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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illegitimacy_of_laws_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegitimacy_of_laws_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Illegitimacy of laws and government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegitimacy_of_laws_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_personas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_personas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Dual personas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_personas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Freedom of movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tactics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tactics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traffic_law_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_law_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Traffic law violations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_law_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-tax_and_other_financial_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-tax_and_other_financial_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Anti-tax and other financial schemes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-tax_and_other_financial_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documents_and_formalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents_and_formalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Documents and formalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documents_and_formalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation_and_court_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation_and_court_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Litigation and court cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation_and_court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_liens_and_other_harassment_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_liens_and_other_harassment_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 False liens and other harassment tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_liens_and_other_harassment_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_of_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_of_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal status of theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status_of_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal status of theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_of_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immunity_from_laws_and_taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunity_from_laws_and_taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Immunity from laws and taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunity_from_laws_and_taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strawman_theory_and_redemption_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strawman_theory_and_redemption_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Strawman theory and redemption schemes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strawman_theory_and_redemption_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Traffic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereign_citizen_legal_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_citizen_legal_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Sovereign citizen legal entities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_citizen_legal_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_arguments_and_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_arguments_and_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other arguments and schemes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_arguments_and_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Outside the United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside the United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 English-speaking countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria_and_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria_and_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Austria and Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria_and_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_and_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 France and Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Czech Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violent_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violent_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Violent incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violent_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sovereign citizen movement</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" > 13 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84" title="حركة المواطن المستقل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة المواطن المستقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudiad_dinesyddion_sofran" title="Mudiad dinesyddion sofran – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mudiad dinesyddion sofran" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movado_de_suverenaj_civitanoj" title="Movado de suverenaj civitanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Movado de suverenaj civitanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citoyens_souverains" title="Citoyens souverains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Citoyens souverains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereine_burgers" title="Soevereine burgers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soevereine burgers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sovereign citizen movement" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_cet%C4%83%C8%9Benilor_suverani" title="Mișcarea cetățenilor suverani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mișcarea cetățenilor suverani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Движение суверенных граждан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение суверенных граждан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sovereign citizen movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereenien_kansalaisten_liike" title="Suvereenien kansalaisten liike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suvereenien kansalaisten liike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_citizen-r%C3%B6relsen" title="Sovereign citizen-rörelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovereign citizen-rörelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Суверенний громадянин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суверенний громадянин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anti-government, anti-taxation conspiracy theorists</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign individual">sovereign individual</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sovereign_Citizen_License_Plate_Illustration_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sovereign_Citizen_License_Plate_Illustration_01.png/300px-Sovereign_Citizen_License_Plate_Illustration_01.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sovereign_Citizen_License_Plate_Illustration_01.png/450px-Sovereign_Citizen_License_Plate_Illustration_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sovereign_Citizen_License_Plate_Illustration_01.png/600px-Sovereign_Citizen_License_Plate_Illustration_01.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Example illustration of a sovereign citizen homemade <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">license plate</a></figcaption></figure> The sovereign citizen movement (also SovCit movement or SovCits)<a href="#cite_note-living-1">[1]</a> is a loose group of anti-government activists, <a href="/wiki/Vexatious_litigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vexatious litigant">vexatious litigants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">tax protesters</a>, financial <a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">scammers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theorists</a> found mainly in English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries—the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Sovereign citizens have their own <a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">pseudolegal</a> belief system based on misinterpretations of common law and claim not to be subject to any government statutes unless they consent to them.<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> The movement appeared in the U.S. in the early 1970s and has since expanded to other countries; the similar <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">freeman on the land movement</a> emerged during the 2000s in Canada before spreading to other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> has called sovereign citizens "anti-government extremists who believe that even though they physically reside in this country, they are separate or 'sovereign' from the United States".<a href="#cite_note-FBI2010-5">[5]</a> The sovereign citizen phenomenon is one of the main contemporary sources of pseudolaw. Sovereign citizens believe that courts have no <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over people and that certain procedures (such as writing specific phrases on bills they do not want to pay) and <a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">loopholes</a> can make one immune to government laws and regulations.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> They also regard most forms of <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxation</a> as illegitimate and reject <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">Social Security numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's licenses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_registration" title="Motor vehicle registration">vehicle registration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The movement may appeal to people facing financial or legal difficulties or wishing to resist perceived government oppression. As a result, it has grown significantly during times of economic or social crisis.<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a> Most schemes sovereign citizens promote aim to avoid paying taxes, ignore laws, eliminate debts, or extract money from the government.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> Sovereign citizen arguments have no basis in law and have never been successful in any court.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> American sovereign citizens claim that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">United States federal government</a> is illegitimate.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-carey-9">[9]</a> Sovereign citizens outside the U.S. hold similar beliefs about their countries' governments. The movement can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">American far-right groups</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">constitutionalist</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">militia movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT82313-10">[10]</a> The sovereign citizen movement was originally associated with <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, but now attracts people of various ethnicities, including a significant number of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> The latter sometimes belong to self-declared <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish</a> sects.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2019-11">[11]</a> The majority of sovereign citizens are not violent<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-marple-12">[12]</a> but the methods the movement advocates are illegal. Sovereign citizens notably adhere to the fraudulent schemes promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">redemption "A4V" movement</a>. Many sovereign citizens have been found guilty of offenses such as tax evasion, <a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession#United_States" title="Adverse possession">hostile possession</a>, forgery, threatening public officials, bank fraud, and traffic violations.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FBI2010-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> Two of the most important crackdowns by U.S. authorities on sovereign citizen organizations were the 1996 case of the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Freemen" title="Montana Freemen">Montana Freemen</a> and the 2018 sentencing of self-proclaimed judge <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Doucette" title="Bruce Doucette">Bruce Doucette</a> and his associates.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Because some have engaged in armed confrontations with law enforcement,<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ontherise-15">[15]</a> the FBI classifies "sovereign citizen extremists" as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic terrorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FBI2011-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Nichols" title="Terry Nichols">Terry Nichols</a>, one of the perpetrators of the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>, subscribed to a variation of sovereign citizen ideology.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> In surveys conducted in 2014 and 2015, representatives of U.S. law enforcement ranked the risk of terrorism from the sovereign citizen movement higher than the risk from any other group, including <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremists">Islamic extremists</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">militias</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">racist skinheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">radical environmentalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 2015, the Australian <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Police_Force" title="New South Wales Police Force">New South Wales Police Force</a> identified sovereign citizens as a potential terrorist threat.<a href="#cite_note-NSW2015ABC-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus (organization)</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">Tax protester history in the United States</a></div> The sovereign citizen movement originated from a combination of <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">tax protester</a> ideas, from the radical and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racist</a> anti-government movements in the 1960s and 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">pseudolaw</a>, which has existed in the U.S. since at least the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> Their belief in the illegitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">federal income tax</a> gradually expanded to challenging the legitimacy of the government.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> The concept of a "sovereign citizen" whose rights are unfairly denied appeared in 1971 within the <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus</a> as a teaching of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> minister <a href="/wiki/William_Potter_Gale" title="William Potter Gale">William Potter Gale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-carey-9">[9]</a> The Posse Comitatus was a <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> anti-government movement<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> that denounced the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">debt-based currency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debt_collection" title="Debt collection">debt collection</a> as tools of <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">Jewish control</a> over the United States.<a href="#cite_note-balleck-21">[21]</a> The roots of the sovereign citizen movement were thus strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitic</a> ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-carey-9">[9]</a> Gale's racist beliefs were far from unique, but he innovated by devising a "legal" philosophy about the illegitimacy of the government that appealed to disaffected people.<a href="#cite_note-carey-9">[9]</a> After originating in that particular group, the sovereign citizen concept went on to influence the broader tax protester and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-carey-9">[9]</a> Until the 1990s, observers mainly classified the Posse Comitatus as a tax protester movement rather than an outright far-right extremist group. But while the Posse Comitatus, Christian Identity, and militia movements did not entirely merge with each other, they had members in common and influenced each other.<a href="#cite_note-ascendant-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments">Developments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Montana_Freemen" title="Montana Freemen">Montana Freemen</a></div> In the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahl" title="Gordon Kahl">Gordon Kahl</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus</a> member, helped radicalize sovereign citizen anti-government rhetoric. Kahl considered the government not only illegitimate but actively hostile to Americans' interests. After Kahl was killed in 1983 during a <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootout</a> with law enforcement, the movement considered him a martyr, which helped disseminate his views.<a href="#cite_note-ascendant-22">[22]</a> The movement garnered more support during the <a href="/wiki/1980s_farm_crisis" title="1980s farm crisis">American farm crisis</a> of the late 1970s and 1980s, which coincided with a general financial crisis in the U.S. and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a> The farm crisis saw the rise of anti-government protesters selling fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> programs,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> some of whom were associated with far-right groups. They included Roger Elvick,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> a member of a successor organization of the Posse Comitatus. Elvick conceived the <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">redemption</a> methods, a set of fraudulent debt and tax payment schemes<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> that became part of sovereign citizen ideology.<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> As the Posse Comitatus movement evolved, its members created pseudolegal bodies that claimed to speak with the authority of "natural law" or "common law" and to supersede the government's legal system. The most common tactic of these "common law courts" was to issue <a href="/wiki/False_lien" title="False lien">false liens</a> against their enemies' property.<a href="#cite_note-ascendant-22">[22]</a> After the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>, one perpetrator of which adhered to sovereign citizen ideology, observers categorized the Posse Comitatus as far-right extremism rather than a tax protester movement. Around the end of the decade, the term "Posse Comitatus" was supplanted by the term "sovereign citizen". This mirrored a change in the language adherents used, which reflected their increased focus on personal liberty secured through absolute ownership of personal property.<a href="#cite_note-ascendant-22">[22]</a> In 1996, the case of the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Freemen" title="Montana Freemen">Montana Freemen</a> attracted public attention to the sovereign citizen movement. The Montana Freemen were <a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Patriot">Christian Patriot</a> sovereign citizens and direct ideological descendants of the Posse Comitatus:<a href="#cite_note-carey-9">[9]</a> they used false liens to harass public officials<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and committed <a href="/wiki/Bank_fraud" title="Bank fraud">bank fraud</a> with <a href="/wiki/Counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeiting">counterfeit</a> checks and money orders.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The group surrendered in June 1996 after 81 days of armed standoff with the FBI.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Several members of the Montana Freemen received long prison sentences. The group's leader, LeRoy M. Schweitzer, died in prison in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Over time, the movement expanded beyond its original <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a> environment to people of all backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes-31">[31]</a> By the 1990s, sovereign citizen arguments had been adopted by <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">minority</a> groups, notably the African American <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America#Moorish_sovereign_citizens" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish sovereigns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2019-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cash-32">[32]</a> The Moorish sovereigns' beliefs derive, in part, from the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>, which has condemned this sovereign citizen offshoot.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2019-11">[11]</a> Since the 1990s, the number of African American sovereign citizens has increased substantially. Various Black sovereign citizen groups have appeared, some <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a>, others adhering to <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> Sovereign citizen ideas have also been adopted by some groups within the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a><a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a> and various other fringe political or religious groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">black separatists</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">pseudolaw</a> became well-established by 2000. Notably, Elvick conceived the <a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">strawman theory</a> around that time; it became a core sovereign citizen concept, as it gave an overarching explanation to the movement's pseudolegal beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></div> In the late 1990s and early 2000s, sovereign citizen ideology was introduced into Canada and then gradually into other countries<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> as the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> facilitated communication between people sharing the same ideas.<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a> One influential American "guru" who helped spread sovereign citizen ideology abroad was Winston Shrout, who held seminars in Canada (until he was banned from the country), Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-ADLShrout-33">[33]</a> In Canada, sovereign citizen beliefs mixed with local tax protester concepts during the 2000s and gave birth to an offshoot, the <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">freeman on the land movement</a>, which eventually spread to other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-lawless_ones-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliven_%26_Ammon_Bundy_(14742520503).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cliven_%26_Ammon_Bundy_%2814742520503%29.jpg/220px-Cliven_%26_Ammon_Bundy_%2814742520503%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cliven_%26_Ammon_Bundy_%2814742520503%29.jpg/330px-Cliven_%26_Ammon_Bundy_%2814742520503%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cliven_%26_Ammon_Bundy_%2814742520503%29.jpg/440px-Cliven_%26_Ammon_Bundy_%2814742520503%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cliven_Bundy" title="Cliven Bundy">Cliven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon_Bundy" title="Ammon Bundy">Ammon Bundy</a>, two American activists who became associated with the sovereign citizen movement during the 2010s</figcaption></figure> Since the late 2000s, the sovereign citizen movement has significantly expanded in the U.S. due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and more specifically the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">mortgage crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lawless_ones-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ascendant-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2019-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC) estimated that 100,000 Americans were "hard-core sovereign believers", with another 200,000 "just starting out by testing sovereign techniques for resisting everything from speeding tickets to drug charges".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> According to another SPLC estimate, the number of sovereign citizen-influenced militia groups in the U.S. increased dramatically between 2008 and 2011, from 149 to 1,274.<a href="#cite_note-ontherise-15">[15]</a> Incidents such as the 2003 <a href="/wiki/2003_standoff_in_Abbeville,_South_Carolina" title="2003 standoff in Abbeville, South Carolina">Abbeville standoff</a>, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Edward_and_Elaine_Brown" title="Edward and Elaine Brown">Edward and Elaine Brown standoff</a>, the 2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_West_Memphis_police_shootings" title="2010 West Memphis police shootings">West Memphis police shootings</a>, the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Bundy_standoff" title="Bundy standoff">Bundy standoff</a>, the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Malheur_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge">Malheur Refuge occupation</a> (also involving the Bundy family), the 2016 <a href="/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Baton_Rouge_police_officers" title="2016 shooting of Baton Rouge police officers">Baton Rouge police shootings</a>, and the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_standoff" title="Wakefield standoff">Wakefield standoff</a> (involving African-American Moorish sovereign citizens) attracted significant media attention. In 2022, the trial of the <a href="/wiki/Waukesha_Christmas_parade_attack" title="Waukesha Christmas parade attack">Waukesha Christmas parade attack</a>'s perpetrator brought the movement further attention, as the defendant used sovereign citizen arguments during the proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-CBS58-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_blocking_Main_St_access_in_Waukesha_Wisconsin_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Police_blocking_Main_St_access_in_Waukesha_Wisconsin_parade.jpg/220px-Police_blocking_Main_St_access_in_Waukesha_Wisconsin_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Police_blocking_Main_St_access_in_Waukesha_Wisconsin_parade.jpg/330px-Police_blocking_Main_St_access_in_Waukesha_Wisconsin_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Police_blocking_Main_St_access_in_Waukesha_Wisconsin_parade.jpg/440px-Police_blocking_Main_St_access_in_Waukesha_Wisconsin_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The site of the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Waukesha_Christmas_parade_attack" title="Waukesha Christmas parade attack">Waukesha Christmas parade attack</a>, a violent crime linked to the sovereign citizen movement</figcaption></figure> There is significant overlap between the sovereign citizen and <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> A sovereign citizen group known as the Oath Enforcers attracted QAnon and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> supporters into the movement after the <a href="/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 storming of the United States Capitol">2021 storming of the United States Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> reported that the sovereign citizen movement was attracting a growing number of QAnon adherents, whose belief in the illegitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> is compatible with the sovereign citizens' broader anti-government views.<a href="#cite_note-sovereign-citizen-ideology-40">[40]</a> Videos of people attempting to use sovereign citizen-style arguments during <a href="/wiki/Traffic_stop" title="Traffic stop">traffic stops</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Courtroom" title="Courtroom">courtrooms</a>, and in other public places are common on the Internet, where they are often considered a source of amusement. Researcher Christine Sarteschi has said that this may cause people to underestimate the movement's potential for violence and its links with criminal conduct. Several people charged with crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> have used sovereign citizen arguments as attempts to negate the court's jurisdiction over them.<a href="#cite_note-NYLawJournal-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has accelerated the movement's spread. Sovereign citizens have been associated with the broader <a href="/wiki/Mask_refusal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask refusal">anti-mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccine</a> movements and taken part in <a href="/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">anti‐restriction protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKonnotice-44">[44]</a> An increase in sovereign citizens has been observed in Australia and the United Kingdom during the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-UKonnotice-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Several COVID-related incidents involving local sovereign citizens who refused to follow sanitary measures were also reported in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In June 2022, Sarteschi reported that the movement was rapidly expanding and could now be found in 26 countries.<a href="#cite_note-conversationsarteschi-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_response">Government response</h3></div> After the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">U.S. federal law enforcement</a> began cracking down on white supremacist groups, including sovereign citizen organizations. The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Freemen" title="Montana Freemen">Montana Freemen</a> incident occurred in that context.<a href="#cite_note-carey-9">[9]</a> The bombing also led Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996" title="Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996">Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996</a>, enhancing sentences for certain terrorism-related offenses.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Hundreds, if not thousands, of sovereign citizens have been imprisoned as a result of their actions. Many have continued their activities behind bars, often spreading their ideologies among other inmates.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> As of the 1990s, several hundred people involved in "common law courts" operated by sovereign citizens or, more broadly, by the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> have been arrested for crimes such as fraud, <a href="/wiki/Police_impersonation" title="Police impersonation">impersonating police</a>, intimidating or threatening officials, and in some cases, outright violence. In 1998, a number of U.S. states passed laws outlawing the activities of these "courts" or strengthening existing sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-splc98-51">[51]</a> To prevent their courts from being burdened by frivolous litigation, some states have heightened penalties for people who file baseless motions. Some courts choose to impose pre-filing injunctions against certain <a href="/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States" title="Pro se legal representation in the United States">pro se</a> serial litigants, to preclude them from filing new lawsuits or documents without prior leave.<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a> After incidents such as the <a href="/wiki/2010_West_Memphis_police_shootings" title="2010 West Memphis police shootings">2010 West Memphis police shootings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">U.S. law enforcement agencies</a> advised officers on how to deal with sovereign citizens at traffic stops and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-police1-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In Australia, after the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Wieambilla_police_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="Wieambilla police shootings">Wieambilla shootings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">Australian Security Intelligence Organisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a> indicated they would examine the groups more closely as their beliefs increasingly align with that of other extremists, with the AFP Joint Counter Terrorism Team now required to undergo training on sovereign citizen threats.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominations_and_symbols">Denominations and symbols</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_%22civil%22_flag_(used_by_sovereign_citizens).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/United_States_%22civil%22_flag_%28used_by_sovereign_citizens%29.svg/220px-United_States_%22civil%22_flag_%28used_by_sovereign_citizens%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/United_States_%22civil%22_flag_%28used_by_sovereign_citizens%29.svg/330px-United_States_%22civil%22_flag_%28used_by_sovereign_citizens%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/United_States_%22civil%22_flag_%28used_by_sovereign_citizens%29.svg/440px-United_States_%22civil%22_flag_%28used_by_sovereign_citizens%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A variation of the U.S. flag frequently used in the sovereign citizen movement.<a href="#cite_note-sovcitflag-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> Not all members of the movement call themselves "sovereign citizens", and some regard the term as an oxymoron.<a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes-31">[31]</a> Sovereign citizens may prefer to call themselves "state nationals",<a href="#cite_note-reitz-57">[57]</a> "constitutionalists", "freemen",<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> "natural people", "living people",<a href="#cite_note-living-1">[1]</a> "private persons",<a href="#cite_note-dallasnews-59">[59]</a> "secured party creditors",<a href="#cite_note-policeasn-60">[60]</a> or people "seeking the truth"<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> or "living on the land".<a href="#cite_note-dallasnews-59">[59]</a> The name "American State National"<a href="#cite_note-sovereign-citizen-ideology-40">[40]</a> (ASN) became popular among sovereign citizens in the early 2020s, especially among followers of the <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> conspiracy theory.<a href="#cite_note-policeasn-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovcitQanon-62">[62]</a> The sovereign citizen movement has no single universally accepted symbol or emblem, but sovereign citizen documents and signs often have distinctive identifying marks. Some of the most common ones are <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thumbprint" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumbprint">thumbprints</a> on documents, and the addition of <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a>) to one's name, which sovereign citizens <a href="#Documents_and_formalities">believe has a legal effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sovcitflag-56">[56]</a> Groups such as Moorish sovereigns and the <a href="/wiki/Washitaw_Nation" title="Washitaw Nation">Washitaw Nation</a> have their own specific flags and symbols. Some sovereign citizens use references to nonexistent "Republics" or to the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> (UCC), variations on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a>, or religious symbols such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, which are thought to establish "sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-ndsaa-63">[63]</a> One common symbol of the American sovereign citizen movement is a version of the U.S. flag with alternate colors and vertical stripes. Sometimes known as "the flag of peace" or "Title Four flag", it is based on a flag allegedly used by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">American custom houses</a> for a brief period during the 19th century. Around the 2000s, some sovereign citizens began to claim that this is the true flag of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-sovcitflag-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_arguments" title="Tax protester arguments">Tax protester arguments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protester conspiracy arguments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation in the United States</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">Tax protest in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/File:No_IRS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anti-IRS symbol"><img alt="Anti-IRS symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/No_IRS.svg/100px-No_IRS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/No_IRS.svg/150px-No_IRS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/No_IRS.svg/200px-No_IRS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1001" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_arguments" title="Tax protester arguments">Arguments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_Sixteenth_Amendment_arguments" title="Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments">16th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_statutory_arguments" title="Tax protester statutory arguments">Statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_administrative_arguments" title="Tax protester administrative arguments">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Conspiracy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Porth" title="Arthur Porth">Arthur Porth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clarkson" title="Robert Clarkson">Robert Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Kellems" title="Vivien Kellems">Vivien Kellems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Schiff" title="Irwin Schiff">Irwin Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Law_that_Never_Was" title="The Law that Never Was">William J. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Bentson" title="Wayne Bentson">Wayne C. Bentson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cryer" title="Tom Cryer">Tom Cryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Michael_Simkanin" title="Richard Michael Simkanin">Richard Michael Simkanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Ray_Kahn" title="Eddie Ray Kahn">Eddie Ray Kahn</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America:_Freedom_to_Fascism" title="America: Freedom to Fascism">America: Freedom to Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Law_that_Never_Was" title="The Law that Never Was">The Law that Never Was</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek_v._United_States" title="Cheek v. United States">Cheek v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Tax noncompliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">Tax resistance in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tax_protest_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Tax protest in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tax_protest_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Tax protest in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tax_protest_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tax protest in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The movement has no defining text, established doctrine, or centralized leadership,<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-roads-64">[64]</a> but there are common themes, generally implying that the legitimate government and legal system have been somehow replaced and that the current authorities are illegitimate. <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a> are likewise thought to be illegitimate. A number of leaders, commonly called "gurus", develop their own variations.<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-lawless_ones-34">[34]</a> The movement's theories include influences from a variety of sources, some of them decades old, resulting in often confusing and incoherent narratives of U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a> Sovereign citizens' legal theories reinterpret the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> through selective reading of law dictionaries (notably an obsolete version of <a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a>), <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state court</a> opinions, or specific capitalization, and incorporate other details from a variety of sources, including the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, and foreign treaties. They ignore the second clause of <a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">Article VI</a> of the Constitution (the <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a>), which establishes the Constitution as the law of the land and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> as the ultimate authority to interpret it.<a href="#cite_note-MLR-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-LEB-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Most consider <a href="/wiki/County_sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="County sheriff">county sheriff</a>s the most powerful law enforcement officers in the country, with authority superior to that of any federal agent, elected official, or other local law enforcement official.<a href="#cite_note-ForbesIII-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegitimacy_of_laws_and_government">Illegitimacy of laws and government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></div> A widespread belief among sovereign citizens is that the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> is not an actual government, but a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>. American movement members believe that the corporation that purports to be the U.S. federal government is illegally controlling the republic via a territorial government in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-reitz-57">[57]</a> Sovereign citizens believe that sometime after the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> set up the government, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a> secretly replaced common law. This commercial law is generally understood to be <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">admiralty law</a>, as sovereign citizens believe the current, illegitimate law is based on principles of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international commerce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> Sovereign citizens also claim that the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States#Decoration" title="Flag of the United States">gold fringes</a> on U.S. flags displayed in courtrooms is evidence that admiralty law is in effect.<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> This leads them to believe that U.S. judges and lawyers are actually agents of a foreign power,<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> typically thought to be the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: one pseudolegal conspiracy theory claims that <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a> is an acronym for "British Accreditation Registry".<a href="#cite_note-SovcitQanon-62">[62]</a> Sovereign citizens therefore challenge the validity of the contemporary legal system and claim to answer only to <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">God's law</a> or to common law, by which they mean the system that supposedly existed before the conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a> There is no consensus among sovereign citizens as to when the secret change of the political and legal system took place; some believe it was during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, while others date it to 1933, when the U.S. abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> According to one version, the vehicle for the change was the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1871" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871">District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871</a>, which sovereign citizens believe created a "United States corporation" to govern the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> under commercial code; this form of corporate rule then extended to the entire country.<a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a> Another theory has it that the country was secretly reorganized as a <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-millions-70">[70]</a> Pseudolegal schemes attribute a particular power to the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> and to the use of <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> on legal documents.<a href="#cite_note-millions-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> The beliefs that the government is a corporation and that people are secretly under a form of commercial law leads sovereign citizens to believe that <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Contract_of_adhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract of adhesion">contract</a> binding people to the state. According to this theory, people are tricked into this contract by various methods, including <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">Social Security numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_license" title="Fishing license">fishing licenses</a>, or <a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a>: thus, avoiding their use means immunity from government authority.<a href="#cite_note-Knight2003-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-ValeriBorgeson2018-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Another common belief among sovereign citizens is that they can opt out of the purported contract, making themselves immune from the laws they do not wish to follow, by declining to "consent": when confronted by police officers or other officials, sovereign citizens typically attempt to negate their authority by saying, "I do not consent".<a href="#cite_note-living-1">[1]</a> Many sovereign citizens believe that the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, which provides an interstate standard for documents that they believe apply only to their straw man, is a codification of the illegitimate commercial law ruling the United States. Therefore, they think that exploiting supposed loopholes in the UCC will help them assert their rights or invoke their special privileges and powers as "common law citizens".<a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a> Adherents of the "American State National" concept believe that, through a specific procedure, they can renounce federal citizenship, make themselves immune from jurisdiction and arrest, avoid the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a>, and rescind voting registrations, marriages, or birth certificates. In March 2023, Chase Allan, a man who subscribed to this notion and used a false passport and an illegal license plate, was shot dead by police at a traffic stop in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> during a confrontation with officers over his refusal to show an identification document.<a href="#cite_note-SovcitQanon-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-policeasn-60">[60]</a> The belief that the current legal system is illegitimate has led some sovereign citizens to consider themselves "above the law" and commit crimes.<a href="#cite_note-NYLawJournal-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></div> American sovereign citizens posit that contemporary <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">United States citizenship</a> is somehow defective or fraudulent and that it curtails citizens' legitimate rights. Some sovereign citizens also claim that they can become immune to most or all laws of the United States by <a href="/wiki/Relinquishment_of_United_States_nationality" title="Relinquishment of United States nationality">renouncing citizenship</a> in a "federal corporation" and declaring themselves citizens only of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> where they reside: this process, which they call "expatriation", involves <a href="/wiki/Filing_(law)" title="Filing (law)">filing</a> or delivering a nonlegal document claiming their renunciation of citizenship to any county clerk's office that can be convinced to accept it.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In the 1970s, one of the movement's originators, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> ideologue <a href="/wiki/William_Potter_Gale" title="William Potter Gale">William Potter Gale</a>, identified the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> as the act that converted "sovereign citizens" into "federal citizens" by their agreement to a contract to accept benefits from the federal government. Other commentators have identified other acts, including the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and the alleged suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Likewise, sovereign citizen leader Richard McDonald claimed that there are two classes of citizens in the U.S.: the "original citizens of the states" (also called "states citizens" or "organic citizens")<a href="#cite_note-spl6-78">[78]</a> and "U.S. citizens". According to McDonald, U.S. citizens, whom he calls "Fourteenth Amendment citizens", have civil rights, legislated to give the rights to freed black slaves after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>: this benefit is received by consent in exchange for freedom. On the other hand, white state citizens have unalienable constitutional rights. On this view, state citizens must take steps to revoke and rescind their U.S. citizenship and reassert their <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> common-law state citizen status. This involves removing oneself from <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">federal jurisdiction</a> and relinquishing any evidence of consent to U.S. citizenship, such as a <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">Social Security number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States" title="Driver's licenses in the United States">driver's license</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_registration" title="Motor vehicle registration">car registration</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_license" title="Marriage license">marriage license</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Voter registration in the United States">voter registration</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a>. Also included is the refusal to pay state and federal income taxes because citizens not under U.S. jurisdiction are not required to pay them.<a href="#cite_note-Feucht-79">[79]</a> The concept of "14th Amendment citizens" is consistent with the movement's white supremacist origins in that it can cause adherents to believe that <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, having become citizens only after the Civil War, have far fewer rights than <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">Whites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-spl6-78">[78]</a> or that only <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> have to pay federal taxes and abide by federal laws.<a href="#cite_note-reitz-57">[57]</a> On the contrary, "Moorish" sovereign citizens think that African Americans constitute an elite class within American society, with special rights and privileges that make them immune from federal and state authority. They commonly adopt "Africanized" version of their names by adding "el", "Bey", or a combination of the two, and associate themselves with a particular "Moorish" group, claiming they are not culpable for acts committed under their former name and that their affiliation makes them immune to prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2019-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The underpinnings of their theories of exemption vary. One belief is that the "Moors" were America's original inhabitants and are therefore entitled to be self-governing. They claim to be descendants of the Moroccan "Moors" and thus subject to the 1786 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan-American_Treaty_of_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship</a>, which they believe gives them exemption from U.S. law. A variation of "Moorish" ideology is found in the <a href="/wiki/Washitaw_Nation" title="Washitaw Nation">Washitaw Nation</a>, which claims rights through provisions in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> treaty granting privileges to Moors as early colonists and the nonexistent "United Nations Indigenous People's Seat 215".<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2019-11">[11]</a> Various other groups claim special status and exemption from their countries' laws by purporting to belong to real or imaginary ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> Sovereign citizens may claim that their status in the United States is that of "non-resident aliens".<a href="#cite_note-spl6-78">[78]</a> Only residents (resident aliens) of the states, not its citizens, are income-taxable, sovereign citizens argue. And as a state citizen landowner, one can bring forward the original land patent and file it with the county for absolute or <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">allodial property rights</a>. Such allodial ownership is held "without recognizing any superior to whom any duty is due on account thereof" (<a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a>). Superiors include those who levy property taxes or who hold mortgages or liens against the property.<a href="#cite_note-Feucht-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_personas">Dual personas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></div> One recurring idea in sovereign citizen ideology is that individuals have two personas, one of flesh and blood and the other a separate, secret, <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal personality</a> (commonly called the "straw man"), created upon each person's birth, which is subject to the government. Sovereign citizens claim it is possible to dissociate oneself from the "straw man" by certain procedures, thus becoming free of all debts, liabilities and legal constraints.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT82313-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-millions-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></div> Sovereign citizen texts often posit that "international bankers" are at the source of the conspiracy that replaced the United States' legitimate government and legal system. In the movement's earlier form, these bankers were explicitly said to be <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. While this can still be implied in sovereign citizen literature, the movement's original <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic conspiracy theories</a> were diluted over time; most contemporary sovereign citizens tend to present greatly simplified versions of them, with no mention of Jewish conspiracies and only vague references to corrupt bankers.<a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a> Some sovereign citizens believe that the United States "corporation" is <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankrupt</a>. This is often attributed to the 1933 abandonment of the gold standard.<a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a> As a result, the illegitimate U.S. government is said to secretly use its citizens as <a href="/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation" title="Collateralized debt obligation">collateral</a> against <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">foreign debt</a>, effectively enslaving Americans. Sovereign citizens believe that this sale of American citizens takes place at birth, through the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a>s and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">Social Security number</a>s.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-millions-70">[70]</a> The sovereign citizen movement overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">redemption movement</a> (also known as "A4V" after one of its schemes), which claims that a secret bank account is created for every citizen at birth as part of the process whereby the U.S. government uses its citizens as collateral.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-millions-70">[70]</a> Several prominent sovereign citizens have advocated redemption schemes.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> The belief in a secret bank account is intertwined with the <a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">strawman theory</a>, since each person's fund is supposedly associated with their "straw man".<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a> "Redemption" theories assert that the vast sums of money in this account can be reclaimed through certain procedures, and applied to financial obligations or even criminal charges.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-millions-70">[70]</a> In some variations of this theory, the secret fund may be called a "Cestui Que Vie Trust".<a href="#cite_note-SovcitQanon-62">[62]</a> Pseudolegal economic theories also imply various misconceptions about currencies and financial institutions, one being that banks "create money from thin air" so a borrower has no obligation to pay them back, and another that money is actually worthless when not <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">backed by gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> Many sovereign citizens do not recognize <a href="/wiki/U.S._currency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. currency">U.S. currency</a> and demand to receive payments in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver</a> coins.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giordanos-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Some sovereign citizens also subscribe to the <a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA</a>-related conspiracy theory.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_movement">Freedom of movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_under_United_States_law" title="Freedom of movement under United States law">Freedom of movement under United States law</a></div> Using arguments that rely on exacting definitions and word choice, sovereign citizens may assert a constitutional "right to travel" in a "conveyance", distinguishing it from <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">driving</a> an automobile in order to justify ignoring requirements for <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">license plates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_registration" title="Motor vehicle registration">vehicle registration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">insurances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's licenses</a>. The right to travel is claimed based on a variety of passages.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-roads-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-MLR-66">[66]</a> One common argument of sovereign citizens is that they are "traveling" and not "driving" and hence do not need a driver's license because they are not transporting commercial goods or paying passengers.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></div> Other pseudolegal theories commonly shared by sovereign citizens include that "silence means consent" for any sort of documents, that any claim or alleged statement of fact placed in a sworn document (known in pseudolegal jargon as an "<a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> of truth") is proven true unless rebutted, and that there is no crime if there is no injured party.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> Some sovereign citizens are involved in other forms of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>, including <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Certain subgroups of the movement adhere to theories about <a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">extraterrestrials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">reptilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> One advocate of sovereign citizen fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> schemes, <a href="/wiki/Sean_David_Morton" title="Sean David Morton">Sean David Morton</a>, was also active as a <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swindle-85">[85]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, sovereign citizen ideology has been promoted by <a href="/wiki/Guylaine_Lanct%C3%B4t" title="Guylaine Lanctôt">Guylaine Lanctôt</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccine activist">anti-vaccine activist</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">AIDS denialist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dangereuse-86">[86]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> reported that sovereign citizen ideology was "increasingly seeping" into QAnon, as the movement's anti-government views were compatible with QAnon's belief in a worldwide "cabal" and in the illegitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sovereign-citizen-ideology-40">[40]</a> Sovereign citizen groups, notably that led in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> by "gurus" David and Bonnie Straight, a married couple, have been convincing parents whose children were removed from their custody that <a href="/wiki/Child_Protective_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Protective Services">Child Protective Services</a> engages in <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">child trafficking</a>, and encouraging them to kidnap their children.<a href="#cite_note-NYLawJournal-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-vice21-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovcitQanon-62">[62]</a> The belief that child protection agencies are involved in crimes against children is also consistent with QAnon ideology.<a href="#cite_note-SovcitQanon-62">[62]</a> Several sovereign citizen "gurus" have made grandiose claims about the powers granted to them by their pseudolegal schemes. One American ideologue and <a href="/wiki/David_Wynn_Miller#Constructed_language_and_linguistic_theories" title="David Wynn Miller">"Quantum Grammar"</a> advocate, Russell Jay Gould, claims that having signed a postal receipt in a specific way and <a href="/wiki/Filing_(law)" title="Filing (law)">filed</a> a document relating to <a href="/wiki/Title_4_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 4 of the United States Code">Title 4 of the United States Code</a>, at a moment when the country was supposedly bankrupt, makes him the "Postmaster-General" and legitimate ruler of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Cash-32">[32]</a> Another American guru, Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf, claimed before her sentencing for fraud to have "<a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosed</a>" and "canceled" all banks and governments through <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">UCC</a> filings.<a href="#cite_note-bostonlawreview-88">[88]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Romana_Didulo" title="Romana Didulo">Romana Didulo</a>, a Canadian QAnon conspiracy theorist, uses sovereign citizen concepts to back her claims of being the rightful <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Queen of Canada</a>, and eventually the "Queen of the World".<a href="#cite_note-conversationsarteschi-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-RedDeerians-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guar-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Sovereign_Citizen%22_notice,_Belfast_(October_2013)_(geograph_5824402).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22Sovereign_Citizen%22_notice%2C_Belfast_%28October_2013%29_%28geograph_5824402%29.jpg/220px-%22Sovereign_Citizen%22_notice%2C_Belfast_%28October_2013%29_%28geograph_5824402%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22Sovereign_Citizen%22_notice%2C_Belfast_%28October_2013%29_%28geograph_5824402%29.jpg/330px-%22Sovereign_Citizen%22_notice%2C_Belfast_%28October_2013%29_%28geograph_5824402%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22Sovereign_Citizen%22_notice%2C_Belfast_%28October_2013%29_%28geograph_5824402%29.jpg/440px-%22Sovereign_Citizen%22_notice%2C_Belfast_%28October_2013%29_%28geograph_5824402%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>A homemade "<a href="/wiki/Public_notice" title="Public notice">public notice</a>" with pseudolegal language used by a sovereign citizen in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</figcaption></figure> Sovereign citizens may be affiliated with a group within the movement, follow the teachings of a specific "guru", or act entirely on their own. By disobeying rules they consider illegitimate, they regularly find themselves in conflict with all forms of government institutions, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_service" title="Revenue service">revenue services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> One sovereign citizen from <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, Ernie Wayne terTelgte, became a local celebrity in 2013 by engaging in a protracted legal battle with authorities over the need to have a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_license" title="Fishing license">fishing license</a><a href="#cite_note-naturalman-91">[91]</a> and then having multiple conflicts with law enforcement over this matter, as well as his lack of a driver's license.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Sovereign citizens often use flawed or invented legal arguments or irregular documents that may have been bought from other movement members as "proof" of their claims.<a href="#cite_note-UKonnotice-44">[44]</a> It is common for sovereign citizen "gurus" to earn money by selling their followers standard documents such as template filings, scripts to recite at court appearances, or other "quick-fix" solutions to legal problems.<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a> Some "gurus" sell "how-to" manuals explaining the movement's theories and schemes. One such manual is Title 4 Flag Says You're Schwag: The Sovereign Citizen's Handbook, which has been reprinted and updated several times.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> Sovereign citizens often use an unusual vocabulary<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> and twist the meaning of legal terms, or even commonplace phrases, for their convenience. This includes avoiding the use of expressions they think would make them enter into a "contract" with the government. For example, when dealing with the police, sovereign citizens will often avoid saying "I understand" and instead say "I comprehend", as they believe that the word "understand" acknowledges that one "stand[s] under the jurisdiction", thus recognizing the police's authority.<a href="#cite_note-polar-93">[93]</a> As they regard themselves as bound only by their own interpretation of common law, sovereign citizens have been setting up <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">militias</a> of self-appointed "sheriffs",<a href="#cite_note-NYLawJournal-41">[41]</a> as well as "common law courts", to handle matters regarding movement members. These "courts", which are <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">devoid of legal authority</a>, are frequently used to formalize the "declarations of sovereignty" of movement members, in a process often known as "asseveration".<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> Sovereign citizens' conflicts with authorities have occasionally resulted in violence.<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYLawJournal-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForbesIII-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_law_violations">Traffic law violations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moving_violation" title="Moving violation">Moving violation</a></div> Sovereign citizens consistently violate <a href="/wiki/Traffic_code" title="Traffic code">traffic laws</a> by refusing to register or insure their vehicles or use driver's licenses or valid license plates.<a href="#cite_note-roads-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> Some use homemade license plates and <a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">bumper stickers</a>, which can serve the unintended purpose of warning police officers that they are dealing with a sovereign citizen. Most sovereign citizens' interactions with law enforcement take place on the road. As a result, the general public is mostly familiar with the movement through online videos of sovereign citizens' confrontations with <a href="/wiki/Traffic_police" title="Traffic police">traffic officers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roads-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-tax_and_other_financial_schemes">Anti-tax and other financial schemes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_elimination" title="Mortgage elimination">Mortgage elimination</a></div> Many sovereign citizens engage in various forms of tax resistance, causing disputes with government administrations.<a href="#cite_note-ForbesIII-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-splc5-94">[94]</a> It is estimated that sovereign citizens and other tax protesters have caused about $1 billion in public losses in the U.S. from 1990 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-swindle-85">[85]</a> Sovereign citizens use a variety of fraudulent schemes, including filing false <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a>, to avoid paying taxes, get "refunds" from the government, or eliminate their <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swindle-85">[85]</a> The belief that money is worthless since the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> was abandoned has led sovereign citizens to create fictitious <a href="/wiki/Financial_instrument" title="Financial instrument">financial instruments</a>. One of the first to use this method, in the 1980s, was tax protester and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Tupper_Saussy" title="Tupper Saussy">Tupper Saussy</a>, who created check-like instruments he called "Public Money Office Certificates". Saussy issued these "certificates" primarily as a form of protest, but sovereign citizens have been using false "<a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory notes</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Negotiable_instrument" title="Negotiable instrument">bills of exchange</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">coupons</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Banker%27s_acceptance" title="Banker's acceptance">sight drafts</a>" to pay taxes, purchase properties, or fight foreclosures. Some "gurus" have scammed adherents of the movement by selling them such counterfeit instruments.<a href="#cite_note-Funny_Money-95">[95]</a> Other scams primarily target victims who are not part of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Sovereign citizens may use the ineffective methods the <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">redemption movement</a> advocates for appropriating the sums from one's purported secret Treasury account: such schemes are sometimes called "money for nothing".<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a> For example, writing "Accepted for Value" or "Taken for Value" on bills or collection letters supposedly causes them to be paid with the straw man's secret fund<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL_Identifiers-99">[99]</a> (this scheme is commonly known as "A4V").<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a> Purported methods for claiming the secret fund include filing a <a href="/wiki/UCC-1_financing_statement" title="UCC-1 financing statement">UCC-1 financing statement</a> against one's straw man after "separating" from it.<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documents_and_formalities">Documents and formalities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizen_of_Heaven_(30647136760).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Citizen_of_Heaven_%2830647136760%29.jpg/220px-Citizen_of_Heaven_%2830647136760%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Citizen_of_Heaven_%2830647136760%29.jpg/330px-Citizen_of_Heaven_%2830647136760%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Citizen_of_Heaven_%2830647136760%29.jpg/440px-Citizen_of_Heaven_%2830647136760%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>American activist David Zion Brugger, showing an irregular "<a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity document</a>" asserting him to be a "<a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Heaven" title="Embassy of Heaven">citizen of Heaven</a>"</figcaption></figure> Sovereign citizens are known to create their own irregular, pseudolegal documents, including false <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a>, <a href="/wiki/License_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="License plate">license plates</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quickguide-100">[100]</a> Sovereign citizen documents may include unusual formalities, such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(full)" title="List of Latin phrases (full)">maxims</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">thumbprints</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">stamps</a> in certain places, as well as unconventional, sometimes incomprehensible <a href="/wiki/Legalese" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalese">legalese</a>. Stamps are generally accompanied by signatures (with the sovereign citizen's name signed across them), initials or other markings.<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a> Signatures and thumbprints are likely to be in red ink or blood, since black and blue inks are believed to indicate corporations.<a href="#cite_note-millions-70">[70]</a> As bonds are canceled using red ink in some U.S. states, sovereign citizens may sign in red ink to signify that they are canceling the bond attached to their birth certificate or to their straw man. Others use red ink because it represents the blood of the "flesh-and-blood person". Other methods to dissociate oneself from the straw man include unusual spelling and writing one's name in a different manner or with <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, i.e. "John of the family Doe" instead of "John Doe" or "John-Robert: Doe" instead of "John Robert Doe".<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> Sovereign citizens often add the Latin phrase <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui juris</a> (meaning "of one's own right") to their names on legal documents to signify that they are reserving all the rights to which they are entitled as a free person.<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> Postage stamps supposedly make pseudolegal documents authoritative, but their meaning varies depending on the "guru". One version has it that stamps grant sovereignty to pseudolaw affiliates: their use on documents purportedly makes one a "postmaster" with equal rights and peer status to <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> When signing an official document such as a driver's license, mortgage document, or traffic ticket, sovereign citizens often add under threat, duress, and coercion (or a variation thereof, such as the initials TDC) after or under their name to signify that they are not signing the document voluntarily, which purportedly helps them avoid entering into a "contract" with the illegitimate government and falling under its jurisdiction. Some write TDC after their <a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP codes">ZIP codes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADL_Identifiers-99">[99]</a> People and groups linked to the movement have been using a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> created by American theorist <a href="/wiki/David_Wynn_Miller" title="David Wynn Miller">David Wynn Miller</a>, who asserted that this unorthodox version of the English language, variously called "Parse-Syntax-Grammar", "Correct-Language",<a href="#cite_note-ozy2020-101">[101]</a> "Truth Language"<a href="#cite_note-messiah-102">[102]</a> or "Quantum Grammar",<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-bostonlawreview-88">[88]</a> guarantees success in legal proceedings where it constitutes the only "correct" form of communication.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-ozy2020-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-messiah-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litigation_and_court_cases">Litigation and court cases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frivolous_litigation" title="Frivolous litigation">Frivolous litigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vexatious_litigation" title="Vexatious litigation">Vexatious litigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">Abuse of process</a></div> Cases involving sovereign citizens can cause law enforcement officers and court officials severe problems.<a href="#cite_note-NYT82313-10">[10]</a> Sovereign citizens may challenge the laws, rules, or sentences they disagree with by engaging in the practice known as <a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">paper terrorism</a>, which involves filing <a href="/wiki/Complaint" title="Complaint">complaints</a> with legal documents that may be bogus or simply misused. Minor issues such as <a href="/wiki/Moving_violation" title="Moving violation">traffic violations</a> or disagreements over pet-licensing fees may provoke numerous court filings. Courts then find themselves burdened by having to process hundreds of pages of irregular, sometimes incomprehensible documents, straining their resources.<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForbesIII-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a> When involved in court cases, sovereign citizens generally act as their own lawyers, though sometimes a sovereign citizen "leader" may assist them in court. They often use uncommon or downright disconcerting pseudolegal tactics, and typically deny the court's jurisdiction over them.<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a> In May 2019, Kim Blandino, a felon residing in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, was found guilty of traffic offenses. He threatened the judge who presided over his hearing that he would file complaints against him and demanded a monetary "settlement" from him.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Blandino was charged with extortion and impersonation of an officer. He then filed numerous motions to delay the proceedings and tried to disqualify almost every judge in the district. Blandino's motions required multiple reviews and countless hours of hearings.<a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a> In March 2022, Blandino was convicted in a jury trial. He then appealed his conviction with similar methods. On December 20, 2023, the Court of Appeals of Nevada affirmed the conviction, noting that Blandino's claims were "merely speculative" and that the court did not need to consider his argument as it was not "cogently argued".<a href="#cite_note-findlaw-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_liens_and_other_harassment_tactics">False liens and other harassment tactics</h3></div> Besides paper terrorism, sovereign citizens have used various techniques of <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> to achieve their goals.<a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a> One method of retaliation they use against public officials or other real or perceived enemies is the filing of <a href="/wiki/False_lien" title="False lien">false liens</a>. Anyone can file a notice of lien against property such as real estate, vehicles, or other assets of another. In most U.S. states, the validity of liens is not investigated or inquired into at the time of filing. Notices of liens (whether legally valid or not) are a cloud on the title of the property and may affect the property owner's <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating" title="Credit rating">credit rating</a> and ability to obtain home equity loans or refinance the property. Clearing up fraudulent notices of liens may be expensive and time-consuming.<a href="#cite_note-NYT82313-10">[10]</a> Illegitimate sovereign citizen common law courts also put enemies on "trial": on occasion, sovereign citizens have tried public officials in absentia and sentenced them to death for treason.<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a> Another tactic involves false <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> entities operated by movement members that issue unilaterally, on their clients' behalf, "rulings" ordering the client's creditors or other victims to pay damages.<a href="#cite_note-dallasnews-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-bogusarbitration-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> reported that although this particular tactic seems to have appeared around 2014, its use had intensified since 2019. According to the ADL's report, these sham rulings are designed, besides targeting specific victims, to clog the court system that sovereign citizens consider illegitimate.<a href="#cite_note-bogusarbitration-105">[105]</a> Some sovereign citizens have advocated and practiced <a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">adverse possession</a> of properties.<a href="#cite_note-SPLC2022-3">[3]</a> Notably, Moorish Sovereigns have cited <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">reparations for slavery</a> as a justification for <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> homes and claiming other people's property as theirs, even though they also target the possessions of African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In the United States, authorities have identified some people involved in <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_audits" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment audits">First Amendment audits</a> as sovereign citizens.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_of_theories">Legal status of theories</h2></div> Sovereign citizens' tactics often succeed in delaying legal proceedings and occasionally confuse or exhaust public officials,<a href="#cite_note-Laird2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-wastingtime-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-vice21-87">[87]</a> but their arguments are never upheld in court.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a> Their claims have been consistently rejected by courts in various countries, including the U.S., Canada,<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a> Australia,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Mark Pitcavage, a researcher working for the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>'s Center on Extremism, has summed up sovereign citizen ideology as "<a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a>".<a href="#cite_note-bizarre-111">[111]</a> One <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives" title="New Hampshire House of Representatives">state representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marple" title="Richard Marple">Richard Marple</a>, repeatedly tried to introduce legislation that would recognize sovereign citizen ideas, without success.<a href="#cite_note-marple-12">[12]</a> One crucial flaw of pseudolegal theories in general is that the "<a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>" they cite is based not on historical precedent but instead on an erroneous perception of traditional <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-furiouspaper-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_of_Alberta" title="Court of King's Bench of Alberta">Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta</a>'s Meads v. Meads decision, pertaining to a contentious divorce case in which the husband used <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">freeman on the land</a> arguments, compiled a decade of Canadian jurisprudence and American academic research about <a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">pseudolaw</a>. It went much further than the matters of the case by covering the most common pseudolegal arguments and tactics and refuting them in detail.<a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2019-35">[35]</a> Meads v. Meads, written by Associate Chief Justice John D. Rooke, has since been used as <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> by courts in Canada and in other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2019-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunity_from_laws_and_taxes">Immunity from laws and taxes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></div> Pseudolegal documents and arguments claiming that one is personally immune from <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> or should not be paying taxes have never been accepted by any court.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royals-112">[112]</a> The idea that one can avoid paying taxes in the country one resides in by renouncing or challenging the validity of one's citizenship and claiming to be a "non-resident alien" is legally baseless. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> has refuted in detail "frivolous tax arguments" such as this and the idea that filing <a href="/wiki/Tax_return" title="Tax return">tax returns</a> and paying <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">Federal Income tax</a> are "voluntary".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In 1990, after Andrew Schneider was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison for making a threat by mail, he argued that he was a free, sovereign citizen and therefore not subject to the jurisdiction of federal courts. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a> rejected his argument as having "no conceivable validity in American law".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In 2017, former <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a> spokesman <a href="/wiki/Jared_Fogle" title="Jared Fogle">Jared Fogle</a> similarly tried to overturn his convictions on <a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">child sex tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> charges by denying the court's jurisdiction over him. The court dismissed Fogle's motions, reminding him that "the Seventh Circuit has rejected theories of individual sovereignty, immunity from prosecution, and their ilk".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> When he faced tax evasion charges in 2006, actor <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a> adopted a sovereign citizen line of defense by claiming to be a "non-resident alien" who should not be subject to income tax. He was eventually found guilty of three misdemeanor counts of failing to file federal income tax returns and sentenced to 36 months in prison.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The belief that legal obligations are <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> that can be opted out of fails to acknowledge that government and court <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> is not a product of one's <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>, and that the relationship between the state and an individual is not based on a contract.<a href="#cite_note-OPCABC-120">[120]</a> The Canadian decision Meads v. Meads refuted the theory that laws are contracts, commenting: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A claim that the relationship between an individual and the state is always one of contract is clearly incorrect. Aspects of that relationship may flow from mutual contract (for example a person or corporation may be hired by the government to perform a task such as road maintenance), but the state has the right to engage in unilateral action, subject to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter</a>, and the allocation and delegation of government authority.<a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a></blockquote> In a 2013 criminal case, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Washington">United States District Court for the Western District of Washington</a> responded to pseudolegal filings by sovereign citizen Kenneth Wayne Leaming with the following comments: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Court [...] feels some measure of responsibility to inform Defendant that all the fancy legal-sounding things he has read on the internet are make-believe.<a href="#cite_note-Royals-112">[112]</a> Defendant can call himself a "public minister" and "private attorney general", he may file "mandatory judicial notices" citing all his favorite websites, he can even address mail to the "Washington Republic". But at the end of the day, while sovereign citizens and Defendant cite things like "Universal Law Ordinances", they are subject to both state and federal laws, just like everyone else.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></blockquote> In 2021, Pauline Bauer, a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> restaurant owner facing charges for participating in the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">Capitol riot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-notaperson-123">[123]</a> used a sovereign citizen line of defense by claiming to be a "self-governed individual"<a href="#cite_note-bizarre-111">[111]</a> and a "Free Living Soul"<a href="#cite_note-polar-93">[93]</a> and thus immune to prosecution. She was jailed for one day for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a><a href="#cite_note-bizarre-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">remanded to jail pending trial</a> for refusing to cooperate with the court or comply with the conditions of her release.<a href="#cite_note-notaperson-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In January 2023, Bauer was found guilty on all counts of misdemeanor and of the felony of <a href="/wiki/Obstructing_an_official_proceeding" title="Obstructing an official proceeding">obstructing an official proceeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauerguilty-126">[126]</a> In May, she was sentenced to 27 months in prison.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Bauer's co-defendant, who had pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, was sentenced to probation and to a $500 fine.<a href="#cite_note-Bauerguilty-126">[126]</a> In 2022, Darrell Brooks, the perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Waukesha_Christmas_parade_attack" title="Waukesha Christmas parade attack">Waukesha Christmas parade attack</a>, claimed to be "sovereign"<a href="#cite_note-CBS58-38">[38]</a> and used other pseudolegal arguments as part of his <a href="/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States" title="Pro se legal representation in the United States">pro se</a> defense.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vice-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Dorow" title="Jennifer Dorow">Jennifer Dorow</a> ruled that Brooks was not allowed to argue he was sovereign citizen in court, saying the defense was without merit;<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> she said that sovereign citizen legal theories are "nonsense" and that the movement's tactics had no place in the judicial system.<a href="#cite_note-FOX6_2-132">[132]</a> Brooks was found guilty on all counts<a href="#cite_note-Brooksguilty-133">[133]</a> and sentenced to life without the possibility of parole.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> "Gurus" Bonnie and David Straight sold to their adherents processes and documents (such as "noncitizen national passports" and illegal license plates) purported to give them "American State National" status and make them immune to U.S. jurisdiction. The Straights' methods were proved ineffective when they were arrested and detained on various charges in April 2023.<a href="#cite_note-SovcitQanon-62">[62]</a> Bonnie Straight was sentenced to five years' imprisonment: the court rejected her arguments that it did not have jurisdiction over her.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The sovereign citizen concept that U.S. courts are secretly <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">admiralty courts</a> and thus have no jurisdiction over people has been repeatedly dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Frivolous_or_vexatious" title="Frivolous or vexatious">frivolous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benchmark-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Abanes" title="Richard Abanes">Richard Abanes</a> writes that sovereign citizens fail to sufficiently examine the context of the case law they cite, and ignore adverse evidence, such as <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._15" title="Federalist No. 15">Federalist No. 15</a>, wherein <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> expressed the view that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> placed everyone personally under federal authority.<a href="#cite_note-Feucht-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strawman_theory_and_redemption_schemes">Strawman theory and redemption schemes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement#Heather_Ann_Tucci-Jarraf" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement § Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf</a></div> The core <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">redemption/A4V</a> theory that people possess vast sums of money hidden from them by the government in a secret account, and that this money can be unlocked through specific means, has no basis in reality. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">strawman theory</a> has been repeatedly dismissed by courts. Both theories are listed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> as common <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> schemes.<a href="#cite_note-FBI-138">[138]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Queensland" title="District Court of Queensland">District Court of Queensland</a> dismissed an application that relied on the strawman theory, commenting that this argument "may properly be described as nonsense or gobbledygook".<a href="#cite_note-gobbledygook-139">[139]</a> Redemption methods such as "Accepted for Value" are based on a misinterpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> and have no effect.<a href="#cite_note-spl4-26">[26]</a> Roger Elvick, the originator of the redemption movement, was convicted in 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> of passing more than $1 million in false <a href="/wiki/Sight_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight draft">sight drafts</a>, and of filing fraudulent <a href="/wiki/IRS_tax_forms" title="IRS tax forms">IRS forms</a>. He was sentenced to five years in federal prison. Upon his release, Elvick resumed his activities, conceiving the strawman theory at that point. In 2003, he was indicted in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> on multiple <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> counts. During preliminary hearings, Elvick disrupted proceedings by denying his identity and claiming that the court had no jurisdiction over him or his "strawman". A judge ruled Elvick mentally unfit to stand trial and committed him to a correctional psychiatric facility. After nine months of treatment, Elvick stood trial and pleaded guilty; in April 2005, he was sentenced to four years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf, a licensed lawyer who had been at one point a state prosecutor, eventually joined the sovereign citizen movement: she built an online following as a "guru" and advocated the use of redemption methods to reclaim one's alleged secret fund from the banking system and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>. One of her followers, Randall Beane, used <a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet fraud</a> to embezzle two million dollars, which he believed were part of his secret account; Tucci-Jarraf was aware of Beane's scheme and advised him throughout. Beane and Tucci-Jarraf were arrested and charged with <a href="/wiki/Federal_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Federal crime in the United States">federal crimes</a>. Both were found guilty of conspiracy to <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">launder money</a> in 2018, with Beane also being convicted of <a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud" title="Mail and wire fraud">wire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_fraud" title="Bank fraud">bank fraud</a>. The court ruled that Tucci-Jarraf, having used her legal training to assist Beane, was an aggravating circumstance.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Beane was sentenced to 155 months in prison, and Tucci-Jarraf to 57 months.<a href="#cite_note-bostonlawreview-88">[88]</a> Creating and selling fictitious financial instruments is likewise a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">scam</a>. People who purchased sovereign citizen instruments purported to help them pay off their debts or avoid foreclosures have worsened their situation by doing so.<a href="#cite_note-Funny_Money-95">[95]</a> Winston Shrout, an influential sovereign citizen "guru" based in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, who advocated <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">tax resistance</a> and redemption/A4V schemes, issued hundreds of fake "bills of exchange" for himself and others, and eventually mailed to a bank one quadrillion dollars in counterfeit <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> supposedly to be honored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-splc5-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geezer-145">[145]</a> Shrout was charged in 2016 with 13 counts of using fictitious financial instruments.<a href="#cite_note-ADLShrout-33">[33]</a> In 2017, he was found guilty of several counts of tax evasion and producing fraudulent documents. The next year, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Several of Shrout's followers who had tested his ideas, including his daughter, were also sentenced.<a href="#cite_note-tinfoil-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-splc5-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geezer-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic">Traffic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_code" title="Traffic code">Traffic code</a></div> Sovereign citizens' argument that they do not need driver's licenses, license plates, and vehicle insurances has never been upheld in court.<a href="#cite_note-roads-64">[64]</a> One common response to this claim from <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">U.S. law enforcement</a> is that, while anyone is <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_under_United_States_law" title="Freedom of movement under United States law">free to "travel"</a> by foot, by bike or even by horse, operating a motor vehicle is a complex activity that requires training and licensure.<a href="#cite_note-police1-52">[52]</a> Sovereign Citizens falsely claim that the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> has upheld the right to travel as allowing operation of a motor vehicle without a driver's license.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> On the contrary, several rulings state that drivers' licenses and traffic regulations are necessary for public safety.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_citizen_legal_entities">Sovereign citizen legal entities</h3></div> Sovereign citizens' "common law courts" and other "legal" entities lack any legitimacy. Some may be simply ignored by authorities: in 2015, sovereign citizen "guru" Anna Maria Riezinger aka Anna von Reitz, the self-proclaimed "judge" of a common law court in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes-31">[31]</a> published a letter calling for federal agents to arrest President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the entire <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reitz-57">[57]</a> causing a minor Internet rumor. <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a> debunked her claim by establishing that von Reitz was not a real judge and that her "orders" therefore had no force.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> However, depending on the nature and severity of their actions, sovereign citizen "courts" may be disbanded and their leaders prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-splc98-51">[51]</a> In 2016, after <a href="/wiki/David_Wynn_Miller" title="David Wynn Miller">David Wynn Miller</a>'s "Federal Postal court" issued a $11.5 million judgement against a mortgage service company, a federal judge investigated that entity and ruled that it was "a sham and no more than a product of fertile imagination".<a href="#cite_note-abajournal-152">[152]</a> Two years later, Leighton Ward, who worked as "clerk" of this false court<a href="#cite_note-abajournal-152">[152]</a> and had used this capacity as part of a <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_elimination" title="Mortgage elimination">mortgage elimination</a> scheme based on the use of Miller's language,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> was sentenced in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>23+1⁄2 years in prison for fraudulent schemes and artifices.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> During the 2010s, computer repair shop owner Bruce Doucette, who styled himself as "Superior Court Judge of the Continental uNited States of America" and led a group called "The People's Grand Jury in Colorado", traveled the country to help other sovereign citizens fight local governments and set up their own "common law courts".<a href="#cite_note-denverpost-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-spl1-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-spl3-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpr-160">[160]</a> He and his followers attempted to intimidate public officials so they would dismiss criminal cases against other sovereign citizens.<a href="#cite_note-spl2-161">[161]</a> When these efforts failed, Doucette's group retaliated by engaging in <a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">paper terrorism</a> against them<a href="#cite_note-spl1-158">[158]</a> with false subpoenas and liens,<a href="#cite_note-denverpost-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-westw-162">[162]</a> and threatening them with "arrest" by their self-appointed "Marshals".<a href="#cite_note-spl2-161">[161]</a> Doucette and a number of his associates were arrested and charged with multiple <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> counts.<a href="#cite_note-denverpost-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpr-160">[160]</a> In May 2018, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Colorado_district_courts" title="Colorado district courts">18th Judicial District</a> ruled that Doucette's network of "common law courts" was a <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a> enterprise equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> and also found Doucette guilty of retaliation against several judges and attempting to influence a public servant. He was sentenced to 38 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-spl2-161">[161]</a> Two of his co-defendants were sentenced to 36 and 22 years, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-spl1-158">[158]</a> Colorado prosecutors commented that through this verdict, they wished to send a message nationally to sovereign citizens and remind them that threats against local government officials would not be tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-cpr-160">[160]</a> Randal Rosado, a <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> resident, created a series of false legal entities, including an "International Court of Commerce", and used them to file fictitious arrest warrants, court orders and liens against public officials and lawyers, most of whom had been involved in <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>. In September 2019, Rosado was sentenced to 40 years in prison on numerous counts of unlawful retaliation against public officials and of <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">simulating the legal process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Sitcomm_Arbitration_Association" title="Sitcomm Arbitration Association">Sitcomm Arbitration Association</a>, the largest sovereign citizen "<a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a>" entity,<a href="#cite_note-Karlik-166">[166]</a> was held liable for a $1,384,371.24 fine in a default judgment for violation of the <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_arguments_and_schemes">Other arguments and schemes</h3></div> The claim that the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1871" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871">District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871</a> turned the United States into a business corporation is based on a misunderstanding of the term <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> used in the Act (which referred to the District of Columbia and not to the entire country)<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-factcheck-169">[169]</a> and on a misinterpretation of a provision in Title 28 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>, which includes a definition of the United States as a "federal corporation" (meaning a group authorized to legally act as a single entity and not a business corporation).<a href="#cite_note-GWedu-65">[65]</a> The theories that "silence means consent" and that an unrebutted <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> stands as truth are based on misinterpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_maxim" title="Legal maxim">legal maxim</a> "He who does not deny, admits".<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> The idea that "there is no crime if there is no injured party" is based on a misinterpretation of <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> law<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> and fails to recognize the existence of different levels of <a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">legal violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-police1-52">[52]</a> Filing fraudulent notices of <a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">liens</a> or documents is a <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">crime</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NYT82313-10">[10]</a> Other forms of <a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">paper terrorism</a> may be similarly punished by law: Brett Andrew Nelson, a sovereign citizen from <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, spent years filing "claims of damages" against judges and other public officials, as well as private citizens whom he felt had wronged him. His conflict with the judiciary started in 2017 over a child custody dispute. He later issued numerous false "judgements", demanding thousand of dollars from officials who had fined him for issues such as traffic violations and dog bites, and similarly harassed the mother of his child and people from his neighborhood. In April 2024, Nelson was sentenced to 12 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> American courts have routinely dismissed documents written in <a href="/wiki/David_Wynn_Miller" title="David Wynn Miller">David Wynn Miller</a>'s "Parse-Syntax-Grammar"/"Quantum Grammar" language, calling them unintelligible.<a href="#cite_note-ozy2020-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Canadian judge John D. Rooke commented, in his Meads v. Meads decision, that Miller's "bizarre form of 'legal grammar'" is "not merely incomprehensible in Canada, but equally so in any other jurisdiction".<a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a>, which is often invoked as a supranational authority in sovereign citizen schemes,<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> has officially denied that it has "the authority to confer official recognition" upon sovereign citizens, "or to grant some kind of formal status to such individuals", also specifying that "the use of postage stamps on legal documents does not create an opportunity or obligation for the UPU to become involved in those matters".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_the_United_States">Outside the United States</h2></div> There is some cross-over between the two groups calling themselves freemen on the land and sovereign citizens, as well as various others sharing similar beliefs, which may be loosely defined as "see[ing] the state as a corporation with no authority over free citizens".<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-speaking_countries">English-speaking countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></div> With the advent of the Internet and continuing during the 21st century, people throughout the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglosphere</a> who share the core beliefs of these movements have been able to connect and share their ideas. While arguments specific to the history and laws of the United States are not used (except inadvertently, by litigants who use poorly adapted U.S. material),<a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a> many concepts have been incorporated or adopted by individuals and groups in English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, which has its own tradition of tax protesters,<a href="#cite_note-HistoryCanada-177">[177]</a> fiscal misconceptions of American origin were gradually introduced during the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a> Around 1999–2000, sovereign citizen and <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">redemption</a> concepts were introduced into Canada by Eldon Warman, who adapted them to a Commonwealth context. These ideas were further adapted in Canada by the <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">freeman on the land movement</a>, which espouses an ideology broadly similar to that of the sovereign citizen movement, but is aimed at a less conservative audience. Canadian-style freeman of the land ideas were later imported into other Commonwealth countries, but American-style sovereign citizen ideology has also reached these regions of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> As of the 2010s, there are people identifying as sovereign citizens in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Sovereign citizens from the U.S. have gone on speaking tours to New Zealand and Australia, appealing to struggling farmers, and there are Internet presences in both countries.<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> Whilst the more Canada-specific <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">freeman on the land movement</a> has declined since the early 2010s,<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a> the Canadian sovereign citizen movement has gained traction during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_2013-181">[181]</a> Canada had an estimated 30,000 sovereign citizens in 2015, many associating with the freeman on the land movement as well.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> There can be confusion between the two populations.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2019-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Legal scholar Donald J. Netolitzky makes a distinction between the Canadian sovereign citizen and freeman on the land movements, in that freemen on the land, while ideologically heterogenous, tend to be politically more <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left leaning</a> than sovereign citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2019-35">[35]</a> The 2012 Meads v. Meads ruling examined almost 150 cases involving <a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">pseudolaw</a> and sovereign citizen or freeman of the land tactics, grouping them and characterizing them as "Organized Pseudolegal Commercial Arguments".<a href="#cite_note-Meads-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky2018-71">[71]</a> In 2024 lawyer Naomi Arbabi resigned her license after being suspended by the Law Society of British Columbia for filing a frivolous lawsuit that used pseudolegal arguments similar to those of the sovereign citizen movement.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_terrorism_in_Australia#Others" title="Far-right terrorism in Australia">Far-right terrorism in Australia § Others</a></div> Australia, which has its own tradition of pseudolaw, imported sovereign citizen ideas in the 1990s, even before the movement's 2000s resurgence. It later imported the more Commonwealth-specific freeman on the land movement.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a> There is some cross-over between Australian freemen on the land,<a href="#cite_note-stocken2016-185">[185]</a> local sovereign citizens groups, and some others.<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-stocken2016-185">[185]</a> The core concept has been tested by several court cases, none successful for the "freemen".<a href="#cite_note-lawland-186">[186]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Climate_denier" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate denier">climate denier</a> and political activist <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Roberts_(politician)" title="Malcolm Roberts (politician)">Malcolm Roberts</a> (later elected senator for <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">Pauline Hanson's One Nation</a> party), wrote a letter to then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> filled with characteristic sovereign citizen ideas and vocabulary, although he denied that he was a "sovereign citizen".<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> From the 2010s, there has been a growing number of freemen targeting <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, with groups using names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF) and the Original Sovereign Confederation. OSTF Founder Mark McMurtrie, an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> man, has produced YouTube videos speaking about "common law", which incorporate freemen beliefs. Appealing to other Aboriginal people by partly identifying with the <a href="/wiki/Land_rights_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Land rights in Australia">land rights movement</a>, McMurtrie played on their feelings of alienation and lack of trust in the systems which had not served Indigenous people well.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Police_Force" title="New South Wales Police Force">New South Wales Police Force</a> identified "sovereign citizens" as a potential terrorist threat, estimating that there were about 300 sovereign citizens in the state at the time.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Freemen/sovereign citizen ideas have been promoted on the Internet by various Australian groups such as "United Rights Australia" (U R Australia).<a href="#cite_note-kent2015-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-vox2018-192">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has accelerated the spread of the movement in Australia; numerous incidents with law enforcement have since been reported, some of them violent such as the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Wieambilla_shootings" title="Wieambilla shootings">Wieambilla shootings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> New Zealand, which has imported foreign pseudolaw including Canadian freeman of the land ideology, has developed its own sovereign citizen movement.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a> In 2024, police identified 1,400 New Zealanders as acting under the influence of sovereign citizen ideology.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Many litigants using pseudolegal concepts in New Zealand are <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Maori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Netolitzky20182-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_Name_Fraud_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Legal_Name_Fraud_poster.jpg/220px-Legal_Name_Fraud_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Legal_Name_Fraud_poster.jpg/330px-Legal_Name_Fraud_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Legal_Name_Fraud_poster.jpg/440px-Legal_Name_Fraud_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Sovereign citizen "legal name fraud" billboard in the UK, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> Sovereign citizen ideology reached the United Kingdom around 2010.<a href="#cite_note-lawless_ones-34">[34]</a> British sovereign citizens have helped spread <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID vaccine misinformation</a> as well as various conspiracy theories – including <a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 theories</a> and one about <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">the Queen</a> having been replaced by a satanic <a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">cabal</a> – and tried to set up their own <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKonnotice-44">[44]</a> The Common Law Court website, one of the main UK sovereign citizen resources, has for a time supported an <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">impostor who claimed to be the rightful heir</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British throne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKonnotice-44">[44]</a> The group known as The Sovereign Project claims to have 20,000 members as at 2024.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria_and_Germany">Austria and Germany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reichsb%C3%BCrger_movement" title="Reichsbürger movement">Reichsbürger movement</a></div> The Reichsbürger (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'imperial citizen') movement in Germany originated around 1985 and had approximately 19,000 members in 2019, more concentrated in the south and east. The originator claimed to have been appointed head of the post-World War I <a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a>, but other leaders claim <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">imperial</a> authority. The movement consists of different, usually small groups. Some groups have issued passports and identification cards.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The Reichsbürger movement claims that modern day Germany is not a sovereign state but a corporation created by Allied nations after World War II. They also expressed their hope that Donald Trump would lead an army to restore the empire.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">German domestic intelligence service</a>, only a small number of groups in the Reich citizen movement fall into the far-right spectrum. Rather, the common denominator is the rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic</a> as a legal entity.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The Reichsbürger movement has used language and techniques from the One People's Public Trust, an American sovereign citizen group operated by "guru" Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf.<a href="#cite_note-bostonlawreview-88">[88]</a> On December 7, 2022, 25 people connected to the Reichsbürger movement were arrested in a nationwide raid by German police forces, for their involvement in a <a href="/wiki/2022_German_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_plot" title="2022 German coup d'état plot">suspected terrorist plot</a> against the German government and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In Austria, the group Staatenbund Österreich ('Austrian Commonwealth'), in addition to issuing its own passports and licence plates, had a written constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Marko2020-202">[202]</a> The group, established in November 2015, also used language from the One People's Public Trust.<a href="#cite_note-Hartleb2020-203">[203]</a> In 2019, its leader was sentenced to 14 years in jail after trying to order the army to overthrow the government and requesting foreign assistance from <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>; other members received lesser sentences.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> As of the 2010s, incidents involving sovereign citizens have been reported in Italy, with various people purporting to opt out of Italian citizenship through nonlegal procedures and make themselves immune from Italian law. Members of one group attempt to do so by declaring themselves citizens of the "Sovereign Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>" (Regno Sovrano di Gaia) while others refer to themselves as the "People of Mother Earth" (Popolo della Terra Madre).<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Another group called "We is, I am" (Noi è, Io sono) was reported in 2023. This movement is connected with American "guru" Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> and, according to Italian media, had about 10 000 followers in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Slavic_Forces_of_Russia" title="Union of Slavic Forces of Russia">Union of Slavic Forces of Russia</a></div> A Russian movement of conspiracy theorists, known among other names as the Union of Slavic Forces of Russia (Союз славянских сил Руси, Soyuz slavyanskikh sil Rusi), or more informally as "Soviet Citizens", holds that the Soviet Union still exists <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> and that the current Russian government and legislation are thus illegitimate. One of its beliefs is that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">government of the Russian Federation</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Offshore_company" title="Offshore company">offshore company</a> through which the United States illegally controls the country.<a href="#cite_note-ng.ru-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-vesti.ru-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moscowtimes-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_and_Belgium">France and Belgium</h3></div> In France, pseudolegal arguments claiming that enacted laws were invalid became gradually popular during the 2010s among conspiracy theorists. They gained more traction during the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">yellow vests protests</a>, with claims that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a> was null and void.<a href="#cite_note-contracte-212">[212]</a> A <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>-oriented French group of conspiracy theorists called "One Nation" became known to the public in 2021 for their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon#Later" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">kidnapping of a child</a>. Later that year, they attempted to purchase a property in <a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a>, purportedly to create a "center for the arts" and a "research laboratory". The One Nation movement holds beliefs similar to those of American sovereign citizens and denies the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French State</a>. They also share beliefs with <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a>. The group translates the name "sovereign citizens" in French as êtres souverains (sovereign beings) or êtres éveillés (awakened beings).<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In 2021, people affiliated with One Nation were reported to be active in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In February 2022, the group's French spokeswoman was sentenced to six months in prison for multiple traffic violations.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> She was arrested and incarcerated in September of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In 2024, sovereign citizen ideology became more familiar to the French general public due to the <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral video</a> of an incident between a couple of conspiracy theorists and traffic police.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-contracte-212">[212]</a> It was also reported that the movement was gaining more followers in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3></div> The movement was first covered by Czech media in 2022, when the government noticed an increasing number of people submitting a "<a href="/wiki/Sworn_declaration" title="Sworn declaration">sworn declaration</a> of life" and demanding to terminate a contract with the "Czech Republic corporation".<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[223]</a> It gained further traction in the middle of 2023, when sovereign citizen movement followers tried to interrupt multiple court proceedings involving disseminators of COVID-19 and <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian War disinformation</a>, demanding that the judges "identify" themselves.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The movement was also connected to a case of a family with two unregistered children living in a <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a> near <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1chod" title="Náchod">Náchod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Czech members of the movement maintain that they remain <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> citizens of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, based on a belief that the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> was illegal.<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[223]</a> There are multiple active groups based on the sovereign citizen ideology, the most prominent one being the "Community of Legitimate Creditors of the Czech Republic" (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Společenství legitimních věřitelů České republiky).<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3></div> Sovereign citizen ideology has surfaced in Singapore, but it is not as widespread there as in some other countries. Two prominent cases have highlighted this phenomenon: <ul><li>During the COVID-19 pandemic, Paramjeet Kaur, called the "Shunfu mart woman" by local media, gained notoriety for refusing to wear a mask and arguing with safe-distancing ambassadors. She cited sovereign citizen-like beliefs, claiming that the regulations did not apply to her. She was jailed for two weeks and fined S$2,000.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>In 2023, Tarchandi Tan was convicted on multiple charges, including contempt of court and causing intentional harassment. She had repeatedly refused to comply with court orders, insisting that she was not bound by Singaporean law and invoking sovereign citizen rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violent_incidents">Violent incidents</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_standoff_in_Abbeville,_South_Carolina" title="2003 standoff in Abbeville, South Carolina">2003 standoff in Abbeville, South Carolina</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_George_Tiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of George Tiller">assassination of George Tiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_West_Memphis_police_shootings" title="2010 West Memphis police shootings">2010 West Memphis police shootings</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Bundy_standoff" title="Bundy standoff">Bundy standoff</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Malheur_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge">occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Baton_Rouge_police_officers" title="2016 shooting of Baton Rouge police officers">2016 shooting of Baton Rouge police officers</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Korryn_Gaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Korryn Gaines">shooting of Korryn Gaines</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Waffle_House_shooting" title="Nashville Waffle House shooting">Nashville Waffle House shooting</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_standoff" title="Wakefield standoff">Wakefield, Massachusetts standoff</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Waukesha_Christmas_parade_attack" title="Waukesha Christmas parade attack">Waukesha Christmas parade attack</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Wieambilla_police_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="Wieambilla police shootings">Wieambilla police shootings</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Constitutional_Freedom" title="Citizens for Constitutional Freedom">Citizens for Constitutional Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Sheriffs_and_Peace_Officers_Association" title="Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association">Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Heaven" title="Embassy of Heaven">Embassy of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Farm_Preservation" title="Family Farm Preservation">Family Farm Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Free_Republics" title="Guardians of the Free Republics">Guardians of the Free Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Filipina_Hacienda" title="Kingdom Filipina Hacienda">Kingdom Filipina Hacienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Freemen" title="Montana Freemen">Montana Freemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America#Moorish_sovereign_citizens" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Sovereign Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcomm_Arbitration_Association" title="Sitcomm Arbitration Association">Sitcomm Arbitration Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissindo" title="Swissindo">Swissindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washitaw_Nation" title="Washitaw Nation">Washitaw Nation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Alexio" title="Dennis Alexio">Dennis Alexio</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_and_Elaine_Brown" title="Edward and Elaine Brown">Edward and Elaine Brown</a><a href="#cite_note-FBI2011-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaeffer_Cox" title="Schaeffer Cox">Schaeffer Cox</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romana_Didulo" title="Romana Didulo">Romana Didulo</a><a href="#cite_note-conversationsarteschi-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Potter_Gale" title="William Potter Gale">William Potter Gale</a><a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joe_Gray" title="John Joe Gray">John Joe Gray</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahl" title="Gordon Kahl">Gordon Kahl</a><a href="#cite_note-ascendant-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guylaine_Lanct%C3%B4t" title="Guylaine Lanctôt">Guylaine Lanctôt</a><a href="#cite_note-dangereuse-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marple" title="Richard Marple">Richard Marple</a><a href="#cite_note-marple-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wynn_Miller" title="David Wynn Miller">David Wynn Miller</a><a href="#cite_note-ozy2020-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_David_Morton" title="Sean David Morton">Sean David Morton</a><a href="#cite_note-swindle-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Nichols" title="Terry Nichols">Terry Nichols</a><a href="#cite_note-adl-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Seim" title="Gavin Seim">Gavin Seim</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Unger" title="Glenn Unger">Glenn Unger</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_evasion" title="Debt evasion">Debt evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarationism">Declarationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">Tax resistance in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumeswil" title="Eumeswil">Eumeswil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedomites" title="Freedomites">Freedomites</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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February 1, 2022. 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Retrieved March 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=ORDER+EXPLAINING+COURT%27S+TERMINATION+OF+DEFENDANT%27S+SELF-REPRESENTATION&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FUSCOURTS-hid-1_13-cr-01017%2Fpdf%2FUSCOURTS-hid-1_13-cr-01017-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/alaska-beat/article/schaeffer-cox-sovereign-citizen/2010/12/23/">"Schaeffer Cox, 'sovereign citizen'"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News" title="Anchorage Daily News">Anchorage Daily News</a>, September 30, 2016, retrieved January 8, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anchorage+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Schaeffer+Cox%2C+%27sovereign+citizen%27&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Falaska-beat%2Farticle%2Fschaeffer-cox-sovereign-citizen%2F2010%2F12%2F23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation cs2">Johnson, Kevin (March 30, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-03-30/anti-government-militia-groups-freeman/53873496/1">"Anti-government 'sovereign movement' on the rise in U.S."</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081638/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-03-30/anti-government-militia-groups-freeman/53873496/1">archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016, retrieved January 12, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Anti-government+%27sovereign+movement%27+on+the+rise+in+U.S.&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fstory%2F2012-03-30%2Fanti-government-militia-groups-freeman%2F53873496%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/08/24/gavin-seim%E2%80%99s-anti-government-antics-get-him-arrested-%E2%80%94-again">Gavin Seim's Anti-Government Antics Get Him Arrested — Again</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, August 24, 2017, retrieved November 22, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gavin+Seim%27s+Anti-Government+Antics+Get+Him+Arrested+%E2%80%94+Again&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Fhatewatch%2F2017%2F08%2F24%2Fgavin-seim%25E2%2580%2599s-anti-government-antics-get-him-arrested-%25E2%2580%2594-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin2014" class="citation cs2">Gavin, Robert (April 22, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Prison-for-anti-tax-activist-who-was-once-a-child-5417823.php">"Prison for anti-tax activist who was once a child star"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_Union_(Albany)" title="Times Union (Albany)">Albany Times Union</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115171607/https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Prison-for-anti-tax-activist-who-was-once-a-child-5417823.php">archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2019, retrieved January 8, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albany+Times+Union&rft.atitle=Prison+for+anti-tax+activist+who+was+once+a+child+star&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesunion.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FPrison-for-anti-tax-activist-who-was-once-a-child-5417823.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPometto2020" class="citation book cs1">Pometto, Joe (2020). Sovereign Citizens: Deconstructing, Decoding and Deflating the World's Most Notorious Anti-Government Movement. Independently Published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-6545-1734-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-6545-1734-0"><bdi>979-8-6545-1734-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Citizens%3A+Deconstructing%2C+Decoding+and+Deflating+the+World%27s+Most+Notorious+Anti-Government+Movement&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8-6545-1734-0&rft.aulast=Pometto&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarteschi2020" class="citation book cs1">Sarteschi, Christine M. (2020). Sovereign Citizens: A Psychological and Criminological Analysis. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45850-8"><bdi>978-3-030-45850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Citizens%3A+A+Psychological+and+Criminological+Analysis&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-45850-8&rft.aulast=Sarteschi&rft.aufirst=Christine+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John L. (2021). Saints, Sinners, and Sovereign Citizens: The Endless War over the West's Public Lands. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948908-90-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948908-90-0"><bdi>978-1-948908-90-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Sinners%2C+and+Sovereign+Citizens%3A+The+Endless+War+over+the+West%27s+Public+Lands&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-948908-90-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarteschi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sarteschi, Christine M. (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513757">"Sovereign citizens: A narrative review with implications of violence towards law enforcement"</a>. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 60: 101509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2020.101509">10.1016/j.avb.2020.101509</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513757">7513757</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32994748">32994748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aggression+and+Violent+Behavior&rft.atitle=Sovereign+citizens%3A+A+narrative+review+with+implications+of+violence+towards+law+enforcement&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=101509&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7513757%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32994748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.avb.2020.101509&rft.aulast=Sarteschi&rft.aufirst=Christine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7513757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+citizen+movement" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sovereign_citizen_movement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sog.unc.edu/sites/www.sog.unc.edu/files/Sov%20citizens%20quick%20guide%20Nov%2013.pdf">"A quick guide to Sovereign Citizens"</a> (UNC School of Government)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014194401/http://adl.org/mwd/common.asp">"Common Law and Uncommon Courts: An Overview of the Common Law Court Movement"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Pitcavage" title="Mark Pitcavage">Mark Pitcavage</a>, The Militia Watchdog Archives, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, July 25, 1997.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2010/sovereigns-dictionary-peculiar">The Sovereigns: A Dictionary of the Peculiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, August 1, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.police1.com/police-products/investigation/articles/what-cops-need-to-know-about-sovereign-citizen-encounters-JH4gyxhtZM2NrN16/">What cops need to know about sovereign citizen encounters</a> (PoliceOne)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2010/april/sovereigncitizens_041310">FBI page on the Sovereign Citizen movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.policemag.com/340836/sovereign-citizens-a-clear-and-present-danger">Sovereign Citizens: A Clear and Present Danger</a> (Police magazine)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/sovereign-citizen-movement-united-states">Sovereign Citizen Movement</a> – Anti-Defamation League</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/sovereign-citizens-movement">Sovereign Citizen Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_y-gLm9Hrw">SPLC's Video Informing Law Enforcement on the Dangers of "Sovereign Citizens"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/downloads/JMB%20Sovereign%20Citizens.pdf">Without Prejudice: What Sovereign Citizens Believe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204124146/https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/downloads/JMB%20Sovereign%20Citizens.pdf">Archived</a> February 4, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.M._Berger" title="J.M. Berger">J.M. Berger</a>, GWU Program on Extremism, June 2016</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><div id="Overview333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Estimate of the Situation</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> / <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_murders" title="Vatican murders">Vatican murders</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste">Mary Celeste</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS Titanic</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS Estonia</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"></a></li></ul><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> </a><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory">California drought manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS Liberty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha/beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">Drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">Gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">Gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">In chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">Lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">Oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">During the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas (outside the United States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">Parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">Incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tax_resistance86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tax_resistance" title="Template talk:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tax_resistance86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Conscientious objection to military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_acts_of_tax_resistance" title="List of historical acts of tax resistance">List of historical acts of tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">Tax resistance in the United States</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tax_resisters" title="Category:Tax resisters">List of tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiopizzo" title="Addiopizzo">Addiopizzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aide-toi,_le_ciel_t%27aidera" title="Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera">Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation" title="All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation">All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Poll_Tax_Unions" title="Anti-Poll Tax Unions">Anti-Poll Tax Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Real_Estate_Taxpayers" title="Association of Real Estate Taxpayers">Association of Real Estate Taxpayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_Diu_Prou" title="Catalunya Diu Prou">Catalunya Diu Prou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Non-Violent_Action" title="Committee for Non-Violent Action">Committee for Non-Violent Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Pay_Movement" title="I Don't Pay Movement">I Don't Pay Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_for_a_Peace_Tax_Fund" title="National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund">National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Tax_Resistance_Coordinating_Committee" title="National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee">National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California_War_Tax_Resistance" title="Northern California War Tax Resistance">Northern California War Tax Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagal_Panthis" title="Pagal Panthis">Pagal Panthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemakers" title="Peacemakers">Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tax_Resistance_League" title="Women's Tax Resistance League">Women's Tax Resistance League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_of_Conscience" title="An Act of Conscience">An Act of Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericis_laicos" title="Clericis laicos">Clericis laicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cold_War_and_the_Income_Tax:_A_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest">The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Manifesto" title="Vyborg Manifesto">Vyborg Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns by century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuchin_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchin Revolt">Tuchin Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harelle" title="Harelle">Harelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Rebellion of 1497">Cornish Rebellion of 1497</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croquant_rebellions" title="Croquant rebellions">Croquant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappenkrieg_(Basel)" title="Rappenkrieg (Basel)">Rappenkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Pitauds" title="Revolt of the Pitauds">Revolt of the Pitauds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelets" title="Angelets">Angelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9" title="Revolt of the papier timbré">Revolt of the papier timbré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_va-nu-pieds" title="Revolt of the va-nu-pieds">Revolt of the va-nu-pieds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Tax_Revolt" title="Salt Tax Revolt">Salt Tax Revolt</a> in Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1648" title="Moscow uprising of 1648">Salt Riot</a> in Moscow</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Tax_War" title="Dog Tax War">Dog Tax War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_House_Tax_Hartal" title="1810 House Tax Hartal">House Tax Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898" title="Hut Tax War of 1898">Hut Tax War of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Rebellion" title="Low Rebellion">Low Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejba_Revolt" title="Mejba Revolt">Mejba Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saminism_Movement" title="Saminism Movement">Saminism Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancament_de_Caixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancament de Caixes">Tancament de Caixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agbekoya" title="Agbekoya">Agbekoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondelswarts_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondelswarts affair">Bondelswarts affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahl" title="Gordon Kahl">Gordon Kahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kheda Satyagraha">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Schiff" title="Irwin Schiff">Irwin Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_Tax_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll Tax Riots">Poll Tax Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Rates_Rebellion" title="Poplar Rates Rebellion">Poplar Rates Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupper_Saussy" title="Tupper Saussy">Tupper Saussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turra_Coo" title="Turra Coo">Turra Coo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Women's War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Anti-austerity movement in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bin_Tax_Campaign" title="Anti-Bin Tax Campaign">Anti-Bin Tax Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_and_Elaine_Brown" title="Edward and Elaine Brown">Edward and Elaine Brown standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnets_Rouges" title="Bonnets Rouges">Bonnets Rouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Home_and_Water_Taxes" title="Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes">Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_Passe_Livre" title="Movimento Passe Livre">Movimento Passe Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Pos_Me_Salto" title="Movimiento Pos Me Salto">Movimiento Pos Me Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Income tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_dangerous_taxpayer" title="Potentially dangerous taxpayer">Potentially dangerous taxpayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereign citizen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land</a> / <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Tax noncompliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">Tax protester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_arguments" title="Tax protester arguments">arguments</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">history in the United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_riot" title="Tax riot">Tax riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_slavery" title="Taxation as slavery">Taxation as slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">Taxation as theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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