CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cult - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c26b0191-6a4a-476d-8e35-f91756e53089","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cult","wgTitle":"Cult","wgCurRevisionId":1259958082,"wgRevisionId":1259958082,"wgArticleId":1008588,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Use Oxford spelling from July 2020","Use dmy dates from March 2019","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Cults","Pejorative terms"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cult","wgRelevantArticleId":1008588,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11038979","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cult - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cult rootpage-Cult skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cult" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cult" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cult" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cult" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scholarly studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destructive_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destructive_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Destructive cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destructive_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doomsday_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doomsday_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Doomsday cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doomsday_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Political cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-cult_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-cult_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anti-cult movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-cult_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-cult movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-cult_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_countercult_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_countercult_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Christian countercult movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_countercult_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_anti-cult_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_anti-cult_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Secular anti-cult movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_anti-cult_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_policies_and_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_policies_and_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governmental policies and actions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governmental_policies_and_actions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governmental policies and actions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governmental_policies_and_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cult</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AA_(%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="كلت (دين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلت (دين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secta" title="Secta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Secta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult" title="Cult – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cult" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culte" title="Culte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Culte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwlt" title="Cwlt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwlt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekt" title="Sekt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secta_destructiva" title="Secta destructiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secta destructiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekto" title="Sekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultu" title="Kultu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kultu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87" title="فرقه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرقه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secte" title="Secte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Secte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seita" title="Seita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Seita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90)" title="컬트 (종교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬트 (종교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कल्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setta" title="Setta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Setta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="כת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaeria" title="Hetaeria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hetaeria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekta" title="Sekta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sekta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultus" title="Kultus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kultus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="カルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8cta" title="Sècta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sècta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekta_destrukcyjna" title="Sekta destrukcyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sekta destrukcyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seita" title="Seita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Харизматический культ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харизматический культ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult" title="Cult – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cult" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult" title="Kult – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kult" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Култ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultti" title="Kultti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kultti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வழிபாட்டு மரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வழிபாட்டு மரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="ลัทธิบูชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิบูชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt" title="Kült – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kült" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Харизматичний культ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Харизматичний культ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%93ng_gi%C3%A1o" title="Cuồng giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuồng giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98" title="קולט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קולט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E6%95%99" title="邪教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邪教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E6%95%99" title="邪教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邪教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11038979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cult" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cult"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cult"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cult" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cult" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&oldid=1259958082" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cult&id=1259958082&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCult"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCult"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cult&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cults" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cult" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11038979" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group controlled by a leader and/or an idea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cult_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cult (disambiguation)">Cult (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to Entire article needs updating, with attention paid to sources) need to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Some of these sources are over 50 years old, and academic thinking in this area has changed profoundly even in the past twenty-five years.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Cult</b> is a term often applied to <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a> which have unusual, and often extreme, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>. Extreme devotion to a particular person, object, or <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goal</a> is another characteristic often ascribed to cults. The term has different, and sometimes divergent or <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, definitions both in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> and academia and has been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study. </p><p>Beginning in the 1930s, new religious movements became an object of <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> study within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Study_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Study of religion">study of religious behavior</a>. Since the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a> has opposed some <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a> and new religious movements, labeling them cults because of their <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">unorthodox beliefs</a>. Since the 1970s, the secular <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult movement</a> has opposed certain groups, which they call cults, accusing them of practicing <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a>. </p><p>Groups labelled cults are found around the world and range in size from small localized groups to some international organizations with up to millions of members. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_usage">Definition and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the English-speaking world, the term <i>cult</i> often carries <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">derogatory</a> connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall2024103_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall2024103-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "cult" is derived from the Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cultus</i></span>, which means worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An older sense of the word cult, which is not pejorative, indicates <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">a set of religious devotional practices</a> that is conventional within its culture, is related to a particular figure, and is frequently associated with a particular place, or generally the collective participation in rites of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">imperial cult of ancient Rome</a>, for example, use the word in this sense. A derived sense of "excessive devotion" arose in the 19th century, and usage is not always strictly religious.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is variously applied to abusive or coercive groups of many categories, including gangs, organized crime, and terrorist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall202496_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall202496-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Sociological classifications of religious movements</a> may identify a cult as a social group with <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">socially deviant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Novelty" title="Novelty">novel</a> beliefs and practices,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1996124_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1996124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is often unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge19801377_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge19801377-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers present a less-organized picture of cults, saying that they arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cults have been compared to miniature <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> political systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such groups are typically perceived as being led by a <a href="/wiki/Charismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic">charismatic</a> leader who tightly controls its members.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in some contexts a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term, also used for <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a> which are defined by their unusual <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or their <a href="/wiki/Followership" title="Followership">common interest</a> in a particular person, object, or <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goal</a>. This sense of the term is weakly defined – having divergent definitions both in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> and academia – and has also been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2001473_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2001473-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1993348–356_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1993348–356-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Susannah Crockford, "[t]he word ‘cult’ is a shapeshifter, semantically morphing with the intentions of whoever uses it. As an analytical term, it resists rigorous definition." She argued that the least subjective definition of cult referred to a religion or religion-like group "self-consciously building a new form of society", but that the rest of society rejected as unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrockford2024172_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrockford2024172-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term cult has been criticized as lacking "scholarly rigour"; Benjamin E. Zeller stated "[l]abelling any group with which one disagrees and considers deviant as a cult may be a common occurrence, but it is not scholarship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasGraham-Hyde2024a4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasGraham-Hyde2024a4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has also been viewed as empowering for ex-members of groups that have experienced trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasGraham-Hyde2024a4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasGraham-Hyde2024a4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Wessinger" title="Catherine Wessinger">Catherine Wessinger</a> argued the term was dehumanizing of the people within the group, as well as their children; following the <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a>, it was argued by some scholars that the defining of the Branch Davidians as a cult by the media, government and former members is a significant factor as to what lead to the deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200697_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200697-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was noted to carry "considerable cultural legitimacy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromleyMelton2002231_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyMelton2002231-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult movements</a>, scholars (though not the general public) began to abandon the use of the term <i>cult</i>, regarding it as pejorative. By the end of the 1970s, the term cult was largely replaced in academia with the term "new religion" or "<a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proposed alternative terms that have seen use were "emergent religion", "alternative religious movement", or "marginal religious movement", though new religious movement is the most popular term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200697_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200697-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-cult movement mostly regards the term "new religious movement" as a euphemism for cult that hides their harmful nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scholarly studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church-sect_continuum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church-sect_continuum.svg/400px-Church-sect_continuum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church-sect_continuum.svg/600px-Church-sect_continuum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church-sect_continuum.svg/800px-Church-sect_continuum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Becker" title="Howard P. Becker">Howard P. Becker</a>'s church–sect typology, based on <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a>'s original theory and providing the basis for the modern concepts of cults, <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a></figcaption></figure><p> Beginning in the 1930s, new religious movements perceived as cults became an object of <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> study within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Study_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Study of religion">study of religious behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromiley1999897_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromiley1999897-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term saw its origins in the work of sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920). Weber is an important theorist in the academic study of cults, which often draws on his theorizations of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Church-sect_typology" class="mw-redirect" title="Church-sect typology">distinction he drew</a> between <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1985_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept of church-sect division was further elaborated upon by German theologian <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a>, who added a "mystical" categorization to define more personal religious experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Becker" title="Howard P. Becker">Howard P. Becker</a> further bisected Troeltsch's first two categories: <i>church</i> was split into <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church"><i>ecclesia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination"><i>denomination</i></a>; and <i>sect</i> into <i><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a></i> and <i>cult</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwatos1998a90–93_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwatos1998a90–93-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Troeltsch's "mystical religion", Becker's <i>cult</i> refers to small religious groups that lack in organization and emphasize the private nature of personal beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1998122–123_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1998122–123-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Weber_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/200px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/300px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/400px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920), an important theorist in the study of cults</figcaption></figure><p>Later sociological formulations built on such characteristics, placing an additional emphasis on cults as <a href="/wiki/Deviant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviant">deviant</a> religious groups, "deriving their inspiration from outside of the predominant religious culture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1993349_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1993349-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often thought to lead to a high degree of tension between the group and the more mainstream culture surrounding it, a characteristic shared with religious sects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge198725_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge198725-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this sociological terminology, <i>sects</i> are products of religious <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> and therefore maintain a continuity with traditional beliefs and practices, whereas <i>cults</i> arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987124_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987124-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars <a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">William Sims Bainbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> have argued for a further distinction between three kinds of cults: cult movements, client cults, and audience cults, all of which share a "compensator" or rewards for the things invested into the group. In their typology, a "cult movement" is an actual complete organization, differing from a "sect" in that it is not a splinter of a bigger religion, while "audience cults" are loosely organized, and propagated through media, and "client cults" offer services (i.e. psychic readings or meditation sessions). One type can turn into another, for example the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> changing from audience to client cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologists who follow their definition tend to continue using the word "cult", unlike most other academics; however Bainbridge later stated he regretted having used the word at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stark and Bainbridge, in discussing the process by which individuals join new religious groups, have even questioned the utility of the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a></i>, suggesting that <i><a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious affiliation">affiliation</a></i> is a more useful concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaderDemaris1996_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaderDemaris1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1960s, sociologist <a href="/wiki/John_Lofland_(sociologist)" title="John Lofland (sociologist)">John Lofland</a> studied the activities of <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> members in California in trying to promote their beliefs and win new members. Lofland noted that most of their efforts were ineffective and that most of the people who joined did so because of personal relationships with other members, often family relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1998_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1998_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lofland published his findings in 1964 as a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">doctoral thesis</a> entitled "The World Savers: A Field Study of Cult Processes", and in 1966 in book form by as <i><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Cult:_A_Study_of_Conversion,_Proselytization,_and_Maintenance_of_Faith" title="Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith">Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization and Maintenance of Faith</a></i>. It is considered to be one of the most important and widely cited studies of the process of religious conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshcraft2006180_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshcraft2006180-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides19991_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides19991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> stated that, in 1970, "one could count the number of active researchers on new religions on one's hands." However, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">James R. Lewis</a> writes that the "meteoric growth" in this field of study can be attributed to the cult controversy of the early 1970s. Because of "a wave of nontraditional religiosity" in the late 1960s and early 1970s, academics perceived new religious movements as different phenomena from previous religious innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destructive_cults">Destructive cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Destructive cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Destructive cult</i> is a term frequently used by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the anti-cult movement typically define a destructive cult as a group that is unethical, deceptive, and one that uses "strong influence" or mind control techniques to affect critical thinking skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShupeDarnell2006214_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShupeDarnell2006214-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term is sometimes presented in contrast to a "benign cult", which implies that not all "cults" would be harmful, though others apply it to all cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Langone" title="Michael Langone">Michael Langone</a>, executive director of the anti-cult group <a href="/wiki/International_Cultic_Studies_Association" title="International Cultic Studies Association">International Cultic Studies Association</a>, defines a destructive cult as "a highly manipulative group which exploits and sometimes physically and/or psychologically damages members and recruits."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnerBlochShor19951146_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnerBlochShor19951146-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Cults and the Family</i>, the authors cite Shapiro, who defines a <i>destructive cultism</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">sociopathic</a> <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a>, whose distinctive qualities include: "behavioral and <a href="/wiki/Personality_change" title="Personality change">personality changes</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>, cessation of scholastic activities, estrangement from family, disinterest in society and pronounced mental control and enslavement by cult leaders."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaslowSussman198234_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaslowSussman198234-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing about <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruderhof communities">Bruderhof communities</a> in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults">Misunderstanding Cults</a></i>, Julius H. Rubin said that American religious innovation created an unending diversity of sects. These "new religious movements…gathered new converts and issued challenges to the wider society. Not infrequently, public controversy, contested narratives and litigation result."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2001473_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2001473-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work <i>Cults in Context</i> author <a href="/wiki/Lorne_L._Dawson" title="Lorne L. Dawson">Lorne L. Dawson</a> writes that although the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> "has not been shown to be violent or volatile," it has been described as a destructive cult by "anticult crusaders."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1998349_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1998349-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the German government was held by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> to have <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Osho_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Osho movement">Osho movement</a> by referring to it, among other things, as a "destructive cult" with no factual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeiwert2003_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeiwert2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers have criticized the term <i>destructive cult</i>, writing that it is used to describe groups which are not necessarily harmful in nature to themselves or others. In his book <i>Understanding New Religious Movements</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Saliba" title="John A. Saliba">John A. Saliba</a> writes that the term is overgeneralized. Saliba sees the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a> as the "paradigm of a destructive cult", where those that use the term are implying that other groups will also commit <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaliba2003144_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaliba2003144-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doomsday_cults">Doomsday cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Doomsday cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></div> <p><i>Doomsday cult</i> is an expression which is used to describe groups that believe in <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalypticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a>, and it can also be used to refer both to groups that predict <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a>, and groups that attempt to bring it about.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000216,_222_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000216,_222-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, American <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a> and his colleagues observed members of a small <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> called the Seekers for several months, and recorded their conversations both prior to and after a failed prophecy from their charismatic leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangor200442–43_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangor200442–43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200686_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200686-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettyCacioppo1996139_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettyCacioppo1996139-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their work was later published in the book <i><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group that Predicted the Destruction of the World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangor200442–43_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangor200442–43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s, doomsday cults were a major topic of news reports, with some reporters and commentators considering them a serious threat to society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000215–216_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000215–216-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1997 psychological study by Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter found that people turned to a cataclysmic <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a> after they had repeatedly failed to find meaning in mainstream movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPargament1997150–153,_340_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargament1997150–153,_340-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_cults">Political cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A political cult is a cult with a primary interest in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>. Groups that some have described as "political cults", mostly advocating <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> or <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> agendas, have received some attention from journalists and scholars. In their 2000 book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Edge:_Political_Cults_Right_and_Left" title="On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left">On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left</a></i>, Dennis Tourish and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wohlforth" title="Tim Wohlforth">Tim Wohlforth</a> discuss about a dozen organizations in the United States and Great Britain that they characterize as cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETourishWohlforth2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETourishWohlforth2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-cult_movements">Anti-cult movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anti-cult movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_countercult_movement">Christian countercult movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christian countercult movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></div> <p>In the 1940s, the long-held opposition by some established <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> to non-Christian religions and supposedly <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> or counterfeit Christian sects crystallized into a more organized Christian countercult movement in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="what source says it was the 1940s? (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For those belonging to the movement, all religious groups claiming to be Christian, but deemed outside of Christian <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>, were considered cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan200320_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan200320-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countercult movement is mostly evangelical protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202441_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202441-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian countercult movement asserts that Christian groups whose teachings deviate from the belief that the bible is inerrant,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan200331_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan200331-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also focuses on non-Christian religions like Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202441_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202441-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian countercult activist writers also emphasize the need for Christians to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelize</a> to followers of cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan200325_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan200325-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_anti-cult_movement">Secular anti-cult movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secular anti-cult movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG/220px-Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG/330px-Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG/440px-Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An anti-<a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> protest in Japan, 2009</figcaption></figure><p>Starting in the late 1960s, a different strand of anti-cult groups arose, with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> anti-cult movement (ACM).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202446_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202446-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in response to the rise of new religions in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the events at <a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> and the deaths of nearly 1000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202447_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202447-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organizations that formed the secular anti-cult movement (ACM) often acted on behalf of relatives of "cult" <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converts</a> who did not believe their loved ones could have altered their lives so drastically by their own <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. A few <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologists</a> working in this field suggested that <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> techniques were used to maintain the loyalty of cult members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202446_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202446-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The belief that cults brainwashed their members became a unifying theme among cult critics and in the more extreme corners of the anti-cult movement techniques like the sometimes forceful "<a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">deprogramming</a>" of cult members was practised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShupeBromley1998a27_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShupeBromley1998a27-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, and among average citizens, "cult" gained an increasingly negative connotation, becoming associated with things like <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, brainwashing, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">criminal activity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a>. While most of these negative qualities usually have real documented precedents in the activities of a very small minority of new religious groups, mass culture often extends them to any religious group viewed as culturally <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviant</a>, however peaceful or law abiding it may be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1997_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1997-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_DrielRichardson1988_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_DrielRichardson1988-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillHickmanMcLendon2001_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillHickmanMcLendon2001-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1993348–356_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1993348–356-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part sceptical of their ability to explain conversion to <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">NRMs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1986_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1986-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1980s, psychologists and sociologists started to abandon theories like brainwashing and mind control. While scholars may believe that various less dramatic <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercive</a> psychological mechanisms could influence group members, they came to see conversion to new religious movements principally as an act of a <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational choice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyella1990_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyella1990-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2003ix_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2003ix-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_policies_and_actions">Governmental policies and actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governmental policies and actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects" title="Governmental lists of cults and sects">Governmental lists of cults and sects</a></div> <p>The application of the labels <i>cult</i> or <i>sect</i> to religious movements in government documents signifies the popular and negative use of the term <i>cult</i> in English and a functionally similar use of words translated as 'sect' in several European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologists critical to this negative politicized use of the word <i>cult</i> argue that it may adversely impact the religious freedoms of group members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1996_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1996-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the height of the counter-cult movement and ritual abuse scare of the 1990s, some governments published lists of cults.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups labelled "cults" are found around the world and range in size from local groups with a few members to international organizations with millions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1999_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1999-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these documents utilize similar terminology, they do not necessarily include the same groups nor is their assessment of these groups based on agreed criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other governments and world bodies also report on new religious movements but do not use these terms to describe the groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2000s, some governments have again distanced themselves from such classifications of religious movements.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the official response to new religious groups has been mixed across the globe, some governments aligned more with the critics of these groups to the extent of distinguishing between "legitimate" religion and "dangerous", "unwanted" cults in <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanRichardson2003_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanRichardson2003-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg/220px-Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg/330px-Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg/440px-Destruction_d%27ouvrages_du_Falun_Gong_lors_de_la_r%C3%A9pression_de_1999_en_Chine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> books being symbolically destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese government">Chinese government</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For centuries, governments in China have categorized certain religions as <i><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">xiéjiào</a></i> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E6%95%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:邪教">邪教</a></span>), translated as "evil cults" or "<a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">heterodox teachings</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenny2012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">imperial China</a>, the classification of a religion as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiejiao</i></span> did not necessarily mean that a religion's teachings were believed to be false or inauthentic; rather, the label was applied to religious groups that were not authorized by the state, or it was applied to religious groups that were believed to challenge the legitimacy of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenny2012_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu2010487_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu2010487-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups branded <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiejiao</i></span></i> face suppression and punishment by authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeggie2020257_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeggie2020257-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu2010_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu2010-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Interior_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Interior Ministry">Russian Interior Ministry</a> prepared a list of "extremist groups". At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam", which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were "<a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Pagan cults</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoldatovBorogan201065–66_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldatovBorogan201065–66-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Justice">Russian Ministry of Justice</a> created a council which it named the "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis." The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and it also mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones. The large sects which were listed included: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and other sects which were loosely referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Pentecostal">neo-Pentecostals</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, the scientific status of the "<a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing theory</a>" became a central topic in <a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">U.S. court</a> cases where the theory was used to try to justify the use of the forceful <a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">deprogramming</a> of cult members<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1996_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1996-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, sociologists who were critical of these theories assisted advocates of <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> in defending the legitimacy of new religious movements in court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanRichardson2003_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanRichardson2003-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States the religious activities of cults are protected under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment of the United States Constitution">First Amendment of the United States Constitution</a>, which prohibits governmental <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of religion">establishment of religion</a> and protects <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>; however, no members of religious groups or cults are granted any special <a href="/wiki/Legal_immunity" title="Legal immunity">immunity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">criminal prosecution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloffPfeifer1992_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloffPfeifer1992-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Legal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal case">court case</a> of <i>United States v. Fishman</i> (1990) ended the usage of brainwashing theories by expert witnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Singer" title="Margaret Singer">Margaret Singer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ofshe" title="Richard Ofshe">Richard Ofshe</a>. In the case's ruling, the court cited the <a href="/wiki/Frye_standard" title="Frye standard">Frye standard</a>, which states that the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a> which is utilized by expert witnesses must be generally accepted in their respective fields. The court deemed <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> to be inadmissible in expert testimonies, using supporting documents which were published by the <a href="/wiki/APA_Task_Force_on_Deceptive_and_Indirect_Methods_of_Persuasion_and_Control" title="APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control">APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control</a>, literature from previous court cases in which brainwashing theories were used, and expert testimonies which were delivered by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Dick_Anthony" title="Dick Anthony">Dick Anthony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2014313–316_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2014313–316-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MIVILUDES" title="MIVILUDES">MIVILUDES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_nationale_des_associations_de_d%C3%A9fense_des_familles_et_de_l%27individu" title="Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu">Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commission_on_Cults_in_France" title="Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France">Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France</a></div> <p>The governments of France and Belgium have taken policy positions which accept "brainwashing" theories uncritically, while the governments of other European nations, such as those of Sweden and Italy, are cautious with regard to brainwashing and as a result, they have responded more neutrally with regard to new religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144–146_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144–146-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have suggested that the outrage which followed the mass murder/suicides perpetuated by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Solar Temple</a>, have significantly contributed to European anti-cult positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2002174_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2002174-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, clergymen and officials of the French government expressed concern that some <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">orders</a> and other groups within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> would be adversely affected by anti-cult laws which were then being considered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson200448_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson200448-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">Cult following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">New religious movements and cults in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Sociological classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> note for usage in 1875: "cult:...b. A relatively small group of people having (esp. religious) beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister, or as exercising excessive control over members.… 1875 <i>Brit. Mail 30</i> Jan. 13/1 Buffaloism is, it would seem, a cult, a creed, a secret community, the members of which are bound together by strange and weird vows, and listen in hidden conclave to mysterious lore." <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cult" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=cult">"cult"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cult&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or "sects" in German or French-speaking countries, the German term <i>sekten</i> and the French term <i>sectes</i> having assumed the same derogatory meaning as English "cult".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">Austria: Beginning in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="International Religious Freedom Report">International Religious Freedom Report</a> no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208288">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012"</a>. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2012&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2012%26dlid%3D208288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">Belgium: The Justice Commission of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgian House of Representatives</a> published a report on cults in 1997. A Brussels Appeals Court in 2005 condemned the House of Representatives on the grounds that it had damaged the image of an organization listed.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">France: A parliamentary commission of the National Assembly compiled a list of purported cults in 1995. In 2005, the Prime Minister stated that the concerns addressed in the list "had become less pertinent" and that the government needed to balance its concern with cults with respect for public freedoms and <a href="/wiki/La%D1%97cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laїcité">laїcité</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">Germany: The legitimacy of a <a href="/wiki/Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects#Germany" title="Governmental lists of cults and sects">1997 Berlin Senate report</a> listing cults (<i>sekten</i>) was defended in a court decision of 2003 (Oberverwaltungsgericht Berlin [OVG 5 B 26.00] 25 September 2003). The list is still maintained by Berlin city authorities: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/sen/familie/sekten-psychogruppen/">Sekten und Psychogruppen – Leitstelle Berlin</a>.</li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall2024103-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall2024103_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubrow-Marshall2024">Dubrow-Marshall 2024</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014321_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssidesZeller2014">Chryssides & Zeller 2014</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cult" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=cult">"cult"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cult&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> – "2.a. A particular form or system of religious worship or veneration, esp. as expressed in ceremonies or rituals which are directed towards a specified figure or object."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall202496-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubrow-Marshall202496_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubrow-Marshall2024">Dubrow-Marshall 2024</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1996124-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1996124_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkBainbridge1996">Stark & Bainbridge 1996</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge19801377-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge19801377_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkBainbridge1980">Stark & Bainbridge 1980</a>, p. 1377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2006">Olson 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkBainbridge1987">Stark & Bainbridge 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein2016">Stein 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Kenton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sociologydictionary.org/cult/">"cult"</a>. <i>Open Education Sociology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Education+Sociology+Dictionary.&rft.atitle=cult&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Kenton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsociologydictionary.org%2Fcult%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cult">"cult"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=cult&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2001473-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2001473_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2001473_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubin2001">Rubin 2001</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1993348–356-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1993348–356_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1993348–356_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1993">Richardson 1993</a>, pp. 348–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrockford2024172-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrockford2024172_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrockford2024">Crockford 2024</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasGraham-Hyde2024a4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasGraham-Hyde2024a4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasGraham-Hyde2024a4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024a">Thomas & Graham-Hyde 2024a</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson200697-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200697_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson200697_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2006">Olson 2006</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromleyMelton2002231-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromleyMelton2002231_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromleyMelton2002">Bromley & Melton 2002</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssidesZeller2014322_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssidesZeller2014">Chryssides & Zeller 2014</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2004">Lewis 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromiley1999897-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromiley1999897_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley1999">Fahlbusch & Bromiley 1999</a>, p. 897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1985-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1985_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeber1985">Weber 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwatos1998a90–93-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwatos1998a90–93_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwatos1998a">Swatos 1998a</a>, pp. 90–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1998122–123-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1998122–123_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1998">Campbell 1998</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1993349-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1993349_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1993">Richardson 1993</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge198725-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge198725_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkBainbridge1987">Stark & Bainbridge 1987</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987124-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkBainbridge1987124_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkBainbridge1987">Stark & Bainbridge 1987</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaderDemaris1996-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaderDemaris1996_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaderDemaris1996">Bader & Demaris 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1998-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1998_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1998">Richardson 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1998-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1998_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker1998">Barker 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshcraft2006180-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshcraft2006180_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshcraft2006">Ashcraft 2006</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides19991-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides19991_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssides1999">Chryssides 1999</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShupeDarnell2006214-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShupeDarnell2006214_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShupeDarnell2006">Shupe & Darnell 2006</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnerBlochShor19951146-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnerBlochShor19951146_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnerBlochShor1995">Turner, Bloch & Shor 1995</a>, p. 1146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaslowSussman198234-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaslowSussman198234_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaslowSussman1982">Kaslow & Sussman 1982</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1998349-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1998349_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1998">Dawson 1998</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeiwert2003-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeiwert2003_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeiwert2003">Seiwert 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaliba2003144-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaliba2003144_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaliba2003">Saliba 2003</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000216,_222-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000216,_222_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins2000">Jenkins 2000</a>, pp. 216, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStangor200442–43-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangor200442–43_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStangor200442–43_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStangor2004">Stangor 2004</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200686-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200686_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2006">Newman 2006</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettyCacioppo1996139-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettyCacioppo1996139_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettyCacioppo1996">Petty & Cacioppo 1996</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000215–216-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2000215–216_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins2000">Jenkins 2000</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargament1997150–153,_340-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPargament1997150–153,_340_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPargament1997">Pargament 1997</a>, pp. 150–153, 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETourishWohlforth2000-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETourishWohlforth2000_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTourishWohlforth2000">Tourish & Wohlforth 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan200320-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan200320_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2003">Cowan 2003</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202441-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202441_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202441_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssides2024">Chryssides 2024</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan200331-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan200331_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2003">Cowan 2003</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan200325-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan200325_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2003">Cowan 2003</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202446-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202446_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202446_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssides2024">Chryssides 2024</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides202447-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides202447_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChryssides2024">Chryssides 2024</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsonIntrovigne2001">Richardson & Introvigne 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShupeBromley1998a27-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShupeBromley1998a27_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShupeBromley1998a">Shupe & Bromley 1998a</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1997-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1997_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1997">Wright 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_DrielRichardson1988-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_DrielRichardson1988_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_DrielRichardson1988">van Driel & Richardson 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillHickmanMcLendon2001-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillHickmanMcLendon2001_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillHickmanMcLendon2001">Hill, Hickman & McLendon 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1986-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1986_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker1986">Barker 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyella1990-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyella1990_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyella1990">Ayella 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2003ix-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2003ix_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2003">Cowan 2003</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001143–168_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsonIntrovigne2001">Richardson & Introvigne 2001</a>, pp. 143–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1996-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1996_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1996_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1996">Davis 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1999-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1999_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker1999">Barker 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanRichardson2003-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanRichardson2003_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanRichardson2003_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelmanRichardson2003">Edelman & Richardson 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenny2012-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenny2012_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenny2012_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenny2012">Penny 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu2010487-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu2010487_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhu2010">Zhu 2010</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeggie2020257-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeggie2020257_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeggie2020">Heggie 2020</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu2010-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu2010_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhu2010">Zhu 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldatovBorogan201065–66-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoldatovBorogan201065–66_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoldatovBorogan2010">Soldatov & Borogan 2010</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2013-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2013_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2013">Marshall 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloffPfeifer1992-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloffPfeifer1992_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgloffPfeifer1992">Ogloff & Pfeifer 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2014313–316-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2014313–316_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2014">Introvigne 2014</a>, pp. 313–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144–146-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144–146_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsonIntrovigne2001">Richardson & Introvigne 2001</a>, pp. 144–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonIntrovigne2001144_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsonIntrovigne2001">Richardson & Introvigne 2001</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2002174-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2002174_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2002">Robbins 2002</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson200448-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson200448_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson2004">Richardson 2004</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2006" class="citation book cs1">Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). "African Diaspora Traditions and Other American Innovations". In Gallagher, Eugene V. (ed.). <i>Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98717-6"><bdi>978-0-275-98717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African+Diaspora+Traditions+and+Other+American+Innovations&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+New+and+Alternative+Religions+in+America&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98717-6&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=W.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Barker" title="Eileen Barker">Barker, Eileen</a> (1999). "New Religious Movements: their incidence and significance". In Wilson, Bryan; Cresswell, Jamie (eds.). <i>New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20050-9"><bdi>978-0-415-20050-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Religious+Movements%3A+their+incidence+and+significance&rft.btitle=New+Religious+Movements%3A+Challenge+and+Response&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20050-9&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromleyMelton2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">Bromley, David G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, eds. (2002). <i>Cults, Religion, and Violence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66064-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66064-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66064-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults%2C+Religion%2C+and+Violence&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66064-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" title="George D. Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> (1999). <i>Exploring New Religions</i>. Issues in Contemporary Religion. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)" title="Cassell (publisher)">Cassell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33652-4"><bdi>978-0-304-33652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+New+Religions&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Issues+in+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-304-33652-4&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesZeller2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" title="George D. Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a>; Zeller, Benjamin E., eds. (2014). "Resources: A–Z". <i>The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements</i>. Bloomsbury Companions. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9005-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-9005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resources%3A+A%E2%80%93Z&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bloomsbury+Companions&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9005-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Cowan" title="Douglas E. Cowan">Cowan, Douglas E.</a> (2003). <i>Bearing False Witness? An Introduction to the Christian Countercult</i>. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Paperback" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Paperback">Praeger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97459-6"><bdi>978-0-275-97459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bearing+False+Witness%3F+An+Introduction+to+the+Christian+Countercult&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97459-6&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lorne_L._Dawson" title="Lorne L. Dawson">Dawson, Lorne L.</a> (1998). <i>Cults in Context: Readings in the Study of New Religious Movements</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0478-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0478-5"><bdi>978-0-7658-0478-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+in+Context%3A+Readings+in+the+Study+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0478-5&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Lorne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Fahlbusch" title="Erwin Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, Erwin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a>, eds. (1999). "Sect". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA897"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 4. p. 897. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14595-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14595-5"><bdi>978-90-04-14595-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sect&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=897&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14595-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5V7oyy69zgC%26pg%3DPA897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Phillip (2000). <a href="/wiki/Mystics_and_Messiahs" title="Mystics and Messiahs"><i>Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514596-0"><bdi>978-0-19-514596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystics+and+Messiahs%3A+Cults+and+New+Religions+in+American+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514596-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaslowSussman1982" class="citation book cs1">Kaslow, Florence Whiteman; Sussman, Marvin B. (1982). <i>Cults and the Family</i>. Haworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917724-55-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917724-55-8"><bdi>978-0-917724-55-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+and+the+Family&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-917724-55-8&rft.aulast=Kaslow&rft.aufirst=Florence+Whiteman&rft.au=Sussman%2C+Marvin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (2004). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i>. US: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514986-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514986-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514986-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514986-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2013" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Paul (2013). <i>Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Nelson Inc">Thomas Nelson Inc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecuted%3A+The+Global+Assault+on+Christians&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Inc&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2006" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Dr. David M. (2006). <i>Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life</i>. Pine Forge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2814-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2814-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-2814-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+Exploring+the+Architecture+of+Everyday+Life&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2814-4&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Dr.+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPargament1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pargament" title="Kenneth Pargament">Pargament, Kenneth I.</a> (1997). <i>The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice</i>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-664-6"><bdi>978-1-57230-664-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Religion+and+Coping%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+Practice&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57230-664-6&rft.aulast=Pargament&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2012" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Benjamin (2012). <i>The Religion of Falun Gong</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65501-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65501-7"><bdi>978-0-226-65501-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Falun+Gong&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-65501-7&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettyCacioppo1996" class="citation book cs1">Petty, Richard E.; Cacioppo, John T. (1996). <i>Attitudes and Persuasion: Classic and Contemporary Approaches</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3005-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3005-X"><bdi>0-8133-3005-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attitudes+and+Persuasion%3A+Classic+and+Contemporary+Approaches&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8133-3005-X&rft.aulast=Petty&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaliba2003" class="citation book cs1">Saliba, John A. (2003). <i>Understanding New Religious Movements</i> (2nd ed.). Walnut Creek: <a href="/wiki/Altamira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Altamira Press">Altamira Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0356-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0356-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0356-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Walnut+Creek&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Altamira+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0356-6&rft.aulast=Saliba&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkBainbridge1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Stark, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">Bainbridge, William Sims</a> (1987). <i>The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05731-9"><bdi>978-0-520-05731-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Religion%3A+Secularization%2C+Revival+and+Cult+Formation&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05731-9&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+William+Sims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkBainbridge1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Stark, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">Bainbridge, William Sims</a> (1996). <i>A Theory of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lang Publishing">Peter Lang Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2330-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-2330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Religion&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2330-9&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+William+Sims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwatos1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Swatos, William H. Jr., ed. (1998). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Society</i>. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. pp. 90–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-8956-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pages=90-93&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFShupeBromley1998a" class="citation">Shupe, Anson; Bromley, David G. (1998a). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/anticult.htm">Anti-Cult Movement</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSwatos1998">Swatos (1998)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFSwatos1998a" class="citation">Swatos, William H. Jr (1998a). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/cstheory.htm">Church-Sect Theory</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSwatos1998">Swatos (1998)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFCampbell1998" class="citation">Campbell, Colin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/cult.htm">Cult</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSwatos1998">Swatos (1998)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFBarker1998" class="citation">Barker, Eileen. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/conversion.htm">Conversion</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSwatos1998">Swatos (1998)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFRichardson1998" class="citation">Richardson, James T. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Unification.htm">Unification Church</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSwatos1998">Swatos (1998)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Richardson" title="James T. Richardson">Richardson, James T.</a>, ed. (2004). <i>Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe</i>. Critical Issues in Social Justice. New York: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic/Plenum_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers">Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47887-1"><bdi>978-0-306-47887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+Religion%3A+Case+Studies+from+Around+the+Globe&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Critical+Issues+in+Social+Justice&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47887-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShupeDarnell2006" class="citation book cs1">Shupe, Anson; Darnell, Susan (2006). <i>Agents of Discord: Deprogramming, Pseudo-science, and the American Anti-cult Movement</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0323-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0323-8"><bdi>978-0-7658-0323-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agents+of+Discord%3A+Deprogramming%2C+Pseudo-science%2C+and+the+American+Anti-cult+Movement&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0323-8&rft.aulast=Shupe&rft.aufirst=Anson&rft.au=Darnell%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoldatovBorogan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Soldatov" title="Andrei Soldatov">Soldatov, Andreĭ</a>; Borogan, I. (2010). <i>The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-055-2"><bdi>978-1-61039-055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+nobility+%3A+the+restoration+of+Russia%27s+security+state+and+the+enduring+legacy+of+the+KGB&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-055-2&rft.aulast=Soldatov&rft.aufirst=Andre%C4%AD&rft.au=Borogan%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStangor2004" class="citation book cs1">Stangor, Charles (2004). <i>Social Groups in Action and Interaction</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-407-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-407-8"><bdi>978-1-84169-407-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Groups+in+Action+and+Interaction&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84169-407-8&rft.aulast=Stangor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2016" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Alexandra (2016). <i>Terror, Love and Brainwashing: Attachment in Cults and Totalitarian Systems</i>. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138677951" title="Special:BookSources/9781138677951"><bdi>9781138677951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror%2C+Love+and+Brainwashing%3A+Attachment+in+Cults+and+Totalitarian+Systems&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781138677951&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Aled; Graham-Hyde, Edward, eds. (2024). <i><span></span>'Cult' Rhetoric in the 21st Century: Deconstructing the Study of New Religious Movements</i>. Religion at the boundaries. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-33323-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-33323-9"><bdi>978-1-350-33323-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Cult%27+Rhetoric+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Deconstructing+the+Study+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London&rft.series=Religion+at+the+boundaries&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-33323-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024a" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" title="George D. Chryssides">Thomas, Aled</a>; Graham-Hyde, Edward. (2024a). "'Cult' rhetoric in the twenty-first century: The disconnect between popular discourse and the ivory tower". In <a href="#CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024">Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFChryssides2024" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" title="George D. Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> "A history of anticult rhetoric". In <a href="#CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024">Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFDubrow-Marshall2024" class="citation">Dubrow-Marshall, Roderick P. "The recognition of cults". In <a href="#CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024">Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFCrockford2024" class="citation">Crockford, Susannah. "'There is no QAnon': Cult accusations in contemporary American political and online discourse". In <a href="#CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024">Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourishWohlforth2000" class="citation book cs1">Tourish, Dennis; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wohlforth" title="Tim Wohlforth">Wohlforth, Tim</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/On_the_Edge:_Political_Cults_Right_and_Left" title="On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left"><i>On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left</i></a>. Armonk: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0639-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0639-6"><bdi>978-0-7656-0639-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge%3A+Political+Cults+Right+and+Left&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0639-6&rft.aulast=Tourish&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Wohlforth%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerBlochShor1995" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Francis J.; Bloch, Arnold Shanon; Shor, Ron (1995). "105: From Consultation to Therapy in Group Work With Parents of Cultists". <i>Differential Diagnosis & Treatment in Social Work</i> (4th ed.). Free Press. p. 1146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-874007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-874007-2"><bdi>978-0-02-874007-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=105%3A+From+Consultation+to+Therapy+in+Group+Work+With+Parents+of+Cultists&rft.btitle=Differential+Diagnosis+%26+Treatment+in+Social+Work&rft.pages=1146&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-02-874007-2&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Arnold+Shanon&rft.au=Shor%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZablockiRobbins2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zablocki" title="Benjamin Zablocki">Zablocki, Benjamin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robbins_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Robbins (sociologist)">Robbins, Thomas</a>, eds. (2001). <a href="/wiki/Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults"><i>Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8188-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8188-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misunderstanding+Cults%3A+Searching+for+Objectivity+in+a+Controversial+Field&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFRubin2001" class="citation">Rubin, Julius H. "Contested Narratives: A Case Study of the Conflict between a New Religious Movement and Its Critics". In <a href="#CITEREFZablockiRobbins2001">Zablocki & Robbins (2001)</a>.</span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyella1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ayella, Marybeth (1990). "They Must Be Crazy: Some of the Difficulties in Researching 'Cults'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>. <b>33</b> (5): 562–577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764290033005005">10.1177/0002764290033005005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144181163">144181163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=They+Must+Be+Crazy%3A+Some+of+the+Difficulties+in+Researching+%27Cults%27&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=562-577&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764290033005005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144181163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ayella&rft.aufirst=Marybeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaderDemaris1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bader, Chris; Demaris, Alfred (1996). "A Test of the Stark-Bainbridge Theory of Affiliation with Religious Cults and Sects". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 285–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1386560">10.2307/1386560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8294">0021-8294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386560">1386560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=A+Test+of+the+Stark-Bainbridge+Theory+of+Affiliation+with+Religious+Cults+and+Sects&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-303&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0021-8294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1386560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1386560&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Demaris%2C+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1986" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Eileen (1986). "Religious Movements: Cult and Anti-Cult Since Jonestown". <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>. <b>12</b>: 329–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.12.080186.001553">10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.001553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Religious+Movements%3A+Cult+and+Anti-Cult+Since+Jonestown&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=329-346&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.12.080186.001553&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1996" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Dena S (1996). "Joining a Cult: Religious Choice or Psychological Aberration". <i>Journal of Law and Health</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 145–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Health&rft.atitle=Joining+a+Cult%3A+Religious+Choice+or+Psychological+Aberration&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-172&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Dena+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DrielRichardson1988" class="citation journal cs1">van Driel, Barend; Richardson, James T. (1988). "Categorization of New Religious Movements in American Print Media". <i>Sociological Analysis</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 171–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3711011">10.2307/3711011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0210">0038-0210</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3711011">3711011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Analysis&rft.atitle=Categorization+of+New+Religious+Movements+in+American+Print+Media&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-183&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0038-0210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3711011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3711011&rft.aulast=van+Driel&rft.aufirst=Barend&rft.au=Richardson%2C+James+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelmanRichardson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Edelman, Bryan; Richardson, James T. (2003). "Falun Gong and the Law: Development of Legal Social Control in China". <i>Nova Religio</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 312–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2003.6.2.312">10.1525/nr.2003.6.2.312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Falun+Gong+and+the+Law%3A+Development+of+Legal+Social+Control+in+China&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=312-331&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2003.6.2.312&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Richardson%2C+James+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggie2020" class="citation journal cs1">Heggie, Rachel (2020). "When Violence Happens: The McDonald's Murder and Religious Violence in the Hands of the Chinese Communist Party". <i>Journal of Religion and Violence</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 253–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fjrv202131682">10.5840/jrv202131682</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-6808">2159-6808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27212326">27212326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Violence&rft.atitle=When+Violence+Happens%3A+The+McDonald%27s+Murder+and+Religious+Violence+in+the+Hands+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-280&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2159-6808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27212326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fjrv202131682&rft.aulast=Heggie&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillHickmanMcLendon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Harvey; Hickman, John; McLendon, Joel (2001). "Cults and Sects and Doomsday Groups, Oh My: Media Treatment of Religion on the Eve of the Millennium". <i>Review of Religious Research</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 24–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512241">10.2307/3512241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-673X">0034-673X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512241">3512241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Cults+and+Sects+and+Doomsday+Groups%2C+Oh+My%3A+Media+Treatment+of+Religion+on+the+Eve+of+the+Millennium&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-38&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0034-673X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512241&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Hickman%2C+John&rft.au=McLendon%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntrovigne2014" class="citation journal cs1">Introvigne, Massimo (2014). "Advocacy, brainwashing theories, and new religious movements". <i>Religion</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 303–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0048721X.2014.888021">10.1080/0048721X.2014.888021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144440076">144440076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Advocacy%2C+brainwashing+theories%2C+and+new+religious+movements&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-319&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0048721X.2014.888021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144440076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Introvigne&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgloffPfeifer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ogloff, J. R.; Pfeifer, J. E. (1992). "Cults and the law: A discussion of the legality of alleged cult activities". <i>Behavioral Sciences & the Law</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 117–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbsl.2370100111">10.1002/bsl.2370100111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Sciences+%26+the+Law&rft.atitle=Cults+and+the+law%3A+A+discussion+of+the+legality+of+alleged+cult+activities.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-140&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbsl.2370100111&rft.aulast=Ogloff&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Pfeifer%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Paul J. (2006). "The Public Perception of "Cults" and "New Religious Movements"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 97–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2006.00008.x">10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00008.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8294">0021-8294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590620">3590620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Public+Perception+of+%22Cults%22+and+%22New+Religious+Movements%22&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-106&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0021-8294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3590620%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2006.00008.x&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonIntrovigne2001" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, James T.; <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Introvigne, Massimo</a> (2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Brainwashing' Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on 'Cults' and 'Sects'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" title="Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion">Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</a></i>. <b>40</b> (2): 143–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0021-8294.00046">10.1111/0021-8294.00046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=%27Brainwashing%27+Theories+in+European+Parliamentary+and+Administrative+Reports+on+%27Cults%27+and+%27Sects%27.&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-168&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0021-8294.00046&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft.au=Introvigne%2C+Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Richardson" title="James T. Richardson">Richardson, James T.</a> (1993). "Definitions of Cult: From Sociological-Technical to Popular-Negative". <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Religious_Research" title="Review of Religious Research">Review of Religious Research</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4): 348–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3511972">10.2307/3511972</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3511972">3511972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Cult%3A+From+Sociological-Technical+to+Popular-Negative.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=348-356&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3511972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3511972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiwert2003" class="citation journal cs1">Seiwert, Hubert (2003). "Freedom and Control in the Unified Germany: Governmental Approaches to Alternative Religions Since 1989". <i>Sociology of Religion</i>. <b>64</b> (3): 367–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3712490">10.2307/3712490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1069-4404">1069-4404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3712490">3712490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Freedom+and+Control+in+the+Unified+Germany%3A+Governmental+Approaches+to+Alternative+Religions+Since+1989&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-375&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1069-4404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3712490%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3712490&rft.aulast=Seiwert&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2002" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, Thomas (2002). "Combating 'Cults' and 'Brainwashing' in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne's Report". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 169–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0021-8294.00047">10.1111/0021-8294.00047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Combating+%27Cults%27+and+%27Brainwashing%27+in+the+United+States+and+Europe%3A+A+Comment+on+Richardson+and+Introvigne%27s+Report&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-176&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0021-8294.00047&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkBainbridge1980" class="citation journal cs1">Stark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William Sims (1980). "Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. <b>85</b> (6): 1376–1395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F227169">10.1086/227169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2778383">2778383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Networks+of+Faith%3A+Interpersonal+Bonds+and+Recruitment+to+Cults+and+Sects&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1376-1395&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2778383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F227169&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+William+Sims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1985" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Max (Spring 1985). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Churches" and "Sects" in North America: An Ecclesiastical Socio-Political Sketch". <i>Sociological Theory</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 7–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F202166">10.2307/202166</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/202166">202166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Theory&rft.atitle=%22Churches%22+and+%22Sects%22+in+North+America%3A+An+Ecclesiastical+Socio-Political+Sketch&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F202166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F202166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Stuart A. (1997). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths?". <i>Review of Religious Research</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 101–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512176">10.2307/3512176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-673X">0034-673X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512176">3512176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Media+Coverage+of+Unconventional+Religion%3A+Any+%22Good+News%22+for+Minority+Faiths%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-115&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0034-673X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512176&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Guobin (2010). "Prosecuting "Evil Cults:" A Critical Examination of Law Regarding Freedom of Religious Belief in Mainland China". <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 471–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhrq.2010.0004">10.1353/hrq.2010.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-0392">0275-0392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40784053">40784053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Prosecuting+%22Evil+Cults%3A%22+A+Critical+Examination+of+Law+Regarding+Freedom+of+Religious+Belief+in+Mainland+China&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471-501&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0275-0392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40784053%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhrq.2010.0004&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Guobin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACult" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cult" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cult"><i>cult</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cult" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Cult">Cult</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_religious_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">CoG7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">SDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement">Lahore Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mystical_Order_Rosae_Crucis" title="Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis">Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Cross_and_Star" title="Brotherhood of the Cross and Star">Brotherhood of the Cross and Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" title="Template:Opposition to new religious movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" title="Template talk:Opposition to new religious movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opposition to new religious movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition to new religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">Heterodox teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Mind control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Task_Force_on_Deceptive_and_Indirect_Methods_of_Persuasion_and_Control" title="APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control">APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Religious_Studies_in_the_name_of_Hieromartyr_Irenaeus_of_Lyons" title="Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons">Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_Information_Centre" title="Cult Information Centre">Cult Information Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultists_Anonymous" title="Cultists Anonymous">Cultists Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cultic_Studies_Association" title="International Cultic Studies Association">International Cultic Studies Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_Survival_Trust" title="The Family Survival Trust">The Family Survival Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACTNet" title="FACTNet">Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Network_of_Lawyers_Against_Spiritual_Sales" title="National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales">National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Organised_Workshop_on_Ersatz_Religion" title="People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion">People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Abgrall" title="Jean-Marie Abgrall">Jean-Marie Abgrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Clark" title="John Gordon Clark">John Gordon Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Eichel" title="Steve Eichel">Steve Eichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Faiers" title="Martin Faiers">Martin Faiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Giambalvo" title="Carol Giambalvo">Carol Giambalvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hassan" title="Steven Hassan">Steven Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Haworth" title="Ian Haworth">Ian Haworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen_Kelly" title="Galen Kelly">Galen Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Stephen A. Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaki_Kito" title="Masaki Kito">Masaki Kito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janja_Lalich" title="Janja Lalich">Janja Lalich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Langone" title="Michael Langone">Michael Langone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_V._Levine" title="Saul V. Levine">Saul V. Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_McCann" title="Casey McCann">Casey McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_S._Miller" title="Jesse S. Miller">Jesse S. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayuri_Ogawa" title="Sayuri Ogawa">Sayuri Ogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Patrick" title="Ted Patrick">Ted Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">Tsutsumi Sakamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Alan_Ross" title="Rick Alan Ross">Rick Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Shelton_(author)" title="Chris Shelton (author)">Chris Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Singer" title="Margaret Singer">Margaret Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eito_Suzuki" title="Eito Suzuki">Eito Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Vivien" title="Alain Vivien">Alain Vivien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Vosper" title="Cyril Vosper">Cyril Vosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolyon_West" title="Louis Jolyon West">Louis Jolyon West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wollersheim" title="Lawrence Wollersheim">Lawrence Wollersheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Apologetics_and_Research_Ministry" title="Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry">Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialog_Center_International" title="Dialog Center International">Dialog Center International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Ireland" title="Dialogue Ireland">Dialogue Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Ministries_to_New_Religions" title="Evangelical Ministries to New Religions">Evangelical Ministries to New Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Religious_Research" title="Institute for Religious Research">Institute for Religious Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Freedom_Outreach" title="Personal Freedom Outreach">Personal Freedom Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Christian_Outreach" title="Midwest Christian Outreach">Midwest Christian Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Religious_Research" title="New England Institute of Religious Research">New England Institute of Religious Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reachout_Trust" title="Reachout Trust">Reachout Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Counterfeits_Project" title="Spiritual Counterfeits Project">Spiritual Counterfeits Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchman_Fellowship" title="Watchman Fellowship">Watchman Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellspring_Retreat_and_Resource_Center" title="Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center">Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aagaard" title="Johannes Aagaard">Johannes Aagaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Baldwin" title="Graham Baldwin">Graham Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Bowman_Jr." title="Robert M. Bowman Jr.">Robert M. Bowman Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Buss%C3%A9ll" title="Harold Busséll">Harold Busséll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Dagon" title="Gérard Dagon">Gérard Dagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Davis" title="Maurice Davis">Maurice Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dvorkin" title="Alexander Dvorkin">Alexander Dvorkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Enroth" title="Ronald Enroth">Ronald Enroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Garde" title="Mike Garde">Mike Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Garbose" title="Robin Garbose">Robin Garbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Groenveld" title="Jan Groenveld">Jan Groenveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Hummel" title="Reinhart Hummel">Reinhart Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ikor" title="Roger Ikor">Roger Ikor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Larson" title="Bob Larson">Bob Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Martin" title="Paul R. Martin">Paul R. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter Ralston Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Passantino" title="Robert Passantino">Robert Passantino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation_of_Centres_of_Research_and_Information_on_Sectarianism" title="European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism">European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_contre_les_manipulations_mentales" title="Centre contre les manipulations mentales">Centre contre les manipulations mentales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_nationale_des_associations_de_d%C3%A9fense_des_familles_et_de_l%27individu" title="Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu">Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIVILUDES" title="MIVILUDES">MIVILUDES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commission_on_Cults_in_France" title="Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France">Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals in government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_About" title="Nicolas About">Nicolas About</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Blisko" title="Serge Blisko">Serge Blisko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Fenech" title="Georges Fenech">Georges Fenech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Greene" title="Ford Greene">Ford Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mutch" title="Stephen Mutch">Stephen Mutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Picard" title="Catherine Picard">Catherine Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(British_politician)" title="Paul Rose (British politician)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sackville" title="Tom Sackville">Tom Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Xenophon" title="Nick Xenophon">Nick Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/About%E2%80%93Picard_law" title="About–Picard law">About–Picard law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Assassination of Shinzo Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects" title="Governmental lists of cults and sects">Governmental lists of cults and sects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Mass suicide of Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Scott_case" title="Jason Scott case">Jason Scott case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Apollo_Quiboloy" title="Arrest of Apollo Quiboloy">Arrest of Apollo Quiboloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prohibited_and_Unlawful_Societies_and_Associations_Act" title="The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act">The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Gods_Children_(book)" title="All Gods Children (book)">All Gods Children (book)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Gospel" title="Another Gospel">Another Gospel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bounded_Choice" title="Bounded Choice">Bounded Choice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing:_The_Science_of_Thought_Control" title="Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control">Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captive_Hearts,_Captive_Minds" title="Captive Hearts, Captive Minds">Captive Hearts, Captive Minds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenge_of_the_Cults_and_New_Religions" title="The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions">The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Churches_That_Abuse" title="Churches That Abuse">Churches That Abuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Combating_Cult_Mind_Control" title="Combating Cult Mind Control">Combating Cult Mind Control</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults:_Faith,_Healing_and_Coercion" title="Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion">Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_in_Our_Midst" title="Cults in Our Midst">Cults in Our Midst</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Cults" title="Deadly Cults">Deadly Cults</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incendiaries" title="The Incendiaries">The Incendiaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_the_Cults" title="The Kingdom of the Cults">The Kingdom of the Cults</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_a_Moonie" title="The Making of a Moonie">The Making of a Moonie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults">Misunderstanding Cults</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Vigilantes:_Deprogrammers,_Anti-Cultists,_and_the_New_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions">The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Edge:_Political_Cults_Right_and_Left" title="On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left">On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recovery_from_Cults" title="Recovery from Cults">Recovery from Cults</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snapping:_America%27s_Epidemic_of_Sudden_Personality_Change" title="Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change">Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Gods:_The_Great_American_Cult_Scare" title="Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare">Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thought_Reform_and_the_Psychology_of_Totalism" title="Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism">Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twisted_Scriptures" title="Twisted Scriptures">Twisted Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wrong_Way_Home" title="The Wrong Way Home">The Wrong Way Home</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zealot:_A_Book_About_Cults" title="Zealot: A Book About Cults">Zealot: A Book About Cults</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cult&oldid=1259958082">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cult&oldid=1259958082</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cults" title="Category:Cults">Cults</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pejorative_terms" title="Category:Pejorative terms">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_September_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from July 2020">Use Oxford spelling from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2019">Use dmy dates from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 00:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cult&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-7b8vk","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.108","walltime":"1.252","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10003,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":190150,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13771,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":211996,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1071.480 1 -total"," 23.82% 255.185 98 Template:Sfn"," 12.08% 129.413 27 Template:Cite_book"," 9.42% 100.919 3 Template:Efn"," 9.06% 97.123 20 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.54% 91.541 3 Template:Lang"," 8.20% 87.809 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.73% 82.843 1 Template:Cite_OED"," 7.58% 81.167 107 Template:Main_other"," 7.01% 75.076 2 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.726","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21136054,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshcraft2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyella1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaderDemaris1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromleyMelton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChryssides1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChryssides2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChryssidesZeller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrockford2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubrow-Marshall2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelmanRichardson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeggie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillHickmanMcLendon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntrovigne2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaslowSussman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgloffPfeifer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPargament1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenny2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettyCacioppo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsonIntrovigne2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaliba2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiwert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShupeBromley1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShupeDarnell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoldatovBorogan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStangor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkBainbridge1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkBainbridge1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkBainbridge1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwatos1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwatos1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasGraham-Hyde2024a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTourishWohlforth2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerBlochShor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZablockiRobbins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_DrielRichardson1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Further information\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Main articles\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"New Religious Movements\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Oed\"] = 1,\n [\"Opposition_to_NRMs\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 98,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-x2g2p","timestamp":"20241129173755","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cult","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cult","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11038979","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11038979","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T00:54:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T00:57:23Z","headline":"social group with socially deviant or novel religious, philosophical or spiritual beliefs and practices"}</script> </body> </html>