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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Near_the_elbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_the_elbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Near the elbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_the_elbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_the_wrist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_the_wrist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Near the wrist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_the_wrist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Microanatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscle_attachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscle_attachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Muscle attachments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscle_attachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fractures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fractures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF" title="زند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospitonikekan" title="Ospitonikekan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ospitonikekan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhioh-kut" title="Chhioh-kut – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhioh-kut" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakatna_kost" title="Lakatna kost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lakatna kost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmo" title="Helmo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Helmo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Чике шăмми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чике шăмми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loketn%C3%AD_kost" title="Loketní kost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Loketní kost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%85%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%81%DE%A8_%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%A8%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="އުޅަބޮށި ކަށިގަނޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުޅަބޮށި ކަށިގަނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ωλένη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωλένη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAbito" title="Cúbito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cúbito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulno" title="Ulno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ulno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubitu" title="Kubitu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kubitu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زند زیرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زند زیرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAbito" title="Cúbito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cúbito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%BC%88" title="자뼈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자뼈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakatna_kost" title="Lakatna kost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lakatna kost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_hasta" title="Tulang hasta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tulang hasta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olnbogabein" title="Olnbogabein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Olnbogabein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93" title="עצם הגומד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצם הגומד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elko%C5%86a_kauls" title="Elkoņa kauls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elkoņa kauls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C5%ABnkaulis" title="Alkūnkaulis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alkūnkaulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singcsont" title="Singcsont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Singcsont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лакотна коска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лакотна коска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellepijp" title="Ellepijp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ellepijp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्ना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्ना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BA%E9%AA%A8" title="尺骨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="尺骨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9B%C4%87_%C5%82okciowa" title="Kość łokciowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kość łokciowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Локтевая кость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Локтевая кость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ulna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A5ov%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Lakťová kosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lakťová kosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlahtnica" title="Podlahtnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podlahtnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%95_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ئێسکە ناسکەی باسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسکە ناسکەی باسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakatna_kost" title="Lakatna kost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lakatna kost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyyn%C3%A4rluu" title="Kyynärluu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kyynärluu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medial bone from forearm</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the genus of moths, see <a href="/wiki/Ulna_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulna (genus)"><i>Ulna</i> (genus)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Ulna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulna_-_anterior_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ulna_-_anterior_view.png/250px-Ulna_-_anterior_view.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ulna_-_anterior_view.png/375px-Ulna_-_anterior_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ulna_-_anterior_view.png/500px-Ulna_-_anterior_view.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An example of a human ulna, shown in red (in <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a>).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>ulna</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014457">D014457</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.06.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.4.06.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1230">1230</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma23466">23466</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199507" class="extiw" title="d:Q199507">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>ulna</b> or <b>ulnar bone</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>ulnae</b> or <b>ulnas</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>. It is on the same side of the forearm as the little finger, running parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a>, the forearm's other long bone. Longer and thinner than the radius, the ulna is considered to be the smaller long bone of the lower arm. The corresponding bone in the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg#Structure" title="Human leg">lower leg</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the wrist, and when in <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a>, is found on the <a href="/wiki/Medial_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial (anatomy)">medial</a> side of the forearm. It is broader close to the elbow, and narrows as it approaches the wrist. </p><p>Close to the elbow, the ulna has a bony <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Olecranon process">olecranon process</a>, a hook-like structure that fits into the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon fossa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>. This prevents <a href="/wiki/Hyperextension" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperextension">hyperextension</a> and forms a <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joint</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_the_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochlea of the humerus">trochlea of the humerus</a>. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch" title="Radial notch">radial notch</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the radius">head of the radius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnar tuberosity">ulnar tuberosity</a> to which muscles attach. </p><p>Close to the wrist, the ulna has a <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_the_elbow">Near the elbow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Near the elbow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Proximal"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray212.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gray212.png/220px-Gray212.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="614" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Proximal extremity of left ulna. Lateral aspect.</figcaption></figure> <p>Near the elbow, the ulna has two curved processes, the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a>; and two concave, articular cavities, the <a href="/wiki/Semilunar_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Semilunar notch">semilunar</a> and radial notches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a> is a large, thick, curved eminence, situated at the upper and back part of the ulna. It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon fossa of the humerus</a> in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii">triceps brachii</a>; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments: the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris">flexor carpi ulnaris</a> arises; while to the lateral border the <a href="/wiki/Anconeus_muscle" title="Anconeus muscle">anconeus</a> is attached. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a> is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus. Its upper surface is smooth, concave, and forms the lower part of the semilunar notch. Its antero-inferior surface is concave, and marked by a rough impression for the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Brachialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachialis">brachialis</a>. At the junction of this surface with the front of the body is a rough eminence, the tuberosity of the ulna, which gives insertion to a part of the brachialis; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached. Its lateral surface presents a narrow, oblong, articular depression, the radial notch. Its medial surface, by its prominent, free margin, serves for the attachment of part of the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_elbow_joint" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint">ulnar collateral ligament</a>. At the front part of this surface is a small rounded eminence for the origin of one head of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">flexor digitorum superficialis</a>; behind the eminence is a depression for part of the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digitorum profundus">flexor digitorum profundus</a>; descending from the eminence is a ridge which gives origin to one head of the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronator teres">pronator teres</a>. Frequently, the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor pollicis longus">flexor pollicis longus</a> arises from the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a> by a rounded bundle of muscular fibers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Semilunar_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Semilunar notch">semilunar notch</a> is a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving as articulation with the trochlea of the humerus. About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation, which contracts it somewhat, and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process. The notch is concave from above downward, and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process. The medial portion is the larger, and is slightly concave transversely; the lateral is convex above, slightly concave below. </p><p>The radial notch is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a>. It is concave from before backward, and its prominent extremities serve for the attachment of the annular ligament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body">Body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>body of the ulna</b> at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces. </p> <dl><dt>Borders</dt></dl> <ul><li>The volar border (<i>margo volaris; anterior border</i>) begins above at the prominent medial angle of the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a>, and ends below in front of the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>. Its upper part, well-defined, and its middle portion, smooth and rounded, give origin to the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digitorum profundus">flexor digitorum profundus</a>; its lower fourth serves for the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronator quadratus">pronator quadratus</a>. This border separates the volar from the medial surface.</li> <li>The dorsal border (<i>margo dorsalis; posterior border</i>) begins above at the apex of the triangular subcutaneous surface at the back part of the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>, and ends below at the back of the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>; it is well-marked in the upper three-fourths, and gives attachment to an <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a> which affords a common origin to the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris">flexor carpi ulnaris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris">extensor carpi ulnaris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digitorum profundus">flexor digitorum profundus</a>; its lower fourth is smooth and rounded. This border separates the medial from the dorsal surface.</li> <li>The interosseous crest (<i>crista interossea; external or interosseous border</i>) begins above by the union of two lines, which converge from the extremities of the radial notch and enclose between them a triangular space for the origin of part of the <a href="/wiki/Supinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Supinator">supinator</a>; it ends below at the head of the ulna. Its upper part is sharp, its lower fourth smooth and rounded. This crest gives attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane" title="Interosseous membrane">interosseous membrane</a>, and separates the volar from the dorsal surface.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Surfaces</dt></dl> <ul><li>The volar surface (<i>facies volaris; anterior surface</i>), much broader above than below, is concave in its upper three-fourths, and gives origin to the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digitorum profundus">flexor digitorum profundus</a>; its lower fourth, also concave, is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronator quadratus">pronator quadratus</a>. The lower fourth is separated from the remaining portion by a ridge, directed obliquely downward and medialward, which marks the extent of origin of the pronator quadratus. At the junction of the upper with the middle third of the bone is the <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_canal" title="Nutrient canal">nutrient canal</a>, directed obliquely upward.</li> <li>The dorsal surface (<i>facies dorsalis; posterior surface</i>) directed backward and lateralward, is broad and concave above; convex and somewhat narrower in the middle; narrow, smooth, and rounded below. On its upper part is an oblique ridge, which runs from the dorsal end of the radial notch, downward to the dorsal border; the triangular surface above this ridge receives the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Anconeus_muscle" title="Anconeus muscle">anconeus</a>, while the upper part of the ridge affords attachment to the supinator. Below this the surface is subdivided by a longitudinal ridge, sometimes called the perpendicular line, into two parts: the medial part is smooth, and covered by the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris">extensor carpi ulnaris</a>; the lateral portion, wider and rougher, gives origin from above downward to the supinator, the <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor pollicis longus">abductor pollicis longus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor pollicis longus">extensor pollicis longus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis_proprius" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor indicis proprius">extensor indicis proprius</a>.</li> <li>The medial surface (<i>facies medialis; internal surface</i>) is broad and concave above, narrow and convex below. Its upper three-fourths give origin to the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">flexor digitorum profundus</a>; its lower fourth is subcutaneous.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_the_wrist">Near the wrist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Near the wrist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Distal"></span> </p><p>Near the wrist, the ulnar, with two eminences; the lateral and larger is a rounded, articular eminence, termed the head of the ulna; the medial, narrower and more projecting, is a non-articular eminence, the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">ulnar styloid process</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <b>head</b> of the ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_fibrocartilage" title="Triangular fibrocartilage">triangular articular disk</a> which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius" title="Ulnar notch of the radius">ulnar notch of the radius</a>.</li> <li>The styloid process projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist-joint.</li></ul> <p>The head is separated from the styloid process by a depression for the attachment of the apex of the triangular articular disk, and behind, by a shallow groove for the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris">extensor carpi ulnaris</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray336.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical section through the articulations at the wrist, showing the synovial cavities."><img alt="Vertical section through the articulations at the wrist, showing the synovial cavities." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gray336.png/120px-Gray336.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gray336.png/180px-Gray336.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gray336.png/240px-Gray336.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical section through the articulations at the wrist, showing the synovial cavities.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray213.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect."><img alt="Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/67px-Gray213.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/101px-Gray213.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/135px-Gray213.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray214.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect."><img alt="Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/68px-Gray214.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/103px-Gray214.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/137px-Gray214.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray334.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligaments of wrist. Anterior view"><img alt="Ligaments of wrist. Anterior view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray334.png/120px-Gray334.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray334.png/180px-Gray334.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray334.png/240px-Gray334.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ligaments of wrist. Anterior view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray335.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligaments of wrist. Posterior view."><img alt="Ligaments of wrist. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray335.png/120px-Gray335.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray335.png/180px-Gray335.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray335.png/240px-Gray335.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ligaments of wrist. Posterior view.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ulna is a <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bone</a>. The long, narrow <a href="/wiki/Medullary_cavity" title="Medullary cavity">medullary cavity</a> of the ulna is enclosed in a strong wall of <a href="/wiki/Cortical_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortical bone">cortical tissue</a> which is thickest along the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_the_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Interosseous membrane of the forearm">interosseous border</a> and dorsal surface. At the extremities the compact layer thins. The compact layer is continued onto the back of the olecranon as a plate of close spongy bone with lamellae parallel. From the inner surface of this plate and the compact layer below it trabeculae arch forward toward the olecranon and coronoid and cross other trabeculae, passing backward over the medullary cavity from the upper part of the shaft below the coronoid. Below the coronoid process there is a small area of compact bone from which trabeculae curve upward to end obliquely to the surface of the semilunar notch which is coated with a thin layer of compact bone. The trabeculae at the lower end have a more longitudinal direction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray215.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray215.png/150px-Gray215.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray215.png/225px-Gray215.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray215.png 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The ulna is <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">formed into bone</a> from three centres, shown here.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The ulna is <a href="/wiki/Ossified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossified">ossified</a> from three centers: one each for the body, the wrist end, and the elbow end, near the top of the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>. Ossification begins near the middle of the body of the ulna, about the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends through the greater part of the bone. </p><p>At birth, the ends are cartilaginous. About the fourth year or so, a center appears in the middle of the head, and soon extends into the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">ulnar styloid process</a>. About the tenth year, a center appears in the olecranon near its extremity, the chief part of this process being formed by an upward extension of the body. The upper <a href="/wiki/Epiphysis" title="Epiphysis">epiphysis</a> joins the body about the sixteenth, the lower about the twentieth year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joints">Joints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ulna forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> joint and <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a> joints. Specifically, the ulna joins (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/articulate" class="extiw" title="wikt:articulate">articulates</a>) with: </p> <ul><li>trochlea of the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>, at the right side <a href="/wiki/Elbow-joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow-joint">elbow</a> as a hinge joint with semilunar <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_notch" title="Trochlear notch">trochlear notch</a> of the ulna.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a>, near the elbow as a <a href="/wiki/Pivot_joint" title="Pivot joint">pivot joint</a>, this allows the radius to cross over the ulna in <a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">pronation</a>.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Distal_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal radius">distal radius</a>, where it fits into the ulnar notch.</li> <li>the radius along its length via the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_forearm" title="Interosseous membrane of forearm">interosseous membrane</a> that forms a <a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">syndesmosis</a> joint</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_attachments">Muscle attachments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Muscle attachments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:452px;max-width:452px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray213.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/220px-Gray213.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/330px-Gray213.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/440px-Gray213.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray214.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/224px-Gray214.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/336px-Gray214.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/448px-Gray214.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The radius and ulna of the left forearm, posterior surface.</div></div></div></div></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Muscle</b></td> <td><b>Direction</b></td> <td><b>Attachment</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">Triceps brachii muscle</a></td> <td>Insertion</td> <td>posterior part of superior surface of <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Olecranon process">Olecranon process</a> (via common tendon) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anconeus_muscle" title="Anconeus muscle">Anconeus muscle</a></td> <td>Insertion</td> <td>olecranon process (lateral aspect) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">Brachialis muscle</a></td> <td>Insertion</td> <td>anterior surface of the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process of the ulna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">Pronator teres muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td>medial surface on middle portion of coronoid process (also shares origin with <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial epicondyle of the humerus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle">Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td>olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna (also shares origin with medial epicondyle of the humerus) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td>coronoid process (also shares origin with medial epicondyle of the humerus and shaft of the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">Flexor digitorum profundus muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td>anteromedial surface of ulna (also shares origin with the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane" title="Interosseous membrane">interosseous membrane</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">Pronator quadratus muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal">distal</a> portion of <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> ulnar shaft </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle">Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> border of ulna (also shares origin with <a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral epicondyle of the humerus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">Supinator muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proximal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal">proximal</a> ulna (also shares origin with lateral epicondyle of the humerus) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">Abductor pollicis longus muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td>posterior surface of ulna (also shares origin with the posterior surface of the <a href="/wiki/Radius_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius bone">radius bone</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">Extensor pollicis longus muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaft_of_ulna" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft of ulna">shaft of ulna</a> (also shares origin with the dorsal shaft of the radius and the interosseous membrane) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis_muscle" title="Extensor indicis muscle">Extensor indicis muscle</a></td> <td>Origin</td> <td>posterior surface of distal ulna (also shares origin with the interosseous membrane) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractures">Fractures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fractures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">Bone fracture</a></div> <p>Specific types of <a href="/wiki/Ulna_fracture" title="Ulna fracture">ulna fracture</a> include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monteggia_fracture" title="Monteggia fracture">Monteggia fracture</a> - a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the radius">head of the radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_fracture" title="Hume fracture">Hume fracture</a> - a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a> with an associated <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">radial head</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Open_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Open treatment">Conservative management</a> is possible for ulnar fractures when they are located in the distal two-thirds, only involve the shaft, with no shortening, less than 10° angulation and less than 50% displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowling_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases, a <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_cast" title="Orthopedic cast">cast</a> should be applied that goes above the elbow.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowling_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_knobs_on_Mirarce_eatoni_and_Pelecanus_occidentalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Quill_knobs_on_Mirarce_eatoni_and_Pelecanus_occidentalis.jpg/220px-Quill_knobs_on_Mirarce_eatoni_and_Pelecanus_occidentalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Quill_knobs_on_Mirarce_eatoni_and_Pelecanus_occidentalis.jpg/330px-Quill_knobs_on_Mirarce_eatoni_and_Pelecanus_occidentalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Quill_knobs_on_Mirarce_eatoni_and_Pelecanus_occidentalis.jpg/440px-Quill_knobs_on_Mirarce_eatoni_and_Pelecanus_occidentalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Quill knobs on the ulnae of fossil (top) and modern (bottom) birds.</figcaption></figure> <p>In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb, and the ulna is important primarily for muscular attachment. In many mammals, the ulna is partially or wholly fused with the radius, and may therefore not exist as a separate bone. However, even in extreme cases of fusion, such as in <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, the olecranon process is still present, albeit as a projection from the upper radius.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, the ulna forms a surface of attachment for the <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">secondary feathers</a>. These often leave osteological evidence in the form of quill knobs, allowing for identification of feathers in fossils that otherwise lack integumentary information.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulna_-_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Position of ulna (red). Animation"><img alt="Position of ulna (red). Animation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ulna_-_animation.gif/120px-Ulna_-_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ulna_-_animation.gif/180px-Ulna_-_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ulna_-_animation.gif/240px-Ulna_-_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Position of ulna (red). Animation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_ulna.stl" class="mw-file-description" title="3D image"><img alt="3D image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Human_ulna.stl/120px-Human_ulna.stl.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Human_ulna.stl/180px-Human_ulna.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Human_ulna.stl/240px-Human_ulna.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D image</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RightHumanPosteriorRadiusUlna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bones of the right arm, showing the ulna, radius, wrist and humerus"><img alt="Bones of the right arm, showing the ulna, radius, wrist and humerus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RightHumanPosteriorRadiusUlna.jpg/120px-RightHumanPosteriorRadiusUlna.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RightHumanPosteriorRadiusUlna.jpg/180px-RightHumanPosteriorRadiusUlna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RightHumanPosteriorRadiusUlna.jpg/240px-RightHumanPosteriorRadiusUlna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bones of the right arm, showing the ulna, radius, wrist and humerus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray417_color.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section through the middle of the forearm, showing the two bones and the muscles, nerves and blood vessels surrounding them."><img alt="Cross-section through the middle of the forearm, showing the two bones and the muscles, nerves and blood vessels surrounding them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray417_color.PNG/120px-Gray417_color.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray417_color.PNG/180px-Gray417_color.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray417_color.PNG/240px-Gray417_color.PNG 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section through the middle of the forearm, showing the two bones and the muscles, nerves and blood vessels surrounding them.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/120px--Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Ulna_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ulna anatomy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madelung%27s_deformity" title="Madelung's deformity">Madelung's deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_anatomical_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms for anatomical location">Terms for anatomical location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_artery" title="Ulnar artery">Ulnar artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">Ulnar nerve</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/214/mode/2up">page 214</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i> 2nd edition, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ulna">Entry "ulna"</a> in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120123419/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ulna">"ULNA | Meaning & Definition for UK English"</a>. Lexico.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/ulna">the original</a> on January 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ULNA+%26%23124%3B+Meaning+%26+Definition+for+UK+English&rft.pub=Lexico.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fulna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-radius-and-the-ulna">"Radius and ulna"</a>. <i>Kenhub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenhub&rft.atitle=Radius+and+ulna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenhub.com%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fanatomy%2Fthe-radius-and-the-ulna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelfov/skel21_new.html">"Ulna"</a>. <i>InnerBody</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InnerBody&rft.atitle=Ulna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innerbody.com%2Fimage_skelfov%2Fskel21_new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowling-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowling_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowling_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_Dawson-BowlingPramod_AchanTimothy_BriggsManoj_Ramachandran2014" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Dawson-Bowling; Pramod Achan; Timothy Briggs; Manoj Ramachandran (2014). <i>Orthopaedic Trauma: The Stanmore and Royal London Guide</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444148831" title="Special:BookSources/9781444148831"><bdi>9781444148831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthopaedic+Trauma%3A+The+Stanmore+and+Royal+London+Guide&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781444148831&rft.au=Sebastian+Dawson-Bowling&rft.au=Pramod+Achan&rft.au=Timothy+Briggs&rft.au=Manoj+Ramachandran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlna" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldEgCAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA158">Page 158</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer,_Alfred_SherwoodParsons,_Thomas_S.1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X"><bdi>0-03-910284-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerMakovickyNorell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Alan H.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Norell, Mark A. (2007-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/15467/files/PAL_E2854.pdf">"Feather Quill Knobs in the Dinosaur Velociraptor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>317</b> (5845): 1721. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1721T">2007Sci...317.1721T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1145076">10.1126/science.1145076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885130">17885130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11610649">11610649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Feather+Quill+Knobs+in+the+Dinosaur+Velociraptor&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5845&rft.pages=1721&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11610649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317.1721T&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1145076&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885130&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rft.au=Makovicky%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Norell%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F15467%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E2854.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">Shoulder girdle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conoid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Conoid tubercle">conoid tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_line" title="Trapezoid line">trapezoid line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_tuberosity_of_clavicle" title="Costal tuberosity of clavicle">costal tuberosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_groove" title="Subclavian groove">subclavian groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Subscapular_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapular fossa">subscapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatous fossa">supraspinatous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatous fossa">infraspinatous</a>)</li> <li><i>notches</i> (<a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_notch" title="Suprascapular notch">suprascapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_scapular_notch" title="Great scapular notch">great scapular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenoid_fossa" title="Glenoid fossa">glenoid fossa</a></li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Infraglenoid_tubercle" title="Infraglenoid tubercle">infraglenoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraglenoid_tubercle" title="Supraglenoid tubercle">supraglenoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine of scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoid_process" title="Coracoid process">coracoid process</a></li> <li><i>angles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Superior_angle_of_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior angle of scapula">superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior angle of the scapula">inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral angle of the scapula">lateral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of humerus">upper extremity</a>:</i> <i>necks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_neck_of_humerus" title="Anatomical neck of humerus">anatomical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus" title="Surgical neck of the humerus">surgical</a>)</li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_tubercle" title="Greater tubercle">greater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_tubercle" title="Lesser tubercle">lesser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_groove" title="Bicipital groove">bicipital groove</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of humerus">body</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremity of humerus">lower extremity</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea</a></li> <li><i>epicondyles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>supracondylar ridges</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_supracondylar_ridge" title="Lateral supracondylar ridge">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_supracondylar_ridge" title="Medial supracondylar ridge">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Radial_fossa" title="Radial fossa">radial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa_of_the_humerus" title="Coronoid fossa of the humerus">coronoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">tuberosity</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius" title="Ulnar notch of the radius">ulnar notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle" title="Lister's tubercle">Lister's tubercle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ulna" title="Tuberosity of the ulna">tuberosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch" title="Radial notch">radial notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_notch" title="Trochlear notch">trochlear notch</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetral_bone" title="Triquetral bone">triquetral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform_bone" title="Pisiform bone">pisiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitate_bone" title="Capitate bone">capitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamate_bone" title="Hamate bone">hamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamulus_of_hamate_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamulus of hamate bone">hamulus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_metacarpal_bone" title="First metacarpal bone">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_metacarpal_bone" title="Second metacarpal bone">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_metacarpal_bone" title="Third metacarpal bone">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fourth metacarpal bone">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fifth metacarpal bone">5th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">distal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_in_the_tetrapod_skeleton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapod_osteology" title="Template:Tetrapod osteology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tetrapod_osteology" title="Template talk:Tetrapod osteology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tetrapod_osteology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tetrapod osteology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_in_the_tetrapod_skeleton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Skull" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">Skull</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">Cranium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">Skull roof</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">Frontal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internasal (page does not exist)">Internasal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intertemporal_bone" title="Intertemporal bone">Intertemporal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugal">Jugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">Zygomatic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">Lacrimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">Parietal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfrontal_bone" title="Postfrontal bone">Postfrontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Postorbital">Postorbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postparietal" title="Postparietal">Postparietal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_bone" title="Prefrontal bone">Prefrontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">Premaxilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratojugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratojugal">Quadratojugal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rostral_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostral bone">Rostral</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septomaxilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septomaxilla (page does not exist)">Septomaxilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamosal">Squamosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supratemporal_bone" title="Supratemporal bone">Supratemporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_bone" title="Tabular bone">Tabular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Composite_bones" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composite bones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interparietal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interparietal">Interparietal</a> (Postparietal+Tabular)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braincase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basioccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Basioccipital">Basioccipital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basisphenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basisphenoid (page does not exist)">Basisphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethmoid">Ethmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoccipital">Exoccipital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterosphenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laterosphenoid (page does not exist)">Laterosphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthotic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthotic (page does not exist)">Opisthotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitosphenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitosphenoid">Orbitosphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasphenoid" title="Parasphenoid">Parasphenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prootic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prootic (page does not exist)">Prootic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphenethmoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphenethmoid (page does not exist)">Sphenethmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraoccipital">Supraoccipital</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Composite_bones" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composite bones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital">Occipital</a> (Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otoccipital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otoccipital (page does not exist)">Otoccipital</a> (Exoccipital+Opisthotic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasisphenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabasisphenoid">Parabasisphenoid</a> (Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Petrous part of the temporal bone">Petrosal</a> (Prootic+Opisthotic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">Temporal</a> (Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectopterygoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectopterygoid (page does not exist)">Ectopterygoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipterygoid" title="Epipterygoid">Epipterygoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alisphenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisphenoid">Alisphenoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">Palatine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prevomer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prevomer (page does not exist)">Prevomer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_bone" title="Pterygoid bone">Pterygoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">Quadrate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">Incus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">Vomer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columella_(auditory_system)" title="Columella (auditory system)">Columella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">Stapes</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entotympanic" title="Entotympanic">Entotympanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extracolumella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extracolumella (page does not exist)">Extracolumella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">Sclerotic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormian_bones" title="Wormian bones">Wormian bones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_bone" title="Angular bone">Angular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ectotympanic" title="Ectotympanic">Ectotympanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular">Articular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">Malleus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronoid_bone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronoid bone (page does not exist)">Coronoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentary">Dentary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prearticular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prearticular (page does not exist)">Prearticular</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Predentary">Predentary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenial" title="Splenial">Splenial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surangular" title="Surangular">Surangular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">Hyoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basihyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basihyoid (page does not exist)">Basihyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratohyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceratohyoid (page does not exist)">Ceratohyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epihyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epihyoid (page does not exist)">Epihyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylohyoid">Stylohyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrohyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrohyoid">Thyrohyoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tympanohyoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tympanohyoid (page does not exist)">Tympanohyoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Postcranial_skeleton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Postcranial skeleton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">Axial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">Vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proatlas" title="Proatlas">Proatlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas vertebra">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis vertebra">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">Cervical vertebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal vertebrae">Dorsal vertebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_vertebrae" title="Caudal vertebrae">Caudal vertebrae</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygostyle" title="Pygostyle">Pygostyle</a></i></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemal_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemal arches">Haemal arches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">Ribs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_rib" title="Cervical rib">Cervical rib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_rib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsal rib (page does not exist)">Dorsal rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_rib" title="Caudal rib">Caudal rib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton" title="Appendicular skeleton">Appendicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral girdle">Pectoral girdle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Clavicle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Furcula" title="Furcula">Furcula</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">Coracoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interclavicle" title="Interclavicle">Interclavicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forelimb" title="Forelimb">Forelimb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius (bone)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Manus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)" title="Manus (anatomy)">Manus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Carpus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiale_(bone)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiale (bone) (page does not exist)">Radiale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scaphoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphoid">Scaphoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnare">Ulnare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triquetral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triquetral">Triquetral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermedium">Intermedium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_centrale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lateral centrale (page does not exist)">Lateral centrale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">Lunate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_centrale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial centrale (page does not exist)">Medial centrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisiform">Pisiform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteroid">Pteroid</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Distal_carpals" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distal carpals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Distal carpal 1 (<a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">Trapezium</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 2 (<a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">Trapezoid</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 3 (<a href="/wiki/Capitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitate">Capitate</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 4 (<a href="/wiki/Hamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamate">Hamate</a>)</li> <li>Distal carpal 5</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpal">Metacarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungual" title="Ungual">Ungual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic girdle">Pelvic girdle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">Ischium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">Ilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">Pubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipubic_bone" title="Epipubic bone">Epipubic bone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindlimb" title="Hindlimb">Hindlimb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pes_(anatomy)" title="Pes (anatomy)">Pes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tarsus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proximal tarsals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibiale">Tibiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermedium">Intermedium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibulare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibulare">Fibulare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcaneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcaneum">Calcaneum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centralia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Centrale 1</li> <li>Centrale 2</li> <li>Centrale 3</li> <li>Centrale 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distal tarsals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Distal tarsal 1 (<a href="/wiki/Medial_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial cuneiform">Medial cuneiform</a>)</li> <li>Distal tarsal 2 (<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate cuneiform">Intermediate cuneiform</a>)</li> <li>Distal tarsal 3 (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral cuneiform">Lateral cuneiform</a>)</li> <li>Distal tarsal 4</li> <li>Distal tarsal 5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composite tarsals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astragalus_(bone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astragalus (bone)">Astragalus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">Talus</a>) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navicular" class="mw-redirect" title="Navicular">Navicular</a> (Centrale 1+2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuboid_bone" title="Cuboid bone">Cuboid</a> (Distal tarsal 4+5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal">Metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungual" title="Ungual">Ungual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">Baculum</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Baubellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Baubellum">Baubellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastralia" title="Gastralia">Gastralia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossified_tendon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossified tendon">Ossified tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoderms">Osteoderms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades</li> <li>Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/12px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/24px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199507#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199507#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199507#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ulna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139449">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ulna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12447415s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ulna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12447415s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560832105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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