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<li id="toc-Becoming_a_regional_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_a_regional_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Becoming a regional power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_a_regional_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ya'rubid_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ya'rubid_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ya'rubid Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ya'rubid_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliance_with_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Alliance with Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Omani Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_oman%C3%AD" title="Imperio omaní – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio omaní" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتوری عمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری عمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_d%27Oman" title="Empire d'Oman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire d'Oman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="오만 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오만 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օմանի կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օմանի կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Oman" title="Kekaisaran Oman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Oman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_omanita" title="Impero omanita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero omanita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omano_imperija" title="Omano imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Omano imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_%C3%94maney" title="Empira Ômaney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Ômaney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaans_Rijk" title="Omaans Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Omaans Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="オマーン帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オマーン帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_de_Om%C3%A3" title="Império de Omã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império de Omã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umman_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Umman İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Umman İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_Oman" title="A̱byintyokshan Oman – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan Oman" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Omani maritime empire (1696–1856)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Omani Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Imbaraṭuriat Al-'Omāniyyah</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1696–1856</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Muscat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Omani Empire"><img alt="Flag of Omani Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Muscat.svg/125px-Flag_of_Muscat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Muscat.svg/188px-Flag_of_Muscat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Muscat.svg/250px-Flag_of_Muscat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Omani_Empire_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chronological map of the Omani Empire and Zanzibar"><img alt="Chronological map of the Omani Empire and Zanzibar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Omani_Empire_2.png/250px-Omani_Empire_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Omani_Empire_2.png/375px-Omani_Empire_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Omani_Empire_2.png/500px-Omani_Empire_2.png 2x" data-file-width="4645" data-file-height="4399" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Chronological map of the Omani Empire and Zanzibar</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rustaq" title="Rustaq">Rustaq</a> (1692–1792)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> (1792–1832)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Zanzibar</a> (1832–1856)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Official:</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><br /><b>Regional:</b> <br /><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Dominant:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi Islam</a><br /><b>Minor:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Omani</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Yaruba_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaruba dynasty">Yaruba Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1692–1711 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saif_bin_Sultan" title="Saif bin Sultan">Saif bin Sultan</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1711–1718 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Saif_II" title="Sultan bin Saif II">Sultan bin Saif II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1718–1719 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saif_bin_Sultan_II" title="Saif bin Sultan II">Saif bin Sultan II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1719–1720 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhanna_bin_Sultan" title="Muhanna bin Sultan">Muhanna bin Sultan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1722–1723 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ya%27arab_bin_Bel%27arab" title="Ya'arab bin Bel'arab">Ya'arab bin Bel'arab</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1724–1728 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Nasir" title="Muhammad bin Nasir">Muhammad bin Nasir</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1742–1743 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Murshid" title="Sultan bin Murshid">Sultan bin Murshid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1743–1749 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bal%27arab_bin_Himyar" title="Bal'arab bin Himyar">Bal'arab bin Himyar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Al Said">Al Busaid Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1744–1778 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Said_al-Busaidi" title="Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi">Ahmad bin Said</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1778–1783 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Said bin Ahmed">Said bin Ahmed</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1783–1793 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hamad bin Said</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1792–1804 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sultan bin Ahmed</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1805–1806 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Badr bin Seif</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1806–1856 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan,_Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman">Said bin Sultan</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mombasa_(1696%E2%80%931698)" title="Siege of Mombasa (1696–1698)">Occupation of Fort Jesus</a> by<br /><a href="/wiki/Saif_bin_Sultan" title="Saif bin Sultan">Saif bin Sultan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1696</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Civil war<br />in Oman </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1718</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Persian invasion<br />of <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1742</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Al Said">Al Busaid Dynasty</a><br /> took over </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1749</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Treaty with the<br />United States </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1837</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar#Zanzibar_Sultanate" title="History of Zanzibar">Division of the Omani Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1856</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1870 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">367,400<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler" title="Maria Theresa thaler">Maria Theresa thaler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">Shilling</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_The_Imamate_of_Oman.svg/20px-Flag_of_The_Imamate_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_The_Imamate_of_Oman.svg/30px-Flag_of_The_Imamate_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_The_Imamate_of_Oman.svg/40px-Flag_of_The_Imamate_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Oman" title="Imamate of Oman">Imamate of Oman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathiri_flag.svg/20px-Kathiri_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathiri_flag.svg/30px-Kathiri_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathiri_flag.svg/40px-Kathiri_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="217" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Muscat.svg/20px-Flag_of_Muscat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Muscat.svg/30px-Flag_of_Muscat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Muscat.svg/40px-Flag_of_Muscat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Omani Empire</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">maritime empire</a>, vying with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> for trade and influence in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. After rising as a regional player in the 18th century, the empire at its peak in the 19th century saw its influence or control extend across the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Delgado" title="Cape Delgado">Cape Delgado</a>. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan,_Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman">Said bin Sultan</a> in 1856 the empire was divided between his sons into two sultanates, an African section (<a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>) ruled by <a href="/wiki/Majid_bin_Said_of_Zanzibar" title="Majid bin Said of Zanzibar">Majid bin Said</a> and an Asian section (<a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Sultanate of Muscat and Oman</a>) ruled by <a href="/wiki/Thuwaini_bin_Said,_Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuwaini bin Said, Sultan of Muscat and Oman">Thuwaini bin Said</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_a_regional_power">Becoming a regional power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Becoming a regional power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muscat, which is located in a strategic location on trade routes, came under the control of the Portuguese Empire between 1507 and 1650. However, the Portuguese did not succeed in controlling Oman in its entirety. In mid-17th century, the Omani tribes were able to end the Portuguese presence in <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1696, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Saif_bin_Sultan" title="Saif bin Sultan">Saif bin Sultan</a>, an Omani fleet attacked <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, besieging the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jesus" title="Fort Jesus">Fort Jesus</a>, in which 2,500 civilians had taken refuge. The siege of the fort ended after 33 months when the garrison, dying of hunger, surrendered to the Omanis. By 1783, the Omani Empire had expanded eastwards to <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a> in present-day Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Omanis also continued attacking Portuguese bases in western India<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199751-52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199751-52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but failed to conquer any. In the north, the Omanis moved into the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> from the Persians, holding it for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199752_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199752-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of Omani power and influence southwards included the first large-scale settlement of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> by Omani migrants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ya'rubid_Dynasty"><span id="Ya.27rubid_Dynasty"></span>Ya'rubid Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ya'rubid Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ya%27ariba_Dynasty%27s_ensign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ya%27ariba_Dynasty%27s_ensign.jpg/220px-Ya%27ariba_Dynasty%27s_ensign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ya%27ariba_Dynasty%27s_ensign.jpg/330px-Ya%27ariba_Dynasty%27s_ensign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ya%27ariba_Dynasty%27s_ensign.jpg/440px-Ya%27ariba_Dynasty%27s_ensign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Ya'rubids' ensign<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ya%27rubids" title="Ya'rubids">Ya'rubids</a> (1624–1719) managed to construct a powerful and well-organized state after the Portuguese had disrupted Arabian maritime trade in the region. The Portuguese encroachment which had engulfed the area in an economic crisis was challenged by the Omanis, where the latter managed to restore their traditional role as local maritime traders. Along with this, significant economic and political developments took place.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agriculture in Oman had undergone a massive improvement under <a href="/wiki/Saif_bin_Sultan" title="Saif bin Sultan">Saif bin Sultan</a>. He is known for providing water to the interior lands of Oman, while he encouraged Omani Arabs to move from the interior and settle along the coast by planting date palms in the coastal <a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2011222_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2011222-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town in the interior of Oman, <a href="/wiki/Al_Hamra,_Oman" title="Al Hamra, Oman">Al Hamra</a>, has its irrigation system improved by the new built large <a href="/wiki/Aflaj_Irrigation_Systems_of_Oman" title="Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman">falaj</a>, it seems that the Ya'ruba dynasty supported major investment in settlement and agricultural works such as terracing along the Wadi Bani Awf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiebert2005175_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiebert2005175-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saif bin Sultan built new schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlekhanov200449_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlekhanov200449-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made the castle of <a href="/wiki/Rustaq" title="Rustaq">Rustaq</a> his residence, adding the Burj al Riah wind tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchs1999258_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchs1999258-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saif bin Sultan died on 4 October 1711. He was buried in the castle of Rustaq in a luxurious tomb, later destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919225_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919225-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his death he had great wealth, said to include 28 ships, 700 male slaves and one third of Oman's date trees. He was succeeded by his son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2011222_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2011222-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Saif_II" title="Sultan bin Saif II">Sultan bin Saif II</a> (r. 1711–1718) established his capital at Al-Hazm on the road from Rustaq to the coast. Now just a village, there still are remains of a great fortress that he built around 1710, and which contains his tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJPM_Guides200085_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJPM_Guides200085-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_Great_Britain">Alliance with Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alliance with Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Ahmad" title="Sultan bin Ahmad">Sultan bin Ahmad</a> assumed control of the government after the death of his nephew and strengthened the already powerful fleet by adding numerous gunships and sleek cargo vessels, he also needed a strong ally to help him regain control of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mazrui" title="Mazrui">Mazrui clan</a>, fight off the movement spreading from what is now Saudi Arabia and to keep the Qasimi tribes from the Persian city of <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lengeh" title="Bandar Lengeh">Lengeh</a> out of Oman. He found this able ally in Great Britain, which in the late 18th century was at war with France and knew that the French emperor, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, was planning to march through Persia and capture <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> on his way to invade India. In 1798, Britain and Oman agreed on a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919281_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlston_and_Laing201234-36_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston_and_Laing201234-36-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sultan bin Ahmad pledged himself to British interests in India, and his territories became out of bounds to the French. He allowed the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> to establish the first trading station in the Persian Gulf, and a British consul was posted to Muscat. As well as defeating Bonaparte, the British had another motive for the treaty with Oman: they wanted to put pressure on the sultan to end slavery, which had been declared illegal in England in 1772. At this time, the trade from Africa to Oman was still buoyant, and Zanzibar's position as an important trade centre was bolstered further when the supply of ivory from <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to India collapsed because of excessive Portuguese export duties. The traders simply shipped their ivory through Zanzibar instead. Omani warships were in constant skirmishes up and down the gulf, which kept Sultan preoccupied. It was in the course of one of his sorties during an incursion abroad a ship in the Persian Gulf in 1804 that Sayyid Sultan was shot in the head by a stray bullet. He was buried in Lengeh.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_United_States_of_America">Relations with the United States of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations with the United States of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 September 1833, a historic treaty of friendship and trade was signed with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It was the second trade treaty formulated by the US and an Arab state (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> being the first in 1820). The United States and Oman both stood to benefit, as the US – unlike Britain and France – had no territorial ambitions in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and was solely interested in commerce. On 13 April 1840, the ship <i>Al-Sultanah</i> docked at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, making it the first Arab envoy to ever visit the New World. Her crew of fifty-six Arab sailors caused a flurry of excitement among the three hundred thousand residents of that thriving metropolis. <i>Al-Sultanah</i> carried ivory, Persian rugs, spices, coffee and dates, as well as lavish gifts for President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>. The visit of Al-Sultanah lasted nearly four months, in which time the emissary, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Na%27aman_Al_Kaabi" title="Ahmad bin Na'aman Al Kaabi">Ahmad bin Na'aman Al Kaabi</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> emissary to visit the United States<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (whose portrait can still be seen in the Oman and Zanzibar display of the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Essex_Museum" title="Peabody Essex Museum">Peabody Essex Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) and his officers were entertained by state and city dignitaries. They received resolutions passed by official bodies, were given tours of New York City and saw sections which would, a few decades later, become Arabic-speaking immigrant neighborhoods. Among Bin Na'aman's hosts was Commodore <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>, in whose home he met Governor <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a>. The visit of Al Kaabi to America was a happy one, and when he prepared to leave, the United States completely repaired <i>Al-Sultanah</i> and presented him with gifts for his Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEilts1962_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEilts1962-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Said_bin_Sultan_of_the_al-Busaid_Dynasty">Said bin Sultan of the al-Busaid Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Said bin Sultan of the al-Busaid Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Said bin Sultan</a> was the son of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Ahmad" title="Sultan bin Ahmad">Sultan bin Ahmad</a>, who ruled Oman from 1792 to 1804. Sultan bin Ahmad died in 1804 on an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>. He appointed Mohammed bin Nasir bin Mohammed al-Jabry as the Regent and guardian of his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Salim_bin_Sultan" title="Salim bin Sultan">Salim bin Sultan</a> and Said bin Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan's brother <a href="/wiki/Qais_bin_Ahmad" title="Qais bin Ahmad">Qais bin Ahmad</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a>, decided to attempt to seize power. Early in 1805 Qais and his brother Mohammed marched south along the coast to <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Muttrah</a>, which he easily captured. Qais then started to besiege Muscat. Mohammed bin Nasir tried to bribe Qais to leave, but did not succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohammed bin Nasir called on <a href="/wiki/Badr_bin_Saif" title="Badr bin Saif">Badr bin Saif</a> for help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a series of engagements, Qais was forced to retire to Sohar. Badr bin Saif became the effective ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919305_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919305-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allied with the Wahhabis, Badr bin Saif became increasingly unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919307_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919307-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To get his wards out of the way, Badr bin Saif made Salim bin Sultan governor of Al Maşna‘ah, on the Batinah coast and Said bin Sultan governor of <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919308_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919308-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1806, Said bin Sultan lured Badr bin Saif to Barka and murdered him nearby. Said was proclaimed ruler of Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919309_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919309-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different accounts of what happened, but it seems clear that Said struck the first blow and his supporters finished the job. Said was acclaimed by the people as a liberator from the Wahhabis, who left the country. Qais bin Ahmad at once gave his support to Said. Nervous of the Wahhabi reaction, Said blamed Mohammed bin Nasir for the murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919309_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919309-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1832, Said bin Sultan transferred the capital from Oman to <a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Zanzibar</a>. At that time, the empire's African dominion extended along the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> to 12 miles south of the <a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">Ruvuma River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Although the empire's primary governance was concentrated along the coastline, it also established control over numerous African <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary states</a> and designated governors for inland regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERippin201342–43_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERippin201342–43-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the 1798 Anglo-Omani Treaty of Friendship, Britain guaranteed the sultan’s rule. When a succession crisis occurred in 1856, the Omani Empire was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Sultanate of Oman and Muscat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>. Later in 1891, the former became a British Protectorate where the sultan controlled the Muscat coast while the Imam governed the interior from <a href="/wiki/Nizwa" title="Nizwa">Nizwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Population: Oman", <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison Project</a> Database, version 2020. Bolt, Jutta and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luiten_van_Zanden" title="Jan Luiten van Zanden">Jan Luiten van Zanden</a> (2020), “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020">Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update</a> ”. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322001345/https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history-of-frienship-between-the-royal-air-force-and-the-royal-air-force-of-oman/a-history-of-oman.aspx">"A History of Oman"</a>. <i>www.rafmuseum.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rafmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Oman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fonline-exhibitions%2Fan-enduring-relationship-a-history-of-frienship-between-the-royal-air-force-and-the-royal-air-force-of-oman%2Fa-history-of-oman.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199751-52-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199751-52_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies199752-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies199752_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hubert-herald.nl/Oman.htm">"De Rode Leeuw"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Rode+Leeuw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hubert-herald.nl%2FOman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Ashban1979" class="citation journal cs1">El-Ashban, Abdul Aziz (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857520">"The Formation of the Omani Trading Empire under the Ya'aribah Dynasty (1624-1719)"</a>. <i>Arab Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">354–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-3519">0271-3519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857520">41857520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+the+Omani+Trading+Empire+under+the+Ya%27aribah+Dynasty+%281624-1719%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41857520%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0271-3519&rft.aulast=El-Ashban&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41857520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2011222-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2011222_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2011222_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2011">Thomas 2011</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiebert2005175-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiebert2005175_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiebert2005">Siebert 2005</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlekhanov200449-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlekhanov200449_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlekhanov2004">Plekhanov 2004</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOchs1999258-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOchs1999258_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOchs1999">Ochs 1999</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919225-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919225_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1919">Miles 1919</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJPM_Guides200085-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJPM_Guides200085_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJPM_Guides2000">JPM Guides 2000</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919281-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919281_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1919">Miles 1919</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston_and_Laing201234-36-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlston_and_Laing201234-36_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlston_and_Laing2012">Alston and Laing 2012</a>, p. 34-36.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlston_and_Laing2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/oman/sultanate.htm">"The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies"</a>. <i>www.britishempire.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishempire.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+British+Empire%2C+Imperialism%2C+Colonialism%2C+Colonies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Fmaproom%2Foman%2Fsultanate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/TfC/article/viewFile/1383/1447">"MIRRORING MODERNITY: on consumerism in cosmopolitan Zanzibar"</a>. <i>epress.lib.uts.edu.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epress.lib.uts.edu.au&rft.atitle=MIRRORING+MODERNITY%3A+on+consumerism+in+cosmopolitan+Zanzibar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.lib.uts.edu.au%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2FTfC%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F1383%2F1447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEilts1962-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEilts1962_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEilts1962">Eilts 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919304_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1919">Miles 1919</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919305-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919305_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1919">Miles 1919</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919307-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919307_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1919">Miles 1919</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919308-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919308_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1919">Miles 1919</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1919309-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919309_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1919309_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1919">Miles 1919</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERippin201342–43-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERippin201342–43_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRippin2013">Rippin 2013</a>, p. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history/a-history-of-oman/">"History of Oman | Royal Air Force of Oman"</a>. <i>RAF Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAF+Museum&rft.atitle=History+of+Oman+%7C+Royal+Air+Force+of+Oman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fonline-exhibitions%2Fan-enduring-relationship-a-history%2Fa-history-of-oman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/64px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oman" title="Portal:Oman">Oman portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2004" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Sanderson (2004). "East Africa, Portuguese, and Arabs". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/1-13-Africa1500-1800.html"><i>Middle East & Africa to 1875</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Africa%2C+Portuguese%2C+and+Arabs&rft.btitle=Middle+East+%26+Africa+to+1875&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Sanderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.san.beck.org%2F1-13-Africa1500-1800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1997" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Charles E. (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGboFK2QPUwC&pg=PA52"><i>The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820</i></a>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-509-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-509-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blood-red+Arab+Flag%3A+An+Investigation+Into+Qasimi+Piracy%2C+1797%E2%80%931820&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-509-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGboFK2QPUwC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilts1962" class="citation magazine cs1">Eilts, Hermann Frederick (October 1962). "Ahmad bin Na'aman's mission to The United States in 1840: the voyage of Al-Sultanah to New York City". <i>Essex Institute Historical Collections</i>. Vol. 98, no. 4. Massachusetts. pp. <span class="nowrap">219–</span>257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essex+Institute+Historical+Collections&rft.atitle=Ahmad+bin+Na%27aman%27s+mission+to+The+United+States+in+1840%3A+the+voyage+of+Al-Sultanah+to+New+York+City&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=1962-10&rft.aulast=Eilts&rft.aufirst=Hermann+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">J.E. Peterson (8 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://part.gov.om/part/Symposium/papers/paper11.pdf">"America and Oman: The Context for Two Nearly Centuries of Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America+and+Oman%3A+The+Context+for+Two+Nearly+Centuries+of+Relations&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft.au=J.E.+Peterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpart.gov.om%2Fpart%2FSymposium%2Fpapers%2Fpaper11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJPM_Guides2000" class="citation book cs1">JPM Guides (1 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8nMCRYnKn8C&pg=PA85"><i>Gulf States</i></a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88452-099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88452-099-7"><bdi>978-2-88452-099-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulf+States&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft.isbn=978-2-88452-099-7&rft.au=JPM+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK8nMCRYnKn8C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimbert2010" class="citation book cs1">Limbert, Mandana (7 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs3FT5SZ_2cC&pg=PT153"><i>In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7460-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7460-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-7460-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Time+of+Oil%3A+Piety%2C+Memory%2C+and+Social+Life+in+an+Omani+Town&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7460-4&rft.aulast=Limbert&rft.aufirst=Mandana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs3FT5SZ_2cC%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barrett_Miles" title="Samuel Barrett Miles">Miles, Samuel Barrett</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbsOoPpZiSEC"><i>The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf</i></a>. Garnet & Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873938-56-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873938-56-0"><bdi>978-1-873938-56-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Countries+and+Tribes+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pub=Garnet+%26+Ithaca+Press&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=978-1-873938-56-0&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbsOoPpZiSEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchs1999" class="citation book cs1">Ochs, Peter J. (1 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTP47KlX4hUC&pg=PA258"><i>Maverick Guide to Oman</i></a>. Pelican Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0865-2"><bdi>978-1-4556-0865-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maverick+Guide+to+Oman&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-0865-2&rft.aulast=Ochs&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTP47KlX4hUC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlekhanov2004" class="citation book cs1">Plekhanov, Sergey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-U8BL-tEPLwC"><i>A Reformer on the Throne: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Al Said</i></a>. Trident Press Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-U8BL-tEPLwC/page/n51">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900724-70-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900724-70-8"><bdi>978-1-900724-70-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reformer+on+the+Throne%3A+Sultan+Qaboos+Bin+Said+Al+Said&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Trident+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-900724-70-8&rft.aulast=Plekhanov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_-U8BL-tEPLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebert2005" class="citation book cs1">Siebert, Stefan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTjTRBsw_BgC&pg=PA175"><i>Analysis of Arid Agricultural Systems Using Quantitative Image Analysis, Modeling and Geographical Information Systems</i></a>. kassel university press GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89958-192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89958-192-8"><bdi>978-3-89958-192-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Arid+Agricultural+Systems+Using+Quantitative+Image+Analysis%2C+Modeling+and+Geographical+Information+Systems&rft.pub=kassel+university+press+GmbH&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-89958-192-8&rft.aulast=Siebert&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTjTRBsw_BgC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Gavin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKAtjJoXXpwC"><i>The Rough Guide to Oman</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8935-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8935-8"><bdi>978-1-4053-8935-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Oman&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-8935-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqKAtjJoXXpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2012" class="citation book cs1">Laing, S (2012). <i>Unshook Till the End of Time: A history of relations between Britain and Oman</i>. Gilgamesh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unshook+Till+the+End+of+Time%3A+A+history+of+relations+between+Britain+and+Oman&rft.pub=Gilgamesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippin2013" class="citation book cs1">Rippin, Andrew (2013). <i>The Islamic World</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136803437" title="Special:BookSources/9781136803437"><bdi>9781136803437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136803437&rft.aulast=Rippin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> 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