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<span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>定义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语序" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语序"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>语序</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语序-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句法理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句法理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>句法理论</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-句法理论-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关句法理论子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-句法理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-生成语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生成语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>生成语法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生成语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-依存语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#依存语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>依存语法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-依存语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-范畴语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#范畴语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>范畴语法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-范畴语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-功能语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#功能语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>功能语法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-功能语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参见-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参见子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-句法术语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句法术语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>句法术语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句法术语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-综合参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#综合参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>综合参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-综合参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">句法</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。115种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsbou" title="Sinsbou – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinsbou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="علم النحو – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النحو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سينطاكس – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سينطاكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97ntaks%C4%97" title="Sėntaksė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sėntaksė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Сінтаксіс мовы – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінтаксіс мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81" title="Сынтаксіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынтаксіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_nahwu" title="Èlmu nahwu – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu nahwu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreadurezh" title="Kevreadurezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevreadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ڕستەناسی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕستەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%B7%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%AF%D1%8C" title="Сѷнтаѯь – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сѷнтаѯь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystrawen" title="Cystrawen – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cystrawen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakso" title="Sintakso – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sintakso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCntaks" title="Süntaks – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süntaks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksi" title="Syntaksi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinlear" title="Sinlear – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinlear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhr%C3%A9ir" title="Comhréir – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhréir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDjoajukatu" title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ordrail" title="Co-ordrail – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-ordrail" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="תחביר – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="वाक्यविन्यास – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाक्यविन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksa" title="Syntaksa – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Syntaksa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentaks" title="Sentaks – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sentaks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintaxis_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահյուսություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարահյուսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահիւսութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շարահիւսութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxo" title="Sintaxo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sintaxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setningafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Setningafræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Setningafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%96" title="統語論 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統語論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/genlalske" title="genlalske – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="genlalske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სინტაქსი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინტაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%82%AC%EB%A1%A0" title="통사론 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통사론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintatica" title="Sintatica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sintatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaks%C4%97" title="Sintaksė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sintaksė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakse" title="Sintakse – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintakse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Синтаксиссь – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Синтаксиссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rariteny" title="Rariteny – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rariteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="വാക്യഘടന – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാക്യഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सिन्ट्याक्स – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्ट्याक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis_(taalkunde)" title="Syntaxis (taalkunde) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syntaxis (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%A1ksis" title="Sintáksis – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sintáksis" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaktyka_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxa" title="Sintaxa – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sintaxa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintax%C4%83" title="Sintaxă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sintaxă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نحويات – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نحويات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(jazykoveda)" title="Syntax (jazykoveda) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syntax (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladnja" title="Skladnja – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skladnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksi" title="Sintaksi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sintaksi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சொற்றொடரியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொற்றொடரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Аъзои ҷумла – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аъзои ҷумла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="วากยสัมพันธ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วากยสัมพันธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaugnayan" title="Palaugnayan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palaugnayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdizim" title="Sözdizim – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdizim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_gaya_nkari" title="Knklaan gaya nkari – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan gaya nkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintasi" title="Sintasi – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sintasi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_ph%C3%A1p_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cú pháp học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cú pháp học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjin%C3%A7aedje_del_fr%C3%A5ze" title="Adjinçaedje del fråze – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adjinçaedje del fråze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="語法學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語法學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9-hoat" title="Kù-hoat – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kù-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="句法學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37437#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding:0;line-height:0.4em;"> </td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Language_Families_(wikicolors).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Languages of the world"><img alt="Languages of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png/175px-Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png/263px-Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png/350px-Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Languages of the world</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="理论语言学">基礎領域</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="音系學">音系學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">词法学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">句法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">语义学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="词汇语义学">词汇语义学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="结构语义学" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Конструктивная семантика"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="结构语义学（页面不存在）">结构语义学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Конструктивная семантика"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Конструктивная семантика</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="原型理論">原型语义学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="语用学">语用学</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="語言變化">語言變化</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="比较语言学">比较语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="語言地理學">語言地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="語系關係">語言發生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="语言年代学">语言年代学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="语言类型学">语言类型学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="社会语言学">社会语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="方言学">方言学</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> <b>理論框架</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="生成语言学">生成语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="应用语言学">应用语言学</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="心理语言学">心理语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="神经语言学">神经语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="计算语言学">计算语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%97%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="共时语言学">共时语言学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="对照语言学">对照语言学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="文体学">文体学</a> <ul><li><ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="规范语言学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linguistic prescription"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="规范语言学（页面不存在）">规范语言学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" class="extiw" title="en:Linguistic prescription"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linguistic prescription</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%A6" title="语源学">语源学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%99%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语料库语言学">语料库语言学</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> <b>其他</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">語言學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="语言学家列表">语言学家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的語言學問題">未解的問題</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;padding-top:0.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>句法</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Syntax</span>）是一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>概念，指一门语言里支配<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>结构，决定<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5" title="从句">从句</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%88%90%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="句子成分">句子成分</a>如何组成其上级成分，直到组成句子的规则或过程。<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky_def_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>研究句法的语言学分支称为<b>句法学</b>，其终极目标是探究所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="自然语言">自然语言</a>通用的普遍句法规则。<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky_def_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>句法的英语 <i>syntax</i> 来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%82#古希腊语" class="extiw" title="wikt:σύνταξις">σύνταξις</a></span>，意为“协调”，它包括了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="词根">词根</a> <span lang="grc">σύν</span> <i>syn</i>“共同”和 <span lang="grc">τάξις</span> <i>táxis</i>“排序”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>句法研究滥觞于公元前4世纪的梵文文法学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="八篇书">八篇书</a>》（Aṣṭādhyāyī）<sup id="cite_ref-Panini_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，此书极其精细的描述了古代梵语的句法，至今广为引用。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而西方句法研究最早可能源于<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E4%BF%84%E5%B0%BC%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="狄俄尼索斯·特拉克斯">狄俄尼索斯·特拉克斯</a>的《语法的艺术》（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：<span lang="grc">Τέχνη Γραμματική</span>）。 </p><p>1660年安托万·阿尔诺编写的《一般语法》（<span lang="fr">grammaire générale</span>）以及后来的《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皇家港语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Port-Royal_Grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B8%AF%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇家港语法（页面不存在）">皇家港语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Port-Royal Grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Port-Royal_Grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span>》（<span lang="en">Port-Royal Grammar</span>）则将句法研究推到了逻辑层次<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，用逻辑方法定义了语法范畴，并用“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主词</a>”“<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="系詞">系詞</a>”“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">谓词</a>”这样的术语来分析句子。最终，这种观点也被早期对比语言学家如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗兰茨·博普">弗兰茨·博普</a>所采用。 </p><p>早期句法研究并没有明确区分语法和句法，直到20世纪句法在<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="理论语言学">理论语言学</a>中的角色才逐渐清晰起来。故20世纪也被语言学家称为“句法的世纪”。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定义"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89"></span>定义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：定义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="语法">语法</a></div> <p>句法这一概念常常与<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="语法">语法</a>混淆，盖因语法研究里面很大一部分都是关于句法的内容，但语法不仅关注句子结构的形成，也关注句子成分的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语法功能（页面不存在）">语法功能</a>和语法意义。<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-胡62_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡62-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-黄廖91_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-黄廖91-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>早期的现代语言学常常将句法和语法等同，如以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%B7%92%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗迪南·德·索緒爾">索绪尔</a>为首的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%AD%A6#瑞士结构主义符号学（1907年）" class="mw-redirect" title="符号学">结构主义语言学</a>区分了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E6%8C%87" title="所指">所指</a>（概念）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87" title="能指">能指</a>（音响形象），认定语言是一种符号系统。<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saussure1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saussure1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saussure2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saussure2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>美国描写语言学派更将语言和意识完全分割开来，其集大成者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%BE%99%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="伦纳德·布龙菲尔德">布隆菲尔德</a>的语法理论称为“机械论”或“物理论”，只侧重形式、层次和结构上的分析。<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这种语法研究如今可以视作纯粹的句法研究。这一倾向影响甚广，一直到<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基">乔姆斯基</a>刚提出<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2-%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="转换-生成文法">转换-生成语法</a>的时候，仍认为下面这样的句子在语法上是对的，因为两个名词短语都在句法结构上合法，即便句子本身很明显在自然语言中不可能出现。<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="infobox" style="float: none; clear: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td>a. </td> <td>The boy may frighten Sincerity. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>（男孩可能吓着了真诚。） </td></tr> <tr> <td>b. </td> <td>Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>（无色的绿色想法猛烈地睡。） </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. </td> <td>我喝饭。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>d. </td> <td>月亮吃苹果。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>1960年代以后，乔姆斯基提出了选择限制和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次范畴化（页面不存在）">次范畴</a>（又称语义语法范畴）的概念<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，即除了短语的语法范畴要符合句法，其下位层次的词义选择组合特征也要吻合。比如例 a. 中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="谓语">谓语</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="中心词">中心词</a>“吓”的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E4%BA%8B" title="施事">施事</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E5%85%83" title="论元">论元</a>可以是有生命的，也可以是没有生命的，即符合 [±生命] 特征；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BA%8B" title="受事">受事</a>论元必须要符合 [＋生命] 的特征，而“真诚”恰恰拥有 [-生命] 特征，故句子虽然在句法上合法，但在语法上不合法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语序"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E5.BA.8F"></span>语序</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：语序"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="语序">语序</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a>是句法学的一大基礎，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>（S）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a>（V）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>（O）是最常見於各語言的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%88%90%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="句子成分">句子成分</a>。85%以上的語言主要以主語開始句子，使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="主動賓語序">主謂賓</a>（SVO）或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%B3%93%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="主賓動語序">主賓謂</a>（SOV）的語序。也有采用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%BB%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="動主賓語序">謂主賓</a>（VSO）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%93%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="動賓主語序">謂賓主</a>（VOS）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="賓動主語序">賓謂主</a>（OVS）以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="賓主動語序">賓主謂</a>（OSV）语序的语言，但尤其最后三种比较罕见。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="语言的形态分类">语言形态分类</a>上，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%AF%AD" title="分析语">分析语</a>或者分析语特征较强的语言会更依赖于语序这一句法手段来表达语法关系，故其语序会较为固定，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AF%AD" title="屈折语">屈折语</a>或者屈折语特征较强的语言则更依赖<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格变化</a>之类的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">词法</a>手段，故其语序也较为自由，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语">芬兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>等。 </p><p>在大多数<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生成语法">生成语法</a>理论里，这些显式差异会体现在更为复杂的树状短语结构里，且每种语序都可以分析为多种衍生结构。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="句法理论"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>句法理论</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：句法理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>与句法相关的现代语法理论很多。而在大部分语法理论里面，句法都是最主要的部分，所以很多句法相关理论也都以“语法”称呼；这与结构主义的研究传统相关。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德里克·比克顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Derek Bickerton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德里克·比克顿（页面不存在）">德里克·比克顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bickerton" class="extiw" title="en:Derek Bickerton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Derek Bickerton</span></a></span>）</span></span>把句法视作生物学的一个分支，即对人类思维中语言知识的研究。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其他语言学家（例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格拉尔德·加兹达尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gerald Gazdar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格拉尔德·加兹达尔（页面不存在）">格拉尔德·加兹达尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gazdar" class="extiw" title="en:Gerald Gazdar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gerald Gazdar</span></a></span>）</span></span>）采取更接近柏拉图主义的观点，认为语法是对抽象形式系统的研究。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>还有人（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="約瑟·哈羅德·格林伯格">约瑟·哈罗德·格林伯格</a>）认为句法是一种用于广泛归纳各种语言的分类方法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生成语法"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.88.90.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>生成语法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：生成语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成语法</a>（Generative grammar）假设语言是人类思维当中的一种结构，以此架构并完善内在语言（<span lang="en">i-language</span>）的模型。提倡生成文法的学者认为，生成文法是一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="普遍语法">普适的语法</a>，它的规则可以应用到所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="自然语言">自然语言</a>的某一语言现象当中，判定它合法还是不合法；其句法一些是可扩张的句子结构的规则；大多数的语法并不是由于交际功能而产生的，也不是简单地从环境中学得的（见刺激贫乏论），在这方面，生成文法中的观点与认知文法，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="功能語法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functional grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能語法（页面不存在）">功能主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Functional grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functional grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="行為主義">行为主义</a>的理论都有所区别。乔姆斯基是生成语法的开创者。 </p><p>乔姆斯基的理论包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2-%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="转换-生成文法">转换-生成语法</a>（TG）：在1957年的《句法结构》中首次提出，与1965年的《文法理论要略》一同称为标准理论<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E8%BE%96%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="管辖与约束理论">管辖与约束理论</a>（GB）：1970年代到1980年代对 TG 的修正<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%B0%A1%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="最簡方案">最简主义理论</a>（MP）：1995年提出的修正理论<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>其他生成语法理论还包括： </p> <ul><li>生成短语结构语法（GPSG）</li> <li>关系语法（RG）</li> <li>生成语义学（由语义句法学分化<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）</li> <li>词汇功能语法（LFG）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="依存语法"><span id=".E4.BE.9D.E5.AD.98.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>依存语法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：依存语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="依存语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dependency grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存语法（页面不存在）">依存语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Dependency grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dependency grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <p>依存语法（Dependency grammar）是一种通过句子成分之间的相互依存关系来分析句子的语法理论。动词往往看作短语结构的根基，短语内其他成分直接或间接地依存于动词。依存语法跟短语结构语法有很大出入。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="范畴语法"><span id=".E8.8C.83.E7.95.B4.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>范畴语法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：范畴语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="范畴语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Categorial grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="范畴语法（页面不存在）">范畴语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorial_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Categorial grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Categorial grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="范畴语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Categorial grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="范畴语法（页面不存在）">范畴语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorial_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Categorial grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Categorial grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span>不把句法结构归因于规则，而于句法范畴本身的属性；即不会去假设句子由名词短语（NP）和动词短语（VP）组成（S → NP VP），而认为这些规则都蕴含于动词这一<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="中心词">中心词</a>（head word）本身。所以范畴语法里面句法范畴的概念与数学和逻辑学上的函数 y=f(x) 类似，中心词是函子 f ，它会输入名词短语等自变量 x ，并产生句子级结构作为输出。在不及物动词中，这种复杂范畴被标记为 (NP\S)，意为“从左寻求输入名词短语，并（向右）输出句子结构”。在及物动词中需要输入两个名词短语，这种复杂范畴被标记为 (NP/(NP\S))，意为“从右寻求输入名词短语（即宾语），然后（向左）生成 (NP\S) 子范畴”，子范畴的原理和不及物动词一致。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="树状邻接语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tree-adjoining grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%91%E7%8A%B6%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="树状邻接语法（页面不存在）">树状邻接语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-adjoining_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Tree-adjoining grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tree-adjoining grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span>是一种分类语法，它将部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91_(%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84)" title="树 (数据结构)">树状结构</a>添加到范畴中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="功能语法"><span id=".E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>功能语法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：功能语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="功能語法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functional grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能語法（页面不存在）">功能語法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Functional grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functional grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <p>功能语法理论关注句子成分所起的语法作用。典型的功能语法包括： </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="认知语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cognitive grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="认知语法（页面不存在）">认知语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Cognitive grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cognitive grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>构式语法（CxG）</li> <li>互动语法</li> <li>功能话语语法 (Dik)</li> <li>系统功能语法</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="语法">语法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="词类">词类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%88%90%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="句子成分">句子成分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4" title="语法范畴">语法范畴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="语序">语序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格 (语法)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2" title="语义角色">语义角色</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句法术语"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95.E6.9C.AF.E8.AF.AD"></span>句法术语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：句法术语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-command" title="C-command">c-command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A3" title="指代">指代</a>（Conference）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E5%85%83" title="论元">论元</a>（Argument）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%AB%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="填位（页面不存在）">填位</a>（Merge）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%B0%84" title="投射">投射</a>（Projection）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E4%BD%8D_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" title="移位 (語法)">移位 (語法)</a>（Movement）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邻接 (语法)（页面不存在）">邻接</a>（Adjunct）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%87_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提升 (语法)（页面不存在）">提升</a>（Raise）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非宾语假说（页面不存在）">非宾语假说</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非宾语动词（页面不存在）">非宾语动词</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9C%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非作语动词（页面不存在）">非作语动词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%91%E5%95%8F%E8%A9%9E%E7%A7%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="疑問詞移位">疑问词移位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%27%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="X'理论">X'理论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轻动词（页面不存在）">轻动词</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B6%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="零代词（页面不存在）">零代词</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_def-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_def_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_def_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基">Chomsky, Noam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNeHkMXHcd8C&pg=PA11">Syntactic Structures</a>. Walter de Gruyter. 2002: 11 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-11-017279-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-11-017279-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-11-017279-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423020719/https://books.google.com/books?id=SNeHkMXHcd8C&pg=PA11">存档</a>于2021-04-23） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.btitle=Syntactic+Structures&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017279-9&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNeHkMXHcd8C%26pg%3DPA11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panini-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panini_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Verhagen, Pieter Cornelis; Bronkhorst, Johannes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=5vmaX_JQzc4C&pg=PA27">Sanskrit Grammatical Literature in Tibet - a Study of the Indo-Tibetan Canonical Literature on Sanskrit Grammar and the Development of Sanskrit Studies in Tibet</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="BRILL" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brill Publishers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BRILL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRILL（页面不存在）">BRILL</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" class="extiw" title="en:Brill Publishers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brill Publishers</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 1994: 27 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-11882-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-11882-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-04-11882-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423064829/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=5vmaX_JQzc4C&pg=PA27">存档</a>于2021-04-23） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Bronkhorst%2C+Johannes&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Cornelis&rft.aulast=Verhagen&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Grammatical+Literature+in+Tibet+-+a+Study+of+the+Indo-Tibetan+Canonical+Literature+on+Sanskrit+Grammar+and+the+Development+of+Sanskrit+Studies+in+Tibet&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11882-9&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22BRILL%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Brill+Publishers%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EBRILL%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EBrill+Publishers%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.jp%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vmaX_JQzc4C%26pg%3DPA27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell. 2004: 186. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1405188968" title="Special:网络书源/978-1405188968"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1405188968</a>. <q>[The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>] is a highly precise and thorough description of the structure of Sanskrit somewhat resembling modern generative grammar...[it] remained the most advanced linguistic analysis of any kind until the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft.aulast=Fortson+IV&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1405188968&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arnauld, Antoine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-57444">La logique</a> 5th. Paris: G. Desprez. 1683: 137 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725075759/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-57444">存档</a>于2017-07-25）. <q><span lang="fr">Nous avons emprunté...ce que nous avons dit...d'un petit Livre...sous le titre de Grammaire générale.</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft.aulast=Arnauld&rft.btitle=La+logique&rft.date=1683&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=137&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=G.+Desprez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2FVisualiseur%3FDestination%3DGallica%26O%3DNUMM-57444&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Graffi, Giorgio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/200_Years_of_Syntax.html?id=mydolrE-PPkC">200 Years of Syntax: A Critical Survey</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-58811-052-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-58811-052-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-58811-052-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113063241/https://books.google.com/books/about/200_Years_of_Syntax.html?id=mydolrE-PPkC">存档</a>于2017-01-13） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.aulast=Graffi&rft.btitle=200+Years+of+Syntax%3A+A+Critical+Survey&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58811-052-7&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2F200_Years_of_Syntax.html%3Fid%3DmydolrE-PPkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-崔04-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_6-3"><sup><b>6.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">崔应贤. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=wRjOfF2vi4cC">现代汉语语法学习与研究入门</a>. 清华大学出版社有限公司. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-302-08445-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-302-08445-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-302-08445-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423024132/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=wRjOfF2vi4cC">存档</a>于2021-04-23） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E5%B4%94%E5%BA%94%E8%B4%A4&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E4%B8%8E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-302-08445-7&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.jp%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRjOfF2vi4cC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-胡62-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-胡62_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">胡裕树. 现代汉语. 上海: 上海教育出版社. 1962. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787532039906" title="Special:网络书源/9787532039906"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787532039906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E8%A3%95%E6%A0%91&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787532039906&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-黄廖91-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-黄廖91_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">黄伯荣; 廖序东. 现代汉语. 高等教育出版社. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E5%BB%96%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%9C&rft.au=%E9%BB%84%E4%BC%AF%E8%8D%A3&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saussure1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saussure1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Saussure, Ferdinand de. Bally, Charles; Sechehaye, Albert , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royharrisonline.com/linguistic_publications/course_in_general_linguistics.html">Course in General Linguistics</a>. Trans. Roy Harris. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. 1983 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0812690230" title="Special:网络书源/0812690230"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0812690230</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025105057/http://www.royharrisonline.com/linguistic_publications/course_in_general_linguistics.html">存档</a>于2018-10-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+de&rft.aulast=Saussure&rft.btitle=Course+in+General+Linguistics&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0812690230&rft.place=La+Salle%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royharrisonline.com%2Flinguistic_publications%2Fcourse_in_general_linguistics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saussure2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saussure2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">索绪尔, 费尔迪南·德. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/putongyuyanxueji0000saus">普通语言学教程 <bdi>Cours de linguistique générale (5th ed., 1949)</bdi></a>. 商务印书馆. 1980. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100020862" title="Special:网络书源/9787100020862"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787100020862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7&rft.aulast=%E7%B4%A2%E7%BB%AA%E5%B0%94&rft.btitle=%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B+Cours+de+linguistique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+%285th+ed.%2C+1949%29&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787100020862&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fputongyuyanxueji0000saus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">布龙菲尔德, 伦纳德. 语言论. 袁家骅, 赵世开, 甘世福译. 商务印书馆. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100018838" title="Special:网络书源/9787100018838"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787100018838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7&rft.aulast=%E5%B8%83%E9%BE%99%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787100018838&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Manfred, Jahn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/jahn_2002.pdf"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>COLORLESS GREEN IDEAS SLEEP FURIOUSLY": A LINGUISTIC TEST CASE AND ITS APPROPRIATIONS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Models and Applications. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714071249/http://www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/jahn_2002.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=%22COLORLESS+GREEN+IDEAS+SLEEP+FURIOUSLY%22%3A+A+LINGUISTIC+TEST+CASE+AND+ITS+APPROPRIATIONS&rft.au=Manfred%2C+Jahn&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Models+and+Applications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-koeln.de%2F~ame02%2Fjahn_2002.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">乔姆斯基, 诺姆. 句法结构 <bdi>Syntactic Structures</bdi>. 黄长著, 林书武, 庞秉均, 邢公畹译. 中国社会科学出版社. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.douban.com/subject_search?search_text=SH9190-004"><span title="统一书号">CSBN 9190·004</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86&rft.aulast=%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84+Syntactic+Structures&rft.csbn=9190-004&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">乔姆斯基, 诺姆. 句法理论的若干问题. 中国社会科学出版社. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.douban.com/subject_search?search_text=SH9190-047"><span title="统一书号">CSBN 9190·047</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86&rft.aulast=%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.csbn=9190-047&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">邢公畹. 词语搭配问题是不是语法问题. 安徽师范大学学报. 1978, (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=%E8%AF%8D%E8%AF%AD%E6%90%AD%E9%85%8D%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.au=%E9%82%A2%E5%85%AC%E7%95%B9&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">胡明扬. 再论语法形式和语法意义. 中国语文. 1992, (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=%E5%86%8D%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89&rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E6%98%8E%E6%89%AC&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <cite class="citation book">Bickerton, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagespecies0000bick">Language and Species</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-04610-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-04610-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-04610-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Bickerton%2C+Derek&rft.btitle=Language+and+Species&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-04610-9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagespecies0000bick&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> and, for more recent advances, <cite class="citation book">Derek Bickerton; Eörs Szathmáry (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologicalfounda0000erns">Biological foundations and origin of syntax</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="麻省理工学院出版社">MIT Press</a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-262-01356-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-262-01356-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-262-01356-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Derek+Bickerton&rft.au=E%C3%B6rs+Szathm%C3%A1ry&rft.btitle=Biological+foundations+and+origin+of+syntax&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01356-7&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologicalfounda0000erns&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ted Briscoe, 2 May 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/research/nlp/gazdar/briscoe/gpsg.html#SECTION00040000000000000000">Interview with Gerald Gazdar</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20051122163306/http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/research/nlp/gazdar/briscoe/gpsg.html#SECTION00040000000000000000">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Retrieved 2008-06-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, Noam. 1957. <i>Syntactic Structures</i>. The Hague/Paris: Mouton, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, Noam (1981/1993). Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures. Mouton de Gruyter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, Noam (1995). The Minimalist Program. MIT Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seuren, P. A. M. 2018. <i>Semantic Syntax</i>. Revised edition. Leiden: Brill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arrivé, Michel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/lfr_0023-8368_1969_num_1_1_5395">Les Éléments de syntaxe structurale, de L. Tesnière</a>. Langue française. 1969, <b>1</b> (1): 36–40 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-23</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8368"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0023-8368</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Flfr.1969.5395"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3406/lfr.1969.5395</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428130519/https://www.persee.fr/doc/lfr_0023-8368_1969_num_1_1_5395">存档</a>于2021-04-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">（法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+de+syntaxe+structurale%2C+de+L.+Tesni%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.aulast=Arriv%C3%A9&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0023-8368&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=36-40&rft.volume=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Flfr_0023-8368_1969_num_1_1_5395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Flfr.1969.5395&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="综合参考文献"><span id=".E7.BB.BC.E5.90.88.E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>综合参考文献</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：综合参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">何元建. 现代汉语生成语法. 北京: 北京大学出版社. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787301187494" title="Special:网络书源/9787301187494"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787301187494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E4%BD%95%E5%85%83%E5%BB%BA&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787301187494&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Brown, Keith; Miller, Jim (编). Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories. New York: Elsevier Science. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-08-042711-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-08-042711-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-08-042711-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Miller%2C+Jim&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Syntactic+Theories&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-08-042711-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Carnie, Andrew. Syntax: A Generative Introduction 2nd. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4051-3384-8" title="Special:网络书源/1-4051-3384-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-4051-3384-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4051-3384-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Freidin, Robert; Lasnik, Howard (编). Syntax. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. New York: Routledge. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-24672-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-24672-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-24672-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Lasnik%2C+Howard&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Freidin&rft.btitle=Syntax&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-24672-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.series=Critical+Concepts+in+Linguistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Graffi, Giorgio. 200 Years of Syntax. A Critical Survey. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-272-4587-8" title="Special:网络书源/90-272-4587-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 90-272-4587-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.aulast=Graffi&rft.btitle=200+Years+of+Syntax.+A+Critical+Survey&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-272-4587-8&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Language+Sciences+98&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Talasiewicz, Mieszko. Philosophy of Syntax—Foundational Topics. Springer. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-481-3287-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-481-3287-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-481-3287-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Mieszko&rft.aulast=Talasiewicz&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Syntax%E2%80%94Foundational+Topics&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3287-4&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> An interdisciplinary essay on the interplay between logic and linguistics on syntactic theories.</li> <li>Tesnière, Lucien 1969. Éleménts de syntaxe structurale. 2nd edition. Paris: Klincksieck.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Martin Everaert; Henk Van Riemsdijk; Rob Goedemans; Bart Hollebrandse (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani0001unse">The Blackwell companion to syntax</a>. Blackwell. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-1485-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-1485-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4051-1485-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Bart+Hollebrandse&rft.au=Henk+Van+Riemsdijk&rft.au=Martin+Everaert&rft.au=Rob+Goedemans&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+syntax&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1485-1&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwellcompani0001unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 5 Volumes; 77 case studies of syntactic phenomena.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/">I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition</a>. Oxford University Press. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0199660179" title="Special:网络书源/978-0199660179"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0199660179</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/">存档</a>于2011-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Charles+Reiss&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.aulast=Isac&rft.btitle=I-language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Linguistics+as+Cognitive+Science%2C+2nd+edition&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0199660179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.concordia.ca%2Fi-language%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Moravcsik, Edith A. An introduction to syntax: fundamentals of syntactic analysis. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8264-8945-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8264-8945-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8264-8945-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Edith+A.&rft.aulast=Moravcsik&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+syntax%3A+fundamentals+of+syntactic+analysis&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8945-6&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Attempts to be a theory-neutral introduction. The companion <cite class="citation book">Edith A. Moravcsik. An introduction to syntactic theory. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8264-8943-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8264-8943-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8264-8943-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Edith+A.+Moravcsik&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+syntactic+theory&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8943-2&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> surveys the major theories. Jointly reviewed in <i>The Canadian Journal of Linguistics</i> 54(1), March 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/canadian_journal_of_linguistics/v054/54.1.hewson.html">pp. 172–175</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160304210121/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcanadian_journal_of_linguistics%2Fv054%2F54.1.hewson.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Müller, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/25">Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches</a>. Berlin: Language Science Press. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-944675-21-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-944675-21-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-944675-21-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116152543/https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/25">存档</a>于2021-01-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.btitle=Grammatical+theory%3A+From+transformational+grammar+to+constraint-based+approaches&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-944675-21-3&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Brian Roark; Richard William Sproat. Computational approaches to morphology and syntax. Oxford University Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-927477-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-927477-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-927477-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Brian+Roark&rft.au=Richard+William+Sproat&rft.btitle=Computational+approaches+to+morphology+and+syntax&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927477-2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> part II: Computational approaches to syntax.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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