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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بانوتيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانوتيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotiya" title="Pannotiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pannotiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Панотия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панотия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panotija" title="Panotija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Panotija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pann%C3%B2tia" title="Pannòtia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pannòtia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паннотия – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Паннотия" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotie" title="Pannotie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pannotie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Παννότια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παννότια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پانوتیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانوتیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EB%85%B8%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84" title="판노티아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판노티아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panotija" title="Panotija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Panotija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Панотија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панотија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="パノティア大陸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パノティア大陸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannocja" title="Pannocja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pannocja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C3%B3tia" title="Panótia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panótia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паннотия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паннотия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Панотија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панотија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panotija" title="Panotija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Panotija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panotya" title="Panotya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Panotya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паннотія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паннотія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pannotia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothesized Neoproterozoic supercontinent</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panotiaggg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Panotiaggg.jpg/220px-Panotiaggg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Panotiaggg.jpg/330px-Panotiaggg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Panotiaggg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>Pannotia was centred on the South Pole, hence its name.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pannotia</b> (from Greek: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pan-" class="extiw" title="wikt:pan-">pan-</a></i>, "all", <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:νότος">-nótos</a></i>, "south"; meaning "all southern land"), also known as the <b>Vendian supercontinent</b>, <b>Greater Gondwana</b>, and the <b>Pan-African supercontinent</b>, was a relatively short-lived <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> that formed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny" title="Pan-African orogeny">Pan-African orogeny</a> (650–500 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a>), during the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period and broke apart 560 Ma with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a>, in the late <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pannotia formed when <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> was located adjacent to the two major South American <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Craton" title="Río de la Plata Craton">Río de la Plata</a>. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a> separated Laurentia from <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>, Amazonia, and Río de la Plata.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 paper argues that Pannotia never fully existed, reinterpreting the <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">geochronological</a> evidence: "the supposed landmass had begun to break up well before it was fully assembled".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the assembly of the next supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> is well established. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_concept">Origin of concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>J. D. A. Piper was probably the first to propose a Proterozoic supercontinent preceding <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, today known as <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time he simply referred to it as "the Proterozoic super-continent",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but much later he named this "symmetrical crescent-shaped analogue of Pangaea" 'Palaeopangaea' and in 2000 he still insisted that there is neither a need nor any evidences for Rodinia or its daughter supercontinent Pannotia or a series of other proposed supercontinents since <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archaean</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of a late Proterozoic supercontinent, much different from Pangaea, was first proposed by <a href="#CITEREFMcWilliams1981">McWilliams 1981</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetic</a> data, and the break-up of this supercontinent around 625–550 Ma was documented by <a href="#CITEREFBondNickesonKominz1984">Bond, Nickeson & Kominz 1984</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconstruction of Bond et al. is virtually identical to that of <a href="#CITEREFDalziel1997">Dalziel 1997</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another term for the supercontinent that is thought to have existed at the end of Neoproterozoic time is "Greater Gondwanaland", suggested by <a href="#CITEREFStern1994">Stern 1994</a>. This term recognizes that the supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, which formed at the end of the Neoproterozoic, was once part of the much larger Neoproterozoic supercontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pannotia was named by <a href="#CITEREFPowell1995">Powell 1995</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the term "Pannotios" originally proposed by <a href="#CITEREFStump1987">Stump 1987</a> for "the cycle of tectonic activity common to the Gondwana continents that resulted in the formation of the supercontinent."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1995">Young 1995</a> proposed renaming the older Proterozoic supercontinent (now known as Rodinia) "Kanatia", the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians" title="St. Lawrence Iroquoians">St. Lawrence Iroquoian</a> word from which the name Canada is derived, while keeping the name Rodinia for the latter Neoproterozoic supercontinent (now known as Pannotia).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powell, however, objected to this renaming and instead proposed Stump's term for the latter supercontinent. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannotia_-_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pannotia_-_2.png/250px-Pannotia_-_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pannotia_-_2.png/375px-Pannotia_-_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pannotia_-_2.png/500px-Pannotia_-_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of Pannotia, about 600 million years ago, in the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> period</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannotia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pannotia.svg/220px-Pannotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pannotia.svg/330px-Pannotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pannotia.svg/440px-Pannotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Pannotia 545 Ma, view centred on the South Pole, after <a href="#CITEREFDalziel1997">Dalziel 1997</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of Pannotia began during the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny" title="Pan-African orogeny">Pan-African orogeny</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a> was lodged between the northern and southern halves of the previous supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a> some 750 Ma. The peak in this mountain building event was around 640–610 Ma, but these continental collisions may have continued into the early Cambrian some 530 Ma. The formation of Pannotia was the result of Rodinia turning itself inside out.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotese-2009-Pannotia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotese-2009-Pannotia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Pannotia had formed, Africa was located at the centre surrounded by the rest of Gondwana: South America, Arabia, Madagascar, India, Antarctica, and Australia. Laurentia, which 'escaped' out of Rodinia, <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a> kept the relative positions they had in Rodinia. The <a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmerian terranes</a> (continental blocks of southern Asia) were located along the northern margins of east Gondwana. The <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cadomian_Orogeny" title="Cadomian Orogeny">Cadomian</a> terranes (later to become central Europe, Britain, the North American east coast, and Yucatán) were located along the active northern margins of western Gondwana. This <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> probably extended north into the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Uralian</a> margin of Baltica.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotese-2009-Pannotia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotese-2009-Pannotia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pannotia formed by <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of exterior oceans (a mechanism called extroversion)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over a <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> low, whereas Pangaea formed by subduction of interior oceans (introversion) over a geoid high<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps caused by <a href="/wiki/Superplume" class="mw-redirect" title="Superplume">superplumes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent#Supercontinents_and_volcanism" title="Supercontinent">slab avalanche events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oceanic crust subducted by Pannotia formed within the <a href="/wiki/Mirovia" title="Mirovia">Mirovia</a> superocean that surrounded Rodinia before its 830–750 Ma break-up and were accreted during the late Proterozoic <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenies</a> that resulted from the assembly of Pannotia.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p412_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-etal-2009-p412-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the major of these orogenies was the collision between eastern and western Gondwana or the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Orogeny" title="East African Orogeny">East African Orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p410_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-etal-2009-p410-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Saharan_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-Saharan Belt (page does not exist)">Trans-Saharan Belt</a> in West Africa is the result of the collision between the <a href="/wiki/Saharan_Metacraton" title="Saharan Metacraton">East Saharan Shield</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Craton" title="West African Craton">West African Craton</a> when 1200–710 Ma volcanic and arc-related rocks were accreted to the margin of this craton.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p412_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-etal-2009-p412-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 600 and 500 Ma, two Brazilian interior orogens were highly deformed and metamorphosed between a series of colliding cratons: <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a>, West Africa-<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_Craton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="São Luís Craton (page does not exist)">São Luís</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sao_Francisco_Craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Francisco Craton">São Francisco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasai_Craton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasai Craton (page does not exist)">Kasai</a>. The material that accreted included, 950–850 Ma, <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> meta-igneous complexes and younger arc-related rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p412_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-etal-2009-p412-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Break-up">Break-up</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Break-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia_600Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurasia_600Ma.jpg/192px-Laurasia_600Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurasia_600Ma.jpg/288px-Laurasia_600Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurasia_600Ma.jpg/384px-Laurasia_600Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia_550Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Laurasia_550Ma.jpg/192px-Laurasia_550Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Laurasia_550Ma.jpg/288px-Laurasia_550Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Laurasia_550Ma.jpg/384px-Laurasia_550Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Pannotia formed as Proto-Laurasia was added to Gondwana c. 600 Ma (left) and broke up 550 Ma (right) when Laurasia broke apart.<br />View centred on the South Pole.</div></div></div></div> <p>The break-up of Pannotia was accompanied by sea level rise, dramatic changes in climate and ocean water chemistry, and <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">rapid metazoan diversification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p410_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-etal-2009-p410-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFBondNickesonKominz1984">Bond, Nickeson & Kominz 1984</a> found Neoproterozoic <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margin</a> sequences worldwide—the first indication of a Late Neoproterozoic supercontinent but also the traces of its demise.<sup id="cite_ref-Meert-Lieberman-2004-p4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meert-Lieberman-2004-p4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iapetus Ocean started to open while Pannotia was being assembled, 200 Ma after the break-up of Rodinia. This opening of the Iapetus and other Cambrian seas coincided with the first steps in the evolution of soft-bodied metazoans, and also made a myriad of habitats available for them; this led to the so-called Cambrian explosion, the rapid evolution of <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion#Ediacaran–Early_Cambrian_skeletonisation" title="Cambrian explosion">skeletalized metazoans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a> originated in the Neoproterozoic and began to diversify before the break-up of Pannotia 600–550 Ma, as evidenced by their ubiquitous presence in the fossil record, and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Vicariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariance">vicariance</a> patterns in their lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Meert-Lieberman-2004-p4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meert-Lieberman-2004-p4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent_cycle" title="Supercontinent cycle">Supercontinent cycle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScotese2009">Scotese 2009</a>, Reconstruction of Rodinia and Pannotia, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnrug1997">Unrug 1997</a>, pp. 3–4, Fig. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNanceEvansMurphy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nance, R. Damian; Evans, David A.D.; Murphy, J. Brendan (2022). "Pannotia: To be or not to be?". <i><a href="/wiki/Earth-Science_Reviews" title="Earth-Science Reviews">Earth-Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>232</b>: 104128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104128">10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Pannotia%3A+To+be+or+not+to+be%3F&rft.volume=232&rft.pages=104128&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104128&rft.aulast=Nance&rft.aufirst=R.+Damian&rft.au=Evans%2C+David+A.D.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+J.+Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiper1976">Piper 1976</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a more detailed description of the concept(s) of the supercontinent cycle see: <a href="#CITEREFNanceMurphySantosh2014">Nance, Murphy & Santosh 2014</a>, Indications of pre-Pangean supercontinents, pp. 6, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiper1976">Piper 1976</a>, Geological and Geophysical implications, p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiper2000">Piper 2000</a>, Abstract; <a href="#CITEREFPiper2010">Piper 2010</a>, Abstract</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphyNance1991">Murphy & Nance 1991</a>, Introduction, p. 469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeertPowell2001">Meert & Powell 2001</a>, Fig. 1, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStern1994">Stern 1994</a>, Fig. 1, p. 321; fig. 5, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1995">Powell 1995</a>, p. 1053</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1987">Stump 1987</a>, Abstract; <a href="#CITEREFStump1992">Stump 1992</a>, Pannotios tectonism, pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung1995">Young 1995</a>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalziel1997">Dalziel 1997</a>, Fig. 12, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotese-2009-Pannotia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scotese-2009-Pannotia_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scotese-2009-Pannotia_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScotese2009">Scotese 2009</a>, Reconstruction of Pannotia, pp. 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphyNance2013">Murphy & Nance 2013</a>, Introduction, pp. 185–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphyNance2013">Murphy & Nance 2013</a>, Discussion, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphyNance2013">Murphy & Nance 2013</a>, Conclusions, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-etal-2009-p412-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p412_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p412_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p412_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphyNanceCawood2009">Murphy, Nance & Cawood 2009</a>, Assembly of Pannotia, pp. 412–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-etal-2009-p410-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p410_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-etal-2009-p410_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphyNanceCawood2009">Murphy, Nance & Cawood 2009</a>, Development of concepts, pp. 410–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meert-Lieberman-2004-p4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meert-Lieberman-2004-p4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meert-Lieberman-2004-p4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeertLieberman2004">Meert & Lieberman 2004</a>, Results, Discussion, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalziel1997">Dalziel 1997</a>, p. 38</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondNickesonKominz1984" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, G. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instruct.uwo.ca/earth-sci/fieldlog/continental_reconst/young_glacialdep.pdf">"Are Neoproterozoic glacial deposits preserved on the margins of Laurentia related to the fragmentation of two supercontinents?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 153–56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Geo....23..153Y">1995Geo....23..153Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281995%29023%3C0153%3AANGDPO%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0153:ANGDPO>2.3.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Are+Neoproterozoic+glacial+deposits+preserved+on+the+margins+of+Laurentia+related+to+the+fragmentation+of+two+supercontinents%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-56&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281995%29023%3C0153%3AANGDPO%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Geo....23..153Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstruct.uwo.ca%2Fearth-sci%2Ffieldlog%2Fcontinental_reconst%2Fyoung_glacialdep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannotia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Scotese.Com/precambr.htm">image</a> showing Pannotia according to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scotese" title="Christopher Scotese">Christopher Scotese</a>. (<i>it is referred to as the late <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> Supercontinent in the image</i>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsvik" class="citation web cs1">Torsvik, Trond Helge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723122650/http://www.geodynamics.no/GMAP/Methods/Continent_Outlines.htm">"Palaeozoic Continent Margins: Late Cambrian (500 Ma)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geodynamics.no/GMAP/Methods/Continent_Outlines.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palaeozoic+Continent+Margins%3A+Late+Cambrian+%28500+Ma%29&rft.aulast=Torsvik&rft.aufirst=Trond+Helge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geodynamics.no%2FGMAP%2FMethods%2FContinent_Outlines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampflivon_RaumerBorel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stampfli, G. M.; von Raumer, J. F.; Borel, G. D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unil.ch/files/live//sites/mcg/files/users/gborel/public/Peri-Gond_GSA.pdf">"Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: from Gondwana to the Variscan collision"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Special Papers-Geological Society of America</i>. <b>364</b>: 263–280<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Papers-Geological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Paleozoic+evolution+of+pre-Variscan+terranes%3A+from+Gondwana+to+the+Variscan+collision&rft.volume=364&rft.pages=263-280&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Stampfli&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft.au=von+Raumer%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Borel%2C+G.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unil.ch%2Ffiles%2Flive%2F%2Fsites%2Fmcg%2Ffiles%2Fusers%2Fgborel%2Fpublic%2FPeri-Gond_GSA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannotia" class="Z3988"></span> (see Fig. 3 for an Early Ordovician (490 Ma) reconstruction)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Other prehistoric continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Possible future supercontinents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&oldid=1215381863">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pannotia&oldid=1215381863</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_supercontinents" title="Category:Former supercontinents">Former supercontinents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ediacaran" title="Category:Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" title="Category:Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li><li><a 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