CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head profile="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://prbblog.org:80/?","20090917063623","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1253169383"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <script type="text/JavaScript">  </script> <title>Behind the Numbers: The PRB blog on population, health, and the environment </title> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.3.3"/>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623cs_/http://prbblog.org/wp-content/themes/prb-blog/style.css" type="text/css" media="screen"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Behind the Numbers: The PRB blog on population, health, and the environment RSS Feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?feed=rss2"/> <link rel="pingback" href="http://prbblog.org/xmlrpc.php"/> <meta name="type" content="Section"> <meta name="language" content="english"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="CODE_LANGUAGE" content="C#"/><meta name="vs_defaultClientScript" content="JavaScript"/><meta name="vs_targetSchema" content="http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5"/> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/favicon.ico"/></head> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="http://prbblog.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="http://prbblog.org/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml"/> <style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding: 0 !important;margin: 0 !important;}</style> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript">  </script>  <div class="newheader"> <div class="functional"> <p class="links"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a>/ <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Contact.aspx">Contact</a>/ <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx"> Espanol</a>/ <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx"> Francais</a></p> </div> <div class="banner"> <div class="logo"> <img height="99" width="210" alt="PRB" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/logo.gif"/> </div> <div class="title wide"> <img height="63" width="564" alt="Population Reference Bureau" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/title.gif"/> </div> <ul class="nav sf-menu sf-js-enabled"> <li class="first home_tab"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/"> <span>Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="data_tab"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx"> <span>DataFinder</span> </a> </li> <li class="educator_tab"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Educators.aspx"> <span>Educators</span> </a> </li> <li class="journalist_tab"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Journalists.aspx"> <span>Journalists</span> </a> </li> <li class="event_tab"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining.aspx"> <span>Events and Training</span> </a> </li> <li class="publication_tab"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Publications.aspx"> <span>Publications</span> </a> </li> <li class="about_tab"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/About.aspx"> <span>About PRB</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div align="center" style="margin-top: -20px;"> <br><br><br/><br/><center><table width="960" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>  <div id="wrap"> <div id="header"><h1><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/">Behind the Numbers: The PRB blog on population, health, and the environment</a></h1></div> <div class="hr"></div> <div class="hr2"></div> <div class="left"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Authors</h2> <ul> <li class="widget widget_authors"> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=4" title="Posts by Bill Butz">Bill Butz</a> (7)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=6" title="Posts by Carl Haub">Carl Haub</a> (5)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=11" title="Posts by Charlie Teller">Charlie Teller</a> (6)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=19" title="Posts by Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs">Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=14" title="Posts by Deborah Mesce">Deborah Mesce</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=10" title="Posts by Eric Zuehlke">Eric Zuehlke</a> (3)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=20" title="Posts by Farzaneh Roudi">Farzaneh Roudi</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=13" title="Posts by Jason Bremner">Jason Bremner</a> (6)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=16" title="Posts by Jay Gribble">Jay Gribble</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=18" title="Posts by Karin Ringheim">Karin Ringheim</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=17" title="Posts by Marissa Yeakey">Marissa Yeakey</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=12" title="Posts by Mark Mather">Mark Mather</a> (5)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=21" title="Posts by Nadwa Mossaad">Nadwa Mossaad</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?author=15" title="Posts by Victoria Ebin">Victoria Ebin</a> (2)</li></ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li id="categories-1" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widgettitle">Topics</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=1" title="blog on the PRB topic: Aging">Aging</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=3" title="Blog on the PRB topic- Education">Education</a> (2) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="Blog on the PRB topic of Environment">Environment</a> (9) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=5" title="Blog on the PRB topic of Gender">Gender</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=6" title="Blog on the PRB topic of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=7" title="Blog on the PRB Topic of Immigration/Migration">Immigration/Migration</a> (2) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=8" title="Blog on the topic of Income/Poverty">Income/Poverty</a> (5) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-9"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=9" title="Blog on the topic of Marriage Family">Marriage/Family</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-10"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="Blog about the topic of Population basics">Population Basics</a> (15) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-31"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=31" title="View all posts filed under PRB News">PRB News</a> (18) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-12"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=12" title="Blog on the topic of reproductive health ">Reproductive Health</a> (11) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-13"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=13" title="Blog on the topic of Youth">Youth</a> (6) </li> </ul> </li> <li id="tag_cloud" class="widget widget_tag_cloud"><h2 class="widgettitle">Tags</h2> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=burkina-faso" class="tag-link-61" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Burkina Faso</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=census" class="tag-link-39" title="7 topics" style="font-size: 16.4pt;">census</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=cities" class="tag-link-68" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">cities</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=climate-change" class="tag-link-69" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">climate change</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=contraception" class="tag-link-53" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">contraception</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=education" class="tag-link-3" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Education</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=engage" class="tag-link-55" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">ENGAGE</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=environment" class="tag-link-4" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Environment</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=ethiopia" class="tag-link-41" title="4 topics" style="font-size: 12.2pt;">Ethiopia</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=europe" class="tag-link-46" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Europe</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=evaluation" class="tag-link-48" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 9.4pt;">evaluation</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=family-planning" class="tag-link-27" title="9 topics" style="font-size: 19.2pt;">family planning</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=fertility" class="tag-link-45" title="3 topics" style="font-size: 10.8pt;">fertility</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=food" class="tag-link-32" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 9.4pt;">food</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=health-insurance" class="tag-link-72" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">health insurance</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=hivaids" class="tag-link-6" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">HIV/AIDS</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=india" class="tag-link-58" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 9.4pt;">India</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=iran" class="tag-link-65" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Iran</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=journalism" class="tag-link-42" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 9.4pt;">journalism</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=kenya" class="tag-link-54" title="7 topics" style="font-size: 16.4pt;">Kenya</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=mali" class="tag-link-62" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Mali</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=malnutrition" class="tag-link-33" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 9.4pt;">malnutrition</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=media" class="tag-link-59" title="7 topics" style="font-size: 16.4pt;">media</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=migrants" class="tag-link-36" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">migrants</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=nano" class="tag-link-63" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Nano</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=pakistan" class="tag-link-52" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Pakistan</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=photos" class="tag-link-51" title="3 topics" style="font-size: 10.8pt;">photos</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=policy" class="tag-link-30" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">policy</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=population-growth" class="tag-link-38" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">population growth</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=poverty" class="tag-link-29" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">poverty</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=prb-in-the-field" class="tag-link-50" title="11 topics" style="font-size: 22pt;">PRB in the field</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=recession" class="tag-link-67" title="3 topics" style="font-size: 10.8pt;">recession</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=rwanda" class="tag-link-56" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 9.4pt;">Rwanda</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=senegal" class="tag-link-60" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Senegal</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=statistics" class="tag-link-44" title="4 topics" style="font-size: 12.2pt;">statistics</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=tanzania" class="tag-link-49" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">tanzania</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=transportation" class="tag-link-64" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">transportation</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=turkey" class="tag-link-57" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Turkey</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=us" class="tag-link-40" title="8 topics" style="font-size: 17.8pt;">U.S.</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=unemployment" class="tag-link-66" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">Unemployment</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=urbanization" class="tag-link-70" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">urbanization</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=video" class="tag-link-37" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">video</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=water" class="tag-link-71" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">water</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?tag=women" class="tag-link-43" title="1 topics" style="font-size: 8pt;">women</a></li> <li id="recent-posts" class="widget widget_recent_entries"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Recent Posts</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=75">New Data on U.S. Health Insurance Coverage </a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=74">New Blog on the U.S. 2010 Census </a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=73">World Water Week and the Challenges of the Future </a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=72">World Population Data Sheet 2009 - 7 Billion People by 2011 </a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=71">Fertility Rise for Richest and Climate Change Revisited </a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="archives" class="widget widget_archives"><h2 class="widgettitle">Archives</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200909" title="September 2009">September 2009</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200908" title="August 2009">August 2009</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200907" title="July 2009">July 2009</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200906" title="June 2009">June 2009</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200905" title="May 2009">May 2009</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200904" title="April 2009">April 2009</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200903" title="March 2009">March 2009</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200902" title="February 2009">February 2009</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200901" title="January 2009">January 2009</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200812" title="December 2008">December 2008</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200811" title="November 2008">November 2008</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?m=200810" title="October 2008">October 2008</a> (5)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="right"> <ul> <li> <h2 class="widgettitle">Blog Search</h2> <div id="search"><form method="get" id="searchform" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/"> <div><input type="text" value="" name="s" id="s"/> <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Go"/> </div> </form> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </li> <li id="text-1" class="widget widget_text"> <h2 class="widgettitle">About the PRB Blog</h2> <div class="textwidget"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?page_id=2">The PRB blog is....</a> </div> </li> <li id="recent-comments" class="widget widget_recent_comments"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Recent Comments</h2> <ul id="recentcomments"><li class="recentcomments">Mark Lauer on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=71#comment-473">Fertility Rise for Richest and Climate Change Revisited</a></li><li class="recentcomments"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://alouettelulu.com/" rel="external nofollow">Anna Gallés</a> on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=71#comment-457">Fertility Rise for Richest and Climate Change Revisited</a></li><li class="recentcomments">Craig H on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=70#comment-442">“Like a Wave on Top of a Tsunami”: Have the Food Price and Financial Crises Increased World Hunger and Malnutrition?</a></li><li class="recentcomments"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prb/" rel="external nofollow">charles teller</a> on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=70#comment-441">“Like a Wave on Top of a Tsunami”: Have the Food Price and Financial Crises Increased World Hunger and Malnutrition?</a></li><li class="recentcomments">Craig H on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=70#comment-438">“Like a Wave on Top of a Tsunami”: Have the Food Price and Financial Crises Increased World Hunger and Malnutrition?</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="links" class="widget widget_links"><h2 class="widgettitle">Blogroll</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://blogs.cgdev.org/globalhealth/">Center for Global Development: Global Health Policy Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/">Center for Global Development: Views from the Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://demographymatters.blogspot.com/">Demography Matters</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.globaldashboard.org/">Global Dashboard: Notes from the Future</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://gsionline.csis.org/">Global Strategy Institute Online</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://globalhealth.sais-jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University: Global Health and Foreign Policy Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://geography.about.com/b/">Matt’s Geography Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/">New York Times: Dot Earth Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://populationaction.org/blog/">Population Action International blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prcdc.org/blog/">Population Resource Center: Population Counts</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://censusprojectblog.org/">The Census Project Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://thecityfix.com/">The City Fix</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://newsecuritybeat.blogspot.com/">The New Security Beat</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://earthtrends.wri.org/">World Resources Institute: EarthTrends</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="meta" class="widget widget_meta"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Meta</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/wp-login.php">Login</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?feed=rss2" title="Syndicate this site using RSS 2.0">Entries <abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?feed=comments-rss2" title="The latest comments to all posts in RSS">Comments <abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://wordpress.org/" title="Powered by WordPress, state-of-the-art semantic personal publishing platform.">WordPress.org</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="middle"> <div id="post-75"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=75" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to New Data on U.S. Health Insurance Coverage">New Data on U.S. Health Insurance Coverage</a></h2> <p><small>September 11th, 2009 Mark Mather</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Aging" rel="category">Aging</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=75#respond" title="Comment on New Data on U.S. Health Insurance Coverage">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Mark Mather, associate vice president, Domestic Programs</em> </p> <p>The Census Bureau released new 2008 poverty and health insurance estimates today. Poverty rates are up (no surprise there), but it’s the health insurance numbers I was most interested in. In 2008, there were 46.3 million people in the United States without health insurance. That number is only slightly higher than it was in 2007, but it’s misleading to say so. In fact, the number of children without insurance dropped sharply, from 8.1 million to 7.3 million, while the number of working-age people (18 to 64) without insurance increased, from 36.8 million to 38.3 million.</p> <p>Among the working-age population, it was the part-timers who were hit the hardest. The number of part-time workers without coverage increased by more than 1 million between 2007 and 2008, the largest increase among any major population subgroup. In 2008, more than one in four part-time workers lacked health insurance, roughly the same share as those who did not work at all last year.</p> <p>An increase in the number of people covered by government insurance kept the nationwide coverage rates stable from 2007 to 2008, at around 85 percent. As reported in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/11/us/11poverty.html">New York Times</a>, this continues an eight-year trend of declining participation in private or employer-sponsored insurance programs and increasing participation in government-run programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and health care for the military. If we were to remove the 2008 increase in government insurance coverage, and assign those people to the “uninsured” category, then the overall health insurance coverage rate would have dropped 2 percentage points, to 83 percent.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=75&title=New Data on U.S. Health Insurance Coverage" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-74"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=74" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to New Blog on the U.S. 2010 Census">New Blog on the U.S. 2010 Census</a></h2> <p><small>September 9th, 2009 Eric Zuehlke</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="View all posts in Population Basics" rel="category">Population Basics</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=74#respond" title="Comment on New Blog on the U.S. 2010 Census">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Eric Zuehlke, editor</em></p> <p>It’s hard to believe, but 2010 is just around the corner. Next April, the <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/">2010 U.S. Census </a>will determine how many people live in the United States, who they are, and where they live. The Census is not only used to draw federal congressional and state legislative districts, but its data are also used to allocate more than $400 billion in federal funding, vital to state and local governments, schools, businesses, and researchers.</p> <p align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3576/3644965347_e568385f5d_m.jpg"/></p> <p align="center"><em>Photo used under Creative Commons from <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.flickr.com/photos/kencf0618/">kencf0618</a>.</em></p> <p>As the 2010 U.S. Census gets closer and final preparations get underway, the Census Project, a nonpartisan coalition committed to educating policymakers, the media, and other stakeholder organizations about the importance of an accurate census, has launched a new blog. It will be updated every Tuesday over the next year with updates as census offices open around the country, advertising campaigns begin, census forms are mailed, and a million census takers are recruited and deployed across the country. Visit the blog, written by the project’s consultant, Terri Ann Lowenthal, and the project’s co-director, Phil Sparks at <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://censusprojectblog.org/">censusprojectblog.org</a>. PRB is also highlighting developments as the 2010 Census gets closer at our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Topics/Census2010.aspx">PRB 2010 Census page</a>.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=74&title=New Blog on the U.S. 2010 Census" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-73"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=73" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to World Water Week and the Challenges of the Future">World Water Week and the Challenges of the Future</a></h2> <p><small>August 21st, 2009 Jason Bremner</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="View all posts in Environment" rel="category">Environment</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=73#respond" title="Comment on World Water Week and the Challenges of the Future">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Jason Bremner, program director, Population, Health, and Environment</em></p> <p>This week is World Water Week, and an <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.worldwaterweek.org/">international conference </a>in Stockholm, Sweden is focusing on the converging challenges that characterize the world’s growing water crisis. Unfortunately I’m not participating in the meeting this week, though the humidity here in Washington DC certainly makes it feel like water week. </p> <p>Looking at the program for World Water Week, what I find most interesting, and what I see as one of the great challenges of the coming decade is meeting the water and sanitation needs of people living in small cities and towns of developing countries. Safe drinking water and improved sanitation are among the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.undp.org/mdg/basics.shtml">Millennium Development Goal </a>targets and are the two most important means of reducing infant mortality from diarrheal disease, one the leading causes of death of infants worldwide.</p> <p>Global demographic trends illustrate the challenge effectively. The image below links to <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://graphs.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=6;ti=2007$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj2tPLxKvvnNPA;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=194;dataMax=96846$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=23;dataMax=86$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=6;ti=2006$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0%2DLE4StzCsEw;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL%5Fn5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=194;dataMax=96846$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=2;dataMax=100$map_s;sma=41;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=i163_d001960cfa6">a graph </a>showing the urbanization and income trends for every country in the world from 1960 to 2006 using <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://graphs.gapminder.org/">Gapminder.org’s </a>innovative Trendalyzer web application. On the vertical axis is the percentage of a country’s population that lives in an urban area. On the horizontal axis is income per capita. Press the play button after linking through to the graph and watch how countries of the world gradually become more urban as per capita income increases. </p> <p>Notice, however, that many of the dark blue countries of the world, which represent sub-Saharan Africa have become more urban over time with little corresponding increase in income. I’ve highlighted Nigeria, the country with the largest population in Africa, as an example of this trend.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://graphs.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=6;ti=2007$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj2tPLxKvvnNPA;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=194;dataMax=96846$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=23;dataMax=86$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=6;ti=2006$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0%2DLE4StzCsEw;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL%5Fn5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=194;dataMax=96846$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=2;dataMax=100$map_s;sma=41;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=i163_d001960cfa6"><img border="0" width="449" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.internetartizans.co.uk/files/images/gapminder.img_assist_custom.jpg" height="316" style="width: 330px; height: 205px"/></a></p> <p style="text-align: center"><em>Click on the image to view trends in urbanization and income from 1960 to 2006.</em></p> <p>Nigeria defines urban areas as, “towns with at least 20,000 inhabitants, engaged mostly in non-agricultural work,” and the United Nations Population Division now estimates that approximately 50 percent of Nigeria’s population of around 150 million lives in urban areas. Urban areas constitute both an opportunity and a challenge for meeting water and sanitation needs. Services per capita are cheaper to provide and serve a far larger population. At the same time, the failure to provide services for concentrated populations can lead to massive exposures to pollutants and diarrheal disease. </p> <p>While urban populations tend to have better access to safe water and sanitation, the provision of these basic services in the growing number of small towns and cities of developing countries is a great challenge in the context of little growth in per capita income, limited infrastructure investment, and centralized government services. In Nigeria, for example, access to improved water services has shown no improvement over the last two decades, and remains just under 50 percent of the total population or more than 75 million people living without safe drinking water. </p> <p style="text-align: center"><a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://graphs.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=6;ti=2006$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=pyj6tScZqmEd98lRwrU3gIg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0-LE4StzCsEw;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=lin;dataMin=4;dataMax=100$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=2;dataMax=100$map_s;sma=41;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=i163_d001960cfa6#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=6;ti=2004$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=pyj6tScZqmEd98lRwrU3gIg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0%2DLE4StzCsEw;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL%5Fn5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=lin;dataMin=4;dataMax=100$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=2;dataMax=100$map_s;sma=41;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=i163_d001990cfa6"><img border="0" width="449" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.internetartizans.co.uk/files/images/gapminder.img_assist_custom.jpg" height="316" style="width: 330px; height: 205px"/></a></p> <p style="text-align: center"><em>Click on the image to view trends in access to improved water services in Nigeria.</em></p> <p>Some discussions at World Water Week are focused specifically on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.worldwaterweek.org/sa/node.asp?node=471&selEvent=&selTheme=12&selYear=&filter=1&txbFreeText=&selRegion=&sa_content_url=%2Fplugins%2FEventFinder%2Fevent.asp&id=1&event=41">water and sanitation service delivery in small towns </a>and more broadly on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.worldwaterweek.org/sa/node.asp?node=471&selEvent=&selTheme=9&selYear=&filter=1&txbFreeText=&selRegion=&sa_content_url=%2Fplugins%2FEventFinder%2Fevent.asp&id=1&event=55">sanitation in urban areas of developing countries</a>, and I look forward to reading more about the case studies and innovative approaches that are discussed. If you know about innovative projects focused on delivering water and sanitation services to urban areas of developing countries I would love to learn about them, or if you think I’m wrong to focus on the challenge of urban areas given poorer access to water and sanitation in rural areas, let me hear your thoughts.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=73&title=World Water Week and the Challenges of the Future" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-72"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=72" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to World Population Data Sheet 2009 - 7 Billion People by 2011">World Population Data Sheet 2009 - 7 Billion People by 2011</a></h2> <p><small>August 13th, 2009 Eric Zuehlke</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=31" title="View all posts in PRB News" rel="category">PRB News</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="View all posts in Population Basics" rel="category">Population Basics</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=13" title="View all posts in Youth" rel="category">Youth</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=72#comments" title="Comment on World Population Data Sheet 2009 - 7 Billion People by 2011">2 Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Eric Zuehlke, editor</em></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx"><img border="0" align="left" width="117" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/mhtml:file://C:\Documents and Settings\ezuehlke\My Documents\Blog\Behind the Numbers The PRB blog on population, health, and the environment » Blog Archive » World Population Data Sheet 2009 - 7 Billion People by 2011.mht!http://www.prb.org/images09/WPDS09-HPthumb.jpg" height="134"/></a></p> <p>On August 12, PRB launched the annual <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx"><em>World Population Data Sheet</em> </a>and accompanying <em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2009/worldpopulationhighlights2009.aspx">Population Bulletin</a></em> in Washington, DC, highlighting country, regional, and global population, health, and environment data and patterns. This year’s data sheet places special emphasis on youth.</p> <p>The share of world’s youth population is growing in Africa and shrinking in More Developed Countries (MDCs). In 1950, 9 percent of the world’s youth lived in Africa and 30 percent lived in MDCs (Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan). By 2050, that share will change to 29 percent in Africa and 11 percent in the MDCs. “The great bulk of today’s 1.2 billion youth—nearly 90 percent—are in developing countries,” said Carl Haub, PRB senior demographer and co-author of the data sheet. Eight in 10 of those youth live in Africa and Asia. “During the next few decades, these young people will most likely continue the current trend of moving from rural areas to cities in search of education and training opportunities, gainful employment, and adequate health care.” With the right investments in health, education, agricutlural develomment, and entrepreneurship, a large youth population can be an opportunity for development and change. However, these investments are not being made in many countries. The fundamental question facing many developing countries is whether the needs of their large youth populations will be met. The answer to this question will largely determine the development, stability, and future of developing countries. </p> <p>The data sheet shows just how stark the contrasts are between rich and poor countries in terms of population growth, life expectancy, income, and other indicators. Stay tuned for a webcast on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/">prb.org</a> of the data sheet launch at the National Press Club over the next week.</p> <p>We welcome your comments, input, questions on our findings and the implications of this on the world’s future. </p> <p>Here are just a few stories on the data sheet launch from around the world:</p> <p><strong>CNN:</strong> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/08/12/world.population/index.html">World population projected to reach 7 billion in 2011</a></p> <p><strong>The New York Times DotEarth:</strong> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/a-billion-teenagers-for-better-or-worse/">A billion teenagers, for better or worse</a></p> <p><strong>National Post:</strong> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/posted/archive/2009/08/12/world-population-to-hit-7-billion-by-2011-report.aspx">World population to hit 7 billion by 2011: report</a></p> <p><strong>Daily Dispatch (South Africa):</strong> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=336510">Africa Will Battle for Resources</a></p> <p><strong>Xinhua (China):</strong> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/13/content_11872124.htm"><font color="#551a8b">Global population to hit 7 billion in 2011: US report</font></a></p> <p><strong>Pravda (Russia): </strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://newsfromrussia.com/russia/economics/13-08-2009/108831-population-0">Russian Population To Reduce to 110 Million by 2050 </a></p> <p><strong>The Sofia Echo (Bulgaria): </strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.sofiaecho.com/2009/08/13/769612_world-population-to-reach-94-billion-by-2050-report-says">World population to reach 9.4 billion by 2050, report says</a></p> <p><strong>The Sun (Malaysia):</strong> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.thesundaily.com/article.cfm?id=36902">US teen birth rates higher than rest of developed world </a></p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=72&title=World Population Data Sheet 2009 - 7 Billion People by 2011" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-71"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=71" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Fertility Rise for Richest and Climate Change Revisited">Fertility Rise for Richest and Climate Change Revisited</a></h2> <p><small>August 7th, 2009 Jason Bremner</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="View all posts in Environment" rel="category">Environment</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="View all posts in Population Basics" rel="category">Population Basics</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=71#comments" title="Comment on Fertility Rise for Richest and Climate Change Revisited">3 Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Jason Bremner, program director, Population, Health, and Environment</em> </p> <p>Andy Revkin’s <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/06/fertility-rise-for-richest-boon-or-trouble/">post this week </a>on The New York Times’ <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/">DotEarth blog </a>highlights a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/edsumm/e090806-10.html">recent paper </a>published in <em>Nature</em> that indicates that countries with the highest Human Development Index are seeing rises in fertility. Revkin asks if this is a boon or trouble, and refers specifically to what impact rising fertility among the richest countries might have on climate change.</p> <p>At first glance, the article suggests a fundamental change in our understanding of the relationship between fertility and development. However, the United Nations Population Division’s (UNPD) medium projections for world population already account for an increase in fertility among developed countries. The medium variant projection, which would put world population at about 9 billion by 2050 assumes that fertility in more developed countries will increase from a low level of 1.56 in the 1990’s to 1.8 by 2050. The world population projections are an aggregation of individual country level projections based on the most recent census and the best available data on fertility, mortality, and migration trends. Even for countries that have continued to experience fertility declines, such as Japan and Canada, the UNPD medium variant projection assumes an eventual reversal of the trend and an increase in fertility. More information about these assumptions can be found on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=4">UNPD’s website</a>.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3204/2446411820_af21325836_m.jpg"/></p> <p style="text-align: center"><em>Photo used under Creative Commons from </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.flickr.com/photos/naoyafujii/"><em>naoyafujii</em></a></p> <p>As for the second part of the question (how will this increase impact the environment and specifically climate change), there is already quite a bit of research on the link between population and climate change, and population projections are already one of the backbones of the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.ipcc.ch/">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s </a>(IPCC) carbon emissions <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.php?idp=0">scenarios.</a> The IPCC actually uses the UNPD’s <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.php?idp=56">medium variant population projections </a>in their emissions scenarios, which suggests that the observed fertility increase among the most developed countries of the world is already accounted for in current scenarios. </p> <p align="left">A more important question, however, is whether the consideration of population growth alone is adequate in current IPCC scenarios. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.populationaction.org/Publications/Working_Papers/April_2009/Summary.shtml">Research summarized </a>by Population Action International suggests that age composition, the urban and rural distribution of a population, and the number of households as well as the number of people living in each household all have an impact on emissions. For example, estimates of carbon emissions in China are 45 percent greater if aging and urbanization trends are considered in scenarios in combination with population size, while in the United States, aging results in reduced emissions scenarios. </p> <p>Instead of asking whether rises in fertility in the most developed countries is a boon or trouble, perhaps we should examine what other types of demographic shifts are occurring and how these affect the environment. Are aging, urbanization, and household size affecting climate change more than fertility rates? If so, what should be done?</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=71&title=Fertility Rise for Richest and Climate Change Revisited" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-70"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=70" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to “Like a Wave on Top of a Tsunami”: Have the Food Price and Financial Crises Increased World Hunger and Malnutrition?">“Like a Wave on Top of a Tsunami”: Have the Food Price and Financial Crises Increased World Hunger and Malnutrition?</a></h2> <p><small>July 29th, 2009 Charlie Teller</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=8" title="View all posts in Income/Poverty" rel="category">Income/Poverty</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=70#comments" title="Comment on “Like a Wave on Top of a Tsunami”: Have the Food Price and Financial Crises Increased World Hunger and Malnutrition?">5 Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Charlie Teller, Bixby visiting scholar</em></p> <p>In 1995, the international community proclaimed the goal of reducing hunger by 50 percent by 2015. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that while the number hungry fell from 900 million in 1970 to 875 million in 2005, it has risen to over 1 billion in 2009, related to the 2008 food price crisis. But do we really know the exact numbers of hungry and malnourished and the direct causal relationship to food prices, and now more recently the financial crisis?</p> <p>After participating in an Institute of Medicine-organized workshop, “Mitigating the Nutrition Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis,” held at the Kaiser Family Foundation in Washington, DC, I’m afraid to report that we don’t have the answer to either the statistical or the causal questions. After all the media frenzy in the last year, the international community, which was well represented at the workshop by particpants from the academic, UN, donor, foundation, private sector, and NGO worlds, has to admit: <em><strong>we don’t know the impact of the food price crisis!</strong> </em></p> <p>There <em>was </em>agreement that poverty, hunger, and malnutrition are long-term chronic AND structural problems, and should not be considered crises. There is also a consensus that the predominant food-first, food-aid, and acute feeding focus (mainly by the U.S. government and World Food Program) needs to be reoriented toward agricultural productivity, and food and nutrition security policies and strategies. The numbers show that the geographic focus should be on sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, among the most vulnerable populations, and that there should be NO artificial separation of food issues from nutrition issues. A final consensus was that the best group to ensure that crucial linkage is small-farmer women.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3613/3604354275_7d0622e403_m.jpg"/></p> <p align="center"><em>Photo used under Creative Commons from </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.flickr.com/photos/carsten_tb/"><em>10b travelling</em></a></p> <p>Very little was said by the many prominent speakers about the relevance of population, reproductive health, and family planning factors and policies to hunger and malnutrition. The comprehensive and professorial opening keynote speech on the current food price crisis and its future reported that population growth rates were “dropping, although not as rapidly as some would prefer” (P.P.Anderson). The U.S. congressman on the closing panel who co-sponsored the important report: “Roadmap to End Global Hunger” noted the need to ensure that nutrition and food security programs are integrated with global health interventions, mentioning eight of them, but reproductive health/family planning was not included in what he called a comprehensive package. Only one of the dozens of speakers emphasized long-term population, environmental, and water resource constraints on agriculture and food production.</p> <p>There were three demographically relevant points made during the workshop:</p> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=70#more-70" class="more-link">Read the rest of this entry »</a></p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=70&title=“Like a Wave on Top of a Tsunami”: Have the Food Price and Financial Crises Increased World Hunger and Malnutrition?" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-69"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=69" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Links Between HIV/AIDS and…the Environment?">Links Between HIV/AIDS and…the Environment?</a></h2> <p><small>July 27th, 2009 Jason Bremner</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="View all posts in Environment" rel="category">Environment</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=6" title="View all posts in HIV/AIDS" rel="category">HIV/AIDS</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=69#comments" title="Comment on Links Between HIV/AIDS and…the Environment?">2 Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Jason Bremner, program director, Population, Health, and Environment</em></p> <p>When I tell friends and colleagues that I’ve just returned from a trip to Kenya to participate in a seminar on HIV/AIDS and the environment I’m usually rewarded with a puzzled look. “HIV and the environment…” (long pause) “What’s the link?” The regional seminar on HIV/AIDS and environment linkages organized by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.ippfar.org/en/">International Planned Parenthood Federation-Africa Regional Office (IPPFARO) </a>and the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/esaro/">International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) East and South Africa Regional Office</a> brought together professionals from diverse organizations from Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda to share knowledge and experiences concerning these relationships.</p> <p>I admit that the relationships between HIV/AIDS and the environment are not as intuitive as other population, health, and environment links, however a growing number of research studies and health and conservation programs have explored these relationships. The simplest explanation is that HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality may affect people’s natural resource use or may affect institutions that govern resources, thus impacting natural ecosystems. On the flip side, environmental change may have special impacts on people living with HIV/AIDS or may increase susceptibility to HIV infection among certain groups.</p> <p align="center"><img border="0" width="286" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images09/HIV_Environment.gif" height="208"/> </p> <p>At the meeting in Kenya, we went into far greater detail on the nature of the linkages with the goal being the development of an HIV/AIDS-environment framework to assist organizations in determining priority actions for reducing the impacts on households, their resources, and the natural environment. A few of the linkages discussed included:</p> <p><strong>AIDS, Food Security, and Exploitation of Natural Resources</strong><br/> Evidence shows that AIDS exacerbates vulnerability to food security because AIDS disproportionately affects young adults thus decreasing available labor for small-scale agriculture. A survey in South Africa found that households affected by AIDS are significantly more concerned about food security. The study also found that households that had experienced AIDS mortality were more likely to use natural resources as cost-saving substitutes (in particular turning to fuelwood from forests) perhaps due to their perceived need to save money for food. </p> <p><strong>Impacts on the Conservation Workforce and Loss of Human Capacity</strong><br/> Conservation work tends to take adult males to remote areas and separate them from their families for long periods of time. Unprotected sex and extramarital sex during these absences puts these workers and their partners at risk of contracting HIV. For those conservation workers who are already living with HIV, long absences for work can complicate the care and support they need. In sub-Saharan Africa, the conservation workforce has been heavily affected by AIDS morbidity and mortality resulting in a substantial loss of human capacity among conservation institutions. One conservation organization has reported losing 14 percent of its workforce to AIDS since 1994, and national agencies such Kenya Wildlife Service now have specific HIV/AIDS workplace policies and programs to increase awareness among staff. </p> <p><strong>Limited Access to Land Ownership and Resources for Widowed Women and orphans</strong><br/> Women whose husbands have died from AIDS face challenges in maintaining livelihoods and food security in contexts where female ownership of land is prohibited. In such contexts, widows may lose their household’s land and lose access to agricultural lands and a source of wealth. Orphans whose parents have died from AIDS are also especially vulnerable to having their parent’s land and wealth taken from them.</p> <p><strong>Natural Resources, Migration, and HIV</strong><br/> Households dependent on natural resource-based livelihoods that require temporary migration to access resources, such as seasonal fisherman, are at greater risk of contracting HIV due to periodic absences from home, influxes of cash, and extramarital sex. The increasing prominence of wage employment to supplement agricultural livelihoods may also take individuals away from the household to work in natural resource based industries such as mining, timber, and oil and gas production, and thus place people at greater risk of contracting HIV. </p> <p><strong>Complex Emergencies, Resource Scarcity, and HIV</strong><br/> Natural disasters and armed conflict can make gathering food, fuelwood, and water risky endevours. Traveling farther for food and resources during complex emergencies puts women at greater risk of sexual violence. In addition, women may be more likely to be coerced into transactional sex to attain resources when a household’s survival depends on a woman bringing home food and resources. Sexual violence and transactional sex both put women at risk of contracting HIV.</p> <p>These were just a few of the relationships discussed, and a great deal of work on HIV and environment has been done by the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.abcg.org/">Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group </a>among others. Despite this work many participants at the seminar were new to the idea of HIV and environment relationships. The IPPF and IUCN collaboration is promising, but much remains to be done to popularize these relationships. </p> <p>It would be great to hear your thoughts. Have you thought about HIV and environment relationships before? Do the linkages mentioned above make sense to you? Are you already doing work to reduce the impacts of HIV on households, their resources, and the natural environment, or to reduce the impacts of a changing environment on people living with HIV?</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=69&title=Links Between HIV/AIDS and…the Environment?" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-68"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=68" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Economic Recession Negatively Affecting U.S. Children">Economic Recession Negatively Affecting U.S. Children</a></h2> <p><small>July 2nd, 2009 Nadwa Mossaad</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=13" title="View all posts in Youth" rel="category">Youth</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=68#comments" title="Comment on Economic Recession Negatively Affecting U.S. Children">1 Comment »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Nadwa Mossaad, research associate</em></p> <p>A <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.fcd-us.org/usr_doc/Final-2009CWIReport.pdf">new report </a>by Duke University, funded by the Foundation for Child Development, paints a dire portrait of U.S. children in 2010. Child poverty is expected to soar to 21 percent, higher than that of the severe recession during the 1980s. The current economic crisis is expected to wipe out any progress in child well-being made within the last 30 years.</p> <p>The report’s Child Well-Being Index tracks several key child well-being indicators within seven domains: economic, health, behavioral, educational, community connectedness, social relationships and emotional well-being. All are expected to be negatively affected by the current recession.</p> <p>The report warns against bad health outcomes due to higher rates of obesity, as parents substitute cheaper foods that are high in sugar content and low in nutritional value for higher-priced foods. Income is predicted to decline as parents lose jobs or become underemployed. Crime and victimization rates could increase as budget cuts will mandate less funding for programs aimed at curbing crime. Other budget cuts could reduce preschool and summer school programs for children.</p> <p>In addition to rising poverty rates, obesity, and homelessness, the report warns against changes in family structure. Financial strain puts emotional stress on families, contributing to increases in divorce and single-parent families. Minority children, including children of immigrants, will inevitably be at a greater disadvantage than others.</p> <p>You can read more about the 2009 CWI and its findings on the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2009/uschildwellbeing.aspx">PRB website</a>.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=68&title=Economic Recession Negatively Affecting U.S. Children" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-67"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=67" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Population Boom in America’s Big Cities">Population Boom in America’s Big Cities</a></h2> <p><small>July 1st, 2009 Mark Mather</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=7" title="View all posts in Immigration/Migration" rel="category">Immigration/Migration</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=67#comments" title="Comment on Population Boom in America’s Big Cities">1 Comment »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Mark Mather, associate vice president, Domestic Programs</em></p> <p>The population in America’s largest cities is booming, according to new data released today by the U.S. Census Bureau. Just a few years ago, the annual growth rate in the 10 largest cities was around 0.5 percent per year, around half the national average. But the latest figures, from 2008, indicate that the population in America’s 10 largest cities is growing faster than the population living outside of those areas. <img border="0" width="1" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images09/US_city_growth.JPG" height="1"/></p> <p align="center"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/images09/UScitygrowth.JPG"><img border="0" width="448" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images09/US_city_growth.JPG" height="238"/></a> </p> <p align="center"><em>(click on figure to view a larger version)</em></p> <p>So what’s driving the change? There are a couple of factors at work. First, big cities are still important destinations for immigrants, who tend to be younger (of reproductive age) and create a lot of population momentum. Second, given the rising unemployment rate and drop in home prices around the country, fewer people are making long distance moves to places like Florida, or even local moves to the suburbs. Chicago, once a perennial population loser, is now growing faster than several former boom towns, including Jacksonville, Las Vegas, and even Cape Coral, Florida, which, a few years ago, was one of the fastest growing cities in the country.</p> <p>The question for Chicagoans: How long can it last? When the economy bounces back, will people start leaving Chicago en masse? Population trends are closely linked to job trends so future population growth in big cities such as Chicago depends, in part, on their ability to keep people employed.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=67&title=Population Boom in America’s Big Cities" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-66"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=66" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Are You an Optimist or a Pessimist in Ethiopia?">Are You an Optimist or a Pessimist in Ethiopia?</a></h2> <p><small>June 29th, 2009 Charlie Teller</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=3" title="View all posts in Education" rel="category">Education</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="View all posts in Environment" rel="category">Environment</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?cat=8" title="View all posts in Income/Poverty" rel="category">Income/Poverty</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/?p=66#comments" title="Comment on Are You an Optimist or a Pessimist in Ethiopia?">4 Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p align="left"><em>by Charlie Teller, Bixby visiting scholar</em> </p> <p>Teaching an entire semester’s graduate course in three weeks at the end of the academic year seemed a dubious task under normal conditions. But teaching it at the end of Ethiopia’s long dry season with shortages of electricity and water, not to mention scarcity of recent publications and slow internet speed in the mountainous capital city of Addis Ababa, made it even more challenging.</p> <p>I had taught at the Flagship University of Addis Ababa’s Institute of Population Studies for four years in the mid-to-late 1990s, and served as external thesis examiner off and on since then, but now the government really needed more Ph.D demographers as it greatly increased its student intake in higher education, even pushing to start a Ph.D program on top of an already overstretched masters degree program.</p> <p>In one of the poorest countries in the world, with 13 million food insecure, the second largest population in Africa (nearly 80 million), and an annual population growth rate around 2.6 percent, we discussed theories of population and development and debated models of the demographic transition. In a secret ballot early on in the course, I was not surprised to find out most of the 22 mature graduate students were Malthusian pessimists or even alarmists.</p> <p>The job of a good professor is to challenge his students into reconsidering their cynicism and, in this constrained setting, provide rays of hope that things might get better. In the past few years, my Ethiopian colleagues and I had published evidence that the country was unexpectedly progressing better along the demographic transition than most of its neighbors, and that it was surprisingly on track to meet many of the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially in education and health.</p> <p>In just a few weeks, in spite of the lack of computers, electricity, and inability to download publications from the internet, the students were able to work in teams of two to three to read recent literature and access demographic and development data through sharing CDs, photocopies, and handouts. They closely assessed the quality of differing estimates of progress since 1990 on the MDGs: the 1993 National Population Policy and its ICPD+15 (2008) goals, and the 2005-08 Poverty Reduction Strategy.</p> <p align="center"><img border="0" width="442" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images09/ethiopia.JPG" height="336"/></p> <p align="center"><em>Ethiopian population graduate students prepare outside on campus at dark when electricity went out. (Photo by Charlie Teller)</em></p> <p>In their final exam, I asked if any had changed their minds away from pessimism, and why. To my pleasant surprise, some had after seeing progress on the some of the MDGs and social change in their own younger generation, calling themselves revisionists, neutralists,or cautious optimists. They became convinced of the importance of using rigorous research methods and reliable indicators to closely monitor and evaluate the pace of the demographic transition and socioeconomic and gender inequities, as well as capacity building in research and training.</p> <p>If these keen students in such a resource-constrained environment can learn so quickly, can’t a country under population pressure use its resilient and adaptive skills to begin to believe in their capacity to accelerate the demographic transition? ?</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=66&title=Are You an Optimist or a Pessimist in Ethiopia?" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div> <div class="alignleft"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://prbblog.org/index.php?paged=2">« Previous Entries</a></div> <div class="alignright"></div> </div> <br/> </div> </td></tr></table></center>  <br/><br/> <div align="center"> <div align="center" id="ftr"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer2.gif" width="3" height="23" align="right"/><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer1.gif" width="3" height="23" align="left"/><span class="footertext">Services: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Home/EmailSignup.aspx">Get E-Mail News</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx">Join/Renew Membership</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx">Donate</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Home/Contact.aspx">Contact</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx">Français</a></span></div> <span class="footer2text"><b>Copyright 2007, Population Reference Bureau.</b> All rights reserved. • <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www.prb.org/Home/Privacy.aspx">Privacy Policy</a></span><br/> <span class="footer2text">1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW • Suite 520 • Washington, DC 20009-5728 • USA <br/> <b>Phone:</b> 800-877-9881 • <b>Fax:</b> 202-328-3937 • <b>E-mail:</b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/mailto:popref@prb.org">popref@prb.org</a></span><br/> </div>  </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/https://ssl." : "https://web.archive.org/web/20090917063623/http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-6730966-1"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch(err) {}</script>  </body> </html>