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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Algemeen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemeen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Algemeen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemeen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Familie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politieke_loopbaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politieke_loopbaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politieke loopbaan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politieke_loopbaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Politieke loopbaan-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politieke_loopbaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binnen_de_Georgische_Socialistische_Sovjetrepubliek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binnen_de_Georgische_Socialistische_Sovjetrepubliek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Binnen de Georgische Socialistische Sovjetrepubliek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binnen_de_Georgische_Socialistische_Sovjetrepubliek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binnen_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binnen_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Binnen de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binnen_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_de_val_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_de_val_van_de_Sovjet-Unie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Na de val van de Sovjet-Unie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_de_val_van_de_Sovjet-Unie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Rozenrevolutie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Rozenrevolutie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>De Rozenrevolutie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Rozenrevolutie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edoeard Sjevardnadze</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 85 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%87" title="إدوارد شيفردنادزه – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد شيفردنادزه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ادوارد شيفردنادزه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد شيفردنادزه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%9Eevardnadze" title="Eduard Şevardnadze – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eduard Şevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиевич – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Эдуард Шэварнадзэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдуард Шэварнадзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Едуард Шеварднадзе – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87" title="এডুয়ার্ড শেভার্দনাদজে – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডুয়ার্ড শেভার্দনাদজে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Xevardnadze" title="Eduard Xevardnadze – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard Xevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Schewardnadse" title="Eduard Schewardnadse – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard Schewardnadse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B5" title="Έντβαρντ Σεβαρντνάτζε – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντβαρντ Σεβαρντνάτζε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%9Cevardnadze" title="Eduard Ŝevardnadze – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduard Ŝevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Xevardnadze" title="Eduard Xevardnadze – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduard Xevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ادوارد شواردنادزه – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد شواردنادزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Chevardnadze" title="Edouard Chevardnadze – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edouard Chevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%94" title="אדוארד שוורדנדזה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד שוורדנדזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sevardnadze" title="Eduard Sevardnadze – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eduard Sevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%87%D6%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A5" title="Էդուարդ Շևարդնաձե – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ Շևարդնաձե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A7" title="Էտուարտ Շեւարտնաձէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էտուարտ Շեւարտնաձէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadse" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BC" title="エドゥアルド・シェワルナゼ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドゥアルド・シェワルナゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94" title="ედუარდ შევარდნაძე – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ შევარდნაძე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Эдуард Амвросиевич Шеварднадзе – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдуард Амвросиевич Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%91%90%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%85%B0%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%82%98%EC%A0%9C" title="에두아르드 셰바르드나제 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에두아르드 셰바르드나제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шеварнадзе Эдуарт Амвросиевич – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шеварнадзе Эдуарт Амвросиевич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduardus Ševardnadze – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Schewardnadse" title="Eduard Schewardnadse – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eduard Schewardnadse" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиян хва – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиян хва" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_%C5%A0evardnadz%C4%97" title="Eduardas Ševardnadzė – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas Ševardnadzė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduards_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduards Ševardnadze – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eduards Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ – Moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Эдуард Шеварднадзе – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эдуард Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87" title="एदुआर्द शेवार्दनात्झे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एदुआर्द शेवार्दनात्झे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadze" title="Eduard Sjevardnadze – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoard_Shevardnadze" title="Edoard Shevardnadze – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edoard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82" title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросийы фырт – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросийы фырт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Szewardnadze" title="Eduard Szewardnadze – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eduard Szewardnadze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%B2%DB%92" title="ایڈورڈ شیورڈناڈزے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈورڈ شیورڈناڈزے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C8%98evardnadze" title="Eduard Șevardnadze – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard Șevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросиевич – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросиевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evarnadze" title="Eduard Ševarnadze – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eduard Ševarnadze" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Inari-Samisch" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnaxe" title="Eduard Shevardnaxe – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eduard Shevardnaxe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Едуард Шеварднадзе – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едуард Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadze" title="Eduard Sjevardnadze – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Szewardnadze" title="Eduard Szewardnadze – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Eduard Szewardnadze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87" title="எதுவார்து செவர்துநாத்சே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதுவார்து செவர்துநாத்சே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B" title="เอดูอาร์ด เชวาร์ดนัดเซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอดูอาร์ด เชวาร์ดนัดเซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%9Eevardnadze" title="Eduard Şevardnadze – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eduard Şevardnadze" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#E6E6FA; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Edoeard Sjevardnadze </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edoeard Amvrosievitsj Sjevardnadze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg/266px-Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg/399px-Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg/532px-Eduard_shevardnadze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Edoeard Amvrosievitsj Sjevardnadze</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboren </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/25_januari" title="25 januari">25 januari</a> <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mamati" title="Mamati">Mamati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overleden </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/7_juli" title="7 juli">7 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Politieke partij </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie">Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie</a> <small>(1948-1991)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Onafhankelijken" title="Onafhankelijken">Onafhankelijk</a> <small>(1991-1995)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Burgerunie_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Burgerunie van Georgië">Burgerunie</a> <small>(1995-2003)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Partner </th> <td colspan="2">Nanoeli Sjevardnadze </td></tr> <tr> <th>Beroep </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Politicus" title="Politicus">Politicus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Religie </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Georgisch-Orthodoxe_Kerk" title="Georgisch-Orthodoxe Kerk">Georgisch-orthodoxe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Handtekening </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handtekening"><img alt="Handtekening" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg/128px-Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg/192px-Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg/256px-Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#E6E6FA; color:inherit;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/President_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="President van Georgië">President van Georgië</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Aangetreden </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/23_november" title="23 november">23 november</a> <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Einde termijn </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/23_november" title="23 november">23 november</a> <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voorganger </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsachoerdia" title="Zviad Gamsachoerdia">Zviad Gamsachoerdia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nino_Boerdzjanadze" title="Nino Boerdzjanadze">Nino Boerdzjanadze</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#E6E6FA; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Politiek" title="Portaal:Politiek">Politiek</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Edoeard Amvrosievitsj Sjevardnadze</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgisch" title="Georgisch">Georgisch</a>: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე, <a href="/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch">Russisch</a>: Эдуард Амвросиевич Шеварднадзе) (<a href="/wiki/Mamati" title="Mamati">Mamati</a>, <a href="/wiki/25_januari" title="25 januari">25 januari</a> <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_juli" title="7 juli">7 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgisch</a> <a href="/wiki/Politicus" title="Politicus">politicus</a>. Sjevardnadze was <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_Russische_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken" title="Lijst van Russische ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken">minister van Buitenlandse Zaken van de Sovjet-Unie</a> onder <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjov" title="Michail Gorbatsjov">Michail Gorbatsjov</a> en was van november 1995 tot 23 november 2003 <a href="/wiki/President_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="President van Georgië">president van Georgië</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algemeen">Algemeen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Algemeen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Algemeen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Als kind van de revolutie koesterde Sjevardnadze een groot vertrouwen in de <a href="/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme">communistische</a> ideologie en vervulde hij gedurende zijn hele volwassen leven openbare en politieke functies binnen het communistische systeem. Hij verwierf binnenlandse bekendheid door zijn felle strijd tegen <a href="/wiki/Corruptie" title="Corruptie">corruptie</a> onder sovjetambtenaren en maakte snel carrière binnen de <a href="/wiki/Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie">Communistische Partij</a>. Toch werd hij internationaal vooral bekend door zijn rol in de <a href="/wiki/Duitse_hereniging" title="Duitse hereniging">Duitse hereniging</a> en in de hervorming en ontmanteling van het communistische systeem waarmee hij was opgegroeid. Als president van de onafhankelijke republiek Georgië werd hij er later in toenemende mate van beschuldigd ondemocratische middelen te gebruiken om zijn eigen positie en die van zijn familie te bevorderen. Bovendien bleek hij niet in staat te voorkomen dat corruptie – die hij in vroegere jaren zo daadkrachtig had bestreden - snel vat kreeg op het publieke leven in zijn land. </p><p>Onder druk van massale binnenlandse <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protesten</a> en grote buitenlandse kritiek zag Sjevardnadze zich op 23 november 2003 genoodzaakt af te treden. Daarmee kwam een einde aan zijn politieke loopbaan. Sjevardnadze was erelid van de <a href="/wiki/Club_van_Rome" title="Club van Rome">Club van Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Familie">Familie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Familie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Familie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edoeard Sjevardnadze werd als vijfde kind van een arm gezin geboren in <a href="/wiki/Mamati" title="Mamati">Mamati</a>, een dorpje in de west-<a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgische</a> regio <a href="/wiki/Goeria" title="Goeria">Goeria</a>. Hij had een zus en drie broers, waarvan een omkwam in de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a>. Zijn vader, die leraar was, werd in <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>, tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Grote_Zuivering" title="Grote Zuivering">Grote Zuivering</a> gearresteerd omdat hij medio jaren 20 zijn steun voor de <a href="/wiki/Mensjewiek" title="Mensjewiek">mensjewieken</a> naar de <a href="/wiki/Bolsjewiek" title="Bolsjewiek">bolsjewieken</a> had verplaatst. Hij werd vrijgelaten door de interventie van een voormalige leerling die voor de <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> werkte.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951 trouwde Edoeard Sjevardnadze met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoeli_Tsagareisjvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanoeli Tsagareisjvili (de pagina bestaat niet)">Nanoeli Tsagareisjvili</a>. Hij deed dit ondanks waarschuwingen dat het huwelijk schadelijk zou kunnen zijn voor zijn carrière, vanwege het feit dat haar vader als 'vijand van de staat' veroordeeld en geëxecuteerd was. Het echtpaar kreeg twee kinderen; een zoon en een dochter. Zijn vrouw overleed op 20 oktober 2004. Zijn kleindochter <a href="/wiki/Sofiko_Sjevardnadze" title="Sofiko Sjevardnadze">Sofiko Sjevardnadze</a> is journalist bij de Russische televisiezender <a href="/wiki/RT_(televisiezender)" title="RT (televisiezender)">RT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politieke_loopbaan">Politieke loopbaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Politieke loopbaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Politieke loopbaan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binnen_de_Georgische_Socialistische_Sovjetrepubliek">Binnen de Georgische Socialistische Sovjetrepubliek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Binnen de Georgische Socialistische Sovjetrepubliek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Binnen de Georgische Socialistische Sovjetrepubliek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na het doorlopen van zijn basisopleiding in Mamati trok Sjevardnadze naar Tbilisi om daar, op aandringen van zijn ouders, te gaan studeren aan de Medische Hogeschool. Na het behalen van zijn diploma koos hij er echter voor niet verder te studeren aan een medisch instituut, maar een baan als instructeur te accepteren bij het regionale comité van de <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>, de communistische jeugdbeweging. In 1948 werd hij lid van de Communistische Partij. Hij vervolgde zijn opleiding aan de historische faculteit van het Pedagogisch Instituut en steeg snel in de Komsomol-hiërarchie, om in 1956 gekozen te worden tot secretaris van het Centrale Comité van de Georgische Komsomol. In 1959 werd hij lid van de Georgische Opperste Sovjet en in 1965 promoveerde hij tot minister voor Openbare Orde. In de functie van minister van Binnenlandse Zaken, die hij van 1968 tot 1972 bekleedde, verwierf hij faam door zijn harde beleid ten opzichte van corruptie. </p><p>Toen de Eerste Secretaris van de Communistische Partij in 1972 moest aftreden in verband met een corruptieschandaal, werd Sjevardnadze aangesteld als zijn opvolger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binnen_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie">Binnen de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Binnen de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Binnen de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In zijn nieuwe functie voerde hij een onverminderd daadkrachtig beleid gericht op het terugdringen van corruptie, en die doortastendheid werd door de Sovjet hiërarchie al spoedig beloond met een zetel in het <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Comit%C3%A9_van_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Centraal Comité van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie">Centraal Comité</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie">Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie</a>. Twee jaar later, in 1978, werd hij als kandidaat-lid toegelaten tot het <a href="/wiki/Politbureau_van_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Politbureau van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie">Politbureau</a>. In 1985 stelde <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjov" title="Michail Gorbatsjov">Michail Gorbatsjov</a> hem aan als minister van Buitenlandse Zaken van de Sovjet-Unie, als vervanger voor de kort daarvoor afgetreden <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Gromyko" title="Andrej Gromyko">Andrej Gromyko</a>. In de jaren die volgden stond Sjevardnadze als rechterhand van Gorbatsjov aan de basis van de detente en het einde van de Koude Oorlog. Onder zijn leiding werd het buitenlands beleid van de Sovjet-Unie drastisch herzien. Hij onderhandelde voor de Sovjet-Unie over de hereniging van <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> en bepleitte een einde aan de oorlog in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. </p><p>Tegen het einde van de jaren tachtig liepen al eerder ontstane tegenstellingen tussen Gorbatsjov en Sjevardnadze echter zo hoog op, dat die laatste in 1990 geen andere mogelijkheid zag dan af te treden. In zijn beroemde afscheidsrede maakte Sjevardnadze zijn bezorgdheid over sommige van Gorbatsjovs besluiten kenbaar, en waarschuwde hij voor dreigende <a href="/wiki/Dictator_(modern)" title="Dictator (modern)">dictatuur</a>. Na een <a href="/wiki/Augustusstaatsgreep_in_Moskou" title="Augustusstaatsgreep in Moskou">mislukte coup door conservatieven in de zomer van 1991</a> keerde hij eind dat jaar terug in zijn functie. Een maand later, met de formele ontbinding van de Sovjet-Unie, trad hij echter weer af. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_de_val_van_de_Sovjet-Unie">Na de val van de Sovjet-Unie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Na de val van de Sovjet-Unie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Na de val van de Sovjet-Unie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sjevardnadze keerde in maart 1992 terug naar de nu onafhankelijke republiek Georgië, nadat in begin januari 1992 de toenmalige Georgische president <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsachoerdia" title="Zviad Gamsachoerdia">Zviad Gamsachoerdia</a> was afgezet in een bloedige coup. Het presidentschap werd in augustus 1992 tijdelijk afgeschaft ten gunste van een direct gekozen parlementsvoorzitter, een uitdrukkelijke conditie van Sjevardnadze. Hij won deze post met 96% van de stemmen tijdens de parlementsverkiezingen in oktober 1992, en werd vervolgens door het parlement tot staatshoofd benoemd.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toen het presidentschap in november 1995 in ere werd hersteld met de inwerkingtreding van een nieuwe grondwet in augustus 1995, werd Sjevardnadze met 74% van de stemmen gekozen en werd daarmee formeel de tweede Georgische president.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In de eerste jaren van zijn leiderschap bouwde hij veel steun op door zijn daadkrachtig handelen in de conflicten met de afvallige regio's <a href="/wiki/Abchazi%C3%AB" title="Abchazië">Abchazië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Zuid-Ossetië">Zuid-Ossetië</a> en door de betrekkelijke stabiliteit die hij aanvankelijk wist te brengen. Door zijn op het Westen georiënteerde beleid en monetaire hervormingen wist hij buitenlandse financiële steun en investeringen naar zijn land te halen en een <a href="/wiki/Partnerschap_voor_de_Vrede" title="Partnerschap voor de Vrede">strategisch partnerschap</a> met de <a href="/wiki/Noord-Atlantische_Verdragsorganisatie" title="Noord-Atlantische Verdragsorganisatie">NAVO</a> te bewerkstelligen. </p><p>Hoewel hij er zelf van overtuigd was dat hij zijn geboorteland had gered, kon Sjevardnadze niet voorkomen dat het land verstrikt raakte in woekerende corruptie en het gebrek aan centraal gezag in grote delen van het land. Hij werd ervan beschuldigd oneigenlijke middelen te gebruiken om zijn positie te handhaven. Hij legde beperkingen op aan de media, ontsloeg politici en benoemde familieleden - onder wie zijn eigen kinderen - op hoge posten. Onopgeloste conflicten in de afgescheiden Georgische regio's Abchazië en Zuid-Ossetië, de aanhoudende economische tegenspoed, energiecrisis, hoge corruptie en georganiseerde misdaad zorgden voor afkalving van zijn populariteit rond de eeuwwisseling.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ook verloor hij de steun van zijn vroegere bondgenoten in het <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_van_Moskou" title="Kremlin van Moskou">Kremlin</a>, vooral omdat hij <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> de toegang weigerde tot de <a href="/wiki/Pankisivallei" title="Pankisivallei">Pankisivallei</a> waar zich Tsjetsjeense rebellen zouden bevinden. Georgië was tegen die tijd tegen vrijwel een '<a href="/wiki/Mislukte_staat" title="Mislukte staat">mislukte staat</a>'. De <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> bleven Sjevardnadze echter trouw. </p><p>Ondanks dit alles werd Sjevardnadze in 2000 herkozen. Die verkiezing werd echter bezoedeld door beschuldigingen van manipulatie van de uitslag. In 2002 presenteerde minister van Justitie <a href="/wiki/Micheil_Saakasjvili" title="Micheil Saakasjvili">Micheil Saakasjvili</a>, de latere oppositieleider, een wetsontwerp om de corruptie onder politici aan te pakken. Sjevardnadze wees het voorstel van de hand en Saakasjvili stapte op, wat de opmaat werd naar de omwenteling in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_Rozenrevolutie">De Rozenrevolutie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De Rozenrevolutie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoeard_Sjevardnadze&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De Rozenrevolutie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In november 2003 kwam Sjevardnadze wederom in opspraak, nadat hij claimde de parlementsverkiezingen te hebben gewonnen. De oppositie meende dat er sprake was geweest van verkiezingsfraude, wat door internationale waarnemers van de OVSE werd bevestigd. Er volgden wekenlange demonstraties. Toen ook <a href="/wiki/Tedo_Dzjaparidze" title="Tedo Dzjaparidze">Tedo Dzjaparidze</a>, het hoofd van de Nationale Veiligheidsraad van Georgië, verklaarde dat de parlementsverkiezingen ongeldig waren en moesten worden overgedaan, drong de oppositie aan op Sjevardnadzes vertrek. </p><p>Desondanks hield Sjevardnadze vast aan zijn besluit op 22 november 2003 de eerste zitting van het parlement te openen. Het parlementsgebouw werd omsingeld door tienduizenden betogers, en de politie greep niet in. Een woedende menigte, onder leiding van oppositieleider <a href="/wiki/Micheil_Saakasjvili" title="Micheil Saakasjvili">Micheil Saakasjvili</a>, drong vervolgens het parlementsgebouw binnen, op het moment dat Sjevardnadze aan zijn toespraak was begonnen. Leden van de oppositie eisten luidkeels dat Sjevardnadze zijn koffers zou pakken en naar het buitenland zou vertrekken. Ten slotte verliet Sjevardnadze het parlementsgebouw. Later die dag riep hij de <a href="/wiki/Noodtoestand" title="Noodtoestand">noodtoestand</a> uit. De volgende dag nam hij, na overleg met Saakasjvili, alsnog ontslag als president. Parlementsvoorzitter <a href="/wiki/Nino_Boerdzjanadze" title="Nino Boerdzjanadze">Nino Boerdzjanadze</a> werd waarnemend president. Daarmee was de “<a href="/wiki/Rozenrevolutie" title="Rozenrevolutie">Rozenrevolutie</a>”, zoals de politieke omwenteling werd genoemd, een feit. Deze revolutie bracht Sjevardnadzes indrukwekkende politieke carrière tot een vrij roemloos einde. </p><p>Na zijn aftreden werd Sjevardnadze officieel uitgenodigd in Duitsland te komen wonen, waar hij vanwege zijn rol in de hereniging van dat land nog steeds erg populair was. De ex-president liet echter weten dankbaar te zijn voor de uitnodiging, maar zeer veel van zijn land te houden en het niet te zullen verlaten. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><i>Als der Eiserne Vorhang zerriss - Begegnungen und Erinnerungen</i>. Metzler, Peter W., Duisburg 2007, [Aktualisierte, neu konzipierte und ergänzte Ausgabe von <i>Pikri Tsarsulsa da Momawalze - Memuarebi</i>] De Duitse editie is de basis van alle vertalingen en edities in andere talen dan het Georgisch. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9783936283105" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-936283-10-5</a></li> <li>Sjevardnadze, E. A., The Future Belongs to Freedom, (New York 1991).</li> <li>“Profile: Eduard Shevardnadze”, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3257047.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3257047.stm</a> (geraadpleegd: 21 december 2007)</li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suny, Ronald. <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>, pp. 328-9. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/438691-assad-geen-burgeroorlog-in-syrie.html">Assad: geen burgeroorlog in Syrië</a>, NOS.nl, 9 november 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJones2013"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jones, Stephen</span> (2013). <cite><i>Georgia: A Political History Since Independence</i></cite>. I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-84511-338-4" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-84511-338-4">ISBN 978-1-84511-338-4</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pagina 75, 86-91.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pagina 145, 159.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2014"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28205380">Eduard Shevardnadze: Controversial legacy to Georgia</a>. <i>BBC</i> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-07-08">8 juli 2014</span>). Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2022-08-05">5 augustus 2022</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud 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class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">Bibsys</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90560053">90560053</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX846194">XX846194</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122165700">cb122165700</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122165700">(data)</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05240464?l=en">DA05240464</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118996959">118996959</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000108855650">0000 0001 0885 5650</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79142234">n79142234</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2004228846&CON_LNG=ENG">ola2004228846</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007398087005171">987007398087005171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Polen" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen">Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000001105922">a0000001105922</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1006" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1006">Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074203002">074203002</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/R%C3%89RO" title="RÉRO">Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A000195820">02-A000195820</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/349008">349008</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">Système universitaire de documentation</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/132536307">132536307</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32274530">32274530</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/32274530">32274530</a></li></ul></div></div> <table class="toccolours opvolging" style="text-align:center; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:-0.5em; width:100%; clear:both; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="voorganger" width="30%"><b>Voorganger:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsachoerdia" title="Zviad Gamsachoerdia">Zviad Gamsachoerdia</a> </td> <td class="lijst" width="40%"><b><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_staatshoofden_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Lijst van staatshoofden van Georgië">President van Georgië</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/22_december" title="22 december">22 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> – <a href="/wiki/23_november" title="23 november">23 november</a> <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a></b> </td> <td class="volgende" width="30%"><b>Opvolger:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nino_Boerdzjanadze" title="Nino Boerdzjanadze">Nino Boerdzjanadze</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eduard_Shevardnadze#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eduard Shevardnadze">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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