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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of Christmas operas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Christmas_operas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Christmas operas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Christmas_operas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>19th century</span> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Met_Christmas_Tree_%286766482405%29.jpg/310px-Met_Christmas_Tree_%286766482405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Met_Christmas_Tree_%286766482405%29.jpg/465px-Met_Christmas_Tree_%286766482405%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Met_Christmas_Tree_%286766482405%29.jpg/620px-Met_Christmas_Tree_%286766482405%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> at Christmas time with a large poster for <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(composer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)">Humperdinck</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(opera)" title="Hansel and Gretel (opera)">Hansel and Gretel</a></i> displayed in the window</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Christmas operas</b> are <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a> which are thematically based on either the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> or secular Christmas stories. The earliest Christmas operas appeared in the early 17th century, not long after the creation of the art form. Because of the ban on secular theatrical works during the season of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>, these early Christmas operas, while elaborately staged, were based on religious themes relating to the Nativity. By the mid 19th century the ban on secular operas during Advent had ceased, and operas based on a wider array of Christmas themes, such as Santa Claus and <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">King Wenceslaus</a>, emerged. Several operas have been inspired by Charles Dickens' 1843 novella <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, including works by composers <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thea_Musgrave" title="Thea Musgrave">Thea Musgrave</a>. The story of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> has also been the basis of several operas, including <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>'s 1951 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Amahl_and_the_Night_Visitors" title="Amahl and the Night Visitors">Amahl and the Night Visitors</a></i>. Initially written for television performance, Menotti's opera has become the only modern Christmas opera to earn an enduring place in the live opera performance repertoire. In the 21st century, composer <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Puts" title="Kevin Puts">Kevin Puts</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Night_(opera)" title="Silent Night (opera)">Silent Night</a></i> (2011) achieved critical success and won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for music in 2012. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Christmas_Carol_-_Mr._Fezziwig%27s_Ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_Christmas_Carol_-_Mr._Fezziwig%27s_Ball.jpg/220px-A_Christmas_Carol_-_Mr._Fezziwig%27s_Ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_Christmas_Carol_-_Mr._Fezziwig%27s_Ball.jpg/330px-A_Christmas_Carol_-_Mr._Fezziwig%27s_Ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_Christmas_Carol_-_Mr._Fezziwig%27s_Ball.jpg/440px-A_Christmas_Carol_-_Mr._Fezziwig%27s_Ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><i>Mr. Fezziwig's Ball</i>, from the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s 1843 novella <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, the inspiration for numerous Christmas operas</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Christmas operas, dating from the early 17th century, had <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> and were privately performed. At various times well into the 19th century, public theatres in Italy and other Catholic countries were closed during the season of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>, the four weeks up to and including Christmas Eve. The opera season customarily recommenced on <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a>, 26 December.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous world premieres have taken place in Italy on that day, although all were on secular subjects and unrelated to Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prohibition of secular theatrical performances during Advent was to some extent circumvented by the performance of <i>azioni sacre</i>, operas on religious themes, often with elaborate staging. One of the earliest Christmas operas of this type was Giovanni Battista da Gagliano and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a>'s <i>Il gran natale di Christo salvator nostro</i> (The Great Nativity of Christ, Our Saviour), first performed on Christmas Day 1622. </p><p>The second half of the 19th century, when the Advent restrictions were no longer in place, saw new operas on a variety of Christmas themes and usually premiering during the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas season">Christmas season</a>, a practice which has continued into the 21st century. Some have been directly based on the Nativity itself or figures closely connected to it such as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Magi" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Magi">Three Magi</a>, while others have focused on Christmas celebrations or traditional figures such as <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">King Wenceslaus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>'s short story <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(Gogol)" title="Christmas Eve (Gogol)">Christmas Eve</a></i> has been the inspiration of three Russian language operas: Tchaikovsky's <i><a href="/wiki/Vakula_the_Smith" title="Vakula the Smith">Vakula the Smith</a></i> (1876) and its revised version <i><a href="/wiki/Cherevichki" title="Cherevichki">Cherevichki</a></i> (1887), and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(opera)" title="Christmas Eve (opera)">Christmas Eve</a></i> (1895). At least nine Christmas operas have been based on Charles Dickens's novella, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, including one in German and one in Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Christmas Eve 1950 Gian Carlo Menotti's Christmas opera <i><a href="/wiki/Amahl_and_the_Night_Visitors" title="Amahl and the Night Visitors">Amahl and the Night Visitors</a></i> was premiered by the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Opera_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Opera Theater">NBC Opera Theater</a> as the inaugural presentation made by the newly created <i><a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hallmark Hall of Fame">Hallmark Hall of Fame</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first opera written specifically for television, it was immensely popular at its premiere and was dubbed by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine as a Christmas Classic in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menotti never intended for the work to remain solely confined to the medium of television, and <i>Amahl and the Night Visitors</i> has since been the only Christmas themed opera to become an enduring part of the live opera performance repertory; particularly with smaller opera companies and at colleges and music conservatories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While predominately overlooked by larger opera houses, <i>Amahl</i> has been performed and recorded by <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a>. The success of Menotti's opera is also credited with inspiring the future investment in <a href="/wiki/Christmas_special" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas special">Christmas specials</a> on American television which resulted in the creation of more than 50 Christmas operas and musicals for that medium.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>Amahl and the Night Visitors</i> has enjoyed a measure of success, no Christmas opera to date has been able to achieve the same wide popularity as Tchaikovsky's ballet <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a></i> or Handel's <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FWS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several 21st century composers have attempted to create a popular Christmas work for the opera medium, including <a href="/wiki/Mark_Adamo" title="Mark Adamo">Mark Adamo</a> whose <i><a href="/wiki/Becoming_Santa_Claus" title="Becoming Santa Claus">Becoming Santa Claus</a></i> was well received at the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Opera" title="Dallas Opera">Dallas Opera</a> in December 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-FWS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also successful is <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>' Christmas opera-oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(opera)" title="El Niño (opera)">El Niño</a></i> (2000) which has been semi-staged by several opera companies and orchestras internationally. Of further importance is <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Puts" title="Kevin Puts">Kevin Puts</a>' Pulitzer Prize winning opera <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Night_(opera)" title="Silent Night (opera)">Silent Night</a></i> (2011) which has been staged by several American opera companies and by the <a href="/wiki/Wexford_Festival_Opera" title="Wexford Festival Opera">Wexford Festival Opera</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original 2011 production of that work by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Opera" title="Minnesota Opera">Minnesota Opera</a> was filmed for the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> program <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Performances" title="Great Performances">Great Performances</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not based on Christmas themes, some operas based on fairy tales or nursery rhymes such as Massenet's <i><a href="/wiki/Cendrillon" title="Cendrillon">Cendrillon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humperdinck's <i><a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(opera)" title="Hansel and Gretel (opera)">Hansel and Gretel</a></i>, and Victor Herbert's <i><a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(operetta)" title="Babes in Toyland (operetta)">Babes in Toyland</a></i> have been traditionally performed during the Christmas season. <i>Hansel and Gretel</i>, which premiered in Germany on 23 December 1893, has been a Christmas staple at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> since 1905. On Christmas Day 1931 it became the first opera to be transmitted live on the radio from the Met.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puccini's <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i>, whose first two acts take place on Christmas Eve, is also frequently presented at some point during the Christmas season, especially at the Metropolitan Opera, London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Christmas_operas">List of Christmas operas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of Christmas operas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_la_festivit%C3%A0_del_Santo_Natale_by_Metastasio,_stage_setting_for_the_Prologue,_1727.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Per_la_festivit%C3%A0_del_Santo_Natale_by_Metastasio%2C_stage_setting_for_the_Prologue%2C_1727.jpg/220px-Per_la_festivit%C3%A0_del_Santo_Natale_by_Metastasio%2C_stage_setting_for_the_Prologue%2C_1727.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Per_la_festivit%C3%A0_del_Santo_Natale_by_Metastasio%2C_stage_setting_for_the_Prologue%2C_1727.jpg/330px-Per_la_festivit%C3%A0_del_Santo_Natale_by_Metastasio%2C_stage_setting_for_the_Prologue%2C_1727.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Per_la_festivit%C3%A0_del_Santo_Natale_by_Metastasio%2C_stage_setting_for_the_Prologue%2C_1727.jpg/440px-Per_la_festivit%C3%A0_del_Santo_Natale_by_Metastasio%2C_stage_setting_for_the_Prologue%2C_1727.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Stage setting for the Prologue of <i>Per la festività del Santo Natale</i> in its first performance (Rome, 1727)</figcaption></figure> <p>The following is a chronological, but not exhaustive, list of operas with librettos explicitly based on Christmas themes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><b>Il gran natale di Christo salvator nostro</b></i> (The Great Nativity of Christ, Our Saviour), composed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_da_Gagliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Battista da Gagliano (page does not exist)">Giovanni Battista da Gagliano</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a> to a libretto by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacopo_Cicognini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacopo Cicognini (page does not exist)">Jacopo Cicognini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was first performed on 25 December 1622 in the oratory of the Compagnia dell' Arcangelo Raffaello, Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story is set in the fields outside Bethlehem with a prologue sung by <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>. The remaining characters are the shepherd boys Carino and Rosildo; the older shepherd, Licida; the archangels <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personifications</a> of Human Nature, Death, Sin, Despair, and Hope. There are two choruses, one of angels and one of shepherds. The work was an expansion of Cigognini's earlier Christmas entertainment for the Compagnia dell' Arcangelo Raffaello, <i>La rappresentazione di pastori</i> (The Representation of the Shepherds) which had been performed on Christmas Day 1617 and again in 1619 and included choruses of angels, some of whom were sitting on clouds as they brought the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a> over a richly decorated <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scene</a>. Although the music is lost, a copy of the libretto published in 1625 and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Prince Ladislaus of Poland</a> has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigilante_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigilante-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Per la notte del Santissimo Natale</b></i> (For the Night of the Most Holy Nativity), composed by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Francesco_Cesarini" title="Carlo Francesco Cesarini">Carlo Francesco Cesarini</a> to a libretto by Cambise Bonfranci, was first performed on Christmas 1696 at the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> in Rome. The work has four characters, <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> and three allegorical figures: Divine Love, Innocence, and Peace.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Il genere umano consolato</b></i> (Humanity Consoled), composed by <a href="/wiki/Quirino_Colombani" title="Quirino Colombani">Quirino Colombani</a> to a libretto by Pompeo Figari, was first performed on Christmas 1704 at the Apostolic Palace in Rome. The work has five characters, all of them allegorical: Mankind, Prophecy, Hope, Time, and Piety.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Per la festività del Santo Natale</b></i> (For the Celebration of the Holy Nativity), composed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Costanzi" title="Giovanni Battista Costanzi">Giovanni Battista Costanzi</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Metastasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasio">Metastasio</a>, was first performed on 2 January 1727 in the private theatre of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Ottoboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Ottoboni">Cardinal Ottoboni</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a> in Rome. It was performed for a gathering of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_degli_Arcadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia degli Arcadi">Accademia degli Arcadi</a> and had elaborate sets which included a cloud machine. The work has four characters, a Celestial Spirit who sings the prologue, and three allegorical figures: Faith, Hope, and Divine Love. Metastasio's libretto was subsequently set by several other composers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>The Christmas Tale</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dibdin" title="Charles Dibdin">Charles Dibdin</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>, premiered on 27 December 1773 at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane Theatre</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Die Weihnacht auf dem Lande</b></i> (Christmas in the Country), a comic <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a> in three acts composed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Schenk" title="Johann Baptist Schenk">Johann Baptist Schenk</a> to a libretto by Peter Wiest, premiered on 14 December 1786 at the Leopoldstädter Theater in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OlegVideman_cherevichki1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/OlegVideman_cherevichki1.JPG/310px-OlegVideman_cherevichki1.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/OlegVideman_cherevichki1.JPG/465px-OlegVideman_cherevichki1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/OlegVideman_cherevichki1.JPG/620px-OlegVideman_cherevichki1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Oleg Videman as Vakula in a 2005 performance of Tchaikovsky's <i><a href="/wiki/Cherevichki" title="Cherevichki">Cherevichki</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>, Milan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>El turrón de Nochebuena</b></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a> of Christmas Eve), a <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a> in one act composed by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Oudrid" title="Cristóbal Oudrid">Cristóbal Oudrid</a> to a libretto by José María Gutiérrez de Alba premiered on 24 December 1847 at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Variedades" title="Teatro Variedades">Teatro Variedades</a> in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>La nuit de Noël, ou L'anniversaire</b></i> (Christmas Night, or The Anniversary), a comic opera in three acts composed by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Reber" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Reber">Henri Reber</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe" title="Eugène Scribe">Eugène Scribe</a>, premiered on 9 February 1848 at the Théâtre Favart della Comédie-Italienne in Paris. The plot revolves around a gamekeeper and his young wife who constantly quarrel and the machinations of the local baron who seeks to take advantage of the situation. The uproar in the village is resolved by the Lutheran pastor who takes advantage of the local superstition that anyone encountering another on the chapel's steps on Christmas Eve will die in the coming year. He contrives to have the baron locked in the chapel and for the quarreling couple to meet outside. Their fear of impending death leads them to reconcile.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>El pavo de Navidad</b></i> (The Christmas Turkey), a zarzuela in one act composed by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Asenjo_Barbieri" title="Francisco Asenjo Barbieri">Francisco Asenjo Barbieri</a> to a libretto by Ricardo Puente y Brañas premiered on 24 December 1866 at the Teatro de Variedades in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vakula_the_Smith" title="Vakula the Smith">Vakula the Smith</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Polonsky" title="Yakov Polonsky">Yakov Polonsky</a>, premiered on 6 December 1876 at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a>. Its libretto is based on <a href="/wiki/Gogol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogol">Gogol</a>'s short story <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(Gogol)" title="Christmas Eve (Gogol)">"Christmas Eve"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherevichki" title="Cherevichki">Cherevichki</a></b></i> (also known as <i><b>The Tsarina's Slippers</b></i>) is Tchaikovsky's revised version of his earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Vakula_the_Smith" title="Vakula the Smith">Vakula the Smith</a></i>, using the libretto by Yakov Polonsky. It premiered on 9 January 1887 at the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Noël ou Le mystère de la nativité</b></i> (Christmas, or The Mystery of the Nativity) four tableaux with music by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vidal" title="Paul Vidal">Paul Vidal</a> and text in verse by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bouchor" title="Maurice Bouchor">Maurice Bouchor</a> was first performed on 25 November 1890 at the Petit-Théâtre des <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">Marionettes</a> de la Galerie Vivienne in Paris/<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(opera)" title="Christmas Eve (opera)">Christmas Eve</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a> who also wrote the libretto, premiered on 10 December 1895 at the Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg. Like <i>Vakula the Smith</i>, its libretto is based on Gogol's short story "Christmas Eve".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>La cena de nochebuena o A caza del gordo</b></i> (The Christmas Eve Dinner, or In Search of the Fat Man), a <a href="/wiki/Sainete" title="Sainete">sainete</a> in one act composed by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Calleja_G%C3%B3mez" title="Rafael Calleja Gómez">Rafael Calleja Gómez</a> to a libretto by Ángel Caamaño Izquierdo premiered on 24 December 1896 at the Teatro Martín in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><b>Ein Weihnachtsmärchenspiel</b></i> (A Christmas Fairy Tale), composed by <a href="/wiki/Botho_Sigwart_zu_Eulenburg" title="Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg">Sigwart zu Eulenburg</a> to a libretto by his father <a href="/wiki/Philipp_zu_Eulenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp zu Eulenburg">Philipp zu Eulenburg</a> writing under the pseudonym "Friedrich Häsens", premiered on 22 December 1900, at the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_National_Theatre" title="Hamburg National Theatre">Deutsches Nationaltheater</a> in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Die Weihnacht</b></i> (Christmas Night), composed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Gentili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Gentili (page does not exist)">Alberto Gentili</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Gentili" class="extiw" title="it:Alberto Gentili">it</a>]</span> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Fontana" title="Ferdinando Fontana">Ferdinando Fontana</a>, premiered on 25 December 1900 in German translation at the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Munich">Königliches Hof- und Nationaltheater</a> in Munich. Fontana's libretto was based on <i>On di de Natal</i>, an 1876 play in <a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese dialect</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Righetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Righetti (page does not exist)">Carlo Righetti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Righetti" class="extiw" title="it:Carlo Righetti">it</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Yolka</b></i> (The Christmas Tree), a one-act children's opera composed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rebikov" title="Vladimir Rebikov">Vladimir Rebikov</a> to a libretto by Sergey Plaksin based on <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a>'s story "<a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Tree_and_a_Wedding" title="A Christmas Tree and a Wedding">A Christmas Tree and a Wedding</a>", premiered in 1903 in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b> In Knecht Ruprechts Werkstatt</b></i> (In <a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a>'s Workshop), composed by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kienzl" title="Wilhelm Kienzl">Wilhelm Kienzl</a> to a libretto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildegard Voigt (page does not exist)">Hildegard Voigt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Voigt" class="extiw" title="de:Hildegard Voigt">de</a>]</span>, premiered on 25 December 1907 at the <a href="/wiki/Opernhaus_Graz" class="mw-redirect" title="Opernhaus Graz">Opernhaus Graz</a> in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Noël</b></i> (Christmas), composed by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Alfred_d%27Erlanger" title="Frédéric Alfred d'Erlanger">Frédéric Alfred d'Erlanger</a> to a libretto by Jeanne and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ferrier" title="Paul Ferrier">Paul Ferrier</a>, premiered on 28 December 1910 at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris as a gala performance to benefit the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphelinat_des_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orphelinat des Arts (page does not exist)">Orphelinat des Arts</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphelinat_des_Arts" class="extiw" title="fr:Orphelinat des Arts">fr</a>]</span>. This was its only known performance.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl,_piano_vocal_score_cover_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl%2C_piano_vocal_score_cover_1915.jpg/220px-Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl%2C_piano_vocal_score_cover_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl%2C_piano_vocal_score_cover_1915.jpg/330px-Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl%2C_piano_vocal_score_cover_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl%2C_piano_vocal_score_cover_1915.jpg/440px-Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl%2C_piano_vocal_score_cover_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Vocal score for Leroux's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl" title="Les cadeaux de Noël">Les cadeaux de Noël</a></i> which premiered in Paris on Christmas Day 1915</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Les_cadeaux_de_No%C3%ABl" title="Les cadeaux de Noël">Les cadeaux de Noël</a></b></i> (The Christmas Gifts), composed by <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroux" title="Xavier Leroux">Xavier Leroux</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Fabre" title="Émile Fabre">Émile Fabre</a> premiered on 25 December 1915 at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Das_Christ-Elflein" title="Das Christ-Elflein">Das Christ-Elflein</a></b></i> (Christ's Little Elf), composed by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a> to a libretto by Pfitzner and <a href="/wiki/Ilse_von_Stach" title="Ilse von Stach">Ilse von Stach</a>, premiered on 11 December 1917 at the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Königlich-Sächsisches Hoftheater</a> in Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Christmas Tale</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Everest_Freer" title="Eleanor Everest Freer">Eleanor Everest Freer</a> to a libretto by Barrett H. Clark premiered on 27 December 1927 in Houston, Texas. Clark's libretto was based on <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bouchor" title="Maurice Bouchor">Maurice Bouchor</a>'s 1895 French play <i>Conte de Noël</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Weihnacht</b></i> (Christmas), a <a href="/wiki/Radio_opera" title="Radio opera">radio opera</a> (also known as <i><b>Weihnacht 1929</b></i>), composed by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Egk" title="Werner Egk">Werner Egk</a> to a libretto by Robert Seitz was first broadcast in 1929 by <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>The Christmas Rose</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bridge" title="Frank Bridge">Frank Bridge</a> to a libretto by Margaret Kemp-Welch and Constance Cotterell based on a children's play, was first performed on 8 December 1931 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a>'s Parry Opera Theatre in London. The work was revived in December 1979 in a concert performance by the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Welsh_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Welsh Symphony Orchestra">BBC Welsh Symphony Orchestra</a> and was later recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Opera_Group" title="Chelsea Opera Group">Chelsea Opera Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Großstadt Weihnacht</b></i> (Christmas in the Metropolis), a <a href="/wiki/Radio_opera" title="Radio opera">radio opera</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Egk" title="Werner Egk">Werner Egk</a> to a libretto by Robert Seitz was first broadcast in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Magyar karácsony</b></i> (Hungarian Christmas), an opera in one act composed by <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_%C3%81d%C3%A1m" title="Jenő Ádám">Jenő Ádám</a> to a libretto by Klára Tüdös, premiered on 22 December 1931 at the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Opera_House" title="Hungarian State Opera House">Hungarian State Opera House</a> in Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Il natale di Gesù</b></i> (The Birth of Jesus), composed by <a href="/wiki/Franco_Vittadini" title="Franco Vittadini">Franco Vittadini</a> to a libretto by Angiolo Silvio Novaro, premiered on 20 December 1933 at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Petruzzelli" title="Teatro Petruzzelli">Teatro Petruzzelli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>...Y mañana Navidad</b></i> (...And Tomorrow Christmas), a children's <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a> in one act composed by Manuel Villacañas Sastre to a libretto by Fernández Cuesta, premiered on 25 December 1940 at the Teatro Alcalá in Madrid. The title echoes a recurring phrase in traditional Spanish Christmas carols: "Esta noche es Nochebuena Y mañana Navidad" (Tonight is Christmas Eve and tomorrow Christmas).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Ceské jeslicky</i></span></b> (A Czech <a href="/wiki/Nativity_Scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity Scene">Nativity Scene</a>), an opera in three acts with prologue and epilogue composed by <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_K%C5%99i%C4%8Dka" title="Jaroslav Křička">Jaroslav Křička</a> to a libretto by Jan Porta and Bohuš Stejskal premiered on 15 January 1949 at the <a href="/wiki/State_Opera_(Prague)" title="State Opera (Prague)">Prague State Opera</a>. The libretto is based on Czech folk plays and traditional Christmas carols. <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Ceské jeslicky</i></span> has been revived several times in the Czech republic, including a 2009 performance in <a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Opava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Amahl_and_the_Night_Visitors" title="Amahl and the Night Visitors">Amahl and the Night Visitors</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a> who also wrote the libretto, premiered on 24 December 1951 as a live television broadcast for the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Opera_Theatre" title="NBC Opera Theatre">NBC Opera Theatre</a>. It was the first opera specifically composed for television in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1954_TV_musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Christmas Carol (1954 TV musical)">A Christmas Carol</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Maxwell Anderson</a> based on Charles Dickens's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, premiered on 23 December 1954 as a television broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Shower_of_Stars" title="Shower of Stars">CBS Chrysler Shower of Stars</a>. The cast included the young <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a> dubbing <a href="/wiki/Sally_Fraser" title="Sally Fraser">Sally Fraser</a> who played Belle and the Ghost of Christmas Past. Although billed as a "<a href="/wiki/List_of_television_operas" title="List of television operas">television opera</a>", its style was closer to that of a musical.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Child is Born</b></i>, composed by Bernard Herrmann to a libretto which he and Maxwell Anderson adapted from <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vincent_Ben%C3%A9t" title="Stephen Vincent Benét">Stephen Vincent Benét</a>'s blank verse play <i><a href="/wiki/A_Child_Is_Born_(radio_play)" title="A Child Is Born (radio play)">A Child Is Born</a></i>, premiered on 23 December 1955 as a broadcast on the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Network">CBS Network</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Theater" title="General Electric Theater">General Electric Theater</a>. Although lasting only 30 minutes, <i>A Child is Born</i> was more operatic in style than Herrmann's previous television opera, <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, and had a cast that included two stars of the Metropolitan Opera, <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Conner" title="Nadine Conner">Nadine Conner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Uppman" title="Theodor Uppman">Theodor Uppman</a>, with the young <a href="/wiki/Harve_Presnell" title="Harve Presnell">Harve Presnell</a> in the minor role of Dismas the Thief.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Christmas Miracle</b></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">chamber opera</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Fax" title="Mark Fax">Mark Fax</a> to a libretto by Owen Dodson, was first performed on 6 March 1959 at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>The Nativity According to St. Luke</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Thompson" title="Randall Thompson">Randall Thompson</a>, was first performed in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> on 12 December 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Christmas Trilogy</b></i>, three pageant operas composed by <a href="/wiki/John_La_Montaine" title="John La Montaine">John La Montaine</a> who also wrote the librettos based on medieval Christmas plays, the Bible, and the Latin liturgy. They were a commission by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> and were all premiered there between 1961 and 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><b>Novellis, Novellis</b></i> premiered 24 December 1961</li> <li><i><b>The Shephardes Playe</b></i> premiered 1 December 1967</li> <li><i><b>Erode the Greate</b></i> premiered 31 December 1969</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesli%C4%8Dky_svat%C3%A9ho_Franti%C5%A1ka_1_(2009).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jesli%C4%8Dky_svat%C3%A9ho_Franti%C5%A1ka_1_%282009%29.JPG/310px-Jesli%C4%8Dky_svat%C3%A9ho_Franti%C5%A1ka_1_%282009%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jesli%C4%8Dky_svat%C3%A9ho_Franti%C5%A1ka_1_%282009%29.JPG/465px-Jesli%C4%8Dky_svat%C3%A9ho_Franti%C5%A1ka_1_%282009%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jesli%C4%8Dky_svat%C3%A9ho_Franti%C5%A1ka_1_%282009%29.JPG/620px-Jesli%C4%8Dky_svat%C3%A9ho_Franti%C5%A1ka_1_%282009%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Final scene of <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Helebrand" title="Pavel Helebrand">Pavel Helebrand</a>'s 1996 opera <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Jesličky svatého Františka</i></span> (The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_Scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity Scene">Nativity Scene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis</a>) in one of its many performances in <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><b>The Greenfield Christmas Tree</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Moore" title="Douglas Moore">Douglas Moore</a>, premiered on 8 December 1962 in a performance by the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Hartford Symphony Orchestra">Hartford Symphony Orchestra</a> and conductor <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mahler" title="Fritz Mahler">Fritz Mahler</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bushnell_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="The Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts">The Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Christmas Carol</b></i>, composed by Edwin Coleman to a libretto by Margaret Burns Harris based on Charles Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, premiered on 24 December 1962 as a broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> which had commissioned the work. It was also broadcast in the United States in January 1963 on <a href="/wiki/PBS_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Television">PBS Television</a>. The critic from <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i> described the score as "arid and spikey" and unlikely to appeal to general audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Christmas_Dinner_(opera)" title="The Long Christmas Dinner (opera)">Das lange Weihnachtsmahl</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> with a libretto based on <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a>'s 1931 play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Christmas_Dinner" title="The Long Christmas Dinner">The Long Christmas Dinner</a></i>, premiered on 17 December 1962 in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, Germany. The English version titled <i>The Long Christmas Dinner</i> was first performed at the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Juilliard School of Music">Juilliard School of Music</a> in New York on 13 March 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Abend, Nacht und Morgen</b></i> (Evening, Night and Morning), an opera in three acts composed by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Cikker" title="Ján Cikker">Ján Cikker</a> to a libretto by Cikker, based on Charles Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, premiered simultaneously on 5 October 1963 at the <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Kassel" title="Staatstheater Kassel">Neues Stadttheater am Friedrichsplatz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Theatre" title="Slovak National Theatre">Slovak National Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>. It is sometimes known by the alternative title <i>Mr. Scrooge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Il canto di Natale</b></i> (The Christmas Carol), composed by <a href="/wiki/Lino_Liviabella" title="Lino Liviabella">Lino Liviabella</a> to a libretto by Enzo Lucio Murolo based on Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, received its first fully staged performance on 14 January 1966 at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_di_Bologna" title="Teatro Comunale di Bologna">Teatro Comunale di Bologna</a> in a double bill with Humperdinck's <i><a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(opera)" title="Hansel and Gretel (opera)">Hänsel und Gretel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>The Magi</b></i>, an opera in one act composed by John La Montaine who also wrote the libretto based on Biblical texts, premiered on 27 December 1967 at the Washington National Cathedral. On that occasion it was paired with La Montaine's <i>The Shephardes Playe</i> (Number 2 in his <i>Christmas Trilogy</i>) which had premiered there earlier that month.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>The First Christmas</b></i>, an opera in one act by <a href="/wiki/John_Antill" title="John Antill">John Antill</a> to a libretto by Pat Flowers, premiered in an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> television broadcast from Sydney, Australia on 25 December 1969. A commission from the government of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, it was shown again in December 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>The Business of Good Government</b></i>, composed by Yale Marshall to a libretto adapted by Wesley Balk from <a href="/wiki/John_Arden" title="John Arden">John Arden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaretta_D%27Arcy" title="Margaretta D'Arcy">Margaretta D'Arcy</a>'s 1960 Christmas play of the same name, premiered on 12 December 1970 at the Hennepin Ave. Methodist Church in Minneapolis. While telling the traditional story of the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem, the play and the opera, focus on the problems in <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a>'s kingdom and his fear that the Three Magi are Persian spies preparing his overthrow. The premiere production was by Center Opera, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Opera" title="Minnesota Opera">Minnesota Opera</a>, and combined the work with traditional medieval Christmas songs in a program entitled <i>Christmas Mummeries and Good Government</i>. The opera was performed again on its own the following season.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Christmas Carol</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Sandow" title="Greg Sandow">Greg Sandow</a> who also wrote the libretto based on Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, premiered on 21 December 1977 at the Eastern Opera Theater in Stratford, Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Christmas Carol</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kay_(composer)" title="Norman Kay (composer)">Norman Kay</a> to libretto by <a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_(British_journalist)" title="John Morgan (British journalist)">John Morgan</a> based on Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, premiered on 25 December 1978 as television broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlech Television">Harlech Television</a>. The role of <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</a> was sung by <a href="/wiki/Geraint_Evans" title="Geraint Evans">Geraint Evans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Christmas Carol</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Thea_Musgrave" title="Thea Musgrave">Thea Musgrave</a> to a libretto by Musgrave based on Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, was premiered on 7 December 1979 by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Opera" title="Virginia Opera">Virginia Opera</a> in Norfolk, Virginia. Its first UK performance was on 14 December 1981 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> with Frederick Burchinal as Ebenezer Scrooge and was later broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Granada_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada Television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_Truce_by_Frederic_Villiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Christmas_Truce_by_Frederic_Villiers.jpg/260px-Christmas_Truce_by_Frederic_Villiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Christmas_Truce_by_Frederic_Villiers.jpg/390px-Christmas_Truce_by_Frederic_Villiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Christmas_Truce_by_Frederic_Villiers.jpg/520px-Christmas_Truce_by_Frederic_Villiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Villiers" title="Frederic Villiers">Frederic Villiers</a>' depiction of the 1914 <a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a>, the setting for <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Puts" title="Kevin Puts">Kevin Puts</a>' 2011 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Night_(opera)" title="Silent Night (opera)">Silent Night</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Jesličky svatého Františka</i></span></b> (The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_Scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity Scene">Nativity Scene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis</a>), composed by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Helebrand" title="Pavel Helebrand">Pavel Helebrand</a> to a libretto by the composer based on the writings of Saint Francis and the poetry of traditional <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> folk theater, was first performed on 12 December 1996 at the <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k_Theatre" title="Antonín Dvořák Theatre">Antonín Dvořák Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>. Since that time, the work has been performed In Ostrava during the Christmas seasons of 2005, 2009, 2012, and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gift_of_the_Magi_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift of the Magi (opera)">Gift of the Magi</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/David_Conte" title="David Conte">David Conte</a> to a libretto by Nicholas Giardini based on <a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a>'s 1905 short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi" title="The Gift of the Magi">The Gift of the Magi</a>", premiered on 7 December 1997 at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Conservatory_of_Music" title="San Francisco Conservatory of Music">San Francisco Conservatory of Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(opera)" title="El Niño (opera)">El Niño</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> to a libretto compiled by Adams from biblical texts and poems by a variety of authors. The work premiered on 15 December 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a> in Paris by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Symphonie-Orchester_Berlin" title="Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin">Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Voices" title="London Voices">London Voices</a>, the vocal ensemble <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Voices" title="Theatre of Voices">Theatre of Voices</a>, and conductor <a href="/wiki/Kent_Nagano" title="Kent Nagano">Kent Nagano</a>. The premiere production was a semi-staged performance directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>.</li> <li><i><b>God Bless Us, Every One!</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pasatieri" title="Thomas Pasatieri">Thomas Pasatieri</a> to a libretto by Bill Van Horn and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Capasso" title="Michael Capasso">Michael Capasso</a> premiered on 16 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Dicapo_Opera" title="Dicapo Opera">Dicapo Opera Theatre</a> in New York City. Its title comes from the final line of Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>. The libretto takes Dickens's story as its starting point, but sets the action 20 years after the ending of the original story. The opera opens in the offices of Scrooge, Cratchit & Marley on the morning after Scrooge's death. <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Tim_(A_Christmas_Carol)" title="Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)">Tiny Tim</a>, now a healthy young man, eventually sails for America to fight on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Silent_Night_(opera)" title="Silent Night (opera)">Silent Night</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Puts" title="Kevin Puts">Kevin Puts</a> to a libretto by Mark Campbell, premiered on 12 November 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Opera" title="Minnesota Opera">Minnesota Opera</a> at the Ordway Theater. The libretto is an adaptation of the screenplay for the 2005 film <i><a href="/wiki/Joyeux_No%C3%ABl" title="Joyeux Noël">Joyeux Noël</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opera won the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music" title="Pulitzer Prize for Music">Pulitzer Prize for Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>A Christmas Carol</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Iain_Bell" title="Iain Bell">Iain Bell</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Callow" title="Simon Callow">Simon Callow</a> based on Dickens's <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, premiered on 5 December 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>. The work is a 90-minute <a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">chamber opera</a> for orchestra and one singer (<a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>) in which he portrays multiple characters in the story. The <a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">heldentenor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Hunter_Morris" title="Jay Hunter Morris">Jay Hunter Morris</a> was the singer in the original production, while Mark Le Brocq performed the role in the December 2015 revival by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Becoming_Santa_Claus" title="Becoming Santa Claus">Becoming Santa Claus</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Adamo" title="Mark Adamo">Mark Adamo</a> who also wrote the libretto, premiered on 4 December 2015 performed by the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Opera" title="Dallas Opera">Dallas Opera</a> at the Winspear Opera House.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life_(opera)" title="It's a Wonderful Life (opera)">It's a Wonderful Life</a></b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Jake_Heggie" title="Jake Heggie">Jake Heggie</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Scheer" title="Gene Scheer">Gene Scheer</a>, premiered on 2 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>. The libretto is based on the 1946 Christmas film <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life" title="It's a Wonderful Life">It's a Wonderful Life</a></i>.</li> <li><i><b>The House Without a Christmas Tree</b></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Ian_Gordon" title="Ricky Ian Gordon">Ricky Ian Gordon</a> to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Royce_Vavrek" title="Royce Vavrek">Royce Vavrek</a>, premiered on 30 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>. It is based on the television film and book <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_Without_a_Christmas_Tree" title="The House Without a Christmas Tree">The House Without a Christmas Tree</a></i> by Gail Rock.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Werther" title="Werther">Werther</a></b></i>, Massenet's 1892 opera in which the protagonist commits suicide on Christmas Eve as children's voices are heard singing a Christmas carol.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gilbert and Sullivan's operas <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a></b></i> and <i><b><a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a></b></i>, which were originally staged as Christmas entertainments but whose plots have nothing to do with Christmas itself<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Berlioz's <i><b><a href="/wiki/L%27enfance_du_Christ" title="L'enfance du Christ">L'enfance du Christ</a></b></i> (The Childhood of Christ) which premiered on 10 December 1854 and is often performed at Christmas time. Although composed as an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> and intended for concert performance, its libretto contains many of the dramatic elements of an opera as well as stage directions. It has occasionally been given a fully staged performance, most notably in 1911 at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre de la Monnaie">Théâtre de la Monnaie</a> in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the operas which have premiered in Italy on <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a> are Donizetti's <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Bolena" title="Anna Bolena">Anna Bolena</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(opera)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (opera)">Lucrezia Borgia</a></i>, Bellini's <i><a href="/wiki/Norma_(opera)" title="Norma (opera)">Norma</a></i>, and Rossini's <i><a href="/wiki/Aureliano_in_Palmira" title="Aureliano in Palmira">Aureliano in Palmira</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cendrillon</i> is particularly popular in France for Christmas performances.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Battista da Gagliano (1594–1651) was the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Marco_da_Gagliano" title="Marco da Gagliano">Marco da Gagliano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacopo Cicognini (1577–1633) was the father of <a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Andrea_Cicognini" title="Giacinto Andrea Cicognini">Giacinto Andrea Cicognini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigilante_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigilante-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimbell, David (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C37Gq2GagZIC&pg=PA428"><i>Italian Opera</i></a>. p. 428. Cambridge University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521466431" title="Special:BookSources/0521466431">0521466431</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffel9091-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffel9091_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ross_Griffel" title="Margaret Ross Griffel">Griffel, Margaret Ross</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8bQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Operas in English: A Dictionary</i></a>, pp. 90–91. Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810883252" title="Special:BookSources/0810883252">0810883252</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Zschock2009" class="citation book cs1">Heather Zschock (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RSyiTfo3QIC&dq=christmas+opera+classic+amahl&pg=PA69"><i>A Century of Christmas Memories: 1900–1999</i></a>. Peter Pauper Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441305886" title="Special:BookSources/9781441305886"><bdi>9781441305886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Christmas+Memories%3A+1900%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Peter+Pauper+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781441305886&rft.au=Heather+Zschock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RSyiTfo3QIC%26dq%3Dchristmas%2Bopera%2Bclassic%2Bamahl%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=christmas+opera+classic+amahl&pg=PA102">"Amahl and the Night Visitors: Menotti Opera is Now A Christmas Classic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. December 15, 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Amahl+and+the+Night+Visitors%3A+Menotti+Opera+is+Now+A+Christmas+Classic&rft.date=1952-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlIEAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3Dchristmas%2Bopera%2Bclassic%2Bamahl%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Barnes2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Barnes" title="Jennifer Barnes">Jennifer Barnes</a> (2003). <i>Television Opera: The Fall of Opera Commissioned for Television</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. pp. 15–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-912-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-912-5"><bdi>0-85115-912-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+Opera%3A+The+Fall+of+Opera+Commissioned+for+Television&rft.pages=15-41&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85115-912-5&rft.au=Jennifer+Barnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeme_HarperRuth_DoughtyJochen_Eisentraut2014" class="citation book cs1">Graeme Harper; Ruth Doughty; Jochen Eisentraut (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajteBAAAQBAJ&dq=christmas+opera+classic+amahl&pg=PA269"><i>Sound and Music in Film and Visual Media: A Critical Overview</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501305436" title="Special:BookSources/9781501305436"><bdi>9781501305436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Music+in+Film+and+Visual+Media%3A+A+Critical+Overview&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781501305436&rft.au=Graeme+Harper&rft.au=Ruth+Doughty&rft.au=Jochen+Eisentraut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajteBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dchristmas%2Bopera%2Bclassic%2Bamahl%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Lowry2015" class="citation news cs1">Mark Lowry (December 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-telegram.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article47811175.html">"<i>Becoming Santa Claus</i> adds opera to holiday calendar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram" title="Fort Worth Star-Telegram">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort+Worth+Star-Telegram&rft.atitle=Becoming+Santa+Claus+adds+opera+to+holiday+calendar&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft.au=Mark+Lowry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.star-telegram.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts-culture%2Farticle47811175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Cantrell2015" class="citation news cs1">Scott Cantrell (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2015/12/Reviews/DALLAS__Becoming_Santa_Claus.html">"Becoming Santa Claus: Dallas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_News" title="Opera News">Opera News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+News&rft.atitle=Becoming+Santa+Claus%3A+Dallas&rft.date=2015-12&rft.au=Scott+Cantrell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operanews.com%2FOpera_News_Magazine%2F2015%2F12%2FReviews%2FDALLAS__Becoming_Santa_Claus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Womack2015" class="citation news cs1">Catherine Womack (December 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontrow.dmagazine.com/2015/12/the-dallas-opera-delivers-a-wild-christmas-gift-with-becoming-santa-claus/">"The Dallas Opera Delivers a Wild Christmas Gift With Becoming Santa Claus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/D_Magazine" title="D Magazine">D Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Dallas+Opera+Delivers+a+Wild+Christmas+Gift+With+Becoming+Santa+Claus&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.au=Catherine+Womack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrontrow.dmagazine.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fthe-dallas-opera-delivers-a-wild-christmas-gift-with-becoming-santa-claus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Tommasini2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Anthony Tommasini</a> (February 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/arts/music/silent-night-by-kevin-puts-at-opera-philadelphia.html">"Tenors Amid the Turmoil of War in the Trenches"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tenors+Amid+the+Turmoil+of+War+in+the+Trenches&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft.au=Anthony+Tommasini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F12%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fsilent-night-by-kevin-puts-at-opera-philadelphia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Fuchsberg2011" class="citation web cs1">Larry Fuchsberg (November 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2012/2/Reviews/ST__PAUL__Silent_Night.html">"Silent Night"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_News" title="Opera News">Opera News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opera+News&rft.atitle=Silent+Night&rft.date=2011-11-12&rft.au=Larry+Fuchsberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operanews.com%2FOpera_News_Magazine%2F2012%2F2%2FReviews%2FST__PAUL__Silent_Night.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">Telegraph Media Group</a>, John Allison: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/11192714/silent-night-wexford-festival-opera-chad-johnson-ian-beadle-scott-wilde-matthew-worth-christian-carion-joyeux-noel-tomer-zvulun-david-agler.html"><i>Silent Night</i>, Wexford Festival Opera</a>", review, "real conviction"; October 28, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Kozinn2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Allan Kozinn</a> (November 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/12/silent-night-pulitzer-winner-to-air-on-pbs/?_r=0">"<i>Silent Night</i>, Pulitzer Winner, to Air on PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Silent+Night%2C+Pulitzer+Winner%2C+to+Air+on+PBS&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.au=Allan+Kozinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F12%2Fsilent-night-pulitzer-winner-to-air-on-pbs%2F%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eder, Jens; Jannidis, Fotis; Schneider, Ralf (eds.) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpD8kLoEbLkC&pg=PA560"><i>Characters in Fictional Worlds: Understanding Imaginary Beings in Literature, Film, and Other Media</i></a>, p. 560. 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(18 December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/12/18/Zeffirellis-splendid-new-La-Boheme-Is-Mets-Christmas-gift-to-opera-fans/5274377499600/">"Zeffirelli's splendid new <i>La bohème</i> Is Met's Christmas Gift to Opera Fans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. Retrieved 22 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clements, Andrew (4 November 2012).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/nov/04/best-classical-concerts-christmas-2012">"The best classical concerts for Christmas 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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Unpublished PhD. thesis, Florida State University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Giorno=22&Mese=12&Anno=1931"> "22 December 1931"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Giorno=20&Mese=12&Anno=1933"> "20 December 1933"</a>. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1mUcGRpt0EC&pg=PA189"><i>A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann</i></a>, pp. 189–190; 202. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520927230" title="Special:BookSources/0520927230">0520927230</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wlaschin, Ken (2006), <i>Encyclopedia of American Opera</i>, p. 74. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786421096" title="Special:BookSources/0786421096">0786421096</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffel,_Margaret_Ross2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ross_Griffel" title="Margaret Ross Griffel">Griffel, Margaret Ross</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8bQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340"><i>Operas in English: A Dictionary</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8325-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8325-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-8325-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operas+in+English%3A+A+Dictionary&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8325-3&rft.au=Griffel%2C+Margaret+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8bQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffel, Margaret Ross (2012). <i>Operas in English: A Dictionary</i>, pp. 155, 295, 349, 446. Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810883252" title="Special:BookSources/0810883252">0810883252</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usopera.com/operas/greenfield.html">"<i>The Greenfield Christmas Tree</i>"</a>. <i>usopera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usopera.com&rft.atitle=The+Greenfield+Christmas+Tree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusopera.com%2Foperas%2Fgreenfield.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guida, Fred (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2tLoMBDbUbIC&pg=PA190"><i>A Christmas Carol and Its Adaptations: A Critical Examination of Dickens's Story and Its Productions on Screen and Television</i></a>, p. 190. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786407387" title="Special:BookSources/0786407387">0786407387</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesa, Franklin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yMkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147"><i>Opera: An Encyclopedia of World Premieres and Significant Performances </i></a>. p. 147. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786477288" title="Special:BookSources/0786477288">0786477288</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Abend,_Nacht_und_Morgen&Parola=Stringa"> "<i>Abend, Nacht und Morgen</i>"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Il_canto_di_Natale&Parola=Stringa"> "<i>Il canto di Natale</i>"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=The_Magi&Parola=Stringa"> "<i>The Magi</i>"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Library of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms437">MS 437: Papers of John Antill (1904–1986)</a>. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Central Opera Service Bulletin</i> (September/October 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cpanda.org/pdfs/csob/1301.pdf">[1]</a>. Vol. 13, No. 1, p. 1. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Opera" title="Minnesota Opera">Minnesota Opera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnopera.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/MNOP-Rep-through-2014.pdf">Repertoire 1963–2014</a>. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Národní divadlo moravskoslezské (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndm.cz/cz/opera/inscenace/496-jeslicky-svateho-frantiska/"><i>Jesličky svatého Františka</i></a>. Retrieved 25 December 2015 <span class="languageicon">(in Czech)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerbrandt,_Carl2006" class="citation book cs1">Gerbrandt, Carl (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWNYaXL2ngYC&pg=PA116"><i>Sacred Music Drama: The Producer's Guide, 2nd edition</i></a>. AuthorHouse. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4259-6847-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4259-6847-3"><bdi>1-4259-6847-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Music+Drama%3A+The+Producer%27s+Guide%2C+2nd+edition&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4259-6847-3&rft.au=Gerbrandt%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWNYaXL2ngYC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Kozinn, Allan</a> (18 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/arts/music/18dicapo.html">"<i>A Christmas Carol</i>, the (Operatic) Sequel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Tommasini2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Anthony Tommasini</a> (February 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/arts/music/silent-night-by-kevin-puts-at-opera-philadelphia.html">"Tenors Amid the Turmoil of War in the Trenches"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tenors+Amid+the+Turmoil+of+War+in+the+Trenches&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft.au=Anthony+Tommasini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F12%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fsilent-night-by-kevin-puts-at-opera-philadelphia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2012-Music">"The 2012 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Music"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2012+Pulitzer+Prize+Winners%3A+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzer.org%2Fcitation%2F2012-Music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loomis, George (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d856a4e8-85d7-11e4-a105-00144feabdc0.html">"<i>A Christmas Carol</i>, Houston Grand Opera, Wortham Theater Center, Houston, Texas — review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilden, Imogen (5 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/06/best-classical-concerts-christmas-2015">"Five of the best classical concerts for Christmas 2015"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantrell,_Scott2015" class="citation news cs1">Cantrell, Scott (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2015/12/Reviews/DALLAS__Becoming_Santa_Claus.html">"Becoming Santa Claus: Dallas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_News" title="Opera News">Opera News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+News&rft.atitle=Becoming+Santa+Claus%3A+Dallas&rft.date=2015-12&rft.au=Cantrell%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operanews.com%2FOpera_News_Magazine%2F2015%2F12%2FReviews%2FDALLAS__Becoming_Santa_Claus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Viagas2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Robert Viagas (November 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/article/ricky-ian-gordons-house-without-a-christmas-tree-gets-world-premiere-november-30">"Ricky Ian Gordon's <i>House Without a Christmas Tree</i> Gets World Premiere November 30"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Ricky+Ian+Gordon%27s+House+Without+a+Christmas+Tree+Gets+World+Premiere+November+30&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.au=Robert+Viagas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Fricky-ian-gordons-house-without-a-christmas-tree-gets-world-premiere-november-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Christmas+operas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Osborne, Charles</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operaloverscompa0000osbo/page/217"><i>The Opera Lover's Companion</i></a>. pp. 216–218. Yale University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Christiansen" title="Rupert Christiansen">Christiansen, Rupert</a> (6 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3671639/Thespis-When-Gilbert-met-Sullivan.html">"<i>Thespis</i>: When Gilbert met Sullivan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rushton,_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushton, Julian">Rushton, Julian</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lhbYIVXv9wC&pg=PA36">"Oratorium eines Zukunftsmusiker? The Prehistory of <i>L'Enfance du Christ</i>"</a>. <i>Berlioz and Debussy: Sources, Contexts and Legacies: Essays in Honour of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesure" title="François Lesure">François Lesure</a></i>, p. 36. Ashgate Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754653927" title="Special:BookSources/0754653927">0754653927</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/digitalarchive/content/server15982.contentdm.oclc.org/BSYMO/PROG/TRUSVolume8/Pub411_1966-1967_Trip_Cam_Con03.pdf">Program Notes: <i>L'Enfance du Christ, Trilogie sacrée</i></a>, p. 12</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Christmas_operas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Plotkin, Fred (23 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wqxr.org/#!/story/177534-christmas-opera/">"Christmas at the Opera"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WQXR-FM" title="WQXR-FM">WQXR</a></li> <li>Complete libretto of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ODRzBH9QlHgC"><i>Il gran Natale di Christo salvator nostro</i></a> published in 1625 <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>Complete libretto of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecamusica.it/cmbm/viewschedatwbca.asp?path=/cmbm/images/ripro/libretti/08/Lo08971/"><i>Per la festività del Santo Natale </i></a>, published for its premiere performance in 1727 <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opera" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opera_topics" title="Template:Opera topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opera_topics" title="Template talk:Opera topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opera_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opera topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and<br />national traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_opera" title="History of opera">History of opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Origins of opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_opera" title="Albanian opera">Albanian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_opera" title="Armenian opera">Armenian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Azerbaijan" title="Opera in Azerbaijan"> Azerbaijani opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_opera_in_Chinese" title="Western opera in Chinese">Western opera in Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_English" title="Opera in English">Opera in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_German" title="Opera in German">Opera in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_opera" title="Hungarian opera">Hungarian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Latin_America" title="Opera in Latin America">Opera in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_opera" title="Polish opera">Polish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Russian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">Spanish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Venezuela" title="Opera in Venezuela">Opera in Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_aria" title="Catalogue aria">Catalogue aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_aria" title="Rage aria">Rage aria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_overture" title="French overture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_overture" title="Italian overture">Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò">Rondò</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azione_teatrale" title="Azione teatrale">Azione teatrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">Chamber opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">Comic opera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_en_vaudevilles" title="Comédie en vaudevilles">Comédie en vaudevilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_m%C3%AAl%C3%A9e_d%27ariettes" title="Comédie mêlée d'ariettes">Comédie mêlée d'ariettes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramma_giocoso" title="Dramma giocoso">Dramma giocoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramma_per_musica" title="Dramma per musica">Dramma per musica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsa" title="Farsa">Farsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_teatrale" title="Festa teatrale">Festa teatrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Grand opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Azerbaijan#Mugham_opera" title="Opera in Azerbaijan">Mugham opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_opera" title="Number opera">Number opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-ballet" title="Opéra-ballet">Opéra-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_f%C3%A9erie" title="Opéra féerie">Opéra féerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_semiseria" title="Opera semiseria">Opera semiseria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorale_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque" title="Pastorale héroïque">Pastorale héroïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posse_mit_Gesang" title="Posse mit Gesang">Posse mit Gesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_opera" title="Radio opera">Radio opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_opera" title="Rescue opera">Rescue opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantische Oper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainete" title="Sainete">Sainete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">Semi-opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoper" title="Zeitoper">Zeitoper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">Boy soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">Soubrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano"> Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choirmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_dancer" title="Ballet dancer">Ballet dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">Dramaturge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_management" title="Opera management">Opera manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Set designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresser_(theatre)" title="Dresser (theatre)">Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_scenic_artist" title="Charge scenic artist">Charge scenic artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">Pit orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">Set constructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dresser" title="Set dresser">Set dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_actor" title="Supernumerary actor">Supernumerary actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Supporting role singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_technician" title="Theatrical technician">Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing concepts<br />and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Opera-related_lists" title="Category:Opera-related lists">List articles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas" title="Lists of operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_operas" title="List of Argentine operas">Argentine operas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christmas operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_opera_characters" title="List of historical opera characters">Historical opera characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_operas" title="List of prominent operas">Prominent operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_opera_singers" title="List of Azerbaijani opera singers"> Azerbaijani opera singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_opera_composers" title="List of major opera composers">Major opera composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_operas" title="List of Mexican operas">Mexican operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_operas" title="List of North Korean operas">North Korean operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_opera_companies" title="Lists of opera companies">Opera companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_directors" title="List of opera directors">Opera directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_festivals" title="List of opera festivals">Opera festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_genres" title="List of opera genres">Opera genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_houses" title="List of opera houses">Opera houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_librettists" title="List of opera librettists">Opera librettists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_composer" title="List of operas by composer">Operas by composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_set_in_the_Crusades" title="List of operas set in the Crusades">Operas set in the Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operetta_composers" title="List of operetta composers">Operetta composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orphean_operas" title="List of Orphean operas">Orphean operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_operas" title="List of radio operas">Radio operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_operas" title="List of television operas">Television operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_title" title="List of operas by title">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zarzuela_composers" title="List of zarzuela composers">Zarzuela composers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_house_opera" title="Country house opera">Country house opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_music_and_opera" title="Cross-dressing in music and opera">Cross-dressing in music and opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_hat" title="Opera hat">Opera hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cloak" title="Opera cloak">Opera cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_glove" title="Evening glove">Opera gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_glasses" title="Opera glasses">Opera glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_enhancement" title="Orchestral enhancement">Orchestral enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regietheater" title="Regietheater">Regietheater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_opera" title="Outline of opera">Outline of opera</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera" title="Category:Opera">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Opera" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Opera">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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