Royce Gracie">Royce Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Gracie" title="Renzo Gracie">Renzo Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Santos_(fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fábio Santos (fighter)">Fabio Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_%22Caique%22_Elias" title="Carlos "Caique" Elias">Carlos "Caique" Elias</a></li> <li>Rolker Gracie</li> <li>Jorge Pereira</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Le%C3%A3o" title="Hilton Leão">Hilton Leão</a></li> <li>Luiz Palhares</li> <li>Hercules Baptista</li> <li>Sylvio Behring</li> <li>Ricardo Murgel</li> <li>Pedro Sauer</li> <li>John "Papa John" Gorman</li> <li>Dilseu Rossoni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_De_La_Riva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo De La Riva">Ricardo De La Riva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_Fux" title="Luiz Fux">Luiz Fux</a></li> <li>Roger Machado</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Traven" title="Roberto Traven">Roberto Traven</a></li> <li>Jeffrey Hudson<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(9th_degree_red_belts)"><span id="Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_.289th_degree_red_belts.29"></span>Jiu-jitsu grand masters (9th degree red belts)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Jiu-jitsu grand masters (9th degree red belts)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlson_Gracie" title="Carlson Gracie">Carlson Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carley_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Carley Gracie">Carley Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geny_Rebello" title="Geny Rebello">Geny Rebello</a></li> <li>Armando Wridt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Behring" title="Flavio Behring">Flavio Behring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorion_Gracie" title="Rorion Gracie">Rorion Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relson_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Relson Gracie">Relson Gracie</a></li> <li>Francisco Mansour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Robson_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Robson Gracie">Carlos Robson Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickson_Gracie" title="Rickson Gracie">Rickson Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls_Gracie" title="Rolls Gracie">Rolls Gracie</a></li> <li>Derval Luciano Rêgo</li> <li>Francisco Sá<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moreira" title="Joe Moreira">Joe Moreira</a></li> <li>Paulo Maurício Strauch</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_(10th_degree_red_belts)"><span id="Jiu-jitsu_grand_masters_.2810th_degree_red_belts.29"></span>Jiu-jitsu grand masters (10th degree red belts)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Jiu-jitsu grand masters (10th degree red belts)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a></li> <li>Oswaldo Gracie</li> <li>Gastao Gracie, Jr.</li> <li>George Gracie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helio_Gracie" class="mw-redirect" title="Helio Gracie">Helio Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Fadda" title="Oswaldo Fadda">Oswaldo Fadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luiz França">Luiz França Filho</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/28px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/42px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/56px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global-training-report.com/Robert_Drysdale_4.htm">"Who was Oscar Gracie and who taught him jiu-jitsu"</a>. <i>Global-training-report.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global-training-report.com&rft.atitle=Who+was+Oscar+Gracie+and+who+taught+him+jiu-jitsu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal-training-report.com%2FRobert_Drysdale_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-fighters/luiz-franca">"Luiz Franca"</a>. <i>bjjheroes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bjjheroes.com&rft.atitle=Luiz+Franca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjjheroes.com%2Fbjj-fighters%2Fluiz-franca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanlei13-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanlei13_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgílio2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Virgílio, Stanlei (2002). <i>Conde Koma – O invencível yondan da história</i> (in Portuguese). Editora Átomo. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-87585-24-X" title="Special:BookSources/85-87585-24-X"><bdi>85-87585-24-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conde+Koma+%E2%80%93+O+invenc%C3%ADvel+yondan+da+hist%C3%B3ria&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Editora+%C3%81tomo&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=85-87585-24-X&rft.aulast=Virg%C3%ADlio&rft.aufirst=Stanlei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on this, see judo and <a href="/wiki/Kano_Jigoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano Jigoro">Kano Jigoro</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgílio2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Virgílio, Stanley (2002). <i>Conde Koma – O invencível yondan da história</i> (in Portuguese). Editora Átomo. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-87585-24-X" title="Special:BookSources/85-87585-24-X"><bdi>85-87585-24-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conde+Koma+%E2%80%93+O+invenc%C3%ADvel+yondan+da+hist%C3%B3ria&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Editora+%C3%81tomo&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=85-87585-24-X&rft.aulast=Virg%C3%ADlio&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-Nv_LUi6KgC&pg=PA33"><i>Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation</i></a>. 30 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History+and+Innovation&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-Nv_LUi6KgC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330153126/http://bjjteamconde.com/historiaprotugues.aspx">"Team Conde Association"</a>. <i>bjjteamconde.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjjteamconde.com/historiaprotugues.aspx">the original</a> on 30 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bjjteamconde.com&rft.atitle=Team+Conde+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjjteamconde.com%2Fhistoriaprotugues.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRACIE_FAMILY-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRACIE_FAMILY_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjjheroes.com/tag/gracie-family">"Gracie Family"</a>. <i>bjjheroes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bjjheroes.com&rft.atitle=Gracie+Family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjjheroes.com%2Ftag%2Fgracie-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gracie_History_|_Gracie_Academy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gracie_History_|_Gracie_Academy_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729005109/http://www.gracieacademy.com/history.asp">"Gracie History"</a>. Gracie Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracieacademy.com/history.asp">the original</a> on 29 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gracie+History&rft.pub=Gracie+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracieacademy.com%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Equipe_Mestre_Wilson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Equipe_Mestre_Wilson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222121/http://equipemestrewilson.com/mitsuyo-maeda/?lang=pt">"Mitsuyo Maeda & Luiz França"</a>. <i>Equipemestrewilson.com</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equipemestrewilson.com/mitsuyo-maeda/?lang=pt">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equipemestrewilson.com&rft.atitle=Mitsuyo+Maeda+%26+Luiz+Fran%C3%A7a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fequipemestrewilson.com%2Fmitsuyo-maeda%2F%3Flang%3Dpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-fighters/oswaldo-fadda-facts-and-bio">"Oswaldo Fadda"</a>. BJJ Heroes. 4 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oswaldo+Fadda&rft.pub=BJJ+Heroes&rft.date=2010-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjjheroes.com%2Fbjj-fighters%2Foswaldo-fadda-facts-and-bio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-news/brazilian-jiu-jitsu">"What is Jiu-Jitsu"</a>. BJJ Heroes. 26 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Jiu-Jitsu&rft.pub=BJJ+Heroes&rft.date=2011-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjjheroes.com%2Fbjj-news%2Fbrazilian-jiu-jitsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name_b-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-name_b_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name_b_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name_b_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As evidenced by the title of the book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancockHigashi1905" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, H. Irving; Higashi, Katsukuma (1905). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completekanojiuj0000hanc/page/544"><i>The Complete Kano Jiu-Jitsu (Judo)</i></a></span>. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44343-0"><bdi>978-0-486-44343-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Kano+Jiu-Jitsu+%28Judo%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam+%26+Sons&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=978-0-486-44343-0&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=H.+Irving&rft.au=Higashi%2C+Katsukuma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletekanojiuj0000hanc%2Fpage%2F544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name_c-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_c_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As evidenced by the title of the book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKano1937" class="citation book cs1">Kano, Jigoro (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esdojo.es/2014/06/brazilian-jiu-jitsu.html"><i>Jiu-Jitsu (Judo)</i></a>. Tokyo: Board of Tourist Industry, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Government_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Government Railways">Japanese Government Railways</a>. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jiu-Jitsu+%28Judo%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Board+of+Tourist+Industry%2C+Japanese+Government+Railways&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Kano&rft.aufirst=Jigoro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esdojo.es%2F2014%2F06%2Fbrazilian-jiu-jitsu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name_d-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_d_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As also evidenced by the title of the book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryTomitac._1907" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, O. H.; <a href="/wiki/Tsunejiro_Tomita" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunejiro Tomita">Tomita, Tsunejiro</a> (c. 1907). <i>Judo: The Modern School of Jiu-Jitsu</i>. Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judo%3A+The+Modern+School+of+Jiu-Jitsu&rft.place=Chicago&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=O.+H.&rft.au=Tomita%2C+Tsunejiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotomura2005" class="citation book cs1">Motomura, Kiyoto (2005). "Budō in the Physical Education Curriculum of Japanese Schools". In Bennett, Alexander (ed.). <i>Budo Perspectives</i>. Auckland: Kendo World. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-9901694-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-9901694-3-3"><bdi>4-9901694-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bud%C5%8D+in+the+Physical+Education+Curriculum+of+Japanese+Schools&rft.btitle=Budo+Perspectives&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.pub=Kendo+World&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=4-9901694-3-3&rft.aulast=Motomura&rft.aufirst=Kiyoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522083358/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/217/217.F3d.1060.98-16386.98-15672.html">"Carley Gracie et al. v Rorion Gracie et al. – Docket Numbers 98-15672, 98-16386"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/217/217.F3d.1060.98-16386.98-15672.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carley+Gracie+et+al.+v+Rorion+Gracie+et+al.+%E2%80%93+Docket+Numbers+98-15672%2C+98-16386&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulk.resource.org%2Fcourts.gov%2Fc%2FF3%2F217%2F217.F3d.1060.98-16386.98-15672.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjj-world.com/modern-bjj-guards-kosen-judo-tournaments-1952/">"Todays "Modern" BJJ Guards Were Used in Kosen Judo Tournaments in 1952"</a>. <i>Bjj-world.com</i>. 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bjj-world.com&rft.atitle=Todays+%22Modern%22+BJJ+Guards+Were+Used+in+Kosen+Judo+Tournaments+in+1952&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjj-world.com%2Fmodern-bjj-guards-kosen-judo-tournaments-1952%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grapplingmastery.com/kosen-judo-vs-bjj/">"Kosen Judo vs. BJJ"</a>. <i>Grapplingmastery.com</i>. 22 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grapplingmastery.com&rft.atitle=Kosen+Judo+vs.+BJJ&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grapplingmastery.com%2Fkosen-judo-vs-bjj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/xwhXVkeSj-0">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410142728/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwhXVkeSj-0">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRed_Dragon_Diaries2016" class="citation web cs1">Red Dragon Diaries (5 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwhXVkeSj-0">"Kosen Judo Class at Kyoto University (Foundation of Modern BJJ)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosen+Judo+Class+at+Kyoto+University+%28Foundation+of+Modern+BJJ%29&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft.au=Red+Dragon+Diaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxwhXVkeSj-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2018/9/20/17857498/feature-take-b-out-bjj-mata-leao-by-any-other-name-still-choke-you-jiu-jitsu-judo-gracie-history">Judo history</a> "We should all start simply calling one of the world's most popular grappling arts Jiu-Jitsu, says Ram Gilboa, a black belt in (Brazilian) Jiu-Jitsu." 2018/9/20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibjjf.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibjjf.org_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibjjf.com/books-videos">"Rule Book : English Version"</a>. <i>Ibjjf.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibjjf.org&rft.atitle=Rule+Book+%3A+English+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibjjf.com%2Fbooks-videos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 5.2.2.A of the IBJJF rules states "The athlete will only be allowed to kneel after having taken hold of his opponents kimono."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcboxing.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcboxing.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcboxing.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcboxing.com/ABC%20Amateur%20MMA%20Unified%20Rules.pdf">"Association of Boxing Commission : Amateur Mixed Martial Arts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Abcboxing.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907155711/http://www.abcboxing.com/ABC%20Amateur%20MMA%20Unified%20Rules.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abcboxing.com&rft.atitle=Association+of+Boxing+Commission+%3A+Amateur+Mixed+Martial+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abcboxing.com%2FABC%2520Amateur%2520MMA%2520Unified%2520Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intjudo.eu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intjudo.eu_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intjudo.eu_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042953/http://www.intjudo.eu/editor_up/up/IJF%20REF%20RULES_Final%20print%20vers_2011-12_ENG_Final_amended.pdf">"Refereeing Rules 2011-12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Intjudo.eu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intjudo.eu/editor_up/up/IJF%20REF%20RULES_Final%20print%20vers_2011-12_ENG_Final_amended.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intjudo.eu&rft.atitle=Refereeing+Rules+2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intjudo.eu%2Feditor_up%2Fup%2FIJF%2520REF%2520RULES_Final%2520print%2520vers_2011-12_ENG_Final_amended.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgrappling.com-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgrappling.com_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgrappling.com_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgrappling.com/rules/">"Rules"</a>. <i>US Grappling</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Grappling&rft.atitle=Rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgrappling.com%2Frules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGR-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGR_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGR_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgrappling.com/rules/">"US grappling Rules"</a>. <i>Usgrappling.com</i>. 17 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usgrappling.com&rft.atitle=US+grappling+Rules&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgrappling.com%2Frules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjj-spot.com/striking-in-bjj-all-you-need-to-know/">"Striking in BJJ All you need to know"</a>. <i>www.bjj-spot.com</i>. 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bjj-spot.com&rft.atitle=Striking+in+BJJ+All+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjj-spot.com%2Fstriking-in-bjj-all-you-need-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Clifton, Paul (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracie.com/pubs/uk-combat1297.html">"Carlos Gracie – The Lion of the Gracie Family!"</a>. <i>Combat</i>. Vol. 23, no. 12. Birmingham, UK: Martial Arts Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracieacademy.com/generations_rorion.asp">the original</a> on 26 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rorion+Gracie&rft.pub=Gracie+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracieacademy.com%2Fgenerations_rorion.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://championscreed.ca/wiki/BrazilianJiuJitsu/BrazilianJiuJitsuTrial">"Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Trial"</a>. <i>championscreed.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=championscreed.ca&rft.atitle=Brazilian+Jiu+Jitsu+Trial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchampionscreed.ca%2Fwiki%2FBrazilianJiuJitsu%2FBrazilianJiuJitsuTrial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMejia2018" class="citation web cs1">Mejia, Zameena (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/05/ex-navy-seal-commander-heres-why-so-many-smart-people-practicebrazilian-jiu-jitsu.html">"Ex-Navy SEAL commander: Here's why so many smart people practice Brazilian jiu-jitsu"</a>. <i>Cnbc.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cnbc.com&rft.atitle=Ex-Navy+SEAL+commander%3A+Here%27s+why+so+many+smart+people+practice+Brazilian+jiu-jitsu&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Mejia&rft.aufirst=Zameena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2Fex-navy-seal-commander-heres-why-so-many-smart-people-practicebrazilian-jiu-jitsu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renzog1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-renzog1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGracie2003" class="citation book cs1">Gracie, Renzo (2003). <i>Mastering Jiu-jitsu</i>. Human Kinetics. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7360-4404-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7360-4404-3"><bdi>0-7360-4404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Jiu-jitsu&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7360-4404-3&rft.aulast=Gracie&rft.aufirst=Renzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxlW9dmsPJs">Carlos Sr. vs Helio: The Truth About the Gracie Family History and Politics</a> Kama Jiu-Jitsu, 14 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwfighting.com/know-your-jiu-jitsu-positions-cross-body-pins.html/">"Know Your Cross-Body Pins"</a>. <i>nwfighting.com</i>. 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M.; Koppe, Gelson (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5678212">"Internal Carotid Artery Dissection in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu"</a>. <i>Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7461%2Fjcen.2017.19.2.111">10.7461/jcen.2017.19.2.111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5678212">5678212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29152471">29152471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cerebrovascular+and+Endovascular+Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Internal+Carotid+Artery+Dissection+in+Brazilian+Jiu-Jitsu&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5678212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29152471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7461%2Fjcen.2017.19.2.111&rft.aulast=Demartini&rft.aufirst=Zeferino+Jr.&rft.au=Freire%2C+Maxweyd+R.&rft.au=Lages%2C+Roberto+O.&rft.au=Francisco%2C+Alexandre+N.&rft.au=Nanni%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Gatto%2C+Luana+A.+M.&rft.au=Koppe%2C+Gelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5678212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/historyofbjj/p/CxXo1QqO2TA/">"Dr. Jeff Hudson Coral Belt"</a>. <i>historyofbjj</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofbjj&rft.atitle=Dr.+Jeff+Hudson+Coral+Belt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fhistoryofbjj%2Fp%2FCxXo1QqO2TA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+jiu-jitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-fighters/master-francisco-sa">"Master Francisco Sá"</a>. <i>BJJ Heroes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazilian_jiu-jitsu198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Template:Brazilian jiu-jitsu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Template talk:Brazilian jiu-jitsu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian jiu-jitsu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazilian_jiu-jitsu198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gracie" title="Carlos Gracie">Carlos Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Gracie" title="Hélio Gracie">Hélio Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luiz França">Luiz França</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracie_family" title="Gracie family">Gracie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_family" title="Machado family">Machado family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBJJF_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="List of IBJJF Hall of Fame inductees">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_practitioners" title="List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners">Practitioners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">IBJJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_Jiu-Jitsu_International_Federation" title="Sport Jiu-Jitsu International Federation">SJJIF</a></li> <li>Federations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiu-Jitsu_Federation_of_Guanabara" title="Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara">Guanabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu-Jitsu_Federation_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">Gi</a></li> <li>Ranking <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_ranking_system" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system">BJJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracie_jiu-jitsu_ranking_system" title="Gracie jiu-jitsu ranking system">Gracie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_weight_classes" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu weight classes">Weight classes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Slam_Jiu-Jitsu_World_Tour" title="Abu Dhabi Grand Slam Jiu-Jitsu World Tour">ADGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_World_Professional_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="Abu Dhabi World Professional Jiu-Jitsu Championship">ADWPJJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCC_Submission_Fighting_World_Championship" title="ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship">ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="Asian IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship">Asian Championship</a></li> <li>Brazilian National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian National Jiu-Jitsu Championship">Gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Nationals_Jiu-Jitsu_No-Gi_Championship" title="Brazilian Nationals Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship">No-Gi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBJJO_World_Jiu-Jitsu_Cup" title="CBJJO World Jiu-Jitsu Cup">CBJJO World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COPA_de_Bangkok" title="COPA de Bangkok">COPA de Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Jones_Invitational" title="Craig Jones Invitational">Craig Jones Invitational</a></li> <li>European Championship <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="European IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship">Gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_No-Gi_Championship" title="European IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship">No-Gi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_and_seniors_international_jiu-jitsu_championship" title="Master and seniors international jiu-jitsu championship">Master and Seniors Championship</a></li> <li>Pan American Championship <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship">Gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_No-Gi_Championship" title="Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship">No-Gi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_International_Open_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="Rio International Open Jiu-Jitsu Championship">Rio International Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJJIF_World_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="SJJIF World Jiu-Jitsu Championship">SJJIF World Jiu-Jitsu Championship</a></li> <li>World Championship <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship">Gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_No-Gi_Championship" title="World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship">No-Gi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creonte" title="Creonte">Creonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracie_Jiu-Jitsu_(book)" title="Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (book)">Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidehiko_Yoshida_vs._Royce_Gracie" title="Hidehiko Yoshida vs. Royce Gracie">Hidehiko Yoshida vs. Royce Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBJJF_Grand_Slam" title="IBJJF Grand Slam">IBJJF Grand Slam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba_vs._Royce_Gracie" title="Kazushi Sakuraba vs. Royce Gracie">Kazushi Sakuraba vs. Royce Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masahiko_Kimura_vs._H%C3%A9lio_Gracie" title="Masahiko Kimura vs. Hélio Gracie">Masahiko Kimura vs. Hélio Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamoris" title="Metamoris">Metamoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintet_(grappling)" title="Quintet (grappling)">Quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_techniques" title="List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Category:Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grappling120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grappling" title="Template:Grappling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grappling" title="Template talk:Grappling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grappling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grappling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grappling120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADCC_Submission_Fighting_World_Championship" title="ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship">ADCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Jones_Invitational" title="Craig Jones Invitational">Craig Jones Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapplers_Quest" title="Grapplers Quest">Grapplers Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamoris" title="Metamoris">Metamoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Pro_Grappling" title="Polaris Pro Grappling">Polaris Pro Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintet_(grappling)" title="Quintet (grappling)">Quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COPA_de_Bangkok" title="COPA de Bangkok">COPA de Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(grappling)" title="Bridge (grappling)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_tie" title="Collar tie">Collar tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye-gouging" title="Eye-gouging">Eye-gouging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish-hooking" title="Fish-hooking">Fish-hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Grappling hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooks_(grappling)" title="Hooks (grappling)">Hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippon_seoi_nage" title="Ippon seoi nage">Ippon seoi nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_hold" title="Nelson hold">Nelson hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhook" title="Overhook">Overhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprawl_(grappling)" title="Sprawl (grappling)">Sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_(grappling)" title="Transition (grappling)">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underhook" title="Underhook">Underhook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Grappling hold</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armlock" title="Armlock">Armlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_lock" title="Compression lock">Compression lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leglock" title="Leglock">Leglock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_joint_manipulation" title="Small joint manipulation">Small joint manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_lock" title="Spinal lock">Spinal lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wristlock" title="Wristlock">Wristlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling_position" title="Grappling position">Grappling position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_mount" title="Back mount">Back mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hug" title="Bear hug">Bear hug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow_position" title="Collar-and-elbow position">Collar-and-elbow position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_(wrestling)" title="Cradle (wrestling)">Cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix_position" title="Crucifix position">Crucifix position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)" title="Guard (grappling)">Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_guard" title="Half guard">Half guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee-on-stomach" title="Knee-on-stomach">Knee-on-stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_(grappling)" title="Mount (grappling)">Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93south_position" title="North–south position">North–south position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over%E2%80%93under_position" title="Over–under position">Over–under position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_grip_tie" title="Pinch grip tie">Pinch grip tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_control" title="Side control">Side control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grappling-based martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrestling" title="Beach wrestling">Beach wrestling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">Catch wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Na" title="Chin Na">Chin Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog Kung Fu">Dishuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_wrestling" title="Belt wrestling">Belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacket_wrestling" title="Jacket wrestling">Jacket wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_wrestling" title="Styles of wrestling">Styles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongmudo" title="Yongmudo">Yongmudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">Dohyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunbai" title="Gunbai">Gunbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judogi" title="Judogi">Judogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_headgear" title="Wrestling headgear">Wrestling headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_shoe" title="Wrestling shoe">Wrestling shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_singlet" title="Wrestling singlet">Wrestling singlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts468" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classification468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_games468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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