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shipping to atmospheric aerosol</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: impact of shipping to atmospheric aerosol"> <meta name="keywords" content="impact of shipping to atmospheric aerosol"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science 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<form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="impact of shipping to atmospheric aerosol"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 11794</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: impact of shipping to atmospheric aerosol</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11794</span> Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing Over the Indian Subcontinent: A Comparative Analysis from the Satellite Observation and Radiative Transfer Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shreya%20Srivastava">Shreya Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sagnik%20Dey"> Sagnik Dey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) refers to the alteration of the Earth's energy balance from the scattering and absorption of solar radiation by aerosol particles. India experiences substantial ADRF due to high aerosol loading from various sources. These aerosols' radiative impact depends on their physical characteristics (such as size, shape, and composition) and atmospheric distribution. Quantifying ADRF is crucial for understanding aerosols’ impact on the regional climate and the Earth's radiative budget. In this study, we have taken radiation data from Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES, spatial resolution=1ox1o) for 22 years (2000-2021) over the Indian subcontinent. Except for a few locations, the short-wave DARF exhibits aerosol cooling at the TOA (values ranging from +2.5 W/m2 to -22.5W/m2). Cooling due to aerosols is more pronounced in the absence of clouds. Being an aerosol hotspot, higher negative ADRF is observed over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Aerosol Forcing Efficiency (AFE) shows a decreasing seasonal trend in winter (DJF) over the entire study region while an increasing trend over IGP and western south India during the post-monsoon season (SON) in clear-sky conditions. Analysing atmospheric heating and AOD trends, we found that only the aerosol loading is not governing the change in atmospheric heating but also the aerosol composition and/or their vertical profile. We used a Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) Level-2 Version 23 aerosol products to look into aerosol composition. MISR incorporates 74 aerosol mixtures in its retrieval algorithm based on size, shape, and absorbing properties. This aerosol mixture information was used for analysing long-term changes in aerosol composition and dominating aerosol species corresponding to the aerosol forcing value. Further, ADRF derived from this method is compared with around 35 studies across India, where a plane parallel Radiative transfer model was used, and the model inputs were taken from the OPAC (Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds) utilizing only limited aerosol parameter measurements. The result shows a large overestimation of TOA warming by the latter (i.e., Model-based method). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20radiative%20forcing%20%28ARF%29" title="aerosol radiative forcing (ARF)">aerosol radiative forcing (ARF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20composition" title=" aerosol composition"> aerosol composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MISR" title=" MISR"> MISR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CERES" title=" CERES"> CERES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SBDART" title=" SBDART"> SBDART</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182412/aerosol-direct-radiative-forcing-over-the-indian-subcontinent-a-comparative-analysis-from-the-satellite-observation-and-radiative-transfer-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">54</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11793</span> Impact of Ship Traffic to PM 2.5 and Particle Number Concentrations in Three Port-Cities of the Adriatic/Ionian Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniele%20Contini">Daniele Contini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Donateo"> Antonio Donateo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Gambaro"> Andrea Gambaro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athanasios%20Argiriou"> Athanasios Argiriou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitrios%20Melas"> Dimitrios Melas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniela%20Cesari"> Daniela Cesari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anastasia%20Poupkou"> Anastasia Poupkou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athanasios%20Karagiannidis"> Athanasios Karagiannidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apostolos%20Tsakis"> Apostolos Tsakis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Merico"> Eva Merico</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rita%20Cesari"> Rita Cesari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adelaide%20Dinoi"> Adelaide Dinoi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emissions of atmospheric pollutants from ships and harbour activities are a growing concern at International level given their potential impacts on air quality and climate. These close-to-land emissions have potential impact on local communities in terms of air quality and health. Recent studies show that the impact of maritime traffic to atmospheric particulate matter concentrations in several coastal urban areas is comparable with the impact of road traffic of a medium size town. However, several different approaches have been used for these estimates making difficult a direct comparison of results. In this work an integrated approach based on emission inventories and dedicated measurement campaigns has been applied to give a comparable estimate of the impact of maritime traffic to PM2.5 and particle number concentrations in three major harbours of the Adriatic/Ionian Seas. The influences of local meteorology and of the logistic layout of the harbours are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ship%20emissions" title="ship emissions">ship emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PM2.5" title=" PM2.5"> PM2.5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20number%20concentrations" title=" particle number concentrations"> particle number concentrations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20of%20shipping%20to%20atmospheric%20aerosol" title=" impact of shipping to atmospheric aerosol"> impact of shipping to atmospheric aerosol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18334/impact-of-ship-traffic-to-pm-25-and-particle-number-concentrations-in-three-port-cities-of-the-adriaticionian-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">753</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11792</span> Estimations of Spectral Dependence of Tropospheric Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo in Sukhothai, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siriluk%20Ruangrungrote">Siriluk Ruangrungrote</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Analyses of available data from MFR-7 measurement were performed and discussed on the study of tropospheric aerosol and its consequence in Thailand. Since, ASSA (w) is one of the most important parameters for a determination of aerosol effect on radioactive forcing. Here the estimation of w was directly determined in terms of the ratio of aerosol scattering optical depth to aerosol extinction optical depth (ωscat/ωext) without any utilization of aerosol computer code models. This is of benefit for providing the elimination of uncertainty causing by the modeling assumptions and the estimation of actual aerosol input data. Diurnal w of 5 cloudless-days in winter and early summer at 5 distinct wavelengths of 415, 500, 615, 673 and 870 nm with the consideration of Rayleigh scattering and atmospheric column NO2 and Ozone contents were investigated, respectively. Besides, the tendency of spectral dependence of ω representing two seasons was observed. The characteristic of spectral results reveals that during wintertime the atmosphere of the inland rural vicinity for the period of measurement possibly dominated with a lesser amount of soil dust aerosols loading than one in early summer. Hence, the major aerosol loading particularly in summer was subject to a mixture of both soil dust and biomass burning aerosols. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20scattering%20optical%20depth" title="aerosol scattering optical depth">aerosol scattering optical depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20extinction%20optical%20depth" title=" aerosol extinction optical depth"> aerosol extinction optical depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20burning%20aerosol" title=" biomass burning aerosol"> biomass burning aerosol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20dust%20aerosol" title=" soil dust aerosol"> soil dust aerosol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38336/estimations-of-spectral-dependence-of-tropospheric-aerosol-single-scattering-albedo-in-sukhothai-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11791</span> Thermodynamics of Water Condensation on an Aqueous Organic-Coated Aerosol Aging via Chemical Mechanism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuri%20S.%20Djikaev">Yuri S. Djikaev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A large subset of aqueous aerosols can be initially (immediately upon formation) coated with various organic amphiphilic compounds whereof the hydrophilic moieties are attached to the aqueous aerosol core while the hydrophobic moieties are exposed to the air thus forming a hydrophobic coating thereupon. We study the thermodynamics of water condensation on such an aerosol whereof the hydrophobic organic coating is being concomitantly processed by chemical reactions with atmospheric reactive species. Such processing (chemical aging) enables the initially inert aerosol to serve as a nucleating center for water condensation. The most probable pathway of such aging involves atmospheric hydroxyl radicals that abstract hydrogen atoms from hydrophobic moieties of surface organics (first step), the resulting radicals being quickly oxidized by ubiquitous atmospheric oxygen molecules to produce surface-bound peroxyl radicals (second step). Taking these two reactions into account, we derive an expression for the free energy of formation of an aqueous droplet on an organic-coated aerosol. The model is illustrated by numerical calculations. The results suggest that the formation of aqueous cloud droplets on such aerosols is most likely to occur via Kohler activation rather than via nucleation. The model allows one to determine the threshold parameters necessary for their Kohler activation. Numerical results also corroborate previous suggestions that one can neglect some details of aerosol chemical composition in investigating aerosol effects on climate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aqueous%20aerosols" title="aqueous aerosols">aqueous aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20coating" title=" organic coating"> organic coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20aging" title=" chemical aging"> chemical aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20condensation%20nuclei" title=" cloud condensation nuclei"> cloud condensation nuclei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kohler%20activation" title=" Kohler activation"> Kohler activation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20droplets" title=" cloud droplets"> cloud droplets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43796/thermodynamics-of-water-condensation-on-an-aqueous-organic-coated-aerosol-aging-via-chemical-mechanism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11790</span> Atmospheric Circulation Types Related to Dust Transport Episodes over Crete in the Eastern Mediterranean</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Alafogiannis">K. Alafogiannis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20E.%20Houssos"> E. E. Houssos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Anagnostou"> E. Anagnostou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Kouvarakis"> G. Kouvarakis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Mihalopoulos"> N. Mihalopoulos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Fotiadi"> A. Fotiadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Mediterranean basin is an area where different aerosol types coexist, including urban/industrial, desert dust, biomass burning and marine particles. Particularly, mineral dust aerosols, mostly originated from North African deserts, significantly contribute to high aerosol loads above the Mediterranean. Dust transport, controlled by the variation of the atmospheric circulation throughout the year, results in a strong spatial and temporal variability of aerosol properties. In this study, the synoptic conditions which favor dust transport over the Eastern Mediterranean are thoroughly investigated. For this reason, three datasets are employed. Firstly, ground-based daily data of aerosol properties, namely Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT), Ångström exponent (α440-870) and fine fraction from the FORTH-AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) station along with measurements of PM10 concentrations from Finokalia station, for the period 2003-2011, are used to identify days with high coarse aerosol load (episodes) over Crete. Then, geopotential height at 1000, 850 and 700 hPa levels obtained from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project, are utilized to depict the atmospheric circulation during the identified episodes. Additionally, air-mass back trajectories, calculated by HYSPLIT, are used to verify the origin of aerosols from neighbouring deserts. For the 227 identified dust episodes, the statistical methods of Factor and Cluster Analysis are applied on the corresponding atmospheric circulation data to reveal the main types of the synoptic conditions favouring dust transport towards Crete (Eastern Mediterranean). The 227 cases are classified into 11 distinct types (clusters). Dust episodes in Eastern Mediterranean, are found to be more frequent (52%) in spring with a secondary maximum in autumn. The main characteristic of the atmospheric circulation associated with dust episodes, is the presence of a low-pressure system at surface, either in southwestern Europe or western/central Mediterranean, which induces a southerly air flow favouring dust transport from African deserts. The exact position and the intensity of the low-pressure system vary notably among clusters. More rarely dust may originate from deserts of Arabian Peninsula. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosols" title="aerosols">aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20circulation" title=" atmospheric circulation"> atmospheric circulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dust%20particles" title=" dust particles"> dust particles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eastern%20Mediterranean" title=" Eastern Mediterranean"> Eastern Mediterranean</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63484/atmospheric-circulation-types-related-to-dust-transport-episodes-over-crete-in-the-eastern-mediterranean" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11789</span> Air Dispersion Model for Prediction Fugitive Landfill Gaseous Emission Impact in Ambient Atmosphere</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moustafa%20Osman%20Mohammed">Moustafa Osman Mohammed </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper will explore formation of HCl aerosol at atmospheric boundary layers and encourages the uptake of environmental modeling systems (EMSs) as a practice evaluation of gaseous emissions (“framework measures”) from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The conceptual model predicts greenhouse gas emissions to ecological points beyond landfill site operations. It focuses on incorporation traditional knowledge into baseline information for both measurement data and the mathematical results, regarding parameters influence model variable inputs. The paper has simplified parameters of aerosol processes based on the more complex aerosol process computations. The simple model can be implemented to both Gaussian and Eulerian rural dispersion models. Aerosol processes considered in this study were (i) the coagulation of particles, (ii) the condensation and evaporation of organic vapors, and (iii) dry deposition. The chemical transformation of gas-phase compounds is taken into account photochemical formulation with exposure effects according to HCl concentrations as starting point of risk assessment. The discussion set out distinctly aspect of sustainability in reflection inputs, outputs, and modes of impact on the environment. Thereby, models incorporate abiotic and biotic species to broaden the scope of integration for both quantification impact and assessment risks. The later environmental obligations suggest either a recommendation or a decision of what is a legislative should be achieved for mitigation measures of landfill gas (LFG) ultimately. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20pollution" title="air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill%20emission" title=" landfill emission"> landfill emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20management" title=" environmental management"> environmental management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring%2Fmethods%20and%20impact%20assessment" title=" monitoring/methods and impact assessment"> monitoring/methods and impact assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48156/air-dispersion-model-for-prediction-fugitive-landfill-gaseous-emission-impact-in-ambient-atmosphere" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11788</span> Spatial Interpolation of Aerosol Optical Depth Pollution: Comparison of Methods for the Development of Aerosol Distribution </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahabeh%20Safarpour">Sahabeh Safarpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khiruddin%20Abdullah"> Khiruddin Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hwee%20San%20Lim"> Hwee San Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Dadras"> Mohsen Dadras</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Air pollution is a growing problem arising from domestic heating, high density of vehicle traffic, electricity production, and expanding commercial and industrial activities, all increasing in parallel with urban population. Monitoring and forecasting of air quality parameters are important due to health impact. One widely available metric of aerosol abundance is the aerosol optical depth (AOD). The AOD is the integrated light extinction coefficient over a vertical atmospheric column of unit cross section, which represents the extent to which the aerosols in that vertical profile prevent the transmission of light by absorption or scattering. Seasonal aerosol optical depth (AOD) values at 550 nm derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard NASA’s Terra satellites, for the 10 years period of 2000-2010 were used to test 7 different spatial interpolation methods in the present study. The accuracy of estimations was assessed through visual analysis as well as independent validation based on basic statistics, such as root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient. Based on the RMSE and R values of predictions made using measured values from 2000 to 2010, Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) yielded the best results for spring, summer, and winter and ordinary kriging yielded the best results for fall. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20optical%20depth" title="aerosol optical depth">aerosol optical depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MODIS" title=" MODIS"> MODIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20interpolation%20techniques" title=" spatial interpolation techniques"> spatial interpolation techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radial%20Basis%20Functions" title=" Radial Basis Functions"> Radial Basis Functions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25858/spatial-interpolation-of-aerosol-optical-depth-pollution-comparison-of-methods-for-the-development-of-aerosol-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25858.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11787</span> FEM Investigation of Inhomogeneous Wall Thickness Backward Extrusion for Aerosol Can Manufacturing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jemal%20Ebrahim%20Dessie">Jemal Ebrahim Dessie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zsolt%20Lukacs"> Zsolt Lukacs</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wall of the aerosol can is extruded from the backward extrusion process. Necking is another forming process stage developed on the can shoulder after the backward extrusion process. Due to the thinner thickness of the wall, buckling is the critical challenge for current pure aluminum aerosol can industries. Design and investigation of extrusion with inhomogeneous wall thickness could be the best solution for reducing and optimization of neck retraction numbers. FEM simulation of inhomogeneous wall thickness has been simulated through this investigation. From axisymmetric Deform-2D backward extrusion, an aerosol can with a thickness of 0.4 mm at the top and 0.33 mm at the bottom of the aerosol can have been developed. As the result, it can optimize the number of retractions of the necking process and manufacture defect-free aerosol can shoulder due to the necking process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20can" title="aerosol can">aerosol can</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backward%20extrusion" title=" backward extrusion"> backward extrusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deform-2D" title=" Deform-2D"> Deform-2D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=necking" title=" necking"> necking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135808/fem-investigation-of-inhomogeneous-wall-thickness-backward-extrusion-for-aerosol-can-manufacturing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11786</span> A Model of the Adoption of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin-Shan%20Lu">Chin-Shan Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Pei%20Liu"> Yi-Pei Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the factors influencing the adoption of MASS in Taiwan's shipping industry. Digital technology and unmanned vehicle advancements have enhanced efficiency and reduced environmental impact in the shipping industry. The IMO has set regulations to promote low-carbon emissions and autonomous ship technology. Using the TOE framework and DOI theory, a research model was constructed, and data from 132 Taiwanese shipping companies were collected via a questionnaire survey. A structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to examine the relationships between variables. Results show that technological and environmental factors significantly influence operators' attitudes toward MASS, while organizational factors impact their willingness to adopt. Enhancing technological support, internal resource allocation, top management support, and cost management are crucial for promoting adoption. This study identifies key factors and provides recommendations for adopting autonomous ships in Taiwan's shipping industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MASS" title="MASS">MASS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology-organization-environment" title=" technology-organization-environment"> technology-organization-environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion%20of%20innovations%20theory" title=" diffusion of innovations theory"> diffusion of innovations theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shipping%20industry" title=" shipping industry"> shipping industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188427/a-model-of-the-adoption-of-maritime-autonomous-surface-ship" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">24</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11785</span> Sea-Spray Calculations Using the MESO-NH Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alix%20Limoges">Alix Limoges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Bruch"> William Bruch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christophe%20Yohia"> Christophe Yohia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacques%20Piazzola"> Jacques Piazzola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A number of questions arise concerning the long-term impact of the contribution of marine aerosol fluxes generated at the air-sea interface on the occurrence of intense events (storms, floods, etc.) in the coastal environment. To this end, knowledge is needed on sea-spray emission rates and the atmospheric dynamics of the corresponding particles. Our aim is to implement the mesoscale model MESO-NH on the study area using an accurate sea-spray source function to estimate heat fluxes and impact on the precipitations. Based on an original and complete sea-spray source function, which covers a large size spectrum since taking into consideration the sea-spray produced by both bubble bursting and surface tearing process, we propose a comparison between model simulations and experimental data obtained during an oceanic scientific cruise on board the navy ship Atalante. The results show the relevance of the sea-spray flux calculations as well as their impact on the heat fluxes and AOD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20models" title="atmospheric models">atmospheric models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea-spray%20source" title=" sea-spray source"> sea-spray source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea-spray%20dynamics" title=" sea-spray dynamics"> sea-spray dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosols" title=" aerosols"> aerosols</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148639/sea-spray-calculations-using-the-meso-nh-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11784</span> Investigating the Atmospheric Phase Distribution of Inorganic Reactive Nitrogen Species along the Urban Transect of Indo Gangetic Plains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reema%20Tiwari">Reema Tiwari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20C.%20Kulshrestha"> U. C. Kulshrestha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a key regulator of atmospheric oxidative capacity and secondary aerosol formations, the signatures of reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions are becoming increasingly evident in the cascade of air pollution, acidification, and eutrophication of the ecosystem. However, their accurate estimates in N budget remains limited by the photochemical conversion processes where occurrence of differential atmospheric residence time of gaseous (NOₓ, HNO₃, NH₃) and particulate (NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺) Nr species becomes imperative to their spatio temporal evolution on a synoptic scale. The present study attempts to quantify such interactions under tropical conditions when low anticyclonic winds become favorable to the advections from west during winters. For this purpose, a diurnal sampling was conducted using low volume sampler assembly where ambient concentrations of Nr trace gases along with their ionic fractions in the aerosol samples were determined with UV-spectrophotometer and ion chromatography respectively. The results showed a spatial gradient of the gaseous precursors with a much pronounced inter site variability (p < 0.05) than their particulate fractions. Such observations were confirmed for their limited photochemical conversions where less than 1 ratios of day and night measurements (D/N) for the different Nr fractions suggested an influence of boundary layer dynamics at the background site. These phase conversion processes were further corroborated with the molar ratios of NOₓ/NOᵧ and NH₃/NHₓ where incomplete titrations of NOₓ and NH₃ emissions were observed irrespective of their diurnal phases along the sampling transect. Their calculations with equilibrium based approaches for an NH₃-HNO₃-NH₄NO₃ system, on the other hand, were characterized by delays in equilibrium attainment where plots of their below deliquescence Kₘ and Kₚ values with 1000/T confirmed the role of lower temperature ranges in NH₄NO₃ aerosol formation. These results would help us in not only resolving the changing atmospheric inputs of reduced (NH₃, NH₄⁺) and oxidized (NOₓ, HNO₃, NO₃⁻) Nr estimates but also in understanding the dependence of Nr mixing ratios on their local meteorological conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diurnal%20ratios" title="diurnal ratios">diurnal ratios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas-aerosol%20interactions" title=" gas-aerosol interactions"> gas-aerosol interactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20gradient" title=" spatial gradient"> spatial gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermodynamic%20equilibrium" title=" thermodynamic equilibrium"> thermodynamic equilibrium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101393/investigating-the-atmospheric-phase-distribution-of-inorganic-reactive-nitrogen-species-along-the-urban-transect-of-indo-gangetic-plains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11783</span> Seasonal Variability of Aerosol Optical Properties and Their Radiative Effects over Indo-Gangetic Plain in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanika%20Taneja">Kanika Taneja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Soni"> V. K. Soni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20D.%20Attri"> S. D. Attri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kafeel%20Ahmad"> Kafeel Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shamshad%20Ahmad"> Shamshad Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerosols represent an important component of earth-atmosphere system and have a profound impact on the global and regional climate. With the growing population and urbanization, the aerosol load in the atmosphere over the Indian region is found to be increasing. Several studies have reported that the aerosol optical depth over the northern part of India is higher as compared to the southern part. The northern India along the Indo-Gangetic plain is often influenced with dust transported from the Thar Desert in northwestern India and from Arabian Peninsula during the pre-monsoon season. Seasonal variations in aerosol optical and radiative properties were examined using data retrieved from ground based multi-wavelength Prede Sun/sky radiometer (POM-02) over Delhi, Rohtak, Jodhpur and Varanasi for the period April 2011-April 2013. These stations are part of the Skynet-India network of India Meteorological Department. The Sun/sky radiometer (POM-02) has advantage over other instruments that it can be calibrated on-site. These aerosol optical properties retrieved from skyradiometer observations are further used to analyze the Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing (DARF) over the study locations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20optical%20properties" title="aerosol optical properties">aerosol optical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indo-%20gangetic%20plain" title=" indo- gangetic plain"> indo- gangetic plain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiative%20forcing" title=" radiative forcing"> radiative forcing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sky%20radiometer" title=" sky radiometer"> sky radiometer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26748/seasonal-variability-of-aerosol-optical-properties-and-their-radiative-effects-over-indo-gangetic-plain-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">543</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11782</span> Analysis of the Impact of Suez Canal on the Robustness of Global Shipping Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zimu%20Li">Zimu Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zheng%20Wan"> Zheng Wan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Suez Canal plays an important role in global shipping networks and is one of the most frequently used waterways in the world. The 2021 canal obstruction by ship Ever Given in March 2021, however, completed blocked the Suez Canal for a week and caused significant disruption to world trade. Therefore, it is very important to quantitatively analyze the impact of the accident on the robustness of the global shipping network. However, the current research on maritime transportation networks is usually limited to local or small-scale networks in a certain region. Based on the complex network theory, this study establishes a global shipping complex network covering 2713 nodes and 137830 edges by using the real trajectory data of the global marine transport ship automatic identification system in 2018. At the same time, two attack modes, deliberate (Suez Canal Blocking) and random, are defined to calculate the changes in network node degree, eccentricity, clustering coefficient, network density, network isolated nodes, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality under the two attack modes, and quantitatively analyze the actual impact of Suez Canal Blocking on the robustness of global shipping network. The results of the network robustness analysis show that Suez Canal blocking was more destructive to the shipping network than random attacks of the same scale. The network connectivity and accessibility decreased significantly, and the decline decreased with the distance between the port and the canal, showing the phenomenon of distance attenuation. This study further analyzes the impact of the blocking of the Suez Canal on Chinese ports and finds that the blocking of the Suez Canal significantly interferes withChina's shipping network and seriously affects China's normal trade activities. Finally, the impact of the global supply chain is analyzed, and it is found that blocking the canal will seriously damage the normal operation of the global supply chain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20shipping%20networks" title="global shipping networks">global shipping networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ship%20AIS%20trajectory%20data" title=" ship AIS trajectory data"> ship AIS trajectory data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=main%20channel" title=" main channel"> main channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20network" title=" complex network"> complex network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eigenvalue%20change" title=" eigenvalue change"> eigenvalue change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143972/analysis-of-the-impact-of-suez-canal-on-the-robustness-of-global-shipping-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11781</span> High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth from Geostationary Satellite Using Sara Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Bilal">Muhammad Bilal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhongfeng%20Qiu"> Zhongfeng Qiu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerosols, suspended particles in the atmosphere, play an important role in the earth energy budget, climate change, degradation of atmospheric visibility, urban air quality, and human health. To fully understand aerosol effects, retrieval of aerosol optical properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) at high spatiotemporal resolution is required. Therefore, in the present study, hourly AOD observations at 500 m resolution were retrieved from the geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI) using the simplified aerosol retrieval algorithm (SARA) over the urban area of Beijing for the year 2016. The SARA requires top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, solar and sensor geometry information and surface reflectance observations to retrieve an accurate AOD. For validation of the GOCI retrieved AOD, AOD measurements were obtained from the aerosol robotic network (AERONET) version 3 level 2.0 (cloud-screened and quality assured) data. The errors and uncertainties were reported using the root mean square error (RMSE), relative percent mean error (RPME), and the expected error (EE = ± (0.05 + 0.15AOD). Results showed that the high spatiotemporal GOCI AOD observations were well correlated with the AERONET AOD measurements with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.92, RMSE of 0.07, and RPME of 5%, and 90% of the observations were within the EE. The results suggested that the SARA is robust and has the ability to retrieve high-resolution spatiotemporal AOD observations over the urban area using the geostationary satellite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AEORNET" title="AEORNET">AEORNET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AOD" title=" AOD"> AOD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SARA" title=" SARA"> SARA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GOCI" title=" GOCI"> GOCI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beijing" title=" Beijing"> Beijing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101729/high-resolution-spatiotemporal-retrievals-of-aerosol-optical-depth-from-geostationary-satellite-using-sara-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11780</span> First Systematic Review on Aerosol Bound Water: Exploring the Existing Knowledge Domain Using the CiteSpace Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamila%20Widziewicz-Rzonca">Kamila Widziewicz-Rzonca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The presence of PM bound water as an integral chemical compound of suspended aerosol particles (PM) has become one of the hottest issues in recent years. The UN climate summits on climate change (COP24) indicate that PM of anthropogenic origin (released mostly from coal combustion) is directly responsible for climate change. Chemical changes at the particle-liquid (water) interface determine many phenomena occurring in the atmosphere such as visibility, cloud formation or precipitation intensity. Since water-soluble particles such as nitrates, sulfates, or sea salt easily become cloud condensation nuclei, they affect the climate for example by increasing cloud droplet concentration. Aerosol water is a master component of atmospheric aerosols and a medium that enables all aqueous-phase reactions occurring in the atmosphere. Thanks to a thorough bibliometric analysis conducted using CiteSpace Software, it was possible to identify past trends and possible future directions in measuring aerosol-bound water. This work, in fact, doesn’t aim at reviewing the existing literature in the related topic but is an in-depth bibliometric analysis exploring existing gaps and new frontiers in the topic of PM-bound water. To assess the major scientific areas related to PM-bound water and clearly define which among those are the most active topics we checked Web of Science databases from 1996 till 2018. We give an answer to the questions: which authors, countries, institutions and aerosol journals to the greatest degree influenced PM-bound water research? Obtained results indicate that the paper with the greatest citation burst was Tang In and Munklewitz H.R. 'water activities, densities, and refractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance', 1994. The largest number of articles in this specific field was published in atmospheric chemistry and physics. An absolute leader in the quantity of publications among all research institutions is the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA). Meteorology and atmospheric sciences is a category with the most studies in this field. A very small number of studies on PM-bound water conduct a quantitative measurement of its presence in ambient particles or its origin. Most articles rather point PM-bound water as an artifact in organic carbon and ions measurements without any chemical analysis of its contents. This scientometric study presents the current and most actual literature regarding particulate bound water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title="systematic review">systematic review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol-bound%20water" title=" aerosol-bound water"> aerosol-bound water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PM-bound%20water" title=" PM-bound water"> PM-bound water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CiteSpace" title=" CiteSpace"> CiteSpace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20domain" title=" knowledge domain"> knowledge domain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109028/first-systematic-review-on-aerosol-bound-water-exploring-the-existing-knowledge-domain-using-the-citespace-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11779</span> Characterization of Particle Charge from Aerosol Generation Process: Impact on Infrared Signatures and Material Reactivity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erin%20M.%20Durke">Erin M. Durke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monica%20L.%20McEntee"> Monica L. McEntee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meilu%20He"> Meilu He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suresh%20Dhaniyala"> Suresh Dhaniyala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerosols are one of the most important and significant surfaces in the atmosphere. They can influence weather, absorption, and reflection of light, and reactivity of atmospheric constituents. A notable feature of aerosol particles is the presence of a surface charge, a characteristic imparted via the aerosolization process. The existence of charge can complicate the interrogation of aerosol particles, so many researchers remove or neutralize aerosol particles before characterization. However, the charge is present in real-world samples, and likely has an effect on the physical and chemical properties of an aerosolized material. In our studies, we aerosolized different materials in an attempt to characterize the charge imparted via the aerosolization process and determine what impact it has on the aerosolized materials’ properties. The metal oxides, TiO₂ and SiO₂, were aerosolized expulsively and then characterized, using several different techniques, in an effort to determine the surface charge imparted upon the particles via the aerosolization process. Particle charge distribution measurements were conducted via the employment of a custom scanning mobility particle sizer. The results of the charge distribution measurements indicated that expulsive generation of 0.2 µm SiO₂ particles produced aerosols with upwards of 30+ charges on the surface of the particle. Determination of the degree of surface charging led to the use of non-traditional techniques to explore the impact of additional surface charge on the overall reactivity of the metal oxides, specifically TiO₂. TiO₂ was aerosolized, again expulsively, onto a gold-coated tungsten mesh, which was then evaluated with transmission infrared spectroscopy in an ultra-high vacuum environment. The TiO₂ aerosols were exposed to O₂, H₂, and CO, respectively. Exposure to O₂ resulted in a decrease in the overall baseline of the aerosol spectrum, suggesting O₂ removed some of the surface charge imparted during aerosolization. Upon exposure to H₂, there was no observable rise in the baseline of the IR spectrum, as is typically seen for TiO₂, due to the population of electrons into the shallow trapped states and subsequent promotion of the electrons into the conduction band. This result suggests that the additional charge imparted via aerosolization fills the trapped states, therefore no rise is seen upon exposure to H₂. Dosing the TiO₂ aerosols with CO showed no adsorption of CO on the surface, even at lower temperatures (~100 K), indicating the additional charge on the aerosol surface prevents the CO molecules from adsorbing to the TiO₂ surface. The results observed during exposure suggest that the additional charge imparted via aerosolization impacts the interaction with each probe gas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosols" title="aerosols">aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charge" title=" charge"> charge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactivity" title=" reactivity"> reactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared" title=" infrared"> infrared</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110108/characterization-of-particle-charge-from-aerosol-generation-process-impact-on-infrared-signatures-and-material-reactivity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110108.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11778</span> Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Climate Bulk Materials Production in Atmospheric Aerosol Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehri%20Sadat%20Alavinasab%20Ashgezari">Mehri Sadat Alavinasab Ashgezari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gholam%20Reza%20Nabi%20Bidhendi"> Gholam Reza Nabi Bidhendi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Sadat%20Alavinasab%20Ashkezari"> Fatemeh Sadat Alavinasab Ashkezari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Atmospheric aerosol loading (AAL) from anthropogenic sources is an evidence in industrial development. The accelerated trends in material consumption at the global scale in recent years demonstrate consumption paradigms sensible to the planetary boundaries (PB). This paper is a statistical approach on recognizing the path of climate-relevant bulk materials production (CBMP) of steel, cement and plastics to AAL via an updated and validated spatiotemporal distribution. The methodology of statistical analysis used the most updated regional or global databases or instrumental technologies. This corresponded to a selection of processes and areas capable for tracking AAL within the last decade, analyzing the most validated data while leading to explore the behavior functions or models. The results also represented a correlation within socio economic metabolism idea between the materials specified as macronutrients of society and AAL as a PB with an unknown threshold. The selected country contributors of China, India, US and the sample country of Iran show comparable cumulative AAL values vs to the bulk materials domestic extraction and production rate in the study period of 2012 to 2022. Generally, there is a tendency towards gradual descend in the worldwide and regional aerosol concentration after 2015. As of our evaluation, a considerable share of human role, equivalent 20% from CBMP, is for the main anthropogenic species of aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon and organic particulate matters too. This study, in an innovative approach, also explores the potential role of AAL control mechanisms from the economy sectors where ordered and smoothing loading trends are accredited through the disordered phenomena of CBMP and aerosol precursor emissions. The equilibrium states envisioned is an approval to the well-established theory of Spin Glasses applicable in physical system like the Earth and here to AAL. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20aeroso%20loading" title="atmospheric aeroso loading">atmospheric aeroso loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20flows" title=" material flows"> material flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20bulk%20materials" title=" climate bulk materials"> climate bulk materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20ecology" title=" industrial ecology"> industrial ecology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166774/spatiotemporal-evaluation-of-climate-bulk-materials-production-in-atmospheric-aerosol-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11777</span> Virtual Container Yard: Assessing the Perceived Impact of Legal Implications to Container Carriers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Edirisinghe">L. Edirisinghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Mukherjee"> P. Mukherjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Edirisinghe"> H. Edirisinghe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Virtual Container Yard (VCY) is a modern concept that helps to reduce the empty container repositioning cost of carriers. The concept of VCY is based on container interchange between shipping lines. Although this mechanism has been theoretically accepted by the shipping community as a feasible solution, it has not yet achieved the necessary momentum among container shipping lines (CSL). This paper investigates whether there is any legal influence on this industry myopia about the VCY. It is believed that this is the first publication that focuses on the legal aspects of container exchange between carriers. Not much literature on this subject is available. This study establishes with statistical evidence that there is a phobia prevailing in the shipping industry that exchanging containers with other carriers may lead to various legal implications. The complexity of exchange is two faceted. CSLs assume that offering a container to another carrier (obviously, a competitor in terms of commercial context) or using a container offered by another carrier may lead to undue legal implications. This research reveals that this fear is reflected through four types of perceived components, namely: shipping associate; warehouse associate; network associate; and trading associate. These components carry eighteen subcomponents that comprehensively cover the entire process of a container shipment. The statistical explanation has been supported through regression analysis; INCO terms were used to illustrate the shipping process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20container%20yard" title="virtual container yard">virtual container yard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal" title=" legal"> legal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20law" title=" maritime law"> maritime law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory" title=" inventory"> inventory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111772/virtual-container-yard-assessing-the-perceived-impact-of-legal-implications-to-container-carriers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11776</span> Observationally Constrained Estimates of Aerosol Indirect Radiative Forcing over Indian Ocean</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sofiya%20Rao">Sofiya Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sagnik%20Dey"> Sagnik Dey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction continues to be one of the largest sources of uncertainty in quantifying the aerosol climate forcing. The uncertainty is increasing from global to regional scale. This problem remains unresolved due to the large discrepancy in the representation of cloud processes in the climate models. Most of the studies on aerosol-cloud-climate interaction and aerosol-cloud-precipitation over Indian Ocean (like INDOEX, CAIPEEX campaign etc.) are restricted to either particular to one season or particular to one region. Here we developed a theoretical framework to quantify aerosol indirect radiative forcing using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol and cloud products of 15 years (2000-2015) period over the Indian Ocean. This framework relies on the observationally constrained estimate of the aerosol-induced change in cloud albedo. We partitioned the change in cloud albedo into the change in Liquid Water Path (LWP) and Effective Radius of Clouds (Reff) in response to an aerosol optical depth (AOD). Cloud albedo response to an increase in AOD is most sensitive in the range of LWP between 120-300 gm/m² for a range of Reff varying from 8-24 micrometer, which means aerosols are most sensitive to this range of LWP and Reff. Using this framework, aerosol forcing during a transition from indirect to semi-direct effect is also calculated. The outcome of this analysis shows best results over the Arabian Sea in comparison with the Bay of Bengal and the South Indian Ocean because of heterogeneity in aerosol spices over the Arabian Sea. Over the Arabian Sea during Winter Season the more absorbing aerosols are dominating, during Pre-monsoon dust (coarse mode aerosol particles) are more dominating. In winter and pre-monsoon majorly the aerosol forcing is more dominating while during monsoon and post-monsoon season meteorological forcing is more dominating. Over the South Indian Ocean, more or less same types of aerosol (Sea salt) are present. Over the Arabian Sea the Aerosol Indirect Radiative forcing are varying from -5 ± 4.5 W/m² for winter season while in other seasons it is reducing. The results provide observationally constrained estimates of aerosol indirect forcing in the Indian Ocean which can be helpful in evaluating the climate model performance in the context of such complex interactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol-cloud-precipitation%20interaction" title="aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction">aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol-cloud-climate%20interaction" title=" aerosol-cloud-climate interaction"> aerosol-cloud-climate interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indirect%20radiative%20forcing" title=" indirect radiative forcing"> indirect radiative forcing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20model" title=" climate model"> climate model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94163/observationally-constrained-estimates-of-aerosol-indirect-radiative-forcing-over-indian-ocean" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94163.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11775</span> Seasonal Variation in Aerosols Characteristics over Ahmedabad</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devansh%20Desai">Devansh Desai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chamandeep%20Kaur"> Chamandeep Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nirmal%20Kullu">Nirmal Kullu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Christopher"> George Christopher</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Study of aerosols has become very important tool in assuming the climatic changes over a region.Spectral and temporal variability’s in aerosol optical depth(AOD) and size distribution are investigated using ground base measurements over Ahmedabad during the months of January(2013) to may (2013). Angstrom coefficient (ἁ) was found to be higher in winter season (January to march) indicating the dominance of fine mode aerosol concentration over Ahmedabad, and the Angstrom coefficient (ἁ) was found to be lower indicating the dominance of coarse mode aerosol concentration over Ahmedabad. The different values of alpha are observed when calculated over different wavelength ranges indicating bimodal aerosol size distribution. Discrimination of aerosol size during different seasons is made using the coefficient of polynomial fit (ἁ1 and ἁ2) which shows the presence of changing dominant aerosol types as a function of season over Ahmedabad. The ἁ2- ἁ1 value is used to get the confirmation on the dominant aerosol mode over Ahmedabad in both seasons. During pre-monsoon about 90% of AOD spectra is dominated by coarse mode aerosols and during winter about 60% of AOD spectra is dominated by fine mode aerosols. This characterization of aerosols is important in assessing the response of different aerosols type in radiative forcing and over climate of Ahmedabad. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiative%20forcing" title="radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20optical%20depth" title=" aerosol optical depth"> aerosol optical depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fine%20mode" title=" fine mode"> fine mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coarse%20mode" title=" coarse mode"> coarse mode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19171/seasonal-variation-in-aerosols-characteristics-over-ahmedabad" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19171.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">500</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11774</span> A Comparison Study and Analysis on Corporate Social Responsibility among Liner Shipping Companies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Sheng%20Lin">Yu-Sheng Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheng-Teng%20Huang"> Sheng-Teng Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the issue of corporate social responsibility has become an enthusiastic discussion and hottest issue around the world. To make the enterprises be sustainable management and sustainable development, more and more enterprises realize that fulfill its corporate social responsibility is the good choice. It is an essential, important issue that the leader needs know how to lead the staff in balance benefit, also emphasize on economic, social and environmental aspects to impact the company, then enhance the consensus. The leader needs to improve cohesion of personnel, and implement the corporate social responsibility in staff behavior, in order to show a performance in the effort of corporate social responsibility of enterprises. The previous literature mostly is committed to comparison of corporate social responsibility in the industry and service industry, regarding to literature of shipping companies were relatively rare. This paper aims to take the domestic and foreign shipping companies of corporate social responsibility reports as the data analysis, and refer to the international convention (GRI) such as association and organization of CSR standard values. Overall comparison with shipping companies of CSR reports, annual reports and other public information, and taking Taiwan shipping companies as the target, respectively, with the international conventions and the world's top ten leading shipping companies to do the comparison and analysis. Shipping companies in Taiwan are bound to the standard that set by the international convention for the first goal diligently and following step is contend with the world's top ten leading shipping companies. There are 3 ~ 5 experts to be involved in interview after the result is completed. They will indicate the superiority and inferiority then provide the opinion, recommendation in the needed action. Through this study, we can explore the importance of corporate social responsibility report for shipping companies, and also provide the clear orientation to external providers to improve corporate social responsibility. In addition, it can provide the academic research and business experts as a reference; finally, serving shipping companies to complete another contribution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corporate%20social%20responsibility%20%28CSR%29" title="Corporate social responsibility (CSR)">Corporate social responsibility (CSR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CSR%20reports" title=" CSR reports"> CSR reports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20methods" title=" statistical methods"> statistical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expert%20interview%20method" title=" expert interview method"> expert interview method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58686/a-comparison-study-and-analysis-on-corporate-social-responsibility-among-liner-shipping-companies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58686.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11773</span> Appraisal of Shipping Trade Influence on Economic Growth in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikpechukwu%20Njoku">Ikpechukwu Njoku</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study examined appraisal of shipping trade influence on the economic growth in Nigeria from 1981-2016 by the use of secondary data collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria. The main objectives are to examine the trend of shipping trade in Nigeria as well as determine the influence of economic growth on gross domestic product (GDP). The study employed both descriptive and influential tools. The study adopted cointegration regression method for the analysis of each of the variables (shipping trade, external reserves and external debts). The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between GDP and external reserves with p-value 0.0190. Also the result revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship between GDP and shipping trade with p-value 0.000. However, shipping trade and external reserves contributed positively at 1% and 5% level of significance respectively while external debts impacted negatively to GDP at 5% level of significance with a long run variance of cointegration regression. Therefore, the study suggests that government should do all it can to curtail foreign dominance and repatriation of profit for a more sustainable economy as well as upgrade port facilities, prevent unnecessary delays and encourage exportable goods for maximum deployment of ships. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20debts" title="external debts">external debts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20reserve" title=" external reserve"> external reserve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GDP" title=" GDP"> GDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shipping%20trade" title=" shipping trade"> shipping trade</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125024/appraisal-of-shipping-trade-influence-on-economic-growth-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125024.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11772</span> On the Possibility of Real Time Characterisation of Ambient Toxicity Using Multi-Wavelength Photoacoustic Instrument</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tibor%20Ajtai">Tibor Ajtai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%C3%A1t%C3%A9%20Pint%C3%A9r"> Máté Pintér</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=No%C3%A9mi%20Utry"> Noémi Utry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gergely%20Kiss-Albert"> Gergely Kiss-Albert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Pal%C3%A1gyi"> Andrea Palágyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20Manczinger"> László Manczinger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Csaba%20V%C3%A1gv%C3%B6lgyi"> Csaba Vágvölgyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%A1bor%20Szab%C3%B3"> Gábor Szabó</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zolt%C3%A1n%20Boz%C3%B3ki"> Zoltán Bozóki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the best knowledge of the authors, here we experimentally demonstrate first, a quantified correlation between the real-time measured optical feature of the ambient and the off-line measured toxicity data. Finally, using these correlations we are presenting a novel methodology for real time characterisation of ambient toxicity based on the multi wavelength aerosol phase photoacoustic measurement. Ambient carbonaceous particulate matter is one of the most intensively studied atmospheric constituent in climate science nowadays. Beyond their climatic impact, atmospheric soot also plays an important role as an air pollutant that harms human health. Moreover, according to the latest scientific assessments ambient soot is the second most important anthropogenic emission source, while in health aspect its being one of the most harmful atmospheric constituents as well. Despite of its importance, generally accepted standard methodology for the quantitative determination of ambient toxicology is not available yet. Dominantly, ambient toxicology measurement is based on the posterior analysis of filter accumulated aerosol with limited time resolution. Most of the toxicological studies are based on operational definitions using different measurement protocols therefore the comprehensive analysis of the existing data set is really limited in many cases. The situation is further complicated by the fact that even during its relatively short residence time the physicochemical features of the aerosol can be masked significantly by the actual ambient factors. Therefore, decreasing the time resolution of the existing methodology and developing real-time methodology for air quality monitoring are really actual issues in the air pollution research. During the last decades many experimental studies have verified that there is a relation between the chemical composition and the absorption feature quantified by Absorption Angström Exponent (AAE) of the carbonaceous particulate matter. Although the scientific community are in the common platform that the PhotoAcoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) is the only methodology that can measure the light absorption by aerosol with accurate and reliable way so far, the multi-wavelength PAS which are able to selectively characterise the wavelength dependency of absorption has become only available in the last decade. In this study, the first results of the intensive measurement campaign focusing the physicochemical and toxicological characterisation of ambient particulate matter are presented. Here we demonstrate the complete microphysical characterisation of winter time urban ambient including optical absorption and scattering as well as size distribution using our recently developed state of the art multi-wavelength photoacoustic instrument (4λ-PAS), integrating nephelometer (Aurora 3000) as well as single mobility particle sizer and optical particle counter (SMPS+C). Beyond this on-line characterisation of the ambient, we also demonstrate the results of the eco-, cyto- and genotoxicity measurements of ambient aerosol based on the posterior analysis of filter accumulated aerosol with 6h time resolution. We demonstrate a diurnal variation of toxicities and AAE data deduced directly from the multi-wavelength absorption measurement results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoacoustic%20spectroscopy" title="photoacoustic spectroscopy">photoacoustic spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20Angstr%C3%B6m%20exponent" title=" absorption Angström exponent"> absorption Angström exponent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicity" title=" toxicity"> toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ames-test" title=" Ames-test"> Ames-test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40416/on-the-possibility-of-real-time-characterisation-of-ambient-toxicity-using-multi-wavelength-photoacoustic-instrument" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40416.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11771</span> Mitigating the Cost of Empty Container Repositioning through the Virtual Container Yard: An Appraisal of Carriers’ Perceptions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Edirisinghe">L. Edirisinghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Jin"> Z. Jin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20W.%20Wijeratne"> A. W. Wijeratne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Mudunkotuwa"> R. Mudunkotuwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Empty container repositioning is a fundamental problem faced by the shipping industry. The virtual container yard is a novel strategy underpinning the container interchange between carriers that could substantially reduce this ever-increasing shipping cost. This paper evaluates the shipping industry perception of the virtual container yard using chi-square tests. It examines if the carriers perceive that the selected independent variables, namely culture, organization, decision, marketing, attitudes, legal, independent, complexity, and stakeholders of carriers, impact the efficiency and benefits of the virtual container yard. There are two major findings of the research. Firstly, carriers view that complexity, attitudes, and stakeholders may impact the effectiveness of container interchange and may influence the perceived benefits of the virtual container yard. Secondly, the three factors of legal, organization, and decision influence only the perceived benefits of the virtual container yard. Accordingly, the implementation of the virtual container yard will be influenced by six key factors, namely complexity, attitudes, stakeholders, legal, organization and decision. Since the virtual container yard could reduce overall shipping costs, it is vital to examine the carriers’ perception of this concept. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20container%20yard" title="virtual container yard">virtual container yard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imbalance" title=" imbalance"> imbalance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory" title=" inventory"> inventory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95757/mitigating-the-cost-of-empty-container-repositioning-through-the-virtual-container-yard-an-appraisal-of-carriers-perceptions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11770</span> Investigating the Aerosol Load of Eastern Mediterranean Basin with Sentinel-5p Satellite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deniz%20Yurto%C4%9Flu">Deniz Yurtoğlu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerosols directly affect the radiative balance of the earth by absorbing and/or scattering the sun rays reaching the atmosphere and indirectly affect the balance by acting as a nucleus in cloud formation. The composition, physical, and chemical properties of aerosols vary depending on their sources and the time spent in the atmosphere. The Eastern Mediterranean Basin has a high aerosol load that is formed from different sources; such as anthropogenic activities, desert dust outbreaks, and the spray of sea salt; and the area is subjected to atmospheric transport from other locations on the earth. This region, which includes the deserts of Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean sea, is one of the most affected areas by climate change due to its location and the chemistry of the atmosphere. This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal deviation of aerosol load in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin between the years 2018-2022 with the help of a new pioneer satellite of ESA (European Space Agency), Sentinel-5P. The TROPOMI (The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) traveling on this low-Earth orbiting satellite is a UV (Ultraviolet)-sensing spectrometer with a resolution of 5.5 km x 3.5 km, which can make measurements even in a cloud-covered atmosphere. By using Absorbing Aerosol Index data produced by this spectrometer and special scripts written in Python language that transforms this data into images, it was seen that the majority of the aerosol load in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin is sourced from desert dust and anthropogenic activities. After retrieving the daily data, which was separated from the NaN values, seasonal analyses match with the normal aerosol variations expected, which are high in warm seasons and lower in cold seasons. Monthly analyses showed that in four years, there was an increase in the amount of Absorbing Aerosol Index in spring and winter by 92.27% (2019-2021) and 39.81% (2019-2022), respectively. On the other hand, in the summer and autumn seasons, a decrease has been observed by 20.99% (2018-2021) and 0.94% (2018-2021), respectively. The overall variation of the mean absorbing aerosol index from TROPOMI between April 2018 to April 2022 reflects a decrease of 115.87% by annual mean from 0.228 to -0.036. However, when the data is analyzed by the annual mean values of the years which have the data from January to December, meaning from 2019 to 2021, there was an increase of 57.82% increase (0.108-0.171). This result can be interpreted as the effect of climate change on the aerosol load and also, more specifically, the effect of forest fires that happened in the summer months of 2021. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosols" title="aerosols">aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eastern%20mediterranean%20basin" title=" eastern mediterranean basin"> eastern mediterranean basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentinel-5p" title=" sentinel-5p"> sentinel-5p</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tropomi" title=" tropomi"> tropomi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20index" title=" aerosol index"> aerosol index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164862/investigating-the-aerosol-load-of-eastern-mediterranean-basin-with-sentinel-5p-satellite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164862.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11769</span> Characterization of Aerosol Particles in Ilorin, Nigeria: Ground-Based Measurement Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Razaq%20A.%20Olaitan">Razaq A. Olaitan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayansina%20Ayanlade"> Ayansina Ayanlade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Understanding aerosol properties is the main goal of global research in order to lower the uncertainty associated with climate change in the trends and magnitude of aerosol particles. In order to identify aerosol particle types, optical properties, and the relationship between aerosol properties and particle concentration between 2019 and 2021, a study conducted in Ilorin, Nigeria, examined the aerosol robotic network's ground-based sun/sky scanning radiometer. The AERONET algorithm version 2 was utilized to retrieve monthly data on aerosol optical depth and angstrom exponent. The version 3 algorithm, which is an almucantar level 2 inversion, was employed to retrieve daily data on single scattering albedo and aerosol size distribution. Excel 2016 was used to analyze the data's monthly, seasonal, and annual mean averages. The distribution of different types of aerosols was analyzed using scatterplots, and the optical properties of the aerosol were investigated using pertinent mathematical theorems. To comprehend the relationships between particle concentration and properties, correlation statistics were employed. Based on the premise that aerosol characteristics must remain constant in both magnitude and trend across time and space, the study's findings indicate that the types of aerosols identified between 2019 and 2021 are as follows: 29.22% urban industrial (UI) aerosol type, 37.08% desert (D) aerosol type, 10.67% biomass burning (BB), and 23.03% urban mix (Um) aerosol type. Convective wind systems, which frequently carry particles as they blow over long distances in the atmosphere, have been responsible for the peak-of-the-columnar aerosol loadings, which were observed during August of the study period. The study has shown that while coarse mode particles dominate, fine particles are increasing in seasonal and annual trends. Burning biomass and human activities in the city are linked to these trends. The study found that the majority of particles are highly absorbing black carbon, with the fine mode having a volume median radius of 0.08 to 0.12 meters. The investigation also revealed that there is a positive coefficient of correlation (r = 0.57) between changes in aerosol particle concentration and changes in aerosol properties. Human activity is rapidly increasing in Ilorin, causing changes in aerosol properties, indicating potential health risks from climate change and human influence on geological and environmental systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20loading" title="aerosol loading">aerosol loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20types" title=" aerosol types"> aerosol types</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20risks" title=" health risks"> health risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20properties" title=" optical properties"> optical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184518/characterization-of-aerosol-particles-in-ilorin-nigeria-ground-based-measurement-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11768</span> Heavy Metals in PM2.5 Aerosols in Urban Sites of Győr, Hungary</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zs.%20Csan%C3%A1di">Zs. Csanádi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Szab%C3%B3%20Nagy"> A. Szabó Nagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Szab%C3%B3"> J. Szabó</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Erd%C5%91s"> J. Erdős</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract" style="text-indent:10.2pt"><span lang="EN-US">Atmospheric concentrations of some heavy metal compounds (Pb, Cd, Ni) and the metalloid As were identified and determined in airborne PM2.5 particles in urban sites of Győr, northwest area of Hungary. PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected in two different sampling sites and the trace metal(loid) (Pb, Ni, Cd and As) content were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentration of PM2.5 fraction was varied between 12.22 and 36.92 μg/m<sup>3</sup> at the two sampling sites. The trend of heavy metal mean concentrations regarding the mean value of the two urban sites of Győr was found in decreasing order of Pb > Ni > Cd. The mean values were 7.59 ng/m<sup>3</sup> for Pb, 0.34 ng/m<sup>3</sup> for Ni and 0.11 ng/m<sup>3</sup> for Cd, respectively. The metalloid As could be detected only in 3.57% of the total collected samples. The levels of PM2.5 bounded heavy metals were determined and compared with other cities located in Hungary.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol" title="aerosol">aerosol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20quality" title=" air quality"> air quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PM2.5" title=" PM2.5"> PM2.5</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67030/heavy-metals-in-pm25-aerosols-in-urban-sites-of-gyor-hungary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67030.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11767</span> Impact Factor Analysis for Spatially Varying Aerosol Optical Depth in Wuhan Agglomeration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenting%20Zhang">Wenting Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shishi%20Liu"> Shishi Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peihong%20Fu"> Peihong Fu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As an indicator of air quality and directly related to concentration of ground PM2.5, the spatial-temporal variation and impact factor analysis of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) have been a hot spot in air pollution. This paper concerns the non-stationarity and the autocorrelation (with Moran’s I index of 0.75) of the AOD in Wuhan agglomeration (WHA), in central China, uses the geographically weighted regression (GRW) to identify the spatial relationship of AOD and its impact factors. The 3 km AOD product of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) is used in this study. Beyond the economic-social factor, land use density factors, vegetable cover, and elevation, the landscape metric is also considered as one factor. The results suggest that the GWR model is capable of dealing with spatial varying relationship, with R square, corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and standard residual better than that of ordinary least square (OLS) model. The results of GWR suggest that the urban developing, forest, landscape metric, and elevation are the major driving factors of AOD. Generally, the higher AOD trends to located in the place with higher urban developing, less forest, and flat area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20optical%20depth" title="aerosol optical depth">aerosol optical depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographically%20weighted%20regression" title=" geographically weighted regression"> geographically weighted regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use%20change" title=" land use change"> land use change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wuhan%20agglomeration" title=" Wuhan agglomeration"> Wuhan agglomeration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81331/impact-factor-analysis-for-spatially-varying-aerosol-optical-depth-in-wuhan-agglomeration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11766</span> Modeling Aerosol Formation in an Electrically Heated Tobacco Product</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markus%20Nordlund">Markus Nordlund</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arkadiusz%20K.%20Kuczaj"> Arkadiusz K. Kuczaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Philip Morris International (PMI) is developing a range of novel tobacco products with the potential to reduce individual risk and population harm in comparison to smoking cigarettes. One of these products is the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), (named as the Electrically Heated Tobacco System (EHTS) in this paper), already commercialized in a number of countries (e.g., Japan, Italy, Switzerland, Russia, Portugal and Romania). During use, the patented EHTS heats a specifically designed tobacco product (Electrically Heated Tobacco Product (EHTP)) when inserted into a Holder (heating device). The EHTP contains tobacco material in the form of a porous plug that undergoes a controlled heating process to release chemical compounds into vapors, from which an aerosol is formed during cooling. The aim of this work was to investigate the aerosol formation characteristics for realistic operating conditions of the EHTS as well as for relevant gas mixture compositions measured in the EHTP aerosol consisting mostly of water, glycerol and nicotine, but also other compounds at much lower concentrations. The nucleation process taking place in the EHTP during use when operated in the Holder has therefore been modeled numerically using an extended Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) for multicomponent gas mixtures. Results from the performed simulations demonstrate that aerosol droplets are formed only in the presence of an aerosol former being mainly glycerol. Minor compounds in the gas mixture were not able to reach a supersaturated state alone and therefore could not generate aerosol droplets from the multicomponent gas mixture at the operating conditions simulated. For the analytically characterized aerosol composition and estimated operating conditions of the EHTS and EHTP, glycerol was shown to be the main aerosol former triggering the nucleation process in the EHTP. This implies that according to the CNT, an aerosol former, such as glycerol needs to be present in the gas mixture for an aerosol to form under the tested operating conditions. To assess if these conclusions are sensitive to the initial amount of the minor compounds and to include and represent the total mass of the aerosol collected during the analytical aerosol characterization, simulations were carried out with initial masses of the minor compounds increased by as much as a factor of 500. Despite this extreme condition, no aerosol droplets were generated when glycerol, nicotine and water were treated as inert species and therefore not actively contributing to the nucleation process. This implies that according to the CNT, an aerosol cannot be generated without the help of an aerosol former, from the multicomponent gas mixtures at the compositions and operating conditions estimated for the EHTP, even if all minor compounds are released or generated in a single puff. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol" title="aerosol">aerosol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classical%20nucleation%20theory%20%28CNT%29" title=" classical nucleation theory (CNT)"> classical nucleation theory (CNT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrically%20heated%20tobacco%20product%20%28EHTP%29" title=" electrically heated tobacco product (EHTP)"> electrically heated tobacco product (EHTP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrically%20heated%20tobacco%20system%20%28EHTS%29" title=" electrically heated tobacco system (EHTS)"> electrically heated tobacco system (EHTS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multicomponent" title=" multicomponent"> multicomponent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nucleation" title=" nucleation"> nucleation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47104/modeling-aerosol-formation-in-an-electrically-heated-tobacco-product" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47104.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11765</span> Aerosol Radiative Forcing Over Indian Subcontinent for 2000-2021 Using Satellite Observations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shreya%20Srivastava">Shreya Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sushovan%20Ghosh"> Sushovan Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sagnik%20Dey"> Sagnik Dey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerosols directly affect Earth’s radiation budget by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. While the uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) has decreased over the years, it is still higher than that of greenhouse gas forcing, particularly in the South Asian region, due to high heterogeneity in their chemical properties. Understanding the Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of aerosol composition is critical in improving climate prediction. Studies using satellite data, in-situ and aircraft measurements, and models have investigated the Spatio-temporal variability of aerosol characteristics. In this study, we have taken aerosol data from Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) level-2 version 23 aerosol products retrieved at 4.4 km and radiation data from Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES, spatial resolution=1ox1o) for 21 years (2000-2021) over the Indian subcontinent. MISR aerosol product includes size and shapes segregated aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent (AE), and single scattering albedo (SSA). Additionally, 74 aerosol mixtures are included in version 23 data that is used for aerosol speciation. We have seasonally mapped aerosol optical and microphysical properties from MISR for India at quarter degrees resolution. Results show strong Spatio-temporal variability, with a constant higher value of AOD for the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The contribution of small-size particles is higher throughout the year, spatially during winter months. SSA is found to be overestimated where absorbing particles are present. The climatological map of short wave (SW) ARF at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) shows a strong cooling except in only a few places (values ranging from +2.5o to -22.5o). Cooling due to aerosols is higher in the absence of clouds. Higher negative values of ARF are found over the IGP region, given the high aerosol concentration above the region. Surface ARF values are everywhere negative for our study domain, with higher values in clear conditions. The results strongly correlate with AOD from MISR and ARF from CERES. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20Radiative%20forcing%20%28ARF%29" title="aerosol Radiative forcing (ARF)">aerosol Radiative forcing (ARF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosol%20composition" title=" aerosol composition"> aerosol composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20scattering%20albedo%20%28SSA%29" title=" single scattering albedo (SSA)"> single scattering albedo (SSA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CERES" title=" CERES"> CERES</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182415/aerosol-radiative-forcing-over-indian-subcontinent-for-2000-2021-using-satellite-observations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn 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