CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sistem tulisan - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )mswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Mac","April","Mei","Jun","Julai","Ogos","September","Oktober","November","Disember"],"wgRequestId":"54349490-938c-426c-8dbf-c03d0076eb47","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sistem_tulisan","wgTitle":"Sistem tulisan","wgCurRevisionId":5810826,"wgRevisionId":5810826,"wgArticleId":86617,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Laman yang menggunakan argumen pendua dalam panggilan templat","Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)","Sumber bahasa Jerman CS1 (de)","Tipografi","Sistem tulisan","Penulisan"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sistem_tulisan","wgRelevantArticleId":86617,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ms","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ms"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8192","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.MenuKedaiKopi","ext.gadget.mySandbox","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/1200px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="609"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/800px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/640px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="325"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sistem tulisan - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tulisan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tulisan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Perubahan_terkini&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sistem_tulisan rootpage-Sistem_tulisan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu utama" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti" title="Tentang projek, perkara yang anda dapat lakukan, tempat untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Sistem+tulisan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Sistem+tulisan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Sumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Sistem+tulisan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Sistem+tulisan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_am" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_am"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sifat am</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_am-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengelasan_fungsian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengelasan_fungsian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pengelasan fungsian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengelasan_fungsian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sistem tulisan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 137 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryfstelsel" title="Skryfstelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skryfstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="نظام كتابة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام كتابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хъвавул система – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъвавул система" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یازی سیستمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یازی سیستمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_Tulisan" title="Sistim Tulisan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sistim Tulisan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-j%C4%AB_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Яҙма (Әлифба) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҙма (Әлифба)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="लिखाई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिखाई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_nin_panurat" title="Sistema nin panurat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sistema nin panurat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(jezik)" title="Pismo (jezik) – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pismo (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doare-skriva%C3%B1" title="Doare-skrivañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doare-skrivañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escriptura" title="Sistema d'escriptura – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema d'escriptura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_sa_pagsulat" title="Sistema sa pagsulat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sistema sa pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çырулăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çырулăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo" title="Písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_ysgrifennu" title="System ysgrifennu – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="System ysgrifennu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_bee_%C3%A1l%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Saad bee álʼíní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Saad bee álʼíní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_(keeleteadus)" title="Kiri (keeleteadus) – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiri (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Σύστημα γραφής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα γραφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Writing system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escritura" title="Sistema de escritura – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de escritura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribsistemo" title="Skribsistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skribsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazkera_sistema" title="Idazkera sistema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazkera sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="خط (نوشتار) – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط (نوشتار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhaai" title="Likhaai – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Likhaai" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corys_screeuee" title="Corys screeuee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corys screeuee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Йоазув – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоазув" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="문자 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Գիր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo" title="Pismo – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_ide_ihe" title="Usoro ide ihe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro ide ihe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ti_panagsurat" title="Sistema ti panagsurat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sistema ti panagsurat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifletur" title="Skrifletur – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrifletur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_scrittura" title="Sistema di scrittura – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di scrittura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91" title="כתב – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Джазма – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джазма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დამწერლობა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Жазу – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreyth_skrifa" title="Kevreyth skrifa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kevreyth skrifa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandishi" title="Maandishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maandishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8m_ekriti" title="Sistèm ekriti – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sistèm ekriti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_niv%C3%AEs%C3%AA" title="Pergala nivîsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pergala nivîsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritura" title="Scritura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scritura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_scripturae" title="Systema scripturae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema scripturae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roksts_(raksteiba)" title="Roksts (raksteiba) – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Roksts (raksteiba)" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakst%C4%ABba" title="Rakstība – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%ABft" title="Schrëft – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrëft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1to_sistema" title="Rašto sistema – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašto sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjrifsysteem" title="Sjrifsysteem – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjrifsysteem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemes_de_scrive" title="Sistemes de scrive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sistemes de scrive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjutussistiemu" title="Kirjutussistiemu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjutussistiemu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_scritura" title="Sistema de scritura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sistema de scritura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="लिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سيستم كتابه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيستم كتابه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="خط – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Йоза – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skraft" title="Skraft – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manni%C3%A9the_d%27%C3%AAcrithe" title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_d%27escritura" title="Sistèma d'escritura – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozuv" title="Yozuv – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="ليک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Sistème d'écriture – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sistème d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_pisma" title="System pisma – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System pisma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_scriere" title="Sistem de scriere – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de scriere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Письменность – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Письменность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="लिपयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लिपयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writin_seestem" title="Writin seestem – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Writin seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_i_shkrimit" title="Sistemi i shkrimit – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi i shkrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="අක්ෂර ක්‍රම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්ෂර ක්‍රම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Writing system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="لکت سرشتو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لکت سرشتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo_(jazykoveda)" title="Písmo (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Písmo (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisava" title="Pisava – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیستمی نووسین – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی نووسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(znakovi)" title="Pismo (znakovi) – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pismo (znakovi)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjoitusj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ng_pagsulat" title="Sistema ng pagsulat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sistema ng pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="எழுத்து முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்து முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Язу системасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язу системасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF" title="లిపి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లిపి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ระบบการเขียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบการเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_ch%E1%BB%AF_vi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Hệ chữ viết – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ chữ viết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Хат (навиштор) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хат (навиштор)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Писемність – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Писемність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="رسم الخط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihsaw" title="Cihsaw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cihsaw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_hin_panurat" title="Sistema hin panurat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sistema hin panurat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שריפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שריפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%AA_nu%C5%9Ft%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Sistemê nuştışi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sistemê nuştışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ta_s%C4%97stema" title="Rašta sėstema – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rašta sėstema" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Sistem_tulisan" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Sistem_tulisan" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Sistem_tulisan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&oldid=5810826" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Sistem_tulisan&id=5810826&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSistem_tulisan"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSistem_tulisan"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sistem+tulisan"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sistem_tulisan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Writing_systems" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8192" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sistem tulisan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Writing_systems_worldwide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/220px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/330px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/440px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_abjad" title="Sistem tulisan abjad">Abjad</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5537384">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:green; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab">Arab</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#7CFC00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani">Ibrani</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_abugida" title="Sistem tulisan abugida">Abugida</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FFFF80; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_sukukataan_peribumi_Kanada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan sukukataan peribumi Kanada (laman tidak wujud)">Sukukataan peribumi Kanada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#804000 ; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Ge%27ez" title="Aksara Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #FFC000; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_tulisan_Brahmi" title="Rumpun tulisan Brahmi">India Utara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FF8000; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_tulisan_Brahmi" title="Rumpun tulisan Brahmi">India Selatan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#808040; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tana" title="Aksara Tana">Tana</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_alfabet" title="Sistem tulisan alfabet">Alfabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0080FF; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Armenia" title="Abjad Armenia">Armenia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#008080; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Cyril" title="Abjad Cyril">Cyril</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Georgia">Georgia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:blue; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Yunani">Yunani</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ABABAB; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Rumi" title="Abjad Rumi">Rumi/Latin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan Mongolia (laman tidak wujud)">Mongolia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0090DA; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#97CBFF; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Osage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan Osage (laman tidak wujud)">Osage</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#EE1C25; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina">Hanzi</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_sukukataan" title="Sistem tulisan sukukataan">Sukukataan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#8B008B; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cherokee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Cherokee">Cherokee</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Hibrid</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#C71585; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_Jepun" title="Sistem tulisan Jepun">Jepun</a> (Logogram dan sukukataan)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FF69B4; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> (Alfabet dan sukukataan)</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6453376">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sistem_tulisan_di_seluruh_dunia" title="Templat:Sistem tulisan di seluruh dunia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Sistem_tulisan_di_seluruh_dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Sistem tulisan di seluruh dunia (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sistem_tulisan_di_seluruh_dunia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sistem tulisan</b> ialah kaedah untuk memaparkan <a href="/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi">komunikasi</a> lisan secara visual berdasarkan <b>aksara</b> dan satu <a href="/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi">set peraturan</a> yang mengawal penggunaannya. Walaupun kedua-dua bentuk <a href="/wiki/Penulisan" title="Penulisan">penulisan</a> dan bentuk <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pertuturan" title="Bahasa pertuturan">pertuturan</a> berguna dalam menyampaikan <a href="/wiki/Pesanan" title="Pesanan">mesej</a>, berbeza dengan bentuk pertuturan, bentuk penulisan dapat menyimpan dan meminda <a href="/wiki/Maklumat" title="Maklumat">maklumat</a> yang boleh dipercayai.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistem penulisan memerlukan kongsian pemahaman antara penulis dan <a href="/wiki/Membaca" title="Membaca">pembaca</a> tentang makna di sebalik pelbagai susunan huruf yang membentuk sesuatu tulisan. Bentuk penulisan pada masa ini selalunya terakam pada medium bertahan lama seperti kertas atau <a href="/wiki/Peranti_storan_data" title="Peranti storan data">peranti storan elektronik</a>, walaupun kaedah yang kurang tahan lama pun boleh digunapakai, seperti tulisan di pada <a href="/wiki/Peranti_paparan" title="Peranti paparan">paparan</a> komputer, di papan hitam, di atas pasir atau melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contengan_langit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contengan langit (laman tidak wujud)">contengan kata di langit</a>. Pembacaan teks penulisan tersebut boleh dilakukan melalui pemprosesan dalaman di minda atau boleh juga <a href="/wiki/Membaca" title="Membaca">dilafazkan</a>. </p><p>Sistem tulisan boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa kategori seperti jenis <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, jenis <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_sukukataan" title="Sistem tulisan sukukataan">sukukataan</a> atau jenis <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logografi</a>, walaupun mana-mana sistem tertentu mungkin mempunyai sifat-sifat yang boleh merangkumi lebih daripada satu kategori. Dalam kategori abjad, satu set <a href="/wiki/Huruf" title="Huruf">huruf-huruf</a> yang piawai mewakili <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">bunyi-bunyi pertuturan</a>. Dalam kategori suku kata, setiap simbol terhubungkait dengan setiap <a href="/wiki/Suku_kata" title="Suku kata">suku kata</a> atau mora. Dalam kategori logografi, setiap aksara mewakili satu unit semantik berbentuk perkataan lengkap atau <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abjad_konsonan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad konsonan">Aksara abjad</a> berbeza daripada aksara alfabet kerana tiada huruf yang khas untuk bunyi vokal, manakala untuk aksara <a href="/wiki/Abjad_suku_kata" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad suku kata">abugida</a> pula setiap huruf mewakili gandingan bunyi konsonan-vokal. </p><p>Sistem tulisan yang berjeniskan huruf berfonem tunggal biasanya menggunakan kurang daripada 100 simbol untuk membolehkan pengungkapan dalam sesuatu bahasa, manakala sistem tulisan yang berjeniskan suku kata boleh mempunyai beberapa ratus simbol, dan sistem tulisan yang berjeniskan logografi boleh mempunyai beribu-ribu simbol. Sebilangan besar sistem tulisan di dunia juga memasukkan satu set simbol khas yang dikenali sebagai tanda baca, dan ia membantu dari segi interpretasi serta penangkapan nuansa dan variasi dalam makna sesuatu mesej yang disampaikan secara lisan melalui isyarat dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Rentak" title="Rentak">pemasaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nada_(linguistik)" title="Nada (linguistik)">nada</a>, aksen, <a href="/wiki/Tasrif" title="Tasrif">infleksi</a> atau intonasi. </p><p>Sistem tulisan yang sedia ada didahului oleh sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototulisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototulisan (laman tidak wujud)">prototulisan</a>, yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Piktogram" title="Piktogram">piktogram</a>, ideogram dan simbol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemonik (laman tidak wujud)">nemonik</a> lain. Prototulisan tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk menangkap dan meluahkan pelbagai pemikiran dan idea secara sempurna. Penciptaan sistem tulisan, yang bermula sejak permulaan <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Gangsa" title="Zaman Gangsa">Zaman Gangsa</a> pada akhir <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Neolitik" title="Zaman Neolitik">Era Neolitik</a> di akhir <a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-4_SM" title="Milenium ke-4 SM">alaf ke-4 SM</a>, membenarkan perakaman <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_dunia" title="Sejarah dunia">sejarah manusia</a> bertahan lama dan tepat, tanpa penghilangan atau pengubahan maklumat sebagaimana yang berlaku pada maklumat yang disampaikan melalui <a href="/wiki/Tradisi_lisan" title="Tradisi lisan">tradisi lisan</a>. Tidak lama selepas itu, kewujudan cara penulisan membolehkan komunikasi jarak jauh wujud dalam bentuk yang <a href="/wiki/Perkhidmatan_pos" title="Perkhidmatan pos">boleh dipercayai</a>. Selepas itu kemunculan <a href="/wiki/Penerbit" title="Penerbit">penerbitan</a> pula menyediakan <a href="/wiki/Media" title="Media">saluran</a> kepada bentuk terawal <a href="/wiki/Komunikasi_massa" title="Komunikasi massa">komunikasi massa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_am">Sifat am</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sifat am" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sifat am"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kuozhai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuozhai.jpg/220px-Kuozhai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Kuozhai.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption> Aksara Cina ( <i>hànzì</i>, 漢字) bersifat morfosukukata. Setiap satu aksara mewakili suku kata dengan makna yang berbeza, tetapi sesetengah aksara pula mungkin mempunyai pelbagai makna atau sebutan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sistem tulisan dibezakan daripada sistem komunikasi simbolik yang lain kerana sistem tulisan sentiasa berkait dengan sekurang-kurangnya satu jenis <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pertuturan" title="Bahasa pertuturan">bahasa pertuturan</a>. Sebaliknya, perwakilan visual seperti lakaran, lukisan dan item bukan lisan yang terpapar pada peta (seperti garis kontur) adalah tidak ada kaitan dengan bahasa. Beberapa simbol pada tanda maklumat, seperti simbol untuk lelaki dan perempuan, juga tidak berkaitan dengan bahasa, tetapi boleh berkembang menjadi sebahagian daripada bahasa jika ia sering dihubungkan dengan unsur bahasa lain. Beberapa simbol lain, seperti simbol <a href="/wiki/Sistem_angka" title="Sistem angka">angka</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ampersan" title="Ampersan">ampersan</a>, tidak dikaitkan secara langsung dengan mana-mana bahasa tertentu, tetapi sering digunakan secara bertulis, dan sebab itulah simbol-simbol ini mesti dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada sistem tulisan. </p><p>Setiap komuniti manusia mempunyai bahasa, yang merupakan fitrah kepada manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, perkembangan sistem tulisan berserta prosesnya yang menggantikan tradisi lisan, adalah bersifat sporadik, tidak sekata dan perlahan. Setelah penubuhan, sistem tulisan biasanya berubah lebih perlahan berbanding padanan lisan yang berkait dengannya. Makanya sistem tulisan selalunya mengekalkan ciri-ciri dan cara-cara ungkapan lampau yang kini tidak lagi digunakan dalam bahasa pertuturan. Salah satu faedah besar sistem tulisan ialah ia dapat mengekalkan rekod maklumat yang terzahir dalam bahasa. </p><p>Semua sistem tulisan memerlukan: </p> <ul><li>sekurang-kurangnya penakrifan satu set unsur atau simbol asas, yang secara individu dikenali sebagai <i>tanda</i> dan secara kolektif dipanggil <i>aksara</i>; <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>sekurang-kurangnya satu set peraturan dan konvensyen (<a href="/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi">ortografi</a>) yang difahami dan dikongsi oleh komuniti, yang seterusnya digunakan untuk mengatur makna pada unsur asas (grafem), susunan dan hubungannya antara satu sama lain;</li> <li>sekurang-kurangnya satu bahasa (biasanya <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pertuturan" title="Bahasa pertuturan">dituturkan</a>) yang pembinaannya boleh diwakil dan diingatkan semula dengan tafsiran unsur dan peraturan yang terlibat;</li> <li>beberapa cara fizikal untuk mewakili simbol secara jelas melalui penggunaan pada <a href="/wiki/Media" title="Media">medium</a> kekal atau separa kekal, jadi ia boleh ditafsirkan (biasanya secara visual, tetapi sistem sentuhan juga telah direka).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform,_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform%2C_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg/220px-Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform%2C_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform%2C_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg/330px-Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform%2C_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform%2C_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg/440px-Comparative_evolution_of_Cuneiform%2C_Egyptian_and_Chinese_characters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption> Evolusi perbandingan daripada piktogram kepada bentuk-bentuk abstrak, dalam <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_pepaku" title="Tulisan pepaku">kuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieroglif" title="Hieroglif">hieroglif</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mesir" title="Bahasa Mesir">Mesir</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina">aksara Cina</a> .</figcaption></figure> <p>Sistem tulisan didahului dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototulisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototulisan (laman tidak wujud)">prototulisan</a>, sistem ideografi dan/atau simbol nemonik berperingkat awal. Contoh yang paling terkenal ialah: </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sejarah_penulisan_nombor_purba" title="Sejarah penulisan nombor purba">Sistem token</a>", sistem perekodan yang digunakan untuk tujuan perakaunan di <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, anggaran pada 9000 SM <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Simbol Jiahu, diukir pada <a href="/wiki/Rangka_luar" title="Rangka luar">kulit keras</a> <a href="/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura">kura-kura</a> di Jiahu, anggaran pada 6600 SM</li> <li>Simbol Vinča (papan batu Tărtăria), anggaran pada 5300 SM</li> <li>Proto-kuneiform, anggaran pada 3500 SM <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mungkin tulisan Indus awal, anggaran pada 3500 SM, namun sifatnya dipertikaikan <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li> <li>Tulisan Nsibidi, anggaran sebelum 500 Masihi </li></ul> <p>Penciptaan sistem tulisan pertama secara kasarnya kontemporari dengan permulaan <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Gangsa" title="Zaman Gangsa">Zaman Gangsa</a> (mengikuti akhir <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Neolitik" title="Zaman Neolitik">Neolitik</a> ) pada akhir <a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-4_SM" title="Milenium ke-4 SM">milenium ke-4 SM</a> . <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_pepaku" title="Tulisan pepaku">Skrip kuneiform</a> kuno Sumeria yang diikuti rapat dengan <a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Mesir" title="Hieroglif Mesir">hieroglif Mesir</a> umumnya dianggap sebagai sistem tulisan terawal, kedua-duanya muncul daripada sistem simbol proto-literasi nenek moyang mereka dari 3400 hingga 3200 SM dengan teks koheren terawal dari kira-kira <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-26_SM" title="Abad ke-26 SM">2600 SM</a> . Secara umumnya dipersetujui bahawa tulisan Sumeria yang lebih awal dari segi sejarah adalah ciptaan bebas; walau bagaimanapun, ia diperdebatkan sama ada tulisan Mesir dibangunkan sepenuhnya secara bebas daripada bahasa Sumeria, atau merupakan kes penyebaran budaya . <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perbahasan serupa wujud untuk <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina">skrip Cina</a>, yang berkembang sekitar 1200 SM. <sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Boltz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boltz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tulisan Cina mungkin merupakan ciptaan bebas, kerana tidak ada bukti hubungan antara China dan tamadun celik di Timur Dekat, <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kerana perbezaan yang ketara antara pendekatan Mesopotamia dan Cina terhadap <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logografi</a> dan perwakilan fonetik. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sistem tulisan Mesoamerika <a href="/wiki/Pra-Columbus" title="Pra-Columbus">pra-Columbus</a> (termasuk antara lain skrip <a href="/wiki/Olmek" title="Olmek">Olmec</a> dan Maya ) umumnya dipercayai mempunyai asal usul bebas. </p><p>Sistem tulisan hieroglif yang digunakan oleh Mi'kmaq pra-kolonial, yang diperhatikan oleh mubaligh dari abad ke-17 hingga ke-19, dianggap telah berkembang secara bebas. Terdapat beberapa perdebatan mengenai sama ada ini adalah sistem yang terbentuk sepenuhnya atau hanya satu siri piktograf mnemonik. </p><p>Adalah dipercayai bahawa tulisan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_abjad" title="Sistem tulisan abjad">abjad konsonan</a> pertama muncul sebelum 2000 SM, sebagai representasi bahasa yang dikembangkan oleh suku <a href="/wiki/Semitik" title="Semitik">Semitik</a> di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Sinai" title="Semenanjung Sinai">Semenanjung Sinai</a> (lihat <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_huruf" title="Sejarah huruf">Sejarah abjad</a> ). Kebanyakan abjad lain di dunia hari ini sama ada berasal daripada inovasi yang satu ini, banyak melalui <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Foenisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Foenisia">abjad Phoenicia</a>, atau diilhamkan secara langsung oleh reka bentuknya. </p><p>Abjad benar pertama ialah <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Yunani">skrip Yunani</a> yang secara konsisten mewakili <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokal</a> sejak 800 SM. <sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-True_alphabet_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-True_alphabet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Rumi" title="Abjad Rumi">Abjad Latin</a>, keturunan langsung, adalah sistem tulisan yang paling biasa digunakan. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengelasan_fungsian">Pengelasan fungsian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengelasan fungsian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengelasan fungsian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.jpg/250px-Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.jpg/330px-Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.jpg/500px-Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption> Jadual aksara dalam bab pengenalan dalam <i>Kamus<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Bahasa Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-Inggeris</i> oleh Monier Monier-Williams</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG/250px-Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG/330px-Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG/500px-Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption> Buku teks untuk <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> ini menunjukkan abjad Inggeris . Walaupun huruf-huruf Inggeris disusunkan dari kiri ke kanan, penjelasan dalam bahasa Cina disusunkan dari atas ke bawah kemudian kanan ke kiri, seperti yang ditulis secara tradisional</figcaption></figure> <p>Beberapa pendekatan telah diambil untuk mengelaskan sistem tulisan, yang paling biasa dan asas ialah pembahagian umum kepada tiga kategori: <i>logografik</i>, <i>sukukataan</i> dan <i>abjad</i> (atau <i>segmental</i>); walau bagaimanapun, ketiga-tiganya boleh didapati dalam mana-mana sistem tulisan dalam jumlah perkadaran yang berbeza-beza, dan sukar untuk mengkategorikan sesuatu sistem secara unik. Istilah <i>sistem kompleks</i> kadang-kadang digunakan untuk menggambarkan campuran pelbagai jenis asas tulisan yang merumitkan klasifikasi bahasa. Ahli bahasa moden menganggap pendekatan sedemikian, termasuk pembahagian Diringer seperti berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>aksara piktogram</li> <li>aksara ideogram</li> <li>aksara peralihan analitik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_fonetik" title="Transkripsi fonetik">aksara fonetik</a></li> <li>aksara abjad,</li></ul> <p>adalah terlalu mudah, dan boleh katakan kaedah pengelasan ini tak boleh dibandingkan. Hill <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pula membahagikan <i>penulisan</i> kepada tiga kategori analisis linguistik utama, salah satunya meliputi wacana dan biasanya tidak dianggap sebagai salah satu kategori tulisan yang wajar: </p> <ul><li><i>sistem wacana</i> <ul><li><i>sistem wacana ikonik</i>, cthnya pada tulisan Amerindian</li> <li><i>sistem wacana konvensional</i>, cthnya pada tulisan <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>sistem tulisan morfem</i>, cthnya pada tulisan <a href="/wiki/Hieroglif" title="Hieroglif">Mesir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_pepaku" title="Tulisan pepaku">Sumeria</a>, Maya, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina">Cina</a>, Hieroglif Anatolia</li> <li><i>sistem tulisan fonemik</i> <ul><li><i>sistem tulisan fonemik separa</i>, cthnya pada tulisan Mesir, <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani">Ibrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Arab" title="Aksara Arab">Arab</a></li> <li><i>sistem tulisan polifonemik</i>, cthnya pada tulisan Linear B, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kana" title="Tulisan Kana">Kana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tsalagi" title="Aksara Tsalagi">Cherokee</a></li> <li><i>sistem tulisan monofonemik</i> <ul><li><i>sistem tulisan fonemik</i>, cthnya tulisan pada bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Purba" title="Bahasa Yunani Purba">Yunani Purba</a> dan bahasa Inggeris Kuno</li> <li><i>sistem tulisan morfofonemik</i>, cthnya tulisan pada Bahasa Jerman dan Bahasa Inggeris Moden</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Sampson menggariskan perbezaan antara <i>semasiografi</i> dan <i>glotografi:</i> </p> <ul><li>semasiografi, mengaitkan tanda yang jelas terlihat dengan makna secara langsung tanpa merujuk kepada mana-mana bahasa pertuturan tertentu</li> <li>glotografi, menggunakan tanda yang boleh dilihat untuk mewakili bentuk bahasa pertuturan <ul><li>logografi, mewakili bahasa pertuturan melalui penugasan tanda-tanda yang kelihatan distingtif kepada unsur-unsur linguistik "artikulasi pertama" André Martinet (Martinet 1949), iaitu morfem atau perkataan</li> <li>fonografi, mencapai matlamat yang sama dengan memberikan tanda kepada unsur "artikulasi kedua", contohnya fonem, suku kata</li></ul></li></ul> <p>DeFrancis, <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengkritik pengenalan <i>tulisan semasiografik</i> dan <i>abjad-abjad cirian</i> yang dibuat oleh Sampson <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, dan menekankan kualiti fonografi penulisan yang wajar seperti berikut: </p> <ul><li><i>gambar</i> <ul><li><i>bukan tulisan</i></li> <li><i>tulisan</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukisan_tekaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukisan tekaan (laman tidak wujud)">lukisan tekaan</a></i> <ul><li><i>sistem suku kata</i> <ul><li><i>suku kata tulen</i>, cthnya aksara Linear B, Yi, Kana, Cherokee</li> <li><i>morfosilabik</i>, cthnya aksara Sumeria, Cina, Maya</li> <li><i>berkonsonan</i> <ul><li><i>morfokonsonan</i>, cthnya aksara Mesir Purba</li> <li><i>konsonan tulen</i>, cthnya aksara Phoenicia dan Arab</li> <li><i>beralfabet</i> <ul><li><i>fonemik tulen</i>, cthnya bahasa Yunani</li> <li><i>morfofonemik</i>, cthnya Inggeris</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Faber <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengkategorikan penulisan fonografi melalui dua aras, yakni kelinearan dan pengekodan: </p> <ul><li><i>logografik</i>, cthnya aksara <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina">Cina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieroglif" title="Hieroglif">Mesir Purba</a></li> <li><i>fonografi</i> <ul><li><i>bersuku kata linear</i> <ul><li><i>berkod mengikut suku kata</i>, cthnya aksara <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kana" title="Tulisan Kana">Kana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Akkadia" title="Bahasa Akkadia">Akkadia</a></li> <li><i>berkod mengikut segmen</i>, cthnya aksara <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani">Ibrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Suryani" title="Abjad Suryani">Suryani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Arab" title="Aksara Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Ge%27ez" title="Aksara Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Amhara" title="Bahasa Amhara">Amhara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Dewanagari">Devanagari</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>linear segmen</i> <ul><li><i>lengkap</i> (beralfabet), cthnya aksara <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Rumi" title="Abjad Rumi">Yunani-Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Cyril" title="Abjad Cyril">Cyril</a></li> <li><i>cacat</i>, cthnya aksara Ugaritik, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Foenisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Foenisia">Phoenicia</a>, Aram, Arab Selatan Kuno, Paleo-Ibrani</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pengelasan oleh Daniels <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jenis </th> <th>Setiap simbol mewakili </th> <th>Contoh </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logosilabik</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perkataan" title="Perkataan">perkataan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Suku_kata" title="Suku kata">suku kata</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina">aksara Cina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_sukukataan" title="Sistem tulisan sukukataan">Sukukataan</a> </td> <td>suku kata </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kana" title="Tulisan Kana">kana</a></i> Jepun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_abjad" title="Sistem tulisan abjad">Abjad</a> (berkonsonan) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konsonan" title="Konsonan">konsonan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab">abjad Arab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_alfabet" title="Sistem tulisan alfabet">Alfabet</a> </td> <td>konsonan atau <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Rumi" title="Abjad Rumi">abjad Latin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_abugida" title="Sistem tulisan abugida">Abugida</a> </td> <td>konsonan yang secara lalai disertakan sekali bunyi vokal tertentu, kemudian menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Diakritik" title="Diakritik">diakritik</a> untuk mewakili bunyi vokal lain </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Dewanagari">Devanagari</a></i> India </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_cirian" title="Sistem tulisan cirian">Sistem cirian</a> </td> <td>Mempunyai fitur distingtif pada segmen suara </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></i> Korea </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/definition.htm">"Definitions of writing systems"</a>. <i>Omniglot: The Online Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages</i>. www.omniglot.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2013-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+writing+systems&rft.btitle=Omniglot%3A+The+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems+and+Languages&rft.pub=www.omniglot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fdefinition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASistem+tulisan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulmas, Florian. 2003. <i>Writing systems. An introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. pg. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "An Archaic Recording System and the Origin of Writing." Syro-Mesopotamian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–32, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, Christopher (2010), "The earliest Mesopotamian writing", in Woods, Christopher (ed.), Visible language. Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East and beyond (PDF), Oriental Institute Museum Publications, 32, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 33–50, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-885923-76-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-885923-76-9">978-1-885923-76-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/25/14371450/indus-valley-civilization-ancient-seals-symbols-language-algorithms-ai">"Machine learning could finally crack the 4,000-year-old Indus script"</a>. 25 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Machine+learning+could+finally+crack+the+4%2C000-year-old+Indus+script&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F1%2F25%2F14371450%2Findus-valley-civilization-ancient-seals-symbols-language-algorithms-ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASistem+tulisan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Sampson, Writing Systems: a Linguistic Introduction, Stanford University Press, 1990, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagley_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Bagley2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bagley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bagley (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Bagley</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&q=1200">"Anyang writing and the origin of the Chinese writing system"</a>. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_D._Houston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen D. Houston (laman tidak wujud)">Houston, Stephen</a> (penyunting). <i>The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 190. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780521838610" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780521838610"><bdi>9780521838610</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anyang+writing+and+the+origin+of+the+Chinese+writing+system&rft.btitle=The+First+Writing%3A+Script+Invention+as+History+and+Process&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521838610&rft.au=Robert+Bagley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjsWL_XJt-dMC%26q%3D1200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASistem+tulisan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boltz-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boltz_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_G._Boltz1999" class="citation book cs1">William G. Boltz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&q=The+Origin+and+Early+Development+of+the+Chinese+Writing+System.&pg=PA108">"Language and Writing"</a>. Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Loewe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Loewe (laman tidak wujud)">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_L._Shaughnessy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy (laman tidak wujud)">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (penyunting). <i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 108. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780521470308" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780521470308"><bdi>9780521470308</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Writing&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521470308&rft.au=William+G.+Boltz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHA7Ey0-pbEC%26q%3DThe%2BOrigin%2Band%2BEarly%2BDevelopment%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChinese%2BWriting%2BSystem.%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASistem+tulisan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David N. Keightley, Noel Barnard. The Origins of Chinese civilization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-vdP2aZWhUC&pg=PA415">Page 415-416</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn67_Rid51EC">Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature</a>. Gwendolyn Leick, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1996" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1996). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-631-21481-X" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-631-21481-X"><bdi>0-631-21481-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-21481-X&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASistem+tulisan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-True_alphabet-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-True_alphabet_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillard1986">Millard 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2004">Haarmann 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Diringer (1962): <i>Writing</i>. London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archibald Hill (1967): <i>The typology of Writing systems</i>. In: William A. Austin (ed.), Papers in Linguistics in Honor of Leon Dostert. The Hague, 92–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John DeFrancis (1989): <i>Visible speech. The diverse oneness of writing systems</i>. Honolulu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Sampson (1986): <i>Writing Systems. A Linguistic Approach</i>. London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Faber (1992): <i>Phonemic segmentation as an epiphenomenon. Evidence from the history of alphabetic writing</i>. In: Pamela Downing et al. (ed.): The Linguistics of Literacy. Amsterdam. 111–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels_and_Bright1996">Daniels and Bright 1996</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312143430/http://www.decodeunicode.org/">decodeunicode</a> Unicode Wiki dengan semua 98,884 Unicode 5.0 aksara sebagai gif dalam tiga saiz</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldswritingsystems.org">Sistem Penulisan Dunia</a>, Semua 294 sistem penulisan yang diketahui, masing-masing dengan glif rujukan tipografi dan status Unikod</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/Welcome.html">Sistem tulisan Afrika</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/index.htm">Omniglot: Ensiklopedia Dalam Talian Sistem Penulisan dan Bahasa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws.html">Skrip Kuno</a> Pengenalan kepada sistem penulisan yang berbeza</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/index.html">Abjad Eropah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccelian.com/ElianScriptFull.html">Skrip Elian</a> sistem tulisan yang menggabungkan kelinearan ejaan dengan aspek lukisan bentuk bebas.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&oldid=5810826">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&oldid=5810826</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tipografi" title="Kategori:Tipografi">Tipografi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sistem_tulisan" title="Kategori:Sistem tulisan">Sistem tulisan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Penulisan" title="Kategori:Penulisan">Penulisan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_yang_menggunakan_argumen_pendua_dalam_panggilan_templat" title="Kategori:Laman yang menggunakan argumen pendua dalam panggilan templat">Laman yang menggunakan argumen pendua dalam panggilan templat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sumber_CS1_bahasa_Inggeris_(en)" title="Kategori:Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)">Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sumber_bahasa_Jerman_CS1_(de)" title="Kategori:Sumber bahasa Jerman CS1 (de)">Sumber bahasa Jerman CS1 (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 15:37, 1 April 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terma Penggunaan</a> untuk butiran lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Dasar privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Perihal Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_umum">Penafian</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kod Tatakelakuan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pembangun</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ms.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Kenyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tulisan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Paparan mudah alih</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sistem tulisan</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>137 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Tambah topik</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.canary-66c49bc548-lh8fn","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.246","walltime":"0.455","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1431,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":34993,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1110,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":34819,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 247.175 1 -total"," 52.43% 129.585 1 Templat:Reflist"," 43.64% 107.873 1 Templat:Sistem_tulisan_di_seluruh_dunia"," 42.10% 104.059 1 Templat:Sidebar"," 26.96% 66.631 1 Templat:Petik_ensiklopedia"," 16.72% 41.330 19 Templat:Legend"," 9.14% 22.587 19 Templat:Greater_color_contrast_ratio"," 6.93% 17.134 3 Templat:Cite_book"," 3.38% 8.361 1 Templat:ISBN"," 2.48% 6.120 1 Templat:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.108","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3066001,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.eqiad.main-556dd6cbfd-6khv2","timestamp":"20250325093733","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sistem tulisan","url":"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sistem_tulisan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8192","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8192","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Yayasan Wikimedia Bhd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-12-09T13:46:12Z","dateModified":"2023-04-01T15:37:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg"}</script> </body> </html>