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Disponible en 27 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="قوى تشتت لندن - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوى تشتت لندن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispers_q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="Dispers qüvvələr - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dispers qüvvələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonova_disperzijska_sila" title="Londonova disperzijska sila - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Londonova disperzijska sila" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disperzn%C3%AD_s%C3%ADla" title="Disperzní síla - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Disperzní síla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonbinding" title="Londonbinding - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Londonbinding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/London-Kraft" title="London-Kraft - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="London-Kraft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force" title="London dispersion force - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="London dispersion force" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_de_dispersi%C3%B3n_de_London" title="Fuerzas de dispersión de London - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas de dispersión de London" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="نیروی پراکندگی لاندن - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی پراکندگی لاندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonin_voima" title="Londonin voima - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Londonin voima" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_de_London" title="Forces de London - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces de London" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rsa_easraithe_London" title="Fórsa easraithe London - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fórsa easraithe London" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diszperzi%C3%B3s_k%C3%B6lcs%C3%B6nhat%C3%A1s" title="Diszperziós kölcsönhatás - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Diszperziós kölcsönhatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_London" title="Gaya London - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_di_London" title="Forza di London - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forza di London" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3%E5%8A%9B" title="ロンドン分散力 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン分散力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98_%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0%EB%A0%A5" title="런던 분산력 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런던 분산력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonkracht" title="Londonkracht - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Londonkracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%82y_Londona" title="Siły Londona - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siły Londona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83_de_dispersie_London" title="Forță de dispersie London - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Forță de dispersie London" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Дисперсионные силы - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дисперсионные силы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonova_disperziona_sila" title="Londonova disperziona sila - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Londonova disperziona sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonova_disperziona_sila" title="Londonova disperziona sila - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Londonova disperziona sila" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/London-kraft" title="London-kraft - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="London-kraft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="இலண்டன் கலைவு விசை - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலண்டன் கலைவு விசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дисперсійні сили - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дисперсійні сили" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3%E5%8A%9B" title="色散力 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色散力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q519418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/220px-Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/330px-Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/440px-Iodine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Cel·la unitat d'un cristall de iode on les molècules de diiode, I₂, es troben enllaçades mitjançant forces de dispersió</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Suchy_lod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Suchy_lod.jpg/220px-Suchy_lod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Suchy_lod.jpg/330px-Suchy_lod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Suchy_lod.jpg/440px-Suchy_lod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Neu carbònica, <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni">diòxid de carboni</a> sòlid gràcies a les forces de London</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>forces de dispersió de London</b> són forces intermoleculars febles que sorgeixen de forces interactives entre <a href="/wiki/Dipol_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Dipol elèctric">dipols</a> temporals en molècules sense <a href="/wiki/Moment_dipolar_d%27enlla%C3%A7" title="Moment dipolar d'enllaç">moment dipolar</a> permanent. Les forces de dispersió de London són un tipus de <a href="/wiki/Forces_de_van_der_Waals" title="Forces de van der Waals">forces de van der Waals</a> i també són conegudes com a forces de dispersió, forces de London o forces dipol instantani-dipol induït. </p><p>Aquesta interacció fou estudiada per primera vegada pels físics alemanys <a href="/wiki/Robert_Karl_Eisenschitz" title="Robert Karl Eisenschitz">Robert Karl Eisenschitz</a>, del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_f%C3%BCr_Physik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute für Physik (encara no existeix)">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute für Physik</a> de Berlín, i <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Berl%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat de Berlín">Universitat de Berlín</a>, el 1930, en un article sobre els gasos nobles<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> el qual tractament era molt formal i complet. London realitzà, després, tractaments més simples i aplicats.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Les forces de London s'originen en <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molècules">molècules</a> no polars a causa que la densitat electrònica es mou al voltant de la molècula d'una manera probabilística segons la <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">mecànica quàntica</a>. Hi ha una gran probabilitat que la densitat electrònica no estigui distribuïda homogèniament en una molècula apolar. Quan els <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a> estan desigualment distribuïts, existeix un dipol instantani. Aquest interaccionarà amb altres dipols propers o induirà a les molècules veïnes dipols. La densitat electrònica en una molècula pot ser redistribuïda per la proximitat d'un altre dipol. Els electrons s'acumularan en el costat de la molècula propera al pol positiu del dipol instantani i s'allunyaran del pol negatiu. S'haurà format un dipol induït. </p><p>En el buit, les forces de London són més febles que altres forces intermoleculars tals com les <a href="/wiki/Enlla%C3%A7_i%C3%B2nic" title="Enllaç iònic">interaccions iòniques</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Enlla%C3%A7_d%27hidrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Enllaç d'hidrogen">enllaç d'hidrogen</a>, o les <a href="/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3_dipol-dipol" title="Interacció dipol-dipol">interaccions permanents dipol-dipol</a>. Aquest fenomen és l'única força intermolecular atractiva entre àtoms neutres com els <a href="/wiki/Gasos_nobles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasos nobles">gasos nobles</a>, i és la principal força atractiva entre molècules no polars, com el dinitrogen, N₂, o el metà, CH₄. Sense les forces de London, no hi hauria forces atractives entre els àtoms d'un gas noble, i no podrien existir en la forma líquida. </p><p>Les forces de London es fan més fortes alhora que l'àtom o molècula en qüestió es fa més gran. Això és a causa de la <a href="/wiki/Polaritzabilitat" title="Polaritzabilitat">polaritzabilitat</a> incrementada de molècules amb núvols electrònics més grans i disperses. Aquest comportament pot exemplificar-se pels <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B2gens" class="mw-redirect" title="Halògens">halògens</a> (del més petit al més gran: F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂). El diflúor i el diclor són gasos a temperatura ambient, el dibrom és un líquid, i el diiode és un sòlid. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Argon_dimer_potential.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Argon_dimer_potential.png/220px-Argon_dimer_potential.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Argon_dimer_potential.png/330px-Argon_dimer_potential.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Argon_dimer_potential.png/440px-Argon_dimer_potential.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Representació de l'energia potencial de London entre dos àtoms d'<a href="/wiki/Arg%C3%B3" title="Argó">argó</a></figcaption></figure> <p>L'energia potencial d'aquestes forces, <b><span style="font-size:120%;">E<sub>London</sub></span></b>, entre dues molècules de <a href="/wiki/Polaritzabilitat" title="Polaritzabilitat">polaritzabilitat</a> diferent es pot escriure com: </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{London}=-{3 \over 4}\cdot {{h\cdot \nu \cdot \alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}} \over {(4\cdot \pi \cdot \epsilon _{0})^{2}\cdot r^{6}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{London}=-{3 \over 4}\cdot {{h\cdot \nu \cdot \alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}} \over {(4\cdot \pi \cdot \epsilon _{0})^{2}\cdot r^{6}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/927a93007733984b0976b97cdc5728820c293aea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.411ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{London}=-{3 \over 4}\cdot {{h\cdot \nu \cdot \alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}} \over {(4\cdot \pi \cdot \epsilon _{0})^{2}\cdot r^{6}}}}"></span></center> <p>on: </p> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size:120%;">h</span></b> = 6,626·10<sup>-34</sup> J·s : <a href="/wiki/Constant_de_Planck" title="Constant de Planck">constant de Planck</a>.</li> <li><b><span style="font-size:120%;">ν</span></b> : freqüència d'absorció (Hz).</li> <li><b><span style="font-size:120%;">α</span></b> : polaritzabilitat electrònica (C²·m²·J<sup>-1</sup>).</li> <li><b><span style="font-size:120%;">ε<sub>0</sub></span></b> = 8,854·10<sup>-12</sup> C²·J<sup>-1</sup>·m<sup>-1</sup> : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permitivitat_diel%C3%A8ctrica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permitivitat dielèctrica (encara no existeix)">Permitivitat dielèctrica</a> del buit.</li> <li><b><span style="font-size:120%;">r</span></b> : Distància mitjana entre les molècules (m).</li></ul> <p>L'expressió de la força s'obté derivant l'energia potencial respecte de la distància de separació entre molècules: </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{London}=\Lambda \cdot {{\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}} \over {r^{7}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{London}=\Lambda \cdot {{\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}} \over {r^{7}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69d70e9ca2de14580c98ae870e2d1afa5bfb11a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:21.263ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{London}=\Lambda \cdot {{\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}} \over {r^{7}}}}"></span></center> <p>amb <b><span style="font-size:120%;">Λ</span></b> constant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forces_de_dispersi%C3%B3_de_London&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEisenschitzLondon1930"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eisenschitz</span>, R; <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz London"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">London</span>, F</a> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/r7q28m356l722151/">Über das Verhältnis der van der Waalsschen Kräfte zu den homöopolaren Bindungskräften</a>» (en alemany). <i>Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei</i>, 60, 1930, pàg. 491–527. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01341258">10.1007/BF01341258</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLondon1930"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz London"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">London</span>, F</a> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/rx775241231700w0/">Zur Theorie und Systematik der Molekularkräfte</a>» (en alemany). <i>Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei</i>, 63, 3-4, 1930, pàg. 245-279. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01421741">10.1007/BF01421741</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLondon1930"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz London"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">London</span>, F</a> «Über einige Eigenschaften und Anwendungen der Molekularkräften» (en alemany). <i>Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie</i>, B11, 1930, pàg. 222-251.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLondon1937"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz London"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">London</span>, F</a> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1937/tf/tf937330008b">The general theory of molecular forces</a>». <i>Transactions of the Faraday Society</i>, 33, 0, 1937, pàg. 8b-26. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FTF937330008B">10.1039/TF937330008B</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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