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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_consolidation_(1490–1580)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_and_decline_(1580–1686)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_and_decline_(1580–1686)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Peak and decline (1580–1686) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_and_decline_(1580–1686)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Painting and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 List of rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sultanate of Bijapur</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="عادلشاهيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عادلشاهيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatu_de_Bijapur" title="Sultanatu de Bijapur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sultanatu de Bijapur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicapur_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bicapur sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bicapur sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بیجاپور شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیجاپور شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="আদিল শাহী রাজবংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদিল শাহী রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Bijapur" title="Sultanat de Bijapur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultanat de Bijapur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi" title="Adil Shahi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adil Shahi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Bijapur" title="Sultanato de Bijapur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultanato de Bijapur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عادل‌شاهیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عادل‌شاهیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80" title="આદિલ શાહી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આદિલ શાહી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi_Ghorannem" title="Adil Shahi Ghorannem – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Adil Shahi Ghorannem" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%90%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="비자푸르 술탄국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비자푸르 술탄국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="बीजापुर सल्तनत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बीजापुर सल्तनत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi" title="Adil Shahi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adil Shahi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_di_Bijapur" title="Sultanato di Bijapur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultanato di Bijapur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಆದಿಲ್ ಶಾಹಿ ವಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆದಿಲ್ ಶಾಹಿ ವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="आदिलशाही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आदिलशाही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanaat_Bijapur" title="Sultanaat Bijapur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sultanaat Bijapur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ビジャープル王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビジャープル王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi-dynastiet" title="Adil Shahi-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adil Shahi-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijopur_sultonligi" title="Bijopur sultonligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bijopur sultonligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بیجاپور سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیجاپور سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%C5%BAapur" title="Bidźapur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bidźapur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Bijapur" title="Sultanato de Bijapur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultanato de Bijapur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Биджапурский султанат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биджапурский султанат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بیجاپور سلطنت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بیجاپور سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="شانشینی عادلشاھی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی عادلشاھی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapurin_sulttaanikunta" title="Bijapurin sulttaanikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bijapurin sulttaanikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_(furstend%C3%B6me)" title="Bijapur (furstendöme) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bijapur (furstendöme)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிஜப்பூர் சுல்தானகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிஜப்பூர் சுல்தானகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="ఆదిల్‌షాహీ వంశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆదిల్‌షాహీ వంశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil%C5%9Fahlar" title="Adilşahlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adilşahlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Аділ-шахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аділ-шахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بیجاپور سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیجاپور سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿迪勒·沙阿王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿迪勒·沙阿王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿迪勒·沙阿王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿迪勒·沙阿王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83821#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Bijapur</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1490–1686</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Adil_Shahis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate at its greatest extent[1]"><img alt="Map of the Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate at its greatest extent[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adil_Shahis.png/250px-Adil_Shahis.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adil_Shahis.png/375px-Adil_Shahis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Adil_Shahis.png/500px-Adil_Shahis.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate at its greatest extent<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a><a href="#cite_note-a35-4">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a><a href="#cite_note-a35-4">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (1504–34 and 1558–82)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (1490–1504, 1534–58, after 1582)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#List_of_rulers">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1490–1510 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1672–1686 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Adil_Shah" title="Sikandar Adil Shah">Sikandar Adil Shah</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1490</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1686</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Sultanate of Bijapur was an <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> kingdom in the western <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, ruled by the Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty. Bijapur had been a <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_taraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani taraf">taraf</a> (province) of the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Kingdom" title="Bahmani Kingdom">Bahmani Kingdom</a> prior to its independence in 1490 and before the former's political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century. It was one of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>, the collective name of the five successor states of the Bahmani Kingdom. At its peak, the Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the most powerful states in South Asia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978xxiii-7">[5]</a> second to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">conquered</a> it in 1686 under <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>. The founder of the sultanate, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a>, after emigrating to the Bahmani Sultanate, rose his position within the state and was appointed governor of the province of <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a>. In 1490, he created a de facto independent Bijapur state, before becoming formally independent with the Bahmanis' collapse in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate's borders changed considerably throughout its history. Its northern boundary remained relatively stable, straddling contemporary southern <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. The Sultanate expanded southward, its first major conquest the <a href="/wiki/Raichur_Doab" title="Raichur Doab">Raichur Doab</a> following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a> in 1565. Later campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnatak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a> extended Bijapur's formal borders and nominal authority as far south as <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>. Bijapur, for most of its history, was bounded on the west by the Portuguese state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Sultanate of Golconda</a>, to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmednagar Sultanate">Ahmednagar Sultanate</a> and to the south by the Vijayanagara Empire and its succeeding <a href="/wiki/Nayaka_dynasties" title="Nayaka dynasties">Nayaka dynasties</a>. The sultanate clashed incessantly with its neighbours. After the allied victory over Vijayanagara at Talikota in 1565, the state further expanded through its conquest of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a> in 1619. The sultanate was thereafter relatively stable, although it was damaged by the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, who founded an independent Maratha Kingdom which went on to become the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>. The greatest threat to Bijapur's security was, from the late 16th century, the expansion of the Mughal Empire into the Deccan. Various agreements and treaties imposed Mughal suzerainty on the Adil Shahs, by stages, until Bijapur's formal recognition of Mughal authority in 1636. The influence of their Mughal overlords, in combination with continual strife with the Marathas, sapped the state of its prosperity until the Mughal conquest of Bijapur in 1686. The former Bahmani provincial capital of Bijapur remained the capital of the sultanate throughout its existence. After modest earlier developments, Ibrahim Adil Shah I and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali Adil Shah I</a> remodelled Bijapur, providing the citadel and city walls, and a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosque</a>. Their successors, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim Adil Shah II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur">Mohammed Adil Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a>, further adorned Bijapur with palaces, mosques, a mausoleum and other structures, considered to be some of the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/Deccani_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani architecture">Deccani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1525_Joppen_Hi_Def.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/India_in_1525_Joppen_Hi_Def.jpg/220px-India_in_1525_Joppen_Hi_Def.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/India_in_1525_Joppen_Hi_Def.jpg/330px-India_in_1525_Joppen_Hi_Def.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/India_in_1525_Joppen_Hi_Def.jpg/440px-India_in_1525_Joppen_Hi_Def.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="2878" /></a><figcaption>India and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a> in 1525, the Sultanate of Bijapur in center-left</figcaption></figure> The founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a>, may have been a Georgian slave<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_2012_101-8">[6]</a> who was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan" title="Mahmud Gawan">Mahmud Gawan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974445-9">[7]</a> Other historians have mentioned him of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[8]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-Egger-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth-12">[10]</a> According to the narrative presented by contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a>, Yusuf was a son of the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, although this is considered unfounded by modern historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973291-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthee-14">[12]</a> Another theory states he was a Turkman of the <a href="/wiki/Ag_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ag Qoyunlu">Aq-Quyunlu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthee-14">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_consolidation_(1490–1580)">Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding and consolidation (1490–1580)">edit</a>]</div> Yusuf's bravery and personality raised him rapidly in <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Kingdom" title="Bahmani Kingdom">Bahmani Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_III_Lashkari" title="Muhammad Shah III Lashkari">Muhammad Shah III</a>'s favour, resulting in his appointment as the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1946342-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973291-13">[11]</a> In 1490, Yusuf took advantage of the decline of Bahmani power to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur, pursuing the same goal <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ahmad_Nizam_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I">Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I</a> had the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973291-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2019151-18">[16]</a> In 1503 he proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> to be the official religion of his territorial holdings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2019151-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974446-19">[17]</a> following the lead of <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Shah Ismail</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI3-20">[18]</a> He conquered and annexed the Bahmani taraf of <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a> in 1504.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925429-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974446-19">[17]</a> Shortly after, he reinstated his decree of Shia practice a year after he had been forced to revoke it under threat of invasion.<a href="#cite_note-EI3-20">[18]</a> A colonial expedition of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, exerted pressure on the major Adil Shahi port of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">conquered it</a> in 1510;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2014156–157-22">[20]</a> Yusuf retook the settlement two months later, however, but the Portuguese again conquered it in November of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973303-23">[21]</a> Yusuf died in 1510, between these two clashes with the Portuguese,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973303-23">[21]</a> when his son <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Adil_Shah" title="Ismail Adil Shah">Ismail Adil Shah</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[c]</a> was still a boy. Ismail's regent at the time, Kamal Khan, staged a coup against him, but was unsuccessful and was killed. Ismail thus became the absolute ruler of Bijapur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974447-26">[23]</a> In 1514 a dispute over Gulbaraga province led the rulers of the Ahmednagar, Golconda, and <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar</a> Sultanates to invade the provinces of Ismail Adil Shah, but they were deterred and Ismail emerged victorious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925430-27">[24]</a> In 1520, Krishnadevaraya laid siege to the Bijapuri fort of <a href="/wiki/Raichur" title="Raichur">Raichur</a>. The siege would continue for three months until the emperor's encounter with Ismail, who attempted to relieve the siege. Ismail was defeated by Krishnadevaraya there in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raichur" title="Battle of Raichur">Battle of Raichur</a>; though initially successful and having an advantage in artillery,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2009299-28">[25]</a> the first major appearance of which in a South Asian battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2009289-29">[26]</a> Ismail was routed by the Vijayanagara forces in a surprise counter-attack, scattering much of his forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2009302–303-30">[27]</a> Not long after Ismail's retreat, Krishnadevaraya captured the fort of <a href="/wiki/Raichur" title="Raichur">Raichur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2009304–305-31">[28]</a> In a later diplomatic conflict, the emperor occupied the capital of Bijapur for an extended period through the sultan's insistence to not see Krishnadevaraya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2009306–307-32">[29]</a> Ismail invaded the territory of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Barid_I" title="Amir Barid I">Amir Barid I</a> of Bidar in 1529, and laid siege to his capital. <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Imad_Shah" title="Aladdin Imad Shah">Aladdin Imad Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Berar Sultanate">Berar</a> attempted to intervene in the conflict to seek mediation, but was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani194712-33">[30]</a> Amir Barid, in exchange for his life following his capture, gave up the fort of Bidar, which was subsequently looted by Ismail and his troops. Another campaign the following year saw Ismail recapture Raichur and <a href="/wiki/Mudgal" title="Mudgal">Mudgal</a> from Vijayanagara, whose monarch Krishnadevaraya had recently died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974448–449-34">[31]</a> Amir Barid, as he was present at the engagement, there agreed with Ismail to cede him the forts of Kalyani and Qandhar in exchange for Ismail's relinquishment of Bidar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani194713-35">[32]</a> Ismail was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mallu_Adil_Shah" title="Mallu Adil Shah">Mallu Adil Shah</a> in 1534, whose reign was short-lived. He was installed by a prominent Bijapuri noble, <a href="/wiki/Asad_Khan_(Bijapuri_noble)" title="Asad Khan (Bijapuri noble)">Asad Khan</a>, and is noted for his lack of competence. His indifference to taking care of the responsibilities of his role as sultan led Vijayanagara to invade the sultanate and seize the <a href="/wiki/Raichur_Doab" title="Raichur Doab">Raichur Doab</a> from the Adil Shahis. Mallu Adil Shah was soon blinded and removed from power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974449-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlatt2019140-37">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah I">Ibrahim Adil Shah I</a>, the son of Ismail, succeeded Mallu in 1535.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlatt2019140-37">[34]</a> He reestablished the state religion as Sunnism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974449-36">[33]</a> and made drastic anti-Westerner<a href="#cite_note-40">[d]</a> court changes by abolishing the use of the Persian language in certain administrative tasks, though retaining it as the official language of the sultanate<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> and expelling many of the Westerners and replacing them with the opposing faction, the Deccanis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200891-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974449-36">[33]</a> Ibrahim also invaded the Vijayanagara Empire in his reign; he pillaged multiple cities and besieged their capital, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a>, but did not seize any territory in the long-term and returned home only with non-territorial rewards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974450-42">[38]</a> In another conflict with the Portuguese, Ibrahim was forced to cede two ports in the fear that trade through Goa might be cut off from the Adil Shahis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974450-42">[38]</a> His kingdom was invaded four times by the forces of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in his reign, who were the sultanate's greatest adversary; Sultan <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Nizam_Shah_I" title="Burhan Nizam Shah I">Burhan Nizam Shah I</a> allied himself initially with Bidar in his first invasion, which saw no territorial losses for Bijapur, but Bidar, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Barid_Shah_I" title="Ali Barid Shah I">Ali Barid Shah I</a>, later allied itself with Bijapur in the second invasion. This saw a quadruple alliance of Ahmednagar, <a href="/wiki/Jamsheed_Quli_Qutb_Shah" title="Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah">Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah</a> of Golconda, Vijayanagara, and <a href="/wiki/Darya_Imad_Shah" title="Darya Imad Shah">Darya Imad Shah</a> of Berar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974417–418-43">[39]</a> The war comprised numerous invasions by the belligerents of their opponents' states, and was a defeat for the Bijapuri–Bidar side, who were forced to cede one of the northern districts of the Bijapur Sultanate to Ahmednagar. Burhan and Ibrahim agreed to a policy of allowing Ahmednagar freedom to expand in the territory of Bidar provided Bijapur could have the same freedom to annex lands from Vijayanagara; thus Ibrahim imprisoned Ali Barid Shahi of Bidar despite their former alliance, though he was later freed by Jamsheed out of his yearning for a buffer state in the Deccan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974419-44">[40]</a> Burhan Nizam Shah four times laid siege to the Bijapuri city of <a href="/wiki/Solapur" title="Solapur">Solapur</a> throughout these conflicts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974418–420-45">[41]</a> but did not successfully retain it until a third invasion, where territory on the southern border was additionally occupied. Burhan advanced in a fourth invasion in 1553 with Vijayanagara almost to the Bijapuri capital, but retreated due to his failing health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974420-46">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ruler_on_His_Seven-Storied_Throne,_Stars_of_the_Sciences_(Nujum_al-%27ulum),_1570,_fol._191r,_Chester_Beatty_Library,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Ruler_on_His_Seven-Storied_Throne%2C_Stars_of_the_Sciences_%28Nujum_al-%27ulum%29%2C_1570%2C_fol._191r%2C_Chester_Beatty_Library%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-The_Ruler_on_His_Seven-Storied_Throne%2C_Stars_of_the_Sciences_%28Nujum_al-%27ulum%29%2C_1570%2C_fol._191r%2C_Chester_Beatty_Library%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Ruler_on_His_Seven-Storied_Throne%2C_Stars_of_the_Sciences_%28Nujum_al-%27ulum%29%2C_1570%2C_fol._191r%2C_Chester_Beatty_Library%2C_Dublin.jpg/330px-The_Ruler_on_His_Seven-Storied_Throne%2C_Stars_of_the_Sciences_%28Nujum_al-%27ulum%29%2C_1570%2C_fol._191r%2C_Chester_Beatty_Library%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Ruler_on_His_Seven-Storied_Throne%2C_Stars_of_the_Sciences_%28Nujum_al-%27ulum%29%2C_1570%2C_fol._191r%2C_Chester_Beatty_Library%2C_Dublin.jpg/440px-The_Ruler_on_His_Seven-Storied_Throne%2C_Stars_of_the_Sciences_%28Nujum_al-%27ulum%29%2C_1570%2C_fol._191r%2C_Chester_Beatty_Library%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="5552" /></a><figcaption>Page from the <a href="/wiki/Nujum-ul-Ulum" title="Nujum-ul-Ulum">Nujum-ul-Ulum</a>, a manuscript on astrology and metaphysics completed under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali Adil Shah I</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski1999161-47">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali Adil Shah I</a>, who next ascended the throne in 1558, reestablished Shiism as the state religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2019152-48">[44]</a> He inquired of <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Nizam_Shah_I" title="Hussain Nizam Shah I">Hussain Nizam Shah I</a> that he may be given back <a href="/wiki/Solapur" title="Solapur">Solapur</a> and Kaliyani, both of which had been taken from the sultanate in past Ahmednagari invasions, given the domestic and foreign strife Ahmednagar had been facing, but was declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925444-49">[45]</a> He subsequently invaded the Nizam Shahi kingdom, with assistance from <a href="/wiki/Rama_Raya" title="Rama Raya">Rama Raya</a>, then de facto ruler of Vijayanagara, and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qutb_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Qutb Shah">Ibrahim Qutb Shah</a>, and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a> and other cities in the kingdom. Hussain sued for peace in 1561, and in return was forced to submit to Rama Raya and return Kaliyani to Ali Adil Shah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200896–97-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925445-51">[47]</a> In 1563 Hussain attempted to regain Kaliyani and again laid siege to it. Another conflict ensued with the same belligerents; Ahmednagar was besieged by Ali, but his forces voluntarily raised the siege; Hussain too was forced to abandon his siege of Kaliyani, and the only profiteer of the conflict was Vijayanagara, who gained territory from an invasion of Golconda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200897–98-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974423–424-53">[49]</a> Vijayanagara additionally gained land from Bijapur through persuasion; this included the cities of <a href="/wiki/Yadgir" title="Yadgir">Yadgir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagalkote" title="Bagalkote">Bagalkote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974423–424-53">[49]</a> Wary of the growing power of Vijayanagara, Ali aligned his forces with the Sultans of Golconda, Ahmednagar and Bidar, despite their past conflicts, and together brought down the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a>. Rama Raya was beheaded after being captured by the Deccani side. Vijayanagara and nearby cities were sacked and looted, the former city for a period of five to six months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974424–426-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925449-55">[51]</a> which historian <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Goetz_(art_historian)" title="Hermann Goetz (art historian)">Hermann Goetz</a> states prompted the emigration of much of Vijayanagara's populace to Bijapur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197897-56">[52]</a> The entire Raichur Doab and the surrounding area were returned to Bijapur. The Vijayanagara military was demolished, and the power of the kingdom had been significantly diminished from the effects of the battle and as such was a shell of its former self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200898–99-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974426-58">[54]</a> With this victory, Ali I then fortified Bijapur with a city wall, which facilitated the further centralization of authority. Subsequent architectural projects gave way to the growth of the city and its skilled class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197886-59">[55]</a> Another conflict between Ahmednagar and Bijapur arose in 1567; Ali invaded the former and his forces occupied multiple forts, but the war ended up inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925451–452-60">[56]</a> In 1570, a <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies" title="War of the League of the Indies">conflict with the Portuguese</a> began in the hopes of expelling them completely from India; this did not go according to plan, however, and Ali was defeated after multiple encounters in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925452–453-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973333–334-62">[58]</a> He subsequently annexed more land from Vijayanagara in a campaign lasting until 1575, in which he conquered <a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig1925453–454-63">[59]</a> Ali embarked on a monarch-transcending campaign to capture and subjugate all of the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnatak</a> as well the same year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel202069-64">[60]</a> where his zealotry for Shiism was put on display; <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Richard M. Eaton</a> writes that his "armies destroyed two to three hundred Hindu temples" and that he replaced many of these with Shia religious buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197868-65">[61]</a> By 1576, the land gained under Ali I's reign had doubled the sultanate's holdings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197884-66">[62]</a> Ali furthermore commenced diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavids</a> in his reign, and Eaton opines that these actions brought the sultanate into the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-islam">dar al-islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197888-67">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Bijapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_House_of_Bijapur.jpg/220px-The_House_of_Bijapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_House_of_Bijapur.jpg/330px-The_House_of_Bijapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_House_of_Bijapur.jpg/440px-The_House_of_Bijapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3554" /></a><figcaption>A painting of "The House of Bijapur" completed in the year 1680, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Adil_Shah" title="Sikandar Adil Shah">Sikandar Adil Shah</a>, showing the nine Bijapur sultans and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_and_decline_(1580–1686)">Peak and decline (1580–1686)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peak and decline (1580–1686)">edit</a>]</div> Ali I had no son, so his nephew <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim II</a> was set on the throne, then only nine years of age in 1580.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973337-69">[65]</a> Control of the regency was constantly fought over in the years following his accession; there were many years when his regent was the influential Kamal Khan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199914-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973337-69">[65]</a> while later in his minority absolute control was wielded by the <a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Habshi</a> Dilawar Khan, who reverted the official sect of the sultanate to Sunni Islam, the final change in creed the state would undergo. Dilawar's supremacy ended with his deposition by Ibrahim II in 1590.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197870–71-71">[67]</a> Ibrahim's ensuing unhindered rule was one of prosperity and patronage;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006169-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> thrived under his reign, with its adherents and many people of talent flocking to Bijapur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197863-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197871-75">[71]</a> largely due to his own talent as a musician and poet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197898-76">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a>, both cultural and <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious</a>, additionally reached its zenith under Ibrahim's rule, while the capital became one of the most prosperous in India;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197889-77">[73]</a> population estimates of the city in the latter half of Ibrahim's rule range as high as one million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197890-78">[74]</a> and contrasting accounts from a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> in Ali I's rule and a Mughal diplomat in the same period of Ibrahim's rule show the increase of wealth of the commoners and city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197889-77">[73]</a> In 1594, Ibrahim suppressed a rebellion of his brother Ismail, who had been aided in his efforts by <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Nizam_Shah_II" title="Burhan Nizam Shah II">Burhan II</a> of Ahmednagar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974454-79">[75]</a> In 1597, despite their past quarrels, the Adil Shahis formed an alliance with Ahmednagar and Golconda to deter further Mughal advance in the Deccan, who had recently conquered Berar from Ahmednagar. Their alliance, led under a Bijapuri general, was defeated in their attempts to defeat the Mughal forces despite outnumbering them three to one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2014264-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974434-81">[77]</a> Ahmednagar fully fell to Mughal sovereignty in 1600,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974435-82">[78]</a> but Ibrahim continued to support the later successful revival efforts of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a> for the greater cause of pushing back the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974455-83">[79]</a> Ibrahim II also founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Nauraspur" title="Nauraspur">Nauraspur</a> in 1599, three kilometers west of Bijapur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199942-84">[80]</a> as a planned great center of learning and art, but it was never fully completed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199914-70">[66]</a> and was destroyed in 1624 by Malik Ambar's forces.<a href="#cite_note-EI3-20">[18]</a> In 1618, the sultan lost the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Murud-Janjira" title="Murud-Janjira">Janjira</a> to the independent <a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Habshi state</a> of western India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199914-70">[66]</a> The following year, Bijapur conquered the neighbouring Bidar Sultanate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974468-85">[81]</a> although effective control over the state had been achieved as early as 1580.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlatt20199-86">[82]</a> This was preceded by an agreement between the rulers of Bijapur and the Ahmednagar Sultanate, where they divided their spheres of influence such that the latter was let to conquer the Berar Sultanate, provided the Adil Shahis could expand southwards into the territory of the decaying Vijayanagara Empire without the hindrance of the Nizam Shahis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2014259-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel202069-64">[60]</a> However, as Bidar did not fall under either of these spheres of influence, Malik Ambar, then de facto ruler of Ahmednagar, grew irate, and invaded Bijapur, reaching the capital relatively unopposed, but later withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199914-70">[66]</a> The sultan, in addition to his work on Nauraspur, constructed many architectural works near Bijapur which composed the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rauza" title="Ibrahim Rauza">Ibrahim Rauza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199914-70">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Riza_(painter)._Sultan_Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Venerates_a_Sufi_Saint,_Bijapur,_ca_1620-30,_British_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ali_Riza_%28painter%29._Sultan_Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Venerates_a_Sufi_Saint%2C_Bijapur%2C_ca_1620-30%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Ali_Riza_%28painter%29._Sultan_Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Venerates_a_Sufi_Saint%2C_Bijapur%2C_ca_1620-30%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ali_Riza_%28painter%29._Sultan_Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Venerates_a_Sufi_Saint%2C_Bijapur%2C_ca_1620-30%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Ali_Riza_%28painter%29._Sultan_Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Venerates_a_Sufi_Saint%2C_Bijapur%2C_ca_1620-30%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ali_Riza_%28painter%29._Sultan_Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Venerates_a_Sufi_Saint%2C_Bijapur%2C_ca_1620-30%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Ali_Riza_%28painter%29._Sultan_Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Venerates_a_Sufi_Saint%2C_Bijapur%2C_ca_1620-30%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Painting by Bijapuri painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Riza_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Riza (painter) (page does not exist)">Ali Riza</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim Adil Shah II</a> venerating a <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Sufi saint</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur">Muhammad Adil Shah</a> succeeded his father Ibrahim II in 1627. Under Muhammad's reign, the Sultanate of Bijapur reached its peak, territorially and in power and economic prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974458-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978xxiii-7">[5]</a> The first invasion of the Sultanate of Bijapur by the Mughal Empire took place under Muhammad's rule in 1631 by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, who reached and besieged Bijapur but was ultimately unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974456-89">[85]</a> In 1636, Bijapur was forced to sign a treaty after a defeat against the Mughals requiring them to pay tribute to the Mughal emperor<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel2020214-90">[86]</a> and acknowledge Mughal authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199915-91">[87]</a> As a reward for this gesture, the recent Mughal conquest of Ahmednagar was partitioned between the two states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974457-92">[88]</a> This treaty ushered in a period of relative peace with the Mughals, allowing for attention to be focused on continued southern conquests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2006183-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978179-94">[90]</a> As a result, Bijapur reached its territorial peak, with its borders stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. The Sultanate of Bijapur came however into rapid decline halfway through Muhammad's reign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978177-95">[91]</a> primarily due to the strain in relations with nobles and landholders, many of whom later deserted to work for the Mughal bureaucracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978190-96">[92]</a> and the revolt of then governor of <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199916-97">[93]</a> whose father was a <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> commander in the service of Muhammad Adil Shah who had been employed in the Karnatak campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974252-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974459–463-99">[95]</a> Muhammad Adil Shah died in 1656, though was effectively powerless in the last decade of his life from a paralyzing illness which first affected him in 1646.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978181-100">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> inherited a troubled kingdom. His state was invaded by Mughal forces in 1657, under then viceroy <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bidar" title="Siege of Bidar">captured Bidar</a>, multiple other forts, and reached Bijapur, though were forced to retreat before they could lay siege to the city; Aurangzeb was nevertheless able to annex much of the occupied territory, including Bidar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974459-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199916-97">[93]</a> The stability of the Bijapur Sultanate was again affected by further troubles with the Marathas, who persisted with raids and rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199916-97">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)" title="Afzal Khan (general)">Afzal Khan</a>, a Bijapuri general, was sent to subdue Shivaji in 1659, but his expedition ended a disaster, as he was murdered and his home fort of <a href="/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgarh</a> was captured in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">confrontation</a> with Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974258–259-102">[98]</a> Despite further Maratha advances in the north, Ali continued his southern campaigns in the Karnatak and Carnatic, in which he captured <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> and other cities from the <a href="/wiki/Nayaka_dynasties" title="Nayaka dynasties">Nayakas</a> from 1659–63.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974459–460-103">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Adil_Shah" title="Sikandar Adil Shah">Sikandar Adil Shah</a>, the last Adil Shahi sultan, ruled next for fourteen troublesome years. His reign saw multiple civil wars and much internal strife and unrest, particularly over who should be his regent, as he was only four at the time of his accession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978190–191-104">[100]</a> Khawas Khan, Sikandar's initial regent and leader of the Deccani faction,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974461-105">[101]</a> took control of the state, though was removed from power in place of his enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199916-97">[93]</a> Shivaji formally founded an independent Maratha Kingdom, which went on to become the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>, in 1674, and by then had de facto control over much of the Adil Shahis' original territory in the Deccan. He in the following years undid almost all of the southern Bijapuri conquests, annexing this territory into his own state, while also attempting to capture Bijapur itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199916-97">[93]</a> Throughout this period the Mughals had been continuously encroaching upon the Adil Shahis' territory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974462-106">[102]</a> and with Shivaji's death in 1680, a more concerted effort to conquer the remaining Muslim Deccan states was launched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199916-97">[93]</a> In April 1685, Mughal forces, led by Aurangzeb, began <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">their siege of Bijapur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974462-106">[102]</a> and with its conclusion on 12 September 1686,<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> the Sultanate of Bijapur came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974462–463-108">[104]</a> The capital and its surrounding territory were annexed into an eponymous <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199916-97">[93]</a> while Sikandar was sent into Mughal captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974463-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates#Bijapur" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates § Bijapur</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates#Bijapur_Sultanate" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Architecture of the Deccan sultanates § Bijapur Sultanate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Fort" title="Bijapur Fort">Bijapur Fort</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_Perfect.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Picture_Perfect.JPG/250px-Picture_Perfect.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Picture_Perfect.JPG/375px-Picture_Perfect.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Picture_Perfect.JPG/500px-Picture_Perfect.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rauza" title="Ibrahim Rauza">Ibrahim Rauza</a> in Bijapur, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim Adil Shah II</a></figcaption></figure> The architecture of the Sultanate of <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a>, as a subset of <a href="/wiki/Deccani_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani architecture">Deccani architecture</a>, was a variant of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a>, influenced by that of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski19991–2-110">[106]</a> Adil Shahi architecture was of high sculptural quality, attained through its localized and unique nature. Characteristic of Adil Shahi architecture was large domes and <a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">dargahs</a>, complex <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199986–87-111">[107]</a> geometric and Arabic or Persian calligraphic designs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski19991–2-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199991-112">[108]</a> and decorated <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">tholobates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199987-113">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a>, the first sultan, began his work by expanding on two dargahs at <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a> commemorating <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>, and added <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199986-114">[110]</a> The first building to fully employ the characteristics of Adil Shahi architecture was a <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid">Jama Masjid</a> built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah I">Ibrahim Adil Shah I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199987-113">[109]</a> The primary <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Bijapur">Jami Masjid of Bijapur</a>, however, was built under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali I</a>, and was commissioned in 1576.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199988-115">[111]</a> The largest of any structure of its type in the Deccan at its inception,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994434-116">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Eaton</a> calls it "one of the most imposing and magnificent" in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197886-59">[55]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim II</a>, the sultanate's most prolific patron,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverton201691-117">[113]</a> the aspects of Adil Shahi architecture evolved to focus on intricate carvings and detail<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199990-118">[114]</a> and adopted a style of <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Hindu–Muslim syncretism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197894–95-119">[115]</a> this change is seen in the Malika Jahan Begum mosque built by the sultan in 1586. His most notable commissioned work though was the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rauza" title="Ibrahim Rauza">Ibrahim Rauza</a>, completed in 1626, comprising a mosque built in honour of his wife and a mausoleum for his dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199990-118">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur">Mohammed Adil Shah</a> facilitated the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz" title="Gol Gumbaz">Gol Gumbaz</a>, his own mausoleum and one of the greatest monuments in Bijapur. It is supported by large arched <a href="/wiki/Alcove_(architecture)" title="Alcove (architecture)">recesses</a> and a massive dome,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199992–93-120">[116]</a> the largest in the Islamic world<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> upon its near-completion at Muhammad's death in 1656.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199992–93-120">[116]</a> The last main Adil Shahi architectural project was the unfinished mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bara_Kaman" title="Bara Kaman">Bara Kaman</a>, which stopped construction with his death in 1672.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski199996-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_and_literature">Painting and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Painting and literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Deccan_painting" title="Deccan painting">Deccan painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani language</a></div> The Adil Shahis partook in <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> painting through the <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Deccani_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani painting">Deccani painting</a>. Miniature painting was virtually nonexistent in the Bijapur Sultanate prior to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali I</a>, but became widespread under his rule and flourished under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim II</a> and his successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski1999161-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The Bijapur school of painting was rooted in <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> painting and culture and was usually <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> in style.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> In contrast to North Indian contemporary painting, it seldom depicted events and scenes of war, and rather focused on atmospheres and picturesque fantasies and dreams, straying away from logic in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichellZebrowski19991–2-110">[106]</a> The Adil Shahi sultans promoted the development of writing in the <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani language</a>, and Bijapur was one of the centers for its early literary evolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaheenShahid2018100-125">[121]</a> Ibrahim II was a skillful writer of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Deccani Urdu literature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel202074-126">[122]</a> and one of its earliest proponents. Ibrahim himself wrote the Kitab-e-Navras, a Deccani musical poetry work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews199392–93-127">[123]</a> and patronized many poets and their works of art. His <a href="/wiki/Poet_laureate" title="Poet laureate">poet laureate</a>, Persian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zuhuri" title="Muhammad Zuhuri">Muhammad Zuhuri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197898-76">[72]</a> wrote the Saqinama, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton197898-76">[72]</a> Another employed by the sultan was <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a>, who after entering Ibrahim's service in 1604 and gaining his trust, on the sultan's suggestion wrote his history of the medieval Deccan, the Tarikh-i Firishta, which serves as the basis for much of the modern historiography on the region and period.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews199392-130">[126]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Nusrati" title="Nusrati">Nusrati</a>, one of the foremost Deccani poets, wrote the romance work <a href="/wiki/Gulshan-i_%27Ishq" title="Gulshan-i 'Ishq">Gulshan-i 'Ishq</a> under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a>, and a narrative of the sultan's conquests.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of rulers">edit</a>]</div> Nine sultans ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1490 to 1686, their title being the Sultan of Bijapur.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-B-132">[128]</a> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Adil Shahi dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shajra_e_Yusufi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shajra_e_Yusufi.png/220px-Shajra_e_Yusufi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shajra_e_Yusufi.png/330px-Shajra_e_Yusufi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shajra_e_Yusufi.png/440px-Shajra_e_Yusufi.png 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Genealogy of Yusuf Adil Shah</figcaption></figure> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a> (1) R.1490–1510</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Adil_Shah" title="Ismail Adil Shah">Ismail Adil Shah</a> (2) R.1510–1534</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Mallu_Adil_Shah" title="Mallu Adil Shah">Mallu Adil Shah</a> (3) R.1534–1535</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah I">Ibrahim Adil Shah I</a> (4) R.1534–1558</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali Adil Shah I</a> (5) R.1558–1580</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Tahmasp</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim Adil Shah II</a> (6) R.1580–1627</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur">Mohammed Adil Shah</a> (7) R.1627–1656</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> (8) R.1656–1672</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Adil_Shah" title="Sikandar Adil Shah">Sikandar Adil Shah</a> (9) R.1672–1686</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#F0DC82" width="9%">Titular Name </th> <th style="background-color:#F0DC82" width="9%">Personal Name </th> <th style="background-color:#F0DC82" width="9%">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center">Independence from the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> (1490) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Amir <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">أمیر </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> یوسف عادل شاہ </td> <td align="center">1490–1510 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Adil_Shah" title="Ismail Adil Shah">Ismail Adil Shah</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> اسماعیل عادل شاہ </td> <td align="center">1510–1534 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mallu_Adil_Shah" title="Mallu Adil Shah">Mallu Adil Shah</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملو عادل شاہ </td> <td align="center">1534–1535 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah I">Ibrahim Adil Shah I</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> ابراہیم عادل شاہ اول </td> <td align="center">1535–1558 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali Adil Shah I</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">علی عادل شاہ اول </td> <td align="center">1558–1580 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah II">Ibrahim Adil Shah II</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ابراہیم عادل شاہ دوئم </td> <td align="center">1580–1627 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur">Mohammed Adil Shah</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> محمد عادل شاہ </td> <td align="center">1627–1656 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> علی عادل شاہ دوئم </td> <td align="center">1656–1672 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Adil Khani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عادل خانی </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Adil_Shah" title="Sikandar Adil Shah">Sikandar Adil Shah</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> سکندر عادل شاہ </td> <td align="center">1672–1686 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#F5DEB3"> <td colspan="4" align="center">Conquered by <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in 1686. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/File:GBerunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/135px-GBerunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/203px-GBerunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/270px-GBerunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="335" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka" title="Political history of medieval Karnataka">Political history of medieval Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Karnataka" title="Etymology of Karnataka">Origin of Karnataka's name</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a35-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a35_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a35_4-1">b</a> After 1535<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Written only, for local government<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Yusuf and his son, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Adil_Shah" title="Ismail Adil Shah">Ismail</a>, generally used the title Adil Khan. 'Khan', meaning 'Chief' in various Central Asian cultures and adopted in Persian, conferred a lower status than 'Shah', indicating royal rank. Only with the rule of Yusuf's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah I">Ibrahim Adil Shah I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1534–1558), did the title of Adil Shah come into common use. Even then, Bijapur rulers recognized <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Persian</a> suzerainty over their realm.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The "Westerners", alternatively the gharibs or afaqis, were a faction within the Deccani and Bahmani courts which included anyone not native to the subcontinent (hence "west" of it), and were typically Persian-speaking and of the Shi'a faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200861-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200891-39">[36]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186">A Historical atlas of South Asia</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (k). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147%2C+map+XIV.4+%28k%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam1998" class="citation journal cs1">Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (2). Cambridge University Press: 317–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x98002947">10.1017/s0026749x98002947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146630389">146630389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+pursuit+of+Persian%3A+Language+in+Mughal+Politics&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-349&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x98002947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146630389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sheikh, Samira (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341551">"Persian in the Villages, or, the Language of Jamiat Rai's Account Books"</a>. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 64 (5–6): 704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341551">10.1163/15685209-12341551</a>. <q>The Adil Shahi rulers of Bijapur used written Marathi for local government, including revenue collection and judicial matters, as did the Nizam Shahis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Persian+in+the+Villages%2C+or%2C+the+Language+of+Jamiat+Rai%27s+Account+Books&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=704&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685209-12341551&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Samira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F15685209-12341551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1978xxiii-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton1978xxiii_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton1978xxiii_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaton1978">Eaton 1978</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Subrahmanyam_2012_101-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_2012_101_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2012" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-ub1MSr89QC">Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06736-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06736-3"><bdi>978-0-674-06736-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtly+Encounters%3A+Translating+Courtliness+and+Violence+in+Early+Modern+Eurasia&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06736-3&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-ub1MSr89QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974445-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1974445_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1974">Majumdar 1974</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2006" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC">Medieval Islamic Civilization, Volume 1 An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7"><bdi>978-0-415-96691-7</bdi></a>. <q>In 1481, Yusuf 'Adil Khan, a Persian slave who claimed to descend from the Ottoman sultan Murad III, became the governor of Bijapur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%2C+Volume+1+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96691-7&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-k9oc9xsuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egger-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Egger_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon_O._Egger2016" class="citation book cs1">Vernon O. Egger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PT266">A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315511078" title="Special:BookSources/9781315511078"><bdi>9781315511078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Muslim+World+since+1260%3A+The+Making+of+a+Global+Community&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315511078&rft.au=Vernon+O.+Egger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dEYDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyusuf%2Badil%2Bshah%2Bturkmen%26pg%3DPT266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosworth-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_Edmund_Bosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">Clifford Edmund Bosworth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&q=turkmen+yusuf+adil+shahi&pg=PA55">Historic Cities of the Islamic World</a>. Brill. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004153882" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004153882"><bdi>978-9004153882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004153882&rft.au=Clifford+Edmund+Bosworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB4uSVt3ulUC%26q%3Dturkmen%2Byusuf%2Badil%2Bshahi%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwani1973291-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwani1973291_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwani1973291_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwani1973291_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherwani1973">Sherwani 1973</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthee-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikki_R._Keddie,Rudi_Matthee2011" class="citation book cs1">Nikki R. Keddie,Rudi Matthee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlcCgAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PA25">Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics</a>. University of Washington Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295800240" title="Special:BookSources/9780295800240"><bdi>9780295800240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+Surrounding+World%3A+Interactions+in+Culture+and+Cultural+Politics&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780295800240&rft.au=Nikki+R.+Keddie%2CRudi+Matthee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLlcCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyusuf%2Badil%2Bshah%2Bturkmen%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Bolar, Varija R (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobiad.org/eJOURNALS/journal_IJSS/arhieves/2012_1/varija_bolar.pdf">"Turks in Karnataka" (PDF)</a>. International Journal of Social Studies 4 (1): 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&dq=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century++Yusuf+Adil+Khan+of+Turkish+descent+was+the+son+of+king+Agha+Murad+of+Turkey&pg=PA174">A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</a>. 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Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=%CA%BF%C4%80DEL%C5%A0%C4%80H%C4%AAS&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fadelsahis-a-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2006" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiabeforeeurop0000ashe">India Before Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511808586" title="Special:BookSources/9780511808586"><bdi>9780511808586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Before+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780511808586&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+B.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiabeforeeurop0000ashe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/history-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303/page">History of Medieval India 800–1700 A.D</a>. Orient BlackSwan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125032267" title="Special:BookSources/9788125032267"><bdi>9788125032267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India+800%E2%80%931700+A.D&rft.pub=Orient+BlackSwan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788125032267&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistory-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303%2Fpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Eaton, Richard M.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ">The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400868155" title="Special:BookSources/9781400868155"><bdi>9781400868155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis+of+Bijapur%2C+1300%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9781400868155&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2F9BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2008" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (2008). "Rama Raya (1484–1565)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofd0000eato">A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 : Eight Indian Lives</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71627-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71627-7"><bdi>978-0-521-71627-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/226973152">226973152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rama+Raya+%281484%E2%80%931565%29&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300%E2%80%931761+%3A+Eight+Indian+Lives&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226973152&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71627-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialhistoryofd0000eato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20488080">"'Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 43 (1). Cambridge University Press: 289–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X07003289">10.1017/S0026749X07003289</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20488080">20488080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Kiss+My+Foot%2C%27+Said+the+King%3A+Firearms%2C+Diplomacy+and+the+Battle+for+Raichur%2C+1520&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=289-313&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X07003289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20488080%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20488080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkkSEQAAQBAJ">India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520325128" title="Special:BookSources/9780520325128"><bdi>9780520325128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%2C+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780520325128&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkkSEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischel2020" class="citation book cs1">Fischel, Roy S. 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474436090" title="Special:BookSources/9781474436090"><bdi>9781474436090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+States+in+an+Imperial+World+%3A+Identity%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+the+Early+Modern+Deccan&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781474436090&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Roy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHoxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatt2019" class="citation book cs1">Flatt, Emma J. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521563215" title="Special:BookSources/9780521563215"><bdi>9780521563215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Art+of+the+Deccan+Sultanates+%28The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India+Vol.+I%3A7%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521563215&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Zebrowski%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dju1XvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaheenShahid2018" class="citation book cs1">Shaheen, Shagufta; Shahid, Sajjad (2018). "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī". In Azam, Kousar J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SusrDwAAQBAJ">Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351393997" title="Special:BookSources/9781351393997"><bdi>9781351393997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Unique+Literary+Traditions+of+Dakhn%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Literary+Cultures+in+Hyderabad&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351393997&rft.aulast=Shaheen&rft.aufirst=Shagufta&rft.au=Shahid%2C+Sajjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSusrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwani1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haroon_Khan_Sherwani" title="Haroon Khan Sherwani">Sherwani, Haroon Khan</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551">The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study</a>. Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bahmanis+of+the+Deccan+%E2%80%93+An+Objective+Study&rft.pub=Krishnavas+International+Printers%2C+Hyderabad+Deccan&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Sherwani&rft.aufirst=Haroon+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.68551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwani1973" class="citation book cs1">Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142905">History of Medieval Deccan (1295–1724) : Volume I</a>. Government of Andhra Pradesh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+Deccan+%281295%E2%80%931724%29+%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Sherwani&rft.aufirst=Haroon+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.142905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazdani1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Yazdani" title="Ghulam Yazdani">Yazdani, Ghulam</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1">Bidar, Its History and Monuments</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120810716" title="Special:BookSources/9788120810716"><bdi>9788120810716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bidar%2C+Its+History+and+Monuments&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=9788120810716&rft.aulast=Yazdani&rft.aufirst=Ghulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.279710%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Bijapur" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Chapter on "Persian Literature in Bijapur Sultanate" in The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature by R.M. Chopra, Iran Culture House, New Delhi, 2012.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Bijapur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="extiw" title="q:Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi dynasty</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bijapur_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/bijapur/adilshahis.htm">The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)</a> by Dr. (Mrs) Jyotsna Kamat</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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[\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Karnataka History\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 18,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ruled\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 139,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree chart\"] = 15,\n [\"Tree chart/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree chart/start\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-77c8488b9d-zpqqc","timestamp":"20241125133956","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sultanate of Bijapur","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sultanate_of_Bijapur","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83821","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83821","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to 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