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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Open titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Open_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Open titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Open_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grandmaster_(GM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grandmaster_(GM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grandmaster (GM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grandmaster_(GM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Master_(IM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Master_(IM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>International Master (IM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Master_(IM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FIDE_Master_(FM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FIDE_Master_(FM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>FIDE Master (FM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FIDE_Master_(FM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidate_Master_(CM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidate_Master_(CM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Candidate Master (CM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidate_Master_(CM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Women's titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women's_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women's titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women's_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Woman_Grandmaster_(WGM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woman_Grandmaster_(WGM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Woman Grandmaster (WGM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woman_Grandmaster_(WGM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woman_International_Master_(WIM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woman_International_Master_(WIM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Woman International Master (WIM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woman_International_Master_(WIM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woman_FIDE_Master_(WFM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woman_FIDE_Master_(WFM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Woman FIDE Master (WFM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woman_FIDE_Master_(WFM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woman_Candidate_Master_(WCM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woman_Candidate_Master_(WCM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Woman Candidate Master (WCM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woman_Candidate_Master_(WCM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arena_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arena_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arena titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arena_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbiters,_trainers,_and_organizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbiters,_trainers,_and_organizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arbiters, trainers, and organizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbiters,_trainers,_and_organizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ألقاب الاتحاد الدولي للشطرنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألقاب الاتحاد الدولي للشطرنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="আন্তৰ্জাতিক মাষ্টাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আন্তৰ্জাতিক মাষ্টাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADtols_de_la_FIDE" title="Títols de la FIDE – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Títols de la FIDE" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE-skaktitel" title="FIDE-skaktitel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FIDE-skaktitel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_tiitlid" title="FIDE tiitlid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FIDE tiitlid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87" title="عنوان‌های فیده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عنوان‌های فیده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titres_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_des_%C3%A9checs" title="Titres de la Fédération internationale des échecs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titres de la Fédération internationale des échecs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E9%80%A3%E7%9B%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="国際チェス連盟のタイトル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際チェス連盟のタイトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titujt_FIDE" title="Titujt FIDE – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Titujt FIDE" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahovske_kategorije_in_naslovi" title="Šahovske kategorije in naslovi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šahovske kategorije in naslovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakin_kansainv%C3%A4liset_arvonimet" title="Shakin kansainväliset arvonimet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shakin kansainväliset arvonimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Titulo_ng_FIDE" title="Mga Titulo ng FIDE – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Titulo ng FIDE" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_%C3%BCnvanlar%C4%B1" title="FIDE ünvanları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FIDE ünvanları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%86%D0%94%D0%95" title="Звання ФІДЕ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Звання ФІДЕ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_hi%E1%BB%87u_FIDE" title="Danh hiệu FIDE – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh hiệu FIDE" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A3%8B%E8%81%94%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7" title="国际棋联称号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际棋联称号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1690563#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Carlsen_Magnus_%2830238051906%29.jpg/220px-Carlsen_Magnus_%2830238051906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Carlsen_Magnus_%2830238051906%29.jpg/330px-Carlsen_Magnus_%2830238051906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Carlsen_Magnus_%2830238051906%29.jpg/440px-Carlsen_Magnus_%2830238051906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a>.</figcaption></figure><p><b>FIDE titles</b> are awarded by the international <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> governing body <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (<i>Fédération Internationale des Échecs</i>) for outstanding performance. The highest such title is <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> (GM). Titles generally require a combination of <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a> (performance benchmarks in competitions including other titled players). Once awarded, titles are held for life except in cases of <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">fraud or cheating</a>. Open titles may be earned by all players, while women's titles are restricted to female players. Many strong female players hold both open and women's titles. FIDE also awards titles for arbiters, organizers and trainers. Titles for <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">chess problem</a> composition and chess problem solving are no longer administered by FIDE. </p><p>A chess title, usually in an abbreviated form, may be used as an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a> may be styled as "<a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">GM</a> Viswanathan Anand". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "master" for a strong chess player was initially used informally. From the late 19th century and onwards, various national chess federations began to draw up formal requirements for the use of such a title. The term "Grandmaster", in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> from German <i>Großmeister</i>, was a formal title in the Soviet Union, and had also been in informal use for the world's elite players for several decades before its institution by FIDE in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-TOCOC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOCOC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FIDE's first titles were awarded in 1950 and consisted of 27 <a href="#Grandmaster">Grandmasters</a>, 94 <a href="#International_Master">International Masters</a>, and 17 <a href="#Woman_International_Master">Woman International Masters</a>, known at the time simply as Woman Masters.<sup id="cite_ref-Elo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FIDE's first grandmasters were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossip_Bernstein" title="Ossip Bernstein">Ossip Bernstein</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Boleslavsky" title="Isaac Boleslavsky">Isaac Boleslavsky</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Bondarevsky" title="Igor Bondarevsky">Igor Bondarevsky</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old%C5%99ich_Duras" title="Oldřich Duras">Oldřich Duras</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gr%C3%BCnfeld" title="Ernst Grünfeld">Ernst Grünfeld</a> (Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kosti%C4%87" title="Boris Kostić">Boris Kostić</a> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Alexander Kotov</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Levenfish" title="Grigory Levenfish">Grigory Levenfish</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andor_Lilienthal" title="Andor Lilienthal">Andor Lilienthal</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy" title="Géza Maróczy">Géza Maróczy</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mieses" title="Jacques Mieses">Jacques Mieses</a> (England)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf" title="Miguel Najdorf">Miguel Najdorf</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Ragozin" title="Viacheslav Ragozin">Viacheslav Ragozin</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiba_Rubinstein" title="Akiba Rubinstein">Akiba Rubinstein</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_S%C3%A4misch" title="Friedrich Sämisch">Friedrich Sämisch</a> (West Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a> (USSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Gideon Ståhlberg">Gideon Ståhlberg</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Szab%C3%B3_(chess_player)" title="László Szabó (chess player)">László Szabó</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savielly_Tartakower" title="Savielly Tartakower">Savielly Tartakower</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Vidmar" title="Milan Vidmar">Milan Vidmar</a> (Yugoslavia)</li></ul> </div> <p>The titles were awarded by a vote of the FIDE Congress before the requirements became more formalized. In 1957, FIDE introduced <a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a> (qualifying standards) for FIDE titles.<sup id="cite_ref-WallFIDEHistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallFIDEHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FIDE introduced a higher women only title, that of <a href="#Woman_Grandmaster">Woman Grandmaster</a> (WGM) in 1976. In 1978 the subordinate titles of FIDE Master (FM) and Woman FIDE master (WFM) were introduced, followed in 2002 by the titles of Candidate Master (CM) and Woman Candidate Master (WCM). Similar titles are awarded by the <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_for_Chess_Composition" title="World Federation for Chess Composition">World Federation for Chess Composition</a> for both composing and solving <a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">chess problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bodies work in cooperation with FIDE but are now independent of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_titles">Open titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Open titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 1.4em"> <caption>Open titles, October 2023<sup id="cite_ref-fideratings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fideratings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Men </th> <th>Women </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grandmaster (GM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,772 </td> <td style="text-align: right">41 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>1,813</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>International Master (IM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">3,893 </td> <td style="text-align: right">134 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>4,027</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FIDE Master (FM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">8,775 </td> <td style="text-align: right">54 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>8,829</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>FIDE Candidate Master (CM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">2,356 </td> <td style="text-align: right">22 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>2,378</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td style="text-align: right"><b>16,796</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>251</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>17,047</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The titles of Grandmaster, International Master, FIDE Master and Candidate Master are available to all over-the-board chess players. The requirements for each title have varied over time, but generally require having demonstrated a prescribed level of achievement in tournaments at classical time controls under FIDE-approved conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grandmaster_(GM)"><span id="Grandmaster_.28GM.29"></span>Grandmaster (GM) <span class="anchor" id="Grandmaster"></span><span class="anchor" id="GM"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grandmaster (GM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster (chess)</a></div> <p>The title Grandmaster is awarded to outstanding chess players by FIDE. Apart from <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Champion</a>, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. In chess literature it is usually abbreviated to GM. The abbreviation IGM for "International Grandmaster" is occasionally seen, usually in older literature. </p><p>The usual way to obtain the title is to achieve three Grandmaster-level performances (called <i><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></i>), along with a <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">FIDE rating</a> of 2500 or more. The precise definition of a GM norm is complex and has frequently been amended, but in general a grandmaster norm is defined as a performance rating of at least 2600 over 9 or more rounds. In addition, the field must have an average rating of at least 2380, must include at least three grandmasters, and must include players from a mix of national federations.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDETitleRegs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDETitleRegs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title may also be awarded directly without going through the usual norm requirements in a few high-level tournaments, provided the player has a FIDE rating of over 2300. These include: </p> <ul><li>Reaching the final 16 in the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE World Cup">FIDE World Cup</a></li> <li>Winning the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_World_Cup" title="Women's Chess World Cup">Women's Chess World Cup</a></li> <li>Winning the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Championship</a></li> <li>Winning the <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Junior Championship (U20)</a> outright</li> <li>Winning the <a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">World Senior Championship</a> outright, both in the 50+ and 65+ divisions</li> <li>Winning a Continental (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Chess_Championship" title="Pan American Chess Championship">Pan American</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Individual_Chess_Championship" title="European Individual Chess Championship">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Chess_Championship" title="Asian Chess Championship">Asian</a> or <a href="/wiki/African_Chess_Championship" title="African Chess Championship">African</a>) championship<sup id="cite_ref-directtitles_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directtitles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Nona_Gaprindashvili" title="Nona Gaprindashvili">Nona Gaprindashvili</a> in 1978, a number of women have earned the GM title. Since about 2000, most of the top 10 women have held the GM title. This should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Woman_Grandmaster#Woman_Grandmaster_(WGM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman Grandmaster">Woman Grandmaster</a> (WGM) title. </p><p>At 12 years, 4 months and 25 days, <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_Mishra" title="Abhimanyu Mishra">Abhimanyu Mishra</a> became the youngest person ever to qualify for the Grandmaster title in July 2021. The record was previously held by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Karjakin" title="Sergey Karjakin">Sergey Karjakin</a> at 12 years, 7 months for 19 years, <a href="/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r" title="Judit Polgár">Judit Polgár</a> at 15 years and 4 months, and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> at 15 years, 6 months and 1 day for 33 years. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Master_(IM)"><span id="International_Master_.28IM.29"></span>International Master (IM) <span class="anchor" id="International_Master"></span><span class="anchor" id="IM"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International Master (IM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"International Master" redirects here. For the snooker tournament formerly known under this name, see <a href="/wiki/British_Open_(snooker)" title="British Open (snooker)">British Open (snooker)</a>.</div> <p>The title International Master is awarded to strong <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> players who are below the level of grandmaster. Instituted along with the Grandmaster title in 1950, it is usually abbreviated as IM in chess literature. </p><p>Like the grandmaster title, the usual way to obtain the title is to achieve three required title <a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a> over 27 or more games and a <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">FIDE rating</a> of 2400 or more. In general, an IM norm is defined as a performance rating of at least 2450 over 9 or more games. In addition, the field must have an average rating of at least 2230, must include at least three International Masters or Grandmasters, and must include players from a mix of national federations.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDETitleRegs_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDETitleRegs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also several ways the IM title can be awarded directly without going through the usual norm process, provided the player has a rating of at least 2200. From July 2017, these are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Qualifying for the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE World Cup">FIDE World Cup</a></li> <li>Finishing second in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Championship</a></li> <li>Finishing second or third in the <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Junior Championship (U20)</a></li> <li>Finishing second or third in the <a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">World Senior Championship</a>, in both the over 50 and over 65 divisions</li> <li>Winning (outright or shared) the <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">World Youth Championship (U18)</a></li> <li>Winning the <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">World Youth Championship (U16)</a> outright</li> <li>Finishing second or third in a Continental championship</li> <li>Winning (outright or shared) a Continental over 50 championship, over 65 championship, or under 20 championship</li> <li>Winning a Continental under 18 championship outright</li> <li>Winning a sub-Continental championship</li> <li>Winning a Commonwealth, Francophone or Ibero-American championship</li> <li>Winning a World Championship for People with Disabilities<sup id="cite_ref-directtitles_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directtitles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>After becoming an IM, most professional players set their next goal to becoming a Grandmaster. It is also possible to become a Grandmaster without ever having been an International Master. <a href="/wiki/Larry_Christiansen" title="Larry Christiansen">Larry Christiansen</a> of the United States (1977), <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hao_(chess_player)" title="Wang Hao (chess player)">Wang Hao</a> of China, <a href="/wiki/Anish_Giri" title="Anish Giri">Anish Giri</a> of the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Girya" title="Olga Girya">Olga Girya</a> of Russia (2021) and former world champions <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a> of the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> of Russia all became Grandmasters without ever having been IMs. <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> of the United States attained both titles solely by virtue of qualifying for the 1958 Interzonal (IM title) and 1959 Candidates Tournament (GM title), only incidentally becoming IM before GM. The more usual path is first to become an IM, then move on to the GM level. </p><p>At 10 years, 8 months, and 16 days, <a href="/wiki/Faustino_Oro" title="Faustino Oro">Faustino Oro</a> of Argentina became the youngest-ever person to qualify for the IM title in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FIDE_Master_(FM)"><span id="FIDE_Master_.28FM.29"></span>FIDE Master (FM) <span class="anchor" id="FIDE_Master"></span><span class="anchor" id="FM"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FIDE Master (FM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced in 1978 along with WFM,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FM ranks below the title of International Master but ahead of Candidate Master. Unlike the Grandmaster and International Master titles, there is no requirement for a player to achieve norms. </p><p>The usual way for a player to qualify for the FIDE Master title is by achieving an Elo rating of 2300 or more.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDETitleRegs_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDETitleRegs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many ways the title can be gained by players with a rating of at least 2100 but less than 2300; they include: </p> <ul><li>Winning the <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">World Youth Championship (U14 and U12)</a></li> <li>Finishing second or third in the <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">World Youth Championship (U18 and U16)</a></li> <li>Finishing second or third in a Continental over 50, over 65, under 20, or under 18 championship</li> <li>Scoring 65% or more over at least 9 games at an <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">olympiad</a></li> <li>Winning a Continental under 12, under 14, or under 16 championship</li> <li>Finishing second or third in a Commonwealth, Francophone, or Ibero-American championship</li></ul> <p>The youngest player to be awarded the FM title is <a href="/wiki/Alekhine_Nouri" title="Alekhine Nouri">Alekhine Nouri</a> from Philippines who was awarded the title after winning the 14th ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships 2013 in Thailand at age seven.<sup id="cite_ref-wsjblogs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjblogs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The youngest player to gain the FM title by achieving an Elo rating of 2300 is <a href="/wiki/Faustino_Oro" title="Faustino Oro">Faustino Oro</a> from Argentina who, when he was nine, hit 2314 Elo rating after participating in the ITT Ajedrez Martelli Jovenes Talentos 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-fmfaustinooro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmfaustinooro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidate_Master_(CM)"><span id="Candidate_Master_.28CM.29"></span>Candidate Master (CM) <span class="anchor" id="Candidate_Master"></span><span class="anchor" id="CM)"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Candidate Master (CM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced in 2002 along with WCM,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the usual way for a player to qualify for the Candidate Master title is by achieving an Elo rating of 2200 or more. For players rated over 2000 but under 2200, there are many other ways to gain the title; they include: </p> <ul><li>Finishing first, second, or third in the <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">World Youth Championship (U8 and U10)</a></li> <li>Finishing second or third in a Continental under 12, under 14, or under 16 championship</li> <li>Finishing second or third in the <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">World Youth Championship (U14 and U12)</a></li> <li>Scoring 50% or more over at least 7 games at an <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">olympiad</a> or other special events</li></ul> <p>In case a player achieves the CM title through the Olympiad performance, the minimum required rating of 2000 does not apply, after the title regulations update effective from January 1st, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-regsOlympiadWaiver_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regsOlympiadWaiver-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 2018, there was no minimum rating requirement, and coming in the top three of an U8 continental tournament was acceptable. As a result, there are a number of CMs with far lower ratings than 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_titles"><span id="Women.27s_titles"></span>Women's titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women's titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 1.4em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Women's titles, October 2023<sup id="cite_ref-fide_download_rating_page_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fide_download_rating_page-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Title</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Woman Grandmaster (WGM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">326 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Woman International Master (WIM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">856 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Woman FIDE Master (WFM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,892 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Woman Candidate Master (WCM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">884 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td style="text-align: right"><b>3,958</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Though the open FIDE titles are not gender-segregated, the following four titles given by FIDE are exclusive to women and may be held simultaneously with an open title. The requirements for these titles are about 200 Elo rating points lower than the requirements for the similarly named open titles. These titles are sometimes criticized by both male and female players, and some female players elect not to take them. For example, Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r" title="Judit Polgár">Judit Polgár</a>, in keeping with her policy of playing only open competitions, never took a women's title.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FIDE strips trans men of any <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Women's_titles">women's titles</a> they might have earned while competing as women.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woman_Grandmaster_(WGM)"><span id="Woman_Grandmaster_.28WGM.29"></span>Woman Grandmaster (WGM) <span class="anchor" id="Woman_Grandmaster"></span><span class="anchor" id="WGM"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Woman Grandmaster (WGM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woman Grandmaster is the highest-ranking chess title restricted to women. FIDE introduced the WGM title in 1976, joining the previously introduced lower-ranking title, Woman International Master.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usual way to obtain the WGM title is similar to the open titles, where a FIDE rating of 2300 and three norms of 2400 performance rating is required against opponents who are higher rated than 2130 on average.<sup id="cite_ref-arbitersmanual_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbitersmanual-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winner of the <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship#World_Girls_U-20_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Girls Junior Championship</a> and some other tournaments like Women's Continental Championship is automatically awarded the WGM title. From 2017, the direct titles are only awarded as long as she can reach the minimum FIDE rating of 2100. The current regulations can be found in the FIDE handbook.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDETitleRegs_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDETitleRegs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woman_International_Master_(WIM)"><span id="Woman_International_Master_.28WIM.29"></span>Woman International Master (WIM) <span class="anchor" id="Woman_International_Master"></span><span class="anchor" id="WIM"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Woman International Master (WIM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woman International Master is next to the highest-ranking title given by FIDE exclusively to women. FIDE first awarded the WIM title (formerly called International Woman Master, or IWM) in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Felice2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felice2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usual way to obtain the WIM title is similar to the open titles, where a FIDE rating of 2200 and three norms of 2250 performance rating is required against opponents who are higher rated than 2030 on average. The runners-up in the <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship#World_Girls_U-20_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Girls Junior Championship</a>, the U18 and U16 World Youth Champions as well Continental Championship medalists and U18 Continental and Regional Champions of the women's section are directly awarded the title. From 2017, direct titles are only awarded as long as she can cross the minimum rating of 2000. The current regulations can be found in the FIDE handbook.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDETitleRegs_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDETitleRegs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woman_FIDE_Master_(WFM)"><span id="Woman_FIDE_Master_.28WFM.29"></span>Woman FIDE Master (WFM) <span class="anchor" id="Woman_FIDE_Master"></span><span class="anchor" id="WFM"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Woman FIDE Master (WFM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced with FM in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-Felice2018_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felice2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the WFM title may be achieved by gaining a FIDE rating of 2100 or more. The U14 and U12 World Youth Champions as well as U16 and U18 medalists of the women's section are directly awarded the title. The U12, U14, U16 Continental and Regional Champions of the women's section are also directly awarded the title. The title can also be acquired by scoring more than 65% points in more than 9 games in the Olympiad. From 2017, direct titles are only awarded as long as a minimum rating of 1900 is achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDETitleRegs_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDETitleRegs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woman_Candidate_Master_(WCM)"><span id="Woman_Candidate_Master_.28WCM.29"></span>Woman Candidate Master (WCM) <span class="anchor" id="Woman_Candidate_Master"></span><span class="anchor" id="WCM"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Woman Candidate Master (WCM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced with CM in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-Felice2018_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felice2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woman Candidate Master is the lowest-ranking title awarded by FIDE.<sup id="cite_ref-arbitersmanual_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbitersmanual-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title may be achieved by gaining a FIDE rating of 2000 or more. The title can also be acquired by getting a medal in U8, U10, U12, U14, U16 World Youth Championships or Continental and Regional Youth Championships of the women's section as well as by scoring more than 50% points in more than 7 games in the Olympiad. From 2017, direct titles are only awarded as long as a candidate can cross the minimum rating of 1800,<sup id="cite_ref-FIDETitleRegs_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDETitleRegs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this requirement does not apply for direct WCM titles earned through the Olympiad.<sup id="cite_ref-regsOlympiadWaiver_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regsOlympiadWaiver-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arena_titles">Arena titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arena titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 1.4em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Arena titles, September 2024<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Men </th> <th>Women </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Arena Grandmaster (AGM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">416 </td> <td style="text-align: right">7 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>423</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Arena International Master (AIM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,174 </td> <td style="text-align: right">41 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>1,215</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Arena FIDE Master (AFM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,663 </td> <td style="text-align: right">136 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>1,799</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Arena Candidate Master (ACM)</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,087 </td> <td style="text-align: right">126 </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>1,213</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td style="text-align: right"><b>4,340</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>310</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right"><b>4,650</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Arena titles can be earned online using FIDE's server, and are intended for players in the lower rating band. Should a player with an arena title gain an over the board FIDE title, this title replaces their arena title.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Arena Grandmaster</b> (AGM) is the highest online title. It is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Arena International Master</b> (AIM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Arena FIDE Master</b> (AFM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Arena Candidate Master</b> (ACM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arena titles can be achieved on <a href="/wiki/FIDE_Online_Arena" title="FIDE Online Arena">FIDE Online Arena</a>, the official FIDE online gaming platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arbiters,_trainers,_and_organizers"><span id="Arbiters.2C_trainers.2C_and_organizers"></span>Arbiters, trainers, and organizers <span class="anchor" id="Arbiters_and_trainers"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arbiters, trainers, and organizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FIDE also awards titles for arbiters, trainers, and organizers. </p><p>The arbiter titles are <a href="/wiki/International_Arbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="International Arbiter">International Arbiter</a> (IA) and FIDE Arbiter (FA).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trainer titles (in descending order of expertise) are FIDE Senior Trainer (FST), FIDE Trainer (FT), FIDE Instructor (FI), National Instructor (NI), and Developmental Instructor (DI).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organizer title is FIDE International Organizer (FIO).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess titles">Chess titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grandmasters_for_chess_composition" title="List of grandmasters for chess composition">List of grandmasters for chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem#Titles" title="Chess problem">Chess problem § Titles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TOCOC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOCOC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i></a> (2 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 156, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" 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June 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2024</span>. <q>In March, the 2013-born Argentinian became the youngest player to ever break 2200 at nine years and three months. Now three months later, he has broken the 2300 barrier as well, smashing the former record held by Uzbek GM Javokhir Sindarov by over seven months.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.Com&rft.atitle=9-Year-Old+Makes+History+As+Youngest+2300+Player+Ever&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2F9-year-old-makes-history-as-youngest-ever-2300-player&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelice2017" class="citation book cs1">Felice, Gino (2017). <i>Chess International Title Holders</i>. 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FIDE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polgar%2C+Judit+FIDE+Chess+Profile+-+Players+Arbiters+Trainers&rft.pub=FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Fcard.phtml%3Fevent%3D700070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trans-gender-chess-players-lose-titles-biological-birth-jhfdckm0c">"Trans women banned from top level female chess"</a>. <i>The Times UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+UK&rft.atitle=Trans+women+banned+from+top+level+female+chess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ftrans-gender-chess-players-lose-titles-biological-birth-jhfdckm0c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarysue.com/transgender-chess-fide-transphobia/">"Oh Great, Now I Can't Play Chess Because I'm Trans"</a>. <i>The Mary Sue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mary+Sue&rft.atitle=Oh+Great%2C+Now+I+Can%27t+Play+Chess+Because+I%27m+Trans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarysue.com%2Ftransgender-chess-fide-transphobia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122224709/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/TransgenderRegulations">"B. Permanent Commissions / 03. Regulations on Registration & Licensing of Players / Transgender Registration Regulations / FIDE Handbook"</a>. <i>International Chess Federation (FIDE)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/TransgenderRegulations">the original</a> on 22 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Chess+Federation+%28FIDE%29&rft.atitle=B.+Permanent+Commissions+%2F+03.+Regulations+on+Registration+%26+Licensing+of+Players+%2F+Transgender+Registration+Regulations+%2F+FIDE+Handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FTransgenderRegulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3"><bdi>0-19-280049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.pages=450&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-280049-3&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arbitersmanual-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arbitersmanual_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arbitersmanual_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924212718/http://arbiters.fide.com/images/stories/downloads/2019/Arbiters-Manual-2019-v1.pdf">"2019 FIDE Arbiters' Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>arbiters.fide.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbiters.fide.com/images/stories/downloads/2019/Arbiters-Manual-2019-v1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbiters.fide.com&rft.atitle=2019+FIDE+Arbiters%27+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farbiters.fide.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fdownloads%2F2019%2FArbiters-Manual-2019-v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felice2018-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Felice2018_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felice2018_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felice2018_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGino_Di_Felice2018" class="citation book cs1">Gino Di Felice (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dBHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Chess International Titleholders, 1950-2016</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4766-3361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+International+Titleholders%2C+1950-2016&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-3361-9&rft.au=Gino+Di+Felice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dBHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.fide.com/download.phtml">"FIDE Download Rating List"</a>. <i>arena.myfide.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arena.myfide.net&rft.atitle=FIDE+Download+Rating+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Fdownload.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B11FOATitlesForLowerRatingBand">"B. Permanent Commissions / 11. FIDE Online Arena Regulations / FIDE Titles for the Lower Rating Band / FIDE Handbook"</a>. <i>International Chess Federation (FIDE)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Chess+Federation+%28FIDE%29&rft.atitle=B.+Permanent+Commissions+%2F+11.+FIDE+Online+Arena+Regulations+%2F+FIDE+Titles+for+the+Lower+Rating+Band+%2F+FIDE+Handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FB11FOATitlesForLowerRatingBand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arena.myfide.net/ratings-and-titles/titles">"FIDE Online Arena - Titles"</a>. <i>arena.myfide.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arena.myfide.net&rft.atitle=FIDE+Online+Arena+-+Titles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farena.myfide.net%2Fratings-and-titles%2Ftitles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227001012/https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=41&view=category">"06. Regulations for the Titles of Arbiters"</a>. <i>FIDE.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=41&view=category">the original</a> on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE.com&rft.atitle=06.+Regulations+for+the+Titles+of+Arbiters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Ffide%2Fhandbook.html%3Fid%3D41%26view%3Dcategory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130051531/https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=42&view=category">"07. Regulations for the Titles of Trainers"</a>. <i>FIDE.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=42&view=category">the original</a> on 30 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE.com&rft.atitle=07.+Regulations+for+the+Titles+of+Trainers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Ffide%2Fhandbook.html%3Fid%3D42%26view%3Dcategory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126050533/http://fide.com/component/handbook/?id=48&view=category">"09. Regulations on Seminars & Title Award for Organizers"</a>. <i>FIDE.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fide.com/component/handbook/?id=48&view=category">the original</a> on 26 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE.com&rft.atitle=09.+Regulations+on+Seminars+%26+Title+Award+for+Organizers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffide.com%2Fcomponent%2Fhandbook%2F%3Fid%3D48%26view%3Dcategory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE+titles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE_titles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com">World Chess Federation FIDE official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?view=sections">FIDE Handbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chessarena.com">FIDE Online Arena</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess" title="Template:Chess"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess" title="Template talk:Chess"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_chess_servers" title="List of Internet chess servers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" 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