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href="#Ancient_Greek_names_and_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek names and concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_names_and_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>English names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solstice_terms_in_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solstice_terms_in_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Solstice terms in East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solstice_terms_in_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solstice_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solstice_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Solstice celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solstice_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solstice_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solstice_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Solstice determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solstice_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In the constellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Solstice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonstilstand" title="Sonstilstand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sonstilstand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnstede" title="Sunnstede – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sunnstede" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="انقلاب شمسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انقلاب شمسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsti%C3%A7o" title="Solstiço – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Solstiço" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticiu" title="Solsticiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Solsticiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnd%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC" title="Gündönümü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gündönümü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="অয়নান্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অয়নান্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Ҡояш торошо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡояш торошо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сонцастаянне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сонцастаянне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Слънцестоене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слънцестоене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwend" title="Sunwend – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sunwend" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstici" title="Solstici – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solstici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slunovrat" title="Slunovrat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slunovrat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuvaragodza" title="Zuvaragodza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zuvaragodza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuldro" title="Heuldro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heuldro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solhverv" title="Solhverv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Solhverv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenwende" title="Sonnenwende – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonnenwende" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ikeseseisak" title="Päikeseseisak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päikeseseisak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηλιοστάσιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλιοστάσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulst%C3%ACsi" title="Sulstìsi – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sulstìsi" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticio" title="Solsticio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solsticio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstico" title="Solstico – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solstico" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstizio" title="Solstizio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Solstizio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="انقلابین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلابین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solstice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinnekear" title="Sinnekear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinnekear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstizi" title="Solstizi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Solstizi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grianstad" title="Grianstad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grianstad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticio" title="Solsticio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Solsticio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A0%90" title="지점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1" title="Արևադարձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևադարձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="अयनांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अयनांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncostaj" title="Suncostaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suncostaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstico" title="Solstico – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Solstico" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_balik_matahari" title="Titik balik matahari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titik balik matahari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstitio" title="Solstitio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Solstitio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lst%C3%B6%C3%B0ur" title="Sólstöður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sólstöður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstizio" title="Solstizio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solstizio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9A" title="נקודת היפוך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודת היפוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მზებუდობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მზებუდობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solistasi" title="Solistasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Solistasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2lstis" title="Sòlstis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sòlstis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojveger" title="Rojveger – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rojveger" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstitium" title="Solstitium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solstitium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulgrie%C5%BEi" title="Saulgrieži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saulgrieži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnewenn" title="Sonnewenn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sonnewenn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97gr%C4%AF%C5%BEa" title="Saulėgrįža – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saulėgrįža" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napfordul%C3%B3" title="Napforduló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Napforduló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Сонцестој – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сонцестој" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4lstisy" title="Sôlstisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôlstisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="അയനാന്തങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയനാന്തങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstis" title="Solstis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Solstis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonnewende" title="Zonnewende – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zonnewende" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunnewende" title="Zunnewende – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zunnewende" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E7%82%B9" title="至点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="至点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solverv" title="Solverv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solverv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solkverv" title="Solkverv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Solkverv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstici" title="Solstici – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solstici" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ଗତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ଗତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyosh_turishi" title="Quyosh turishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quyosh turishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਆਇਨੰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਨੰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przesilenie" title="Przesilenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przesilenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solst%C3%ADcio" title="Solstício – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solstício" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsti%C8%9Biu" title="Solstițiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solstițiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Сонцестояня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сонцестояня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Солнцестояние – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солнцестояние" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Күн туруута – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күн туруута" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solst%C3%ACtziu" title="Solstìtziu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Solstìtziu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstiku" title="Solstiku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Solstiku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solstice" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slnovrat_(astron%C3%B3mia)" title="Slnovrat (astronómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slnovrat (astronómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%C4%8Dev_obrat" title="Sončev obrat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sončev obrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95" title="خۆروەگەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆروەگەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticij" title="Solsticij – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Solsticij" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticij" title="Solsticij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Solsticij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4nseisaus" title="Päivänseisaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Päivänseisaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solst%C3%A5nd" title="Solstånd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Solstånd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstisyo" title="Solstisyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Solstisyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கதிர்த்திருப்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதிர்த்திருப்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlulli_anafuk" title="Amlulli anafuk – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amlulli anafuk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อายัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อายัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnd%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC" title="Gündönümü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gündönümü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Сонцестояння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сонцестояння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="انقلاب شمسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انقلاب شمسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_ch%C3%AD" title="Điểm chí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điểm chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstisyo" title="Solstisyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solstisyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%BB%9E" title="至點 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="至點" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E6%97%A5" title="至日 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="至日" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocgeyr" title="Rocgeyr – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rocgeyr" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauliegr%C5%8D%C5%BE%C4%81" title="Sauliegrōžā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sauliegrōžā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%BB%9E" title="至點 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="至點" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123524#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the astronomical event. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Solstice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Solstice (disambiguation)">Solstice (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a> date and time of <br /><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">solstices</a> on Earth<sup id="cite_ref-USNO_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">event </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">equinox</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">solstice</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">equinox</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">solstice</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">month </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">March<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">June<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">September<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">December<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">year </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td>20</td> <td>03:50</td> <td>20</td> <td>21:43</td> <td>22</td> <td>13:31</td> <td>21</td> <td>10:03 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2021 </th> <td>20</td> <td>09:37</td> <td>21</td> <td>03:32</td> <td>22</td> <td>19:21</td> <td>21</td> <td>15:59 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2022 </th> <td>20</td> <td>15:33</td> <td>21</td> <td>09:14</td> <td>23</td> <td>01:04</td> <td>21</td> <td>21:48 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2023 </th> <td>20</td> <td>21:25</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:58</td> <td>23</td> <td>06:50</td> <td>22</td> <td>03:28 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2024 </th> <td>20</td> <td>03:07</td> <td>20</td> <td>20:51</td> <td>22</td> <td>12:44</td> <td>21</td> <td>09:20 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:gold;"> <th scope="row" style="background-color:gold;">2025 </th> <td>20</td> <td>09:01</td> <td>21</td> <td>02:42</td> <td>22</td> <td>18:20</td> <td>21</td> <td>15:03 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2026 </th> <td>20</td> <td>14:46</td> <td>21</td> <td>08:25</td> <td>23</td> <td>00:06</td> <td>21</td> <td>20:50 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2027 </th> <td>20</td> <td>20:25</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:11</td> <td>23</td> <td>06:02</td> <td>22</td> <td>02:43 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2028 </th> <td>20</td> <td>02:17</td> <td>20</td> <td>20:02</td> <td>22</td> <td>11:45</td> <td>21</td> <td>08:20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2029 </th> <td>20</td> <td>08:01</td> <td>21</td> <td>01:48</td> <td>22</td> <td>17:37</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:14 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2030 </th> <td>20</td> <td>13:51</td> <td>21</td> <td>07:31</td> <td>22</td> <td>23:27</td> <td>21</td> <td>20:09 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A <b>solstice</b> is the time when the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> reaches its most northerly or southerly <a href="/wiki/Sun_path" title="Sun path">excursion</a> relative to the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>. Two solstices occur annually, around 20–22 June and 20–22 December. In many countries, the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a> of the year are defined by reference to the solstices and the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>. </p><p>The term <i>solstice</i> can also be used in a broader sense, as the day when this occurs. For locations not too close to the equator or the poles, the dates with the longest and shortest periods of <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a> are the summer and winter solstices, respectively. Terms with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context are "<a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a>", referring to the months in which they take place every year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>solstice</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>sol</i> ("sun") and <i>sistere</i> ("to stand still"), because at the solstices, the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> appears to "stand still"; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Sun_path" title="Sun path">daily path</a> (as seen from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) pauses at a northern or southern limit before reversing direction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_frames_of_reference">Definitions and frames of reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and frames of reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasons1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/250px-Seasons1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/330px-Seasons1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/500px-Seasons1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</a> (with the transition points of the <a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a>, <a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">September equinox</a>, <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a> characteristics.</figcaption></figure> <p>For an observer at the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, the Sun reaches the highest position in the sky once a year in June. The day this occurs is called the June solstice day. Similarly, for an observer on the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, the Sun reaches the highest position on the December solstice day. When it is the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> at one Pole, it is the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> on the other. The Sun's westerly motion never ceases as Earth is continually in rotation. However, the Sun's motion in declination (i.e. vertically) comes to a stop, before reversing, at the moment of solstice. In that sense, solstice means "sun-standing". </p><p>This modern scientific word descends from a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> scientific word in use in the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> of the 1st century BC: <i>solstitium</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> uses it a number of times in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> with a similar meaning that it has today. It contains two Latin-language morphemes, <i>sol</i>, "sun", and <i>-stitium</i>, "stoppage".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans used "standing" to refer to a component of the <a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">relative velocity</a> of the Sun as it is observed in the sky. Relative velocity is the motion of an object from the point of view of an observer in a <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a>. From a fixed position on the ground, the Sun appears to orbit around Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To an observer in an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">inertial frame of reference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">planet Earth is seen to rotate</a> about an <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around the Sun in an <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a> path with the Sun at one <a href="/wiki/Focus_(geometry)" title="Focus (geometry)">focus</a>. Earth's axis is <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilted</a> with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">plane of Earth's orbit</a> and this axis maintains a position that changes little with respect to the background of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>. An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solargraph_APEX.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Solargraph_APEX.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Solargraph_APEX.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Solargraph_APEX.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Solargraph_APEX.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Solargraph_APEX.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Solargraph_APEX.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Solarigraphy" title="Solarigraphy">solargraph</a> taken from the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Pathfinder_Experiment" title="Atacama Pathfinder Experiment">Atacama Pathfinder Experiment</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Llano_de_Chajnantor_Observatory" title="Llano de Chajnantor Observatory">Llano de Chajnantor Observatory</a> in the southern hemisphere. This is a long-exposure photograph, with the image exposed for six months in a direction facing east of north, from mid-December 2009 until the southern <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> in June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun's path each day can be seen from right to left in this image across the sky; the path of the following day runs slightly lower until the day of the winter solstice, whose path is the lowest one in the image.</figcaption></figure> <p>The component of the Sun's motion seen by an earthbound observer caused by the revolution of the tilted axis—which, keeping the same angle in space, is oriented toward or away from the Sun—is an observed daily increment (and lateral offset) of the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system" title="Horizontal coordinate system">elevation</a> of the Sun at noon for approximately six months and observed daily decrement for the remaining six months. At maximum or minimum elevation, the relative yearly motion of the Sun perpendicular to the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> stops and reverses direction. </p><p>Outside of the tropics, the maximum elevation occurs at the summer solstice and the minimum at the winter solstice. The path of the Sun, or <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, sweeps north and south between the northern and southern hemispheres. The lengths of time when the sun is up are longer around the summer solstice and shorter around the winter solstice, except near the equator. When the Sun's path crosses the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, the length of the nights at latitudes +L° and −L° are of equal length. This is known as an <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>. There are two solstices and two equinoxes in a tropical year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Length_of_solar_day.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Length_of_solar_day.png/450px-Length_of_solar_day.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Length_of_solar_day.png/675px-Length_of_solar_day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Length_of_solar_day.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Derivative of −Δt, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a>. The axis on the right shows the length of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a>, also called the synodic day.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the variation in the rate at which the sun's <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> changes, the days of longest and shortest daylight do not coincide with the solstices for locations very close to the equator. At the equator, the longest day is around 23 December and the shortest around 16 September (see graph). Inside the Arctic or Antarctic Circles the sun is up all the time for days or even months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_seasons">Relationship to seasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Season</a></div> <p>The seasons occur because the Earth's axis of rotation is not perpendicular to its orbital plane (the <a href="/wiki/Plane_of_the_ecliptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane of the ecliptic">plane of the ecliptic</a>) but currently makes an angle of about 23.44° (called the <a href="/wiki/Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity of the ecliptic">obliquity of the ecliptic</a>), and because the axis keeps its orientation with respect to an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">inertial frame of reference</a>. As a consequence, for half the year the Northern Hemisphere is inclined toward the Sun while for the other half year the Southern Hemisphere has this distinction. The two moments when the inclination of Earth's rotational axis has maximum effect are the solstices. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a> the <a href="/wiki/Subsolar_point" title="Subsolar point">subsolar point</a> is further north than any other time: at latitude 23.44° north, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>. Similarly at the <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a> the subsolar point is further south than any other time: at latitude 23.44° south, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>. The subsolar point will cross every latitude between these two extremes exactly twice per year. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:410px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate subsolar point dates vs. latitude superimposed on a world map, the example in blue denoting Lahaina Noon in Honolulu."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg/500px-Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg/600px-Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg/800px-Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Subsolar_point_date_graph.svg" title="File:Subsolar point date graph.svg"> </a></div>Approximate <a href="/wiki/Subsolar_point" title="Subsolar point">subsolar point</a> dates vs. latitude superimposed on a world map, <span class="nowrap">the example in blue</span> denoting <a href="/wiki/Lahaina_Noon" title="Lahaina Noon">Lahaina Noon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Also during the June solstice, places on the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> (latitude 66.56° north) will see the Sun just on the horizon during midnight, and all places north of it will see the Sun above horizon for 24 hours. That is the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">midsummer</a>-night sun or polar day. On the other hand, places on the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> (latitude 66.56° south) will see the Sun just on the horizon during midday, and all places south of it will not see the Sun above horizon at any time of the day. That is the <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a>. During the December Solstice, the effects on both hemispheres are just the opposite. This sees polar <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> re-grow annually due to lack of sunlight on the air above and surrounding sea. The warmest and coldest periods of the year in temperate regions are offset by about one month from the solstices, delayed by the earth's thermal inertia. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasonearth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Orientation of the terminator (division between night and day) depends on the season."><img alt="Orientation of the terminator (division between night and day) depends on the season." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seasonearth.png/120px-Seasonearth.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seasonearth.png/250px-Seasonearth.png 1.5x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orientation of the <a href="/wiki/Terminator_(solar)" title="Terminator (solar)">terminator</a> (division between night and day) depends on the season. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illumination of Earth by Sun on 21 June. The orientation of the terminator shown with respect to the Earth's orbital plane."><img alt="Illumination of Earth by Sun on 21 June. The orientation of the terminator shown with respect to the Earth's orbital plane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN.png/120px-Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN.png/180px-Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN.png/240px-Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illumination of Earth by Sun on 21 June. The orientation of the terminator shown with respect to the Earth's orbital plane.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illumination of Earth by Sun on 21 December. The orientation of the terminator shown with respect to the Earth's orbital plane."><img alt="Illumination of Earth by Sun on 21 December. The orientation of the terminator shown with respect to the Earth's orbital plane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png/120px-Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png/250px-Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illumination of Earth by Sun on 21 December. The orientation of the terminator shown with respect to the Earth's orbital plane.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the north. Far right: southern solstice"><img alt="Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the north. Far right: southern solstice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/120px-North_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/250px-North_season.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the north. Far right: <a href="/wiki/Southern_solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern solstice">southern solstice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the south. Far left: northern solstice"><img alt="Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the south. Far left: northern solstice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/South_season.jpg/120px-South_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/South_season.jpg/250px-South_season.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the south. Far left: <a href="/wiki/Northern_solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern solstice">northern solstice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The globe on an equirectangular projection to show the amount of reflected sunlight at southern and northern summer solstices, respectively (watts / m2)."><img alt="The globe on an equirectangular projection to show the amount of reflected sunlight at southern and northern summer solstices, respectively (watts / m2)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg/120px-ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg/250px-ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The globe on an <a href="/wiki/Equirectangular_projection" title="Equirectangular projection">equirectangular projection</a> to show the amount of reflected sunlight at southern and northern summer solstices, respectively (watts / m<sup>2</sup>).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_aspects">Cultural aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek_names_and_concepts">Ancient Greek names and concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek names and concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the solstices was embedded in ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a>. As soon as they discovered that the Earth was spherical<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they devised the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an imaginary spherical surface rotating with the heavenly bodies (<i>ouranioi</i>) fixed in it (the modern one does not rotate, but the stars in it do). As long as no assumptions are made concerning the distances of those bodies from Earth or from each other, the sphere can be accepted as real and is in fact still in use. The Ancient Greeks use the term<i> "ηλιοστάσιο" (heliostāsio)</i>, meaning <i>stand of the Sun</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> move across the inner surface of the celestial <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumferences</a> of <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> planes<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the Earth's axis extended indefinitely into the heavens and intersecting the celestial sphere in a celestial pole.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun and the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> do not move in these parallel paths but along another circle, the ecliptic, whose plane is at an angle, the <a href="/wiki/Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity of the ecliptic">obliquity of the ecliptic</a>, to the axis, bringing the Sun and planets across the paths of and in among the stars.* </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a> states:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The band of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a> (<i>zōdiakos kuklos</i>, "zodiacal circle") is at an oblique angle (<i>loksos</i>) because it is positioned between the tropical circles and equinoctial circle touching each of the tropical circles at one point ... This Zodiac has a determinable width (set at 8° today) ... that is why it is described by three circles: the central one is called "heliacal" (<i>hēliakos</i>, "of the sun").</p></blockquote> <p>The term heliacal circle is used for the ecliptic, which is in the center of the zodiacal circle, conceived as a band including the noted constellations named on mythical themes. Other authors use Zodiac to mean ecliptic, which first appears in a gloss of unknown author in a passage of Cleomedes where he is explaining that the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is in the zodiacal circle as well and periodically crosses the path of the Sun. As some of these crossings represent <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a> of the Moon, the path of the Sun is given a synonym, the <i>ekleiptikos (kuklos)</i> from <i>ekleipsis</i>, "eclipse". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_names">English names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McGraw-Hill_sundial_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/McGraw-Hill_sundial_jeh.JPG/250px-McGraw-Hill_sundial_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/McGraw-Hill_sundial_jeh.JPG/330px-McGraw-Hill_sundial_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/McGraw-Hill_sundial_jeh.JPG/500px-McGraw-Hill_sundial_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Sun Triangle in New York points at Sun upon equinox and solstices</figcaption></figure> <p>The two solstices can be distinguished by different pairs of names, depending on which feature one wants to stress. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a></b> are the most common names, referring to the seasons they are associated with. However, these can be ambiguous since the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>'s summer is the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>'s winter, and vice versa. The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinate</a> names <b>estival solstice</b> (summer) and <b>hibernal solstice</b> (winter) are sometimes used to the same effect,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are <b>midsummer</b> and <b>midwinter</b>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a></b> refer to the months of year in which they take place,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context. They are still not universal, however, as not all cultures use a solar-based calendar where the solstices occur every year in the same month (as they do not in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, for example).</li> <li><b>Northern solstice</b> and <b>southern solstice</b> indicate the hemisphere of the Sun's location.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiddle1877_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiddle1877-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern solstice is in June, when the Sun is directly over the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, and the southern solstice is in December, when the Sun is directly over the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms can be used unambiguously for other planets.</li> <li><b>First point of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a></b> and <b>first point of <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a></b> refer to the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">astrological signs</a> that the sun "is entering" (a system rooted in Roman Classical period dates).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession of the equinoxes">precession of the equinoxes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> the sun appears in at solstices are currently <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a> in June and <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a> in December.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Names of the equinoxes and solstices </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Celestial_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial longitude">Ls</a> </th> <th>By date <p>(<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) </p> </th> <th>By sun position <p>(<a href="/wiki/Subsolar_point" title="Subsolar point">subsolar point</a>) </p> </th> <th>By season <p>(<a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>) </p> </th> <th>By season <p>(<a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">0° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a> </td> <td>Northward equinox </td> <td>Vernal (spring) equinox </td> <td>Autumnal (fall) equinox </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">90° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a> </td> <td>Northern solstice </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Estival (summer) solstice</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Hibernal (winter) solstice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">180° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">September equinox</a> </td> <td>Southward equinox </td> <td>Autumnal (fall) equinox </td> <td>Vernal (spring) equinox </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">270° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a> </td> <td>Southern solstice </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Hibernal (winter) solstice</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Estival (summer) solstice</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solstice_terms_in_East_Asia">Solstice terms in East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Solstice terms in East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Xiazhi" title="Xiazhi">Xiazhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_(solar_term)" title="Dongzhi (solar term)">Dongzhi (solar term)</a></div> <p>The traditional East Asian calendars divide a year into 24 <a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">solar terms</a> (節氣). <b>Xiàzhì</b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pīnyīn</a>)</small> or <b>Geshi</b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">rōmaji</a>)</small> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 夏至; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">하지(Haji)</span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Hạ chí</i>; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> <b>summer's extreme</b>) is the 10th solar term, and marks the <b>summer solstice</b>. It begins when the Sun reaches the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial longitude">celestial longitude</a> of 90° (around 21 June) and ends when the Sun reaches the longitude of 105° (around 7 July). Xiàzhì more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 90°. </p><p><b>Dōngzhì</b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pīnyīn</a>)</small> or <b>Tōji</b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">rōmaji</a>)</small> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 冬至; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">동지(Dongji)</span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Đông chí</i>; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> <b>winter's extreme</b>) is the 22nd solar term, and marks the <b>winter solstice</b>. It begins when the Sun reaches the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial longitude">celestial longitude</a> of 270° (around 23 December) and ends when the Sun reaches the longitude of 285° (around 5 January). Dōngzhì more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 270°. </p><p>The solstices (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>) mark the middle of the seasons in East Asian calendars. Here, the Chinese character <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:至">至</a> means "extreme", so the terms for the solstices directly signify the summits of summer and winter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solstice_celebrations">Solstice celebrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Solstice celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_St-Jean-Baptiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Fête St-Jean-Baptiste">Fête St-Jean-Baptiste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival of San Juan">Festival of San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jonas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jonas Day">Saint Jonas Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Day_(Estonia)" title="St John's Day (Estonia)">St John's Day (Estonia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kupala_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kupala Day">Ivan Kupala Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golowan" class="mw-redirect" title="Golowan">Golowan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Solstice" title="Special:EditPage/Solstice">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg/220px-Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg/330px-Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg/440px-Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>2005 Summer solstice sunrise over <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>solstice</i> can also be used in a wider sense, as the date (day) that such a passage happens. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In some languages they are considered to start or separate the seasons; in others they are considered to be centre points (in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, the period around the northern solstice is known as midsummer). <a href="/wiki/Midsummer%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Midsummer's Day">Midsummer's Day</a>, defined as St. Johns Day by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, is 24 June, about three days after the solstice itself). Similarly 25 December is the start of the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebration, and is the day the Sun begins to return to the Northern Hemisphere. The traditional British and Irish main rent and meeting days of the year, "the usual <a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">quarter days</a>," were often those of the solstices and equinoxes. </p><p>Many cultures celebrate various combinations of the winter and summer solstices, the equinoxes, and the midpoints between them, leading to various holidays arising around these events. During the southern or <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>, Christmas is the most widespread contemporary holiday, while <a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaldā Night">Yalda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachun" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachun">Karachun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> are also celebrated around this time. In East Asian cultures, the <a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dongzhi Festival</a> is celebrated on the winter solstice. For the northern or <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>, Christian cultures celebrate the feast of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">St. John</a> from June 23 to 24 (see <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Eve">St. John's Eve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kupala_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kupala Day">Ivan Kupala Day</a>), while <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Pagans</a> observe Midsummer, known as <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Litha</a> among <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a>. For the vernal (spring) equinox, several springtime festivals are celebrated, such as the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, the observance in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, the rites of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> in most Christian churches, as well as the Wiccan <a href="/wiki/Ostara_(Wicca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostara (Wicca)">Ostara</a>. The autumnal equinox is associated with the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> and the Wiccan <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Mabon</a>. </p><p>In the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche people">Mapuche people</a> celebrate <a href="/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a> (the New Year) a few days after the northern solstice, on 24 June. Further north, the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacama people</a> formerly celebrated this date with a noise festival, to call the Sun back. Further east, the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara people</a> celebrate their New Year on 21 June. A celebration occurs at sunrise, when the sun shines directly through the <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Sun" title="Gate of the Sun">Gate of the Sun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a>. Other Aymara New Year feasts occur throughout <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, including at the site of <a href="/wiki/El_Fuerte_de_Samaipata" title="El Fuerte de Samaipata">El Fuerte de Samaipata</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, two sidereal solstices are named <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makara Sankranti</a> which marks the start of <a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a> and Karka <a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a> which marks the start of <a href="/wiki/Dakshinayana" title="Dakshinayana">Dakshinayana</a>. The former occurs around 14 January each year, while the latter occurs around 14 July each year. These mark the movement of the Sun along a sidereally fixed <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession (astronomy)">precession</a> is ignored) into Makara, the zodiacal sign which corresponds with <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a>, and into Karka, the zodiacal sign which corresponds with <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a>, respectively. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a> celebrates every year on 21 June a midwinter party, to celebrate that the Sun is at its lowest point and coming back. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Solstice_Parade" title="Fremont Solstice Parade">Fremont Solstice Parade</a> takes place every summer solstice in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremont, Seattle, Washington">Fremont, Seattle, Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">Cahokia Woodhenge</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">timber circle</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> near <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VIS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the site of annual equinox and solstice sunrise observances. Out of respect for <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICT_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solstice_determination">Solstice determination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solstice determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the equinox, the solstice time is not easy to determine. The changes in <a href="/wiki/Position_of_the_Sun" title="Position of the Sun">solar declination</a> become smaller as the Sun gets closer to its maximum/minimum declination. The days before and after the solstice, the declination speed is less than 30 <a href="/wiki/Arcseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcseconds">arcseconds</a> per day which is less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Angular_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular size">angular size</a> of the Sun, or the equivalent to just 2 seconds of <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a>. </p><p>This difference is hardly detectable with indirect viewing based devices like <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">vernier</a>, and impossible with more traditional tools like a <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>. It is also hard to detect the changes in sunrise/sunset azimuth due to the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction" title="Atmospheric refraction">atmospheric refraction</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> changes. Those accuracy issues render it impossible to determine the solstice day based on observations made within the 3 (or even 5) days surrounding the solstice without the use of more complex tools. </p><p>Accounts do not survive but Greek astronomers must have used an approximation method based on interpolation, which is still used by some amateurs. This method consists of recording the declination angle at noon during some days before and after the solstice, trying to find two separate days with the same declination. When those two days are found, the halfway time between both noons is estimated solstice time. An interval of 45 days has been postulated as the best one to achieve up to a quarter-day precision, in the solstice determination.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the journal DIO <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#ngmw">found</a> that accuracy of one or two hours with balanced errors can be attained by observing the Sun's equal altitudes about S = twenty degrees (or d = about 20 days) before and after the summer solstice because the average of the two times will be early by q arc minutes where q is (πe cosA)/3 times the square of S in degrees (e = earth orbit eccentricity, A = earth's perihelion or Sun's apogee), and the noise in the result will be about 41 hours divided by d if the eye's sharpness is taken as one arc minute. </p><p>Astronomical almanacs define the solstices as the moments when the Sun passes through the <a href="/wiki/Colure" title="Colure">solstitial colure</a>, i.e. the times when the apparent geocentric <a href="/wiki/Celestial_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial longitude">celestial longitude</a> of the Sun is equal to 90° (June solstice) or 270° (December solstice).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dates of the solstice varies each year and may occur a day earlier or later depending on the <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a>. Because the earth's orbit takes slightly longer than a calendar year of 365 days, the solstices occur slightly later each calendar year, until a leap day re-aligns the calendar with the orbit. Thus the solstices always occur between June 20 and 22 and between December 20 and 23 <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a four-year-long cycle with the 21st and 22nd being the most common dates, as can be seen in the schedule at the start of the article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_constellations">In the constellations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using the current official <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a> constellation boundaries—and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the ecliptic—the solstices shift through the constellations as follows<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (expressed in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">astronomical year numbering</a> in which the year 0 = 1 BC, −1 = 2 BC, etc.): </p> <ul><li>The northern solstice passed from <a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a> into <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a> in year −1458, passed into <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a> in year −10, passed into <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a> in December 1989, and is expected to pass into <a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a> in year 4609.</li> <li>The southern solstice passed from <a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricornus</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a> in year −130, is expected to pass into <a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus" title="Ophiuchus">Ophiuchus</a> in year 2269, and is expected to pass into <a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a> in year 3597.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analemma" title="Analemma">Analemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_view_of_the_seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric view of the seasons">Geocentric view of the seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion and aphelion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USNO-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USNO_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAstronomical_Applications_Department_of_USNO" class="citation web cs1">Astronomical Applications Department of <a href="/wiki/USNO" class="mw-redirect" title="USNO">USNO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/Earth_Seasons">"Earth's Seasons - Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Seasons+-+Equinoxes%2C+Solstices%2C+Perihelion%2C+and+Aphelion&rft.au=Astronomical+Applications+Department+of+USNO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Fdata%2FEarth_Seasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/soleq2001.html">"Solstices and Equinoxes: 2001 to 2100"</a>. <i>AstroPixels.com</i>. February 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AstroPixels.com&rft.atitle=Solstices+and+Equinoxes%3A+2001+to+2100&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astropixels.com%2Fephemeris%2Fsoleq2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Equinoxe_printemps_1583_2999.pdf">Équinoxe de printemps entre 1583 et 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_ete_1583_2999.pdf">Solstice d’été de 1583 à 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Equinoxe_automne_1583_2999.pdf">Équinoxe d’automne de 1583 à 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_hiver_1583_2999.pdf">Solstice d’hiver</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/summer-and-winter-solstices">"The Summer and Winter Solstices"</a>. Scholastic. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Summer+and+Winter+Solstices&rft.pub=Scholastic&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholastic.com%2Fteachers%2Farticles%2Fteaching-content%2Fsummer-and-winter-solstices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=solstice">"solstice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (Fifth ed.). <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=solstice&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dsolstice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> was first applied to inertial frames of reference by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. Before then, the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">absolute space and time</a> applied by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> prevailed. The motion of the Sun across the sky is still called "apparent motion" in <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a> in deference to the Newtonian view, but the reality of the supposed "real motion" has no special laws to commend it, both are visually verifiable and both follow the same laws of physics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eso.org/public/images/potw1039a/">"A Solargraph taken from APEX at Chajnantor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Solargraph+taken+from+APEX+at+Chajnantor&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1039a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an introduction to these topics of astronomy refer to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowditch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bowditch" title="Nathaniel Bowditch">Bowditch, Nathaniel</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208021807/http://msi.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/NAV_PUBS/APN/Chapt-15.pdf"><i>The American Practical Navigator: an Epitome of Navigation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bethesda, Maryland: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Chapter 15 "Navigational Astronomy". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msi.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/NAV_PUBS/APN/Chapt-15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Practical+Navigator%3A+an+Epitome+of+Navigation&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=Chapter+15+%22Navigational+Astronomy%22&rft.pub=National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bowditch&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsi.nga.mil%2FMSISiteContent%2FStaticFiles%2FNAV_PUBS%2FAPN%2FChapt-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <i>The Geography</i>. II.5.1. <q>sphairikē ... tēs gēs epiphaneia, spherical is the surface of the Earth</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography&rft.pages=II.5.1&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <i>The Geography</i>. pp. II.5.2. <q>sphairoeidēs ... ouranos, spherical in appearance ... is heaven</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography&rft.pages=II.5.2&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo II.5.2., "aplaneis asteres kata parallēlōn pherontai kuklōn", "the fixed stars are borne in parallel circles"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo II.5.2, "ho di'autēs (gē) aksōn kai tou ouranou mesou tetagmenos", "the axis through it (the Earth) extending through the middle of the sky"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleomedes2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a> (2004). <i>Cleomedes' Lectures on Astronomy: A Translation of The Heavens</i>. Translated by Alan C. Bowen and Robert B. Todd. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23325-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23325-5"><bdi>0-520-23325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleomedes%27+Lectures+on+Astronomy%3A+A+Translation+of+The+Heavens&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-520-23325-5&rft.au=Cleomedes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span> This translation cites this passage at the end of Book I Chapter 2 but other arrangements have it at the start of Chapter 3. In the Greek version of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleomedes1891" class="citation book cs1">Cleomedes (1891). Ziegler, Hermann (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kleomedouskyklik00cleo"><i>Cleomedis De motu circulari corporum caelestium libri duo</i></a>. B. G. Teubneri. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kleomedouskyklik00cleo/page/32">32</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleomedis+De+motu+circulari+corporum+caelestium+libri+duo&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubneri&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Cleomedes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkleomedouskyklik00cleo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span> the passage starts Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKent2011" class="citation book cs1">Kent, April Elliott (June 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google.com/books?id=DOfnC5vAff4C&pg=PA284"><i>The Essential Guide to Practical Astrology</i></a>. Penguin. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61564-093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61564-093-5"><bdi>978-1-61564-093-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Guide+to+Practical+Astrology&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.isbn=978-1-61564-093-5&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=April+Elliott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOfnC5vAff4C%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBass1994" class="citation book cs1">Bass, Charles O. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google.com/books?id=wwsqvLL10KEC&pg=PA35"><i>Astronomy Essentials</i></a>. Research & Education Assoc. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87891-965-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87891-965-9"><bdi>978-0-87891-965-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+Essentials&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Research+%26+Education+Assoc&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87891-965-9&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwsqvLL10KEC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiddle1877-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiddle1877_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKiddle1877" class="citation book cs1">Kiddle, Henry (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google.com/books?id=NkwAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA82"><i>A new manual of the elements of astronomy, descriptive and mathematical: comprising the latest discoveries and theoretic views : with directions for the use of the globes, and for studying the constellations</i></a>. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, & Company. p. 82<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Richmond: Willmann-Bell, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomicalalgo00meeu/page/n184">177</a>–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-61-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-61-1"><bdi>0-943396-61-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Algorithms&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=177-182&rft.edition=Second+English&rft.pub=Willmann-Bell%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-943396-61-1&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomicalalgo00meeu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/december-solstice.html">"December solstice"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+solstice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fcalendar%2Fdecember-solstice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/june-solstice.html">"June solstice"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+solstice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fcalendar%2Fjune-solstice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeeus1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meeus" title="Jean Meeus">Meeus, Jean</a> (1997). <i>Mathematical astronomy morsels</i> (1st English ed.). Richmond: Willmann-Bell, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-51-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-51-4"><bdi>0-943396-51-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+astronomy+morsels&rft.place=Richmond&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Willmann-Bell%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-943396-51-4&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solstice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/solstice" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/solstice">solstice</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solstice" class="extiw" title="commons:Solstice"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Solstice</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neoprogrammics.com/equinoxes_and_solstices/Equinoxes_and_Solstices_Calculator.php">Equinoxes and Solstices Calculator (1600 to 2400)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/Earth_Seasons">"Earth's Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion (2000–2025)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">United States Naval Observatory</a>, Astronomical Applications Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Seasons%3A+Equinoxes%2C+Solstices%2C+Perihelion%2C+and+Aphelion+%282000%E2%80%932025%29&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Observatory%2C+Astronomical+Applications+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Fdata%2FEarth_Seasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein1996–2007" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric (1996–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/SummerSolstice.html">"Summer Solstice"</a>. Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2008</span>. <q>The above plots show how the date of the summer solstice shifts through the Gregorian calendar according to the insertion of leap years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summer+Solstice&rft.pub=Eric+Weisstein%27s+World+of+Astronomy&rft.date=1996%2F2007&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceworld.wolfram.com%2Fastronomy%2FSummerSolstice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolstice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 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<li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/120px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/250px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" 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/></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeper" title="Timekeeper">Timekeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_astronomy120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_astronomy120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaonice" title="Aglaonice">Aglaonice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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