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id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_as_a_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_as_a_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History as a province</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_as_a_province-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History as a province subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_as_a_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_after_1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_after_1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Division after 1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_after_1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Weimar Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evacuation_of_East_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_of_East_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Evacuation of East Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_of_East_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_after_partition_and_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_after_partition_and_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History after partition and annexation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_after_partition_and_annexation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History after partition and annexation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_after_partition_and_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expulsion_of_Germans_from_East_Prussia_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_of_Germans_from_East_Prussia_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Expulsion of Germans from East Prussia after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_of_Germans_from_East_Prussia_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_East_Prussia_to_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_East_Prussia_to_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Southern East Prussia to Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_East_Prussia_to_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_post-war_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_post-war_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Origin of the post-war population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_post-war_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_part_to_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_part_to_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Northern part to the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_part_to_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modern status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_ethnic_and_religious_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_ethnic_and_religious_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historical ethnic and religious structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_ethnic_and_religious_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnolinguistic_composition_by_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnolinguistic_composition_by_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnolinguistic composition by district</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnolinguistic_composition_by_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_presidents_of_East_Prussia_and_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_presidents_of_East_Prussia_and_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Upper presidents of East Prussia and Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_presidents_of_East_Prussia_and_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_to_the_provincial_diets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_to_the_provincial_diets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Elections to the provincial diets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_to_the_provincial_diets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_Directors_and_Land_Captains_of_East_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Directors_and_Land_Captains_of_East_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Land Directors and Land Captains of East Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_Directors_and_Land_Captains_of_East_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">East Prussia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Pruise" title="Oos-Pruise – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oos-Pruise" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بروسيا الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروسيا الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_Prussiya" title="Şərqi Prussiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərqi Prussiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Көнсығыш Пруссия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көнсығыш Пруссия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Усходняя Прусія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходняя Прусія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Усходняя Прусія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходняя Прусія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Източна Прусия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източна Прусия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusia_ar_Reter" title="Prusia ar Reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Prusia ar Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia_Oriental" title="Prússia Oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prússia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Prusko" title="Východní Prusko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Prusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stpreussen" title="Østpreussen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østpreussen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpreu%C3%9Fen" title="Ostpreußen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostpreußen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-Preisimaa" title="Ida-Preisimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida-Preisimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ανατολική Πρωσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολική Πρωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusia_Oriental" title="Prusia Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prusia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Prusio" title="Orienta Prusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Prusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Prusia" title="Ekialdeko Prusia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Prusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پروس خاوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروس خاوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_de_Prusse-Orientale" title="Province de Prusse-Orientale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Province de Prusse-Orientale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-Prusen" title="East-Prusen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="East-Prusen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusia_Oriental" title="Prusia Oriental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Prusia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%BC" title="동프로이센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동프로이센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Pruska" title="Istočna Pruska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočna Pruska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estal_Prusia" title="Estal Prusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Estal Prusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusia_Timur" title="Prusia Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prusia Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austur-Pr%C3%BAssland" title="Austur-Prússland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austur-Prússland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia_Orientale" title="Prussia Orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prussia Orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרוסיה המזרחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוסיה המזרחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აღმოსავლეთი პრუსია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთი პრუსია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsch%C3%B2dn%C3%A9_Pr%C3%ABs%C3%AB" title="Wschòdné Prësë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wschòdné Prësë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia_Mashariki" title="Prussia Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Prussia Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Orientalis" title="Borussia Orientalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Borussia Orientalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumpr%C5%ABsija" title="Austrumprūsija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumprūsija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Pr%C5%ABsija" title="Rytų Prūsija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų Prūsija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelet-Poroszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Kelet-Poroszország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelet-Poroszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Источна Прусија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источна Прусија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosia-Atsinanana" title="Prosia-Atsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prosia-Atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusia_Timur" title="Prusia Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Prusia Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Pruisen" title="Oost-Pruisen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oost-Pruisen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3" title="東プロイセン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東プロイセン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uastpreu%C3%9Fen" title="Uastpreußen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uastpreußen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98st-Preussen" title="Øst-Preussen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øst-Preussen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aust-Preussen" title="Aust-Preussen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aust-Preussen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia_Orientala" title="Prússia Orientala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prússia Orientala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%81_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ختیځ پروس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختیځ پروس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostpreu%C3%9Fen" title="Oostpreußen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oostpreußen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusy_Wschodnie" title="Prusy Wschodnie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prusy Wschodnie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia_Oriental" title="Prússia Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prússia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusia_R%C4%83s%C4%83ritean%C4%83" title="Prusia Răsăriteană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prusia Răsăriteană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Восточная Пруссия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточная Пруссия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East Prussia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%A9_Prusko" title="Východné Prusko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východné Prusko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodna_Prusija" title="Vzhodna Prusija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodna Prusija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Источна Пруска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источна Пруска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Pruska" title="Istočna Pruska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočna Pruska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Preussi" title="Itä-Preussi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Preussi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpreussen" title="Ostpreussen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ostpreussen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Көнчыгыш Пруссия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көнчыгыш Пруссия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ปรัสเซียตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรัสเซียตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Prusya" title="Doğu Prusya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Prusya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Східна Пруссія (провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східна Пруссія (провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Ph%E1%BB%95" title="Đông Phổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Phổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" title="东普鲁士 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东普鲁士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東普魯士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusya_Rocvet%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Prusya Rocvetışi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Prusya Rocvetışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="東普魯士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東普魯士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q103801#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Prussia&params=54.71_N_20.51_E_&title=K%C3%B6nigsberg+Castle"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°43′N</span> <span class="longitude">20°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.71°N 20.51°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.71; 20.51</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Königsberg Castle</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic province of Prussia and Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ostpreussen" redirects here. For the World War II <i>vorpostenboot</i>, see <a href="/wiki/German_trawler_V_305_Ostpreussen" title="German trawler V 305 Ostpreussen">German trawler V 305 Ostpreussen</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">East Prussia<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostpreußen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1772–1829<br />1878–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of East Prussia"><img alt="Flag of East Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg/125px-Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg/188px-Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg/250px-Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of East Prussia"><img alt="Coat of arms of East Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coat_of_Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coat_of_Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Prussia-EastPrussia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map-Prussia-EastPrussia.svg/250px-Map-Prussia-EastPrussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map-Prussia-EastPrussia.svg/330px-Map-Prussia-EastPrussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map-Prussia-EastPrussia.svg/500px-Map-Prussia-EastPrussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span><br />East Prussia (red), within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, as of 1878</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg/250px-East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg/330px-East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg/500px-East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="797" /></a></span><br />East Prussia after the First World War</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Regional_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional anthem">Anthem</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Ostpreu%C3%9Fenlied" title="Ostpreußenlied">Ostpreußenlied</a></i><br />"Song of East Prussia"<br />(1930—1945)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="94" data-mwtitle="Ostpreußenlied.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Ostpreu%C3%9Fenlied.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Ostpreu%C3%9Fenlied.ogg/Ostpreu%C3%9Fenlied.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">East Prussian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• 1905</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36,993 km<sup>2</sup> (14,283 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1905 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,030,174</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">Established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1772</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Province of Prussia </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1829</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Province restored </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1878</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Disestablished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_(region)" title="Gumbinnen (region)">Gumbinnen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(region)" title="Königsberg (region)">Königsberg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Allenstein_(region)" title="Allenstein (region)">Allenstein</a> (from 1905)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Marienwerder_(region)" title="Marienwerder (region)">West Prussia</a> (1922–1939)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zichenau_(region)" title="Zichenau (region)">Zichenau</a> (from 1939)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Marienwerder_(region)" title="Marienwerder (region)">Marienwerder (region)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Poland</li><li>Lithuania</li><li>Russia (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>East Prussia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>, until 1945. Its capital city was <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>). East Prussia was the main part of the <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">region of Prussia</a> along the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> were enclosed within East Prussia. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">conquest</a> the indigenous Balts were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> and colonisation over the following centuries, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> became the dominant ethnic group, while <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> formed sizeable minorities. From the 13th century, the region of Prussia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_state_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights">monastic state of the Teutonic Knights</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Peace of Thorn">Second Peace of Thorn</a> in 1466 it became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, either directly (<a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>) or as a fief (remainder). In 1525, with the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Homage" title="Prussian Homage">Prussian Homage</a>, the territory became the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, a vassal duchy of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian language</a> had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the duchy was outside of the core <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">King</a> beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year. Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a>. The Polish and Lithuanian populations were subjected to Germanisation policies, and later to outright persecution. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> became the leading state of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> after its creation in 1871. However, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a> separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Memel Territory</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a> region, was detached and annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s insistence between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, and the constituent counties of the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital city Königsberg was renamed <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> in 1946. The German and the Masurian population of the province was largely <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_East_Prussia" title="Evacuation of East Prussia">evacuated</a> during the war or expelled shortly afterwards in the <a href="/wiki/1944%E2%80%9350_flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="1944–50 flight and expulsion of Germans">expulsion of Germans after World War II</a>. An estimated 300,000 died either in wartime bombing raids, in the battles to defend the province, through mistreatment by the Red Army, or from hunger, cold and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Andreas_Kossert_p._342_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Kossert_p._342-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Prussia_Physical_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East_Prussia_Physical_Map.png/310px-East_Prussia_Physical_Map.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East_Prussia_Physical_Map.png/465px-East_Prussia_Physical_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East_Prussia_Physical_Map.png/620px-East_Prussia_Physical_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="9200" data-file-height="7075" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of East Prussia in the year 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>The landscape of East Prussia consisted of gently rolling plains and small hills, with flatter terrain in the north and more hills in the south. The province had a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> which was most pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a> and at higher elevations in the south in the region of <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>, while the northwesternmost coastal parts approached an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>. </p><p>In the northwest, the province bordered the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Spit" title="Vistula Spit">Vistula Spit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a> separating the sea itself from the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Lagoon" title="Curonian Lagoon">Curonian Lagoon</a>, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Sambia_Peninsula" title="Sambia Peninsula">Sambia Peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Samland</i>) juts into the Baltic Sea between these two lagoons. Most of the rivers of East Prussia emptied into the two lagoons; the <a href="/wiki/Pregolya" title="Pregolya">Pregolya</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Pregel</i>), <a href="/wiki/Pas%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Pasłęka">Pasłęka</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Passarge</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Prokhladnaya_(river)" title="Prokhladnaya (river)">Prokhladnaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Frisching</i>) into the Vistula Lagoon, and the <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Memel</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Minija" title="Minija">Minija</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Minge</i>) into the Curonian Lagoon. </p><p>In the northeast of the province, the river <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C5%A1up%C4%97" title="Šešupė">Šešupė</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Scheschuppe</i>), a left-tributary of the Neman, formed the border with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and today forms the border between <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> and Lithuania. The <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Memelland</i>) was a portion of the province to the north of the Neman river. Adjacent to the Curonian Lagoon and the lower reaches of the Neman river could be found the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elchniederung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elchniederung (page does not exist)">Elchniederung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elchniederung" class="extiw" title="de:Elchniederung">de</a>]</span>, a vast partially-drained <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a>, much of it below sea-level. </p><p>Further south, the region becomes more hilly, with fewer bogs and more lakes. To the east, near the modern Polish-Russian border, was the <a href="/wiki/Romincka_Forest" title="Romincka Forest">Romincka Forest</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rominter Heide</i>), a famous hunting-ground for Prussian nobility. On the eastern end of the forest is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vi%C5%A1tytis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Vištytis">Lake Vištytis</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Wystiter See</i>), and to the south are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szeskie_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szeskie Hills (page does not exist)">Szeskie Hills</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rza_Szeskie" class="extiw" title="pl:Wzgórza Szeskie">pl</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Seesker Höhen</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Angrapa" title="Angrapa">Angrapa river</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Angerapp</i>), a tributary of the Pregel, flows out <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mamry" title="Lake Mamry">Lake Mamry</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Mauersee</i>) on the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Masurian_Lake_District" title="Masurian Lake District">Masurian Lake District</a>. The largest lake in the province was <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aniardwy" title="Śniardwy">Śniardwy</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Spirdingsee</i>), at 113.8 square kilometers in area. </p><p>The headwaters of the Pregel's numerous tributaries were found in southern East Prussia, with the longest, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81yna_(river)" title="Łyna (river)">Łyna</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Alle</i>), extending almost to the southern border with <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, winding its course northward through southern <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> and the central portion of the province. In the southernmost regions, the rivers flow to the south, emptying into the <a href="/wiki/Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> rivers. The highest elevation of East Prussia at 312 meters above sea level was <a href="/wiki/Dylewska_G%C3%B3ra" title="Dylewska Góra">Dylewska Góra</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kernsdorfer Höhe</i>), found in the southwest near the border with West Prussia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Prussia_ethnicity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Image-Prussia_ethnicity.JPG/220px-Image-Prussia_ethnicity.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Image-Prussia_ethnicity.JPG/330px-Image-Prussia_ethnicity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Image-Prussia_ethnicity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic settlement in East Prussia by the 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>At the instigation of Duke <a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I of Masovia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> took possession of <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> in the 13th century and created a <a href="/wiki/Monastic_State_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights">monastic state</a> to administer the conquered <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War">Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War</a>, whereby the united armies of Poland and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, defeated the Teutonic Order at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> in 1410. In 1440 the anti-Teutonic <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a> was founded, and various cities and nobles of the region joined it.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1454 upon the Confederation's request King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir IV of Poland">Casimir IV of Poland</a> signed the act of incorporation of the entire region to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Teutonic Knights' defeat was formalised in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Peace of Toruń">Second Peace of Toruń</a> in 1466 ending the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)">Thirteen Years' War</a>. The restoration of Pomerania/<a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> to Poland was confirmed, and <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> also was confirmed part of Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both co-forming the larger Polish provinces of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Province,_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Greater Poland</a>. The remainder of historic Prussia also became a part of "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland as a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> held by the Teutonic Knights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, as well as the previous gains of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, were not verified. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg/220px-AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg/330px-AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg/440px-AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11768" data-file-height="7356" /></a><figcaption>Act of incorporation of the region into the Kingdom of Poland, 1454</figcaption></figure> <p>The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525. Albert established himself as the first duke of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the Polish crown by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Homage" title="Prussian Homage">Prussian Homage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Cronberg" title="Walter von Cronberg">Walter von Cronberg</a>, the next Grand Master, was <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffment">enfeoffed</a> with the title to Prussia after the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a> in 1530, but the Order never regained possession of the territory. In 1569 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> became co-regents with Albert's son, the feeble-minded <a href="/wiki/Albert_Frederick,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia">Albert Frederick</a>. </p><p>The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III</a>, son of emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a> died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>. Taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655</a>, and instead of fulfilling his vassal's duties towards the Polish Kingdom, by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Wehlau">Wehlau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Labiau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Oliva</a>, Elector and Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a> succeeded in revoking the king of Poland's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660. There was strong opposition to the separation of the region from Poland, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Königsberg</a> (Polish: <i lang="pl">Królewiec</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-jm_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A confederation was formed in the city to maintain Poland's sovereignty over the city and region.<sup id="cite_ref-jm_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brandenburg Elector and his army, however, entered the city and abducted and imprisoned the leader of the city's anti-Elector opposition <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Roth" title="Hieronymus Roth">Hieronymus Roth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jm_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1663, the city burghers, forced by Elector Frederick William, swore an oath of allegiance to him, however, in the same ceremony they still also pledged allegiance to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-jm_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> elector also subdued the noble estates of Prussia. </p><p>Although Brandenburg was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the Prussian lands were not within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and were with the administration by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor. In return for supporting Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, Elector <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III</a> was allowed to crown himself "<a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>" in 1701. The new kingdom ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern dynasty</a> became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>. The designation "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>" was gradually applied to the various lands of Brandenburg-Prussia. To differentiate it from the larger entity, the former Duchy of Prussia became known as <i>Altpreußen</i> ("Old Prussia"), the province of Prussia, or "East Prussia". </p><p>Approximately one-third of East Prussia's population died in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">Great Northern War plague outbreak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> of 1709–1711,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the last speakers of <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions. Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I</a> led the rebuilding of East Prussia, founding numerous towns. In 1724, Frederick William I prohibited <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samogitians" title="Samogitians">Samogitians</a> and Jews from settling in Lithuania Minor, and initiated German colonization to change the region's ethnic composition.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Protestants expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Salzburg">Archbishopric of Salzburg</a> were allowed to settle in depleted East Prussia. In 1756 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> decided to go to war with the Kingdom of Prussia and annex the territory, which was then to be offered to Poland as part of a territorial exchange desired by Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, ultimately Russia only occupied the region for four years during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> before withdrawing in 1762 and did not make Poland an offer of territorial exchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_as_a_province">History as a province</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History as a province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1799_Cary_Map_of_Prussia_and_Lithuania_-_Geographicus_-_Prussia-cary-1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1799_Cary_Map_of_Prussia_and_Lithuania_-_Geographicus_-_Prussia-cary-1799.jpg/250px-1799_Cary_Map_of_Prussia_and_Lithuania_-_Geographicus_-_Prussia-cary-1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1799_Cary_Map_of_Prussia_and_Lithuania_-_Geographicus_-_Prussia-cary-1799.jpg/330px-1799_Cary_Map_of_Prussia_and_Lithuania_-_Geographicus_-_Prussia-cary-1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1799_Cary_Map_of_Prussia_and_Lithuania_-_Geographicus_-_Prussia-cary-1799.jpg/500px-1799_Cary_Map_of_Prussia_and_Lithuania_-_Geographicus_-_Prussia-cary-1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4364" /></a><figcaption><i>New Map of the Kingdom of Prussia</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cary" title="John Cary">John Cary</a> 1799, split into the eastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/Natangians" title="Natangians">Natangia</a> (yellow), <a href="/wiki/Sambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambia">Sambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> (pink), the western <i>Oberland</i> territories with <a href="/wiki/Kwidzyn" title="Kwidzyn">Marienwerder</a> (blue), West Prussian <a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Marienburg</a> (yellow) and <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Danzig</a> (green)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1772 <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a>, the Prussian king <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> annexed neighboring <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, i.e., the Polish voivodeships of <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomerania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Pomerania" title="Gdańsk Pomerania">Gdańsk Pomerania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship" title="Chełmno Voivodeship">Chełmno</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a>, thereby connecting his Prussian and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomeranian</a> lands and cutting the rest of Poland from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast. The territory of <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> was incorporated into the lands of former Ducal Prussia, which, by administrative deed of 31 January 1772 were named <i>East Prussia</i>. The former Polish Pomerelian lands beyond the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River together with Malbork and <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a> formed the Province of <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Kwidzyn" title="Kwidzyn">Marienwerder</a> (Kwidzyn) in 1773. The Polish <a href="/wiki/Partition_Sejm" title="Partition Sejm">Partition Sejm</a> ratified the cession on 30 September 1772, whereafter Frederick officially went on to call himself a King "of" Prussia. </p><p>The former Ducal Prussian <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia" title="Districts of Prussia">districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/I%C5%82awa" title="Iława">Eylau</a> (Iława), Marienwerder, <a href="/wiki/Prabuty" title="Prabuty">Riesenburg</a> (Prabuty) and <a href="/wiki/Szymbark,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Szymbark, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Schönberg</a> (Szymbark) passed to West Prussia. Until the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian reforms">Prussian reforms</a> of 1808, the administration in East Prussia was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/General_War_Commissariat" title="General War Commissariat">General War</a> and Finance Directorate in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, represented by two local chamber departments: </p> <ul><li>German chamber department at Königsberg with the districts of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ushakovo,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushakovo, Kaliningrad Oblast">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidzica" title="Nidzica">Neidenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn" title="Kętrzyn">Rastenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambia">Samland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvardeysk" title="Gvardeysk">Tapiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniewo" title="Braniewo">Braunsberg</a> (Ermland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski" title="Lidzbark Warmiński">Heilsberg</a> (Ermland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor%C4%85g" title="Morąg">Mohrungen</a> (Ermland)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuanian</a> chamber department at <a href="/wiki/Gusev,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast">Gumbinnen</a> (Gusev) with the districts of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gusev,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Insterburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olecko" title="Olecko">Olecko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman,_Russia" title="Neman, Russia">Ragnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czerniak,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Czerniak, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Seehesten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mr%C4%85gowo" title="Mrągowo">Sensburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Tilsit</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>On 31 January 1773, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II</a> announced that the newly annexed lands were to be known as the Province of <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, while the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">Province of East Prussia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Napoleon_on_the_Battlefield_of_Eylau_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7621" data-file-height="5455" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battlefield of Eylau</a> in February 1807</figcaption></figure> <p>After the disastrous defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussian_Army_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Royal Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars">Royal Prussian Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">Battle of Jena-Auerstedt</a> in 1806, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directorate swear an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance" title="Oath of allegiance">oath of allegiance</a> to him, while King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a> and his consort <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Louise</a> fled via Königsberg and the <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a>. The French <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> troops immediately took up pursuit but were delayed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a> on 9 February 1807 by an East Prussian contingent under General <a href="/wiki/Anton_Wilhelm_von_L%27Estocq" title="Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq">Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq</a>. Napoleon had to stay at the <a href="/wiki/Finckenstein_Palace" title="Finckenstein Palace">Finckenstein Palace</a>, but in May, after a siege of 75 days, his troops led by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a> were able to capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>, which had been tenaciously defended by General Count <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf von Kalkreuth</a>. On 14 June, Napoleon ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> with his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a>. Frederick William and Queen Louise met with Napoleon for peace negotiations, and on 9 July the Prussian king signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a>. </p><p>The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a> included the implementation of an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberlandesgericht" title="Oberlandesgericht">Oberlandesgericht</a></i></span> appellation court at Königsberg, a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jews</a>. In the course of the Prussian restoration by the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the East Prussian territories were re-arranged in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_(region)" title="Gumbinnen (region)">Gumbinnen</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(region)" title="Königsberg (region)">Königsberg</a>. From 1905, the southern districts of East Prussia formed the separate <i>Regierungsbezirk</i> of <a href="/wiki/Allenstein_(region)" title="Allenstein (region)">Allenstein</a>. East and West Prussia were first united in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> in 1824 and then merged in a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> in 1829 to form the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a>. The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Empire">German Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kr%C3%B6nungszug_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1861).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kr%C3%B6nungszug_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281861%29.JPG/250px-Kr%C3%B6nungszug_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281861%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kr%C3%B6nungszug_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281861%29.JPG/330px-Kr%C3%B6nungszug_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281861%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kr%C3%B6nungszug_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281861%29.JPG/500px-Kr%C3%B6nungszug_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281861%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a> at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> in 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1824 to 1878, East Prussia was combined with West Prussia to form the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a>, after which they were reestablished as separate provinces. Along with the rest of the Kingdom of Prussia, East Prussia became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871. </p><p>From 1885 to 1890 <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>'s population grew by 20%, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> gained 8.5%, <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> 10%, while East Prussia lost 0.07% and West Prussia 0.86%. This stagnancy in population despite a high birth surplus in eastern Germany was because many people from the East Prussian countryside moved westward to seek work in the expanding industrial centres of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Area">Ruhr Area</a> and Berlin (see <i><a href="/wiki/Ostflucht" title="Ostflucht">Ostflucht</a></i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostpreussen_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ostpreussen_1890.jpg/170px-Ostpreussen_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ostpreussen_1890.jpg/255px-Ostpreussen_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ostpreussen_1890.jpg/340px-Ostpreussen_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>Map of the province of East Prussia in 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, 269,196 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, and 13,877 Jews. The <a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Prussian">Low Prussian</a> dialect predominated in East Prussia, although <a href="/wiki/High_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="High Prussian">High Prussian</a> was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>. The numbers of <a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki" title="Kursenieki">Kursenieki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanians" title="Prussian Lithuanians">Prussian Lithuanians</a> decreased over time due to the process of <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (<a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Polish-speakers estimated at the time to be 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki" title="Kursenieki">Kursenieki</a> inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (<a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian ethnic group</a> became completely Germanized over time and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian language</a> died out in the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a>, East Prussia became a <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">theatre of war</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> invaded the country. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> had been directed towards the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>. Despite early success and the capture of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Rastenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastenburg">Rastenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumbinnen">Gumbinnen</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tannenberg (1914)">Battle of Tannenberg</a> in 1914 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a> in 1915, the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat. The Russians were followed by the German Army advancing into Russian territory. </p><p>After the Russian army's first invasion the majority of the civilian population fled westwards, while several thousand remaining civilians were deported to Russia. Treatment of civilians by both armies was mostly disciplined, although 74 civilians were killed by Russian troops in the <a href="/wiki/Abschwangen_massacre" title="Abschwangen massacre">Abschwangen massacre</a>. The region had to be rebuilt because of damage caused by the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_after_1918">Division after 1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Division after 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Division between Germany (area which remained in East Prussia), Lithuania and Poland after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>East Prussia </th> <th>Area in 1910 in <small>km<sup>2</sup></small> </th> <th>Share of territory </th> <th>Population in 1910 </th> <th>After WW1 part of: </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Given to:</small> </th> <th><small>37,002 km<sup>2</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-gem1900_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gem1900-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </th> <th>100% </th> <th><small>2,064,175</small> </th> <th><small>Divided between:</small> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> </td> <td><b><small>565 km<sup>2</sup></small></b><sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>2%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> area)</small><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania </td> <td><b><small>2,828 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>8%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>7%</small></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Prussia </td> <td><b><small>33,609 km<sup>2</sup></small></b> </td> <td><b><small>90%</small></b> </td> <td><b><small>91%</small></b> </td> <td>East Prussia </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic">Weimar Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg/250px-East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg/330px-East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg/500px-East_Prussia_1923-1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Inter-war East Prussia (from 1923 to 1939)</figcaption></figure> <p>With the forced abdication of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, Germany became a <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">republic</a>. Most of the former Prussian provinces of West Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. East Prussia became an <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a>, being separated from mainland Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>, the formerly West Prussian <a href="/wiki/Marienwerder_(region)" title="Marienwerder (region)">Marienwerder region</a> became part of East Prussia as the administrative district (<i>Regierungsbezirk</i>) of West Prussia. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> district in the <a href="/wiki/Allenstein_(region)" title="Allenstein (region)">Allenstein</a> region became part of the Second Polish Republic. The <a href="/wiki/Seedienst_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen" title="Seedienst Ostpreußen">Seedienst Ostpreußen</a> (Sea Service East Prussia) was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia. </p><p>On 11 July 1920, amidst the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> appeared to be on the brink of defeat, the <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prussian plebiscite">East Prussian plebiscite</a> in eastern West Prussia and southern East Prussia was held under Allied supervision to determine if the areas should join Poland or remain in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> Province of East Prussia. 96.7% of the people voted to remain within Germany (97.89% in the East Prussian plebiscite district). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Territory</a> (Memelland), a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> since 1920, was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuanian Armed Forces</a> in 1923 and annexed without giving the inhabitants a choice by ballot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0513-501,_K%C3%B6nigsberg,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0513-501%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0513-501%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0513-501%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0513-501%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0513-501%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0513-501%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a> in Königsberg, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a>, opposition politicians were persecuted and newspapers banned. <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a>, who headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928, led the district from 1932. The Otto-Braun-House was requisitioned to become the headquarters of the SA, which used the house to imprison and torture its opponents. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Walter Schütz">Walter Schütz</a>, a communist member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>, was murdered here.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period was characterized by efforts to <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">collectivize</a> the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Whose critics? (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> critics inside and outside the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wistrich_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wistrich-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-wistrich_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wistrich-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 the local paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> in Königsberg, the <a href="/wiki/Otto_Braun" title="Otto Braun">Otto-Braun-House</a>. The Communist politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Sauf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Sauf (page does not exist)">Gustav Sauf</a> was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democratic newspaper <i>"Königsberger Volkszeitung"</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wyrgatsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Wyrgatsch (page does not exist)">Otto Wyrgatsch</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Bahrfeldt" title="Max von Bahrfeldt">Max von Bahrfeldt</a> were all severely injured. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner</a> were assaulted while the local Reichsbanner Chairman of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lötzen">Lötzen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Kotzan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Kotzan (page does not exist)">Kurt Kotzan</a>, was murdered on 6 August 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Matull_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matull-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a>, the last contested pre-war German election, the local population of East Prussia voted overwhelmingly for the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. </p><p>Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment: on 16 August 1933 Koch reported to <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> that unemployment had been banished entirely from the province, a feat that gained admiration throughout the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In actuality, the Erich Koch Plan had been a staged propaganda event organized by <a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a> to promote the Nazi Party's work creation policies, with East Prussia chosen because it already had relatively low unemployment due to its agrarian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze200644-45_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200644-45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koch's industrialization plans provoked conflict with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a>, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (<i>Reichsbauernführer</i>) and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a <a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">neopaganist</a> rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch arrested them.<sup id="cite_ref-steigmann-gall_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steigmann-gall-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> <a href="/wiki/1938_renaming_of_East_Prussian_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 renaming of East Prussian placenames">changed about one-third of the toponyms of the area</a>, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">Old Prussian</a>, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">colonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> to Prussia during and after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberpr%C3%A4sident" title="Oberpräsident">Oberpräsident</a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a> and initiated by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> and held prisoner there until their death or liberation. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaipėda region">Klaipėda region</a> was integrated again into East Prussia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EastPrussiaMap1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/EastPrussiaMap1944.png/250px-EastPrussiaMap1944.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/EastPrussiaMap1944.png/330px-EastPrussiaMap1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/EastPrussiaMap1944.png/500px-EastPrussiaMap1944.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4110" /></a><figcaption>Map of East Prussian Districts in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by Nazi Germany opening World War II, the borders of East Prussia were revised. Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen became part of <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a>, while Regierungsbezirk Zichenau (<a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a>) was added to East Prussia. Originally part of the Zichenau region, the Sudauen (<a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a>) district in Sudovia was later transferred to the Gumbinnen region. In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000–350,000,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Language">Latvian speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki" title="Kursenieki">Kursenieki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lietuvininkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lietuvininkai">Lietuvininkai</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Polish ethnic minorities of Catholic <a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a> and Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a> were persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> government, which wanted to erase all aspects of Polish culture and Polish language in <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sa1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sa2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews who remained in East Prussia in 1942 were shipped to concentration camps, including <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a> in occupied Latvia, and camps in <a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Maly Trostenets extermination camp">Minsk</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who remained were later deported and killed in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostroleka-rynek-2wojna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ostroleka-rynek-2wojna.jpg/220px-Ostroleka-rynek-2wojna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ostroleka-rynek-2wojna.jpg/330px-Ostroleka-rynek-2wojna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ostroleka-rynek-2wojna.jpg/440px-Ostroleka-rynek-2wojna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>German-annexed <a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a> during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939 the <a href="/wiki/Zichenau_(region)" title="Zichenau (region)">Regierungsbezirk Zichenau</a> was <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">annexed by Germany</a> and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Suwałki Region</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_(region)" title="Gumbinnen (region)">Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldau_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldau (district) (page does not exist)">Soldau</a> (Działdowo) to <a href="/wiki/Allenstein_(region)" title="Allenstein (region)">Regierungsbezirk Allenstein</a>. Despite <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the annexed pre-war Polish territory, the Polish population was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">various crimes</a>, including mass arrests, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81apanka" title="Łapanka">roundups</a>, deportations to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> (including teenagers),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> executions, massacres (also as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">expulsions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews were confined in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">ghettos</a> and afterwards deported either deported to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> or massacred in the region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-065743,_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen,_Ankunft_von_Umsiedlern_aus_Litauen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-065743%2C_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%2C_Ankunft_von_Umsiedlern_aus_Litauen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-065743%2C_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%2C_Ankunft_von_Umsiedlern_aus_Litauen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-065743%2C_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%2C_Ankunft_von_Umsiedlern_aus_Litauen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-065743%2C_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%2C_Ankunft_von_Umsiedlern_aus_Litauen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-065743%2C_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%2C_Ankunft_von_Umsiedlern_aus_Litauen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-065743%2C_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%2C_Ankunft_von_Umsiedlern_aus_Litauen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Eydtkau (now <a href="/wiki/Chernyshevskoye" title="Chernyshevskoye">Chernyshevskoye</a>) in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany operated the <a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hohenbruch_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hohenbruch concentration camp (page does not exist)">Hohenbruch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Hohenbruch" class="extiw" title="de:KZ Hohenbruch">de</a>]</span> concentration camps, mostly for Poles, multiple subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof concentration camp</a> and several <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">prisoner-of-war camps</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Stalag_I-A" title="Stalag I-A">Stalag I-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalag_I-B" title="Stalag I-B">Stalag I-B</a>, Stalag I-C, Stalag I-D, Stalag I-E, <a href="/wiki/Stalag_I-F" title="Stalag I-F">Stalag I-F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macikai_POW_and_GULAG_Camps" title="Macikai POW and GULAG Camps">Stalag Luft VI</a>, Oflag 52, Oflag 53, Oflag 60, Oflag 63 and Oflag 68 with multiple subcamps, for Polish, Belgian, <a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">French</a>, British, Serbian, Soviet, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Military_Internees" title="Italian Military Internees">Italian</a>, American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealander, South African, Czech and other <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> POWs in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-war Polish citizens made up the majority of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced laborers</a> in the province, with their numbers gradually increasing, but due to the influx of forced laborers of other nationalities, their overall percentage declined from 90% in 1940 to 62% in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-bkp_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bkp-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Polish forced laborers in the province were deported from the pre-war Polish territories annexed into the province by Germany, with German labor offices recruiting forced laborers established in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bkp_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bkp-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler's top-secret <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern front</a> headquarters during the war, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Lair" title="Wolf's Lair">Wolf's Lair</a></i>, was located in the village of <a href="/wiki/Gier%C5%82o%C5%BC,_K%C4%99trzyn_County" title="Gierłoż, Kętrzyn County">Gierłoż</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a> was active in the province, both in the annexed pre-war territory of Poland, and in the pre-war territory of East Prussia, with activities in the latter including distribution of <a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sabotage actions, executions of Nazis, theft of German weapons, ammunition and equipment,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and organization of transports of POWs who escaped German POW camps via the ports of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral</a> Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East Prussia was only slightly affected by the war until January 1945, when it was devastated during the <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prussian Offensive">East Prussian Offensive</a>. Most of its inhabitants became refugees in bitterly cold weather during the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_East_Prussia" title="Evacuation of East Prussia">Evacuation of East Prussia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evacuation_of_East_Prussia">Evacuation of East Prussia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evacuation of East Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_East_Prussia" title="Evacuation of East Prussia">Evacuation of East Prussia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Probsteikirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Probsteikirche.jpg/220px-Probsteikirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Probsteikirche.jpg/330px-Probsteikirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Probsteikirche.jpg/440px-Probsteikirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Königsberg after the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">RAF bombing</a> in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1944 the medieval city of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, which had never been severely damaged by warfare in its 700 years of existence, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">was almost completely destroyed</a> by two <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> raids – the first on the night of 26/27 August 1944, with the second one three nights later, overnight on 29/30 August 1944. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (<i>The Second World War</i>, Book XII) had erroneously believed it to be "a modernized heavily defended fortress" and ordered its destruction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a> delayed the evacuation of the German civilian population until the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> approached the East Prussian border in 1944. The population had been systematically misinformed by <i><a href="/wiki/Endsieg" title="Endsieg">Endsieg</a></i> Nazi propaganda about the real state of military affairs. As a result, many civilians fleeing westward were overtaken by retreating <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> units and the rapidly advancing <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. </p><p>Reports of Soviet atrocities in the <a href="/wiki/Nemmersdorf_massacre" title="Nemmersdorf massacre">Nemmersdorf massacre</a> of October 1944 and organized rape spread fear and desperation among the civilians. Thousands lost their lives during the sinkings (by Soviet submarine) of the evacuation ships <i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Gustloff (ship)">Wilhelm Gustloff</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Goya_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goya (ship)">Goya</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dampfschiff_General_von_Steuben" class="mw-redirect" title="Dampfschiff General von Steuben">General von Steuben</a></i>. Königsberg surrendered on 9 April 1945, following the desperate four-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Battle of Königsberg</a>. An estimated 300,000 died either in wartime bombing raids, in the battles to defend the province, or through mistreatment by the Red Army or from hunger, cold and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Andreas_Kossert_p._342_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Kossert_p._342-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, most of the German inhabitants, which then consisted primarily of women, children and old men, did manage to escape the Red Army as part of the largest exodus of people in human history: "A population which had stood at 2.2 million in 1940 was reduced to 193,000 at the end of May 1945."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chapters_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapters-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_after_partition_and_annexation">History after partition and annexation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History after partition and annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, pending a final peace conference with Germany. Since a peace conference never took place, the region was effectively ceded by Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuania</a> (the constituent counties of the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a>). The city of Königsberg was renamed <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> in 1946. Most of the German population of the province had left during the evacuation at the end of the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944–46 and the remainder were subsequently <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_of_Germans_from_East_Prussia_after_World_War_II">Expulsion of Germans from East Prussia after World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Expulsion of Germans from East Prussia after World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many more were prevented from returning,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled</a> by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000–250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> camp system.<sup id="cite_ref-Ther_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ther-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at <a href="/wiki/I%C5%82awa" title="Iława">Deutsch Eylau</a> (Iława).<sup id="cite_ref-Ther_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ther-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wolf_children" title="Wolf children">Wolf children</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 323.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 321.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_viertepolnischeteilung.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An illustration of the changing borders in Eastern Europe before, during, and after World War II (Map is written in German.)"><img alt="An illustration of the changing borders in Eastern Europe before, during, and after World War II (Map is written in German.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Karte_viertepolnischeteilung.png/500px-Karte_viertepolnischeteilung.png" decoding="async" width="322" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Karte_viertepolnischeteilung.png/960px-Karte_viertepolnischeteilung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Karte_viertepolnischeteilung.png/964px-Karte_viertepolnischeteilung.png 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1149" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An illustration of the changing borders in Eastern Europe before, during, and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (Map is written in German.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 330px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 328px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Changes in Germany's borders as a result of both World Wars, with the partition of East Prussia"><img alt="Changes in Germany's borders as a result of both World Wars, with the partition of East Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg/492px-German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="328" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg/738px-German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg/984px-German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Changes in Germany's borders as a result of both <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a>, with the partition of East Prussia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_East_Prussia_to_Poland">Southern East Prussia to Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southern East Prussia to Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Masurian_District" title="Masurian District">Masurian District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn_Voivodeship" title="Olsztyn Voivodeship">Olsztyn Voivodeship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship</a></div> <p>Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Ther_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ther-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Polish <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union">Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a> from southern Poland, expelled in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a>, were settled in the area, initially organised as the <a href="/wiki/Masurian_District" title="Masurian District">Masurian District</a>, later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn_Voivodeship" title="Olsztyn Voivodeship">Olsztyn Voivodeship</a> in 1947, with a few counties incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%9375)" class="mw-redirect" title="Białystok Voivodeship (1945–75)">Białystok Voivodeship</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)">Gdańsk Voivodeship</a>. The latter counted in 1950 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. It was dissolved in 1975 to form three smaller units: a much smaller homonymous Olsztyn Voivodeship, the bulk of <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g_Voivodeship" title="Elbląg Voivodeship">Elbląg Voivodeship</a> and a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Voivodeship" title="Suwałki Voivodeship">Suwałki Voivodeship</a>. </p><p>The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-<a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> was pursued throughout the country<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these "<a href="/wiki/Autochthones" class="mw-redirect" title="Autochthones">Autochthons</a>" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1980s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Determination_of_Place_Names" title="Commission for the Determination of Place Names">Commission for the Determination of Place Names</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in most cases it was a restoration of historic Polish names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_of_the_post-war_population">Origin of the post-war population</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Origin of the post-war population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. In case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their origin was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. The same area corresponding to pre-war southern parts of East Prussia (which became Polish in 1945) was inhabited in December 1950 by: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>1950 population by place of residence back in 1939:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region (within 1939 borders): </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Autochthons</a> (1939 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">DE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">FCD</a> citizens) </td> <td>134,702 </td> <td>15.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish expellees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>) </td> <td>172,480 </td> <td>20.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poles from abroad except the USSR </td> <td>5,734 </td> <td>0.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city_of_Warsaw_(1919%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital city of Warsaw (1919–39)">City of Warsaw</a> </td> <td>22,418 </td> <td>2.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Warsaw region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Masovia</a>) </td> <td>158,953 </td> <td>18.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Białystok region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Sudovia</a> </td> <td>102,634 </td> <td>12.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">pre-war Polish Pomerania</a> </td> <td>83,921 </td> <td>9.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań region</a> </td> <td>7,371 </td> <td>0.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Katowice region (<a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">East Upper Silesia</a>) </td> <td>2,536 </td> <td>0.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">City of Łódź</a> </td> <td>1,666 </td> <td>0.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Łódź region</a> </td> <td>6,919 </td> <td>0.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Kielce_Voivodeship" title="Kielce Voivodeship">Kielce region</a> </td> <td>20,878 </td> <td>2.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Lublin region</a> </td> <td>60,313 </td> <td>7.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Kraków region</a> </td> <td>5,515 </td> <td>0.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Podkarpackie_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Podkarpackie Voivodeship">Rzeszów region</a> </td> <td>47,626 </td> <td>5.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td>place of residence in 1939 unknown </td> <td>13,629 </td> <td>1.61% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total pop. in December 1950 </th> <th>847,295 </th> <th>100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over 80% of the 1950 inhabitants were new in the region, less than 20% had resided in the province already back in 1939 (so called autochthons, who had German citizenship before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and were granted Polish citizenship after 1945). Over 20% of all inhabitants were Poles expelled from areas of <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Eastern Poland</a> annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>. The rest were mostly people from neighbouring areas located right next to East Prussia (almost 44% came from <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Masovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Sudovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podlachia" title="Podlachia">Podlachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">pre-war Polish Pomerania</a>) and southern Poland (≈16%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_part_to_the_Soviet_Union">Northern part to the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Northern part to the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg/170px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg/255px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg/340px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="2047" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-koenigsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ru-koenigsberg.jpg/220px-Ru-koenigsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ru-koenigsberg.jpg/330px-Ru-koenigsberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ru-koenigsberg.jpg/440px-Ru-koenigsberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>"Königsberg" license plate holder, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> as the "<i>Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast</i>", with the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. In July of that year, the historic city of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> was renamed <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> to honour <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a> and the area named the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Occupation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Occupation Zone">Soviet Occupation Zone</a> (which became East Germany). The last remaining Germans left in November 1949 (1,401 persons) and January 1950 (7 persons).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanians" title="Prussian Lithuanians">Prussian Lithuanians</a> also experienced the same fate. </p><p>A similar fate befell the <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki" title="Kursenieki">Curonians</a> who lived in the area around the <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Lagoon" title="Curonian Lagoon">Curonian Lagoon</a>. While many fled from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">fascists</a>. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live. </p><p>After the expulsion of the German population ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names, with only a few instances of use of historical names, such as <a href="/wiki/Domnovo" title="Domnovo">Domnovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talpaki" title="Talpaki">Talpaki</a>, based on historical Polish names. The exclave was a <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">military zone</a>, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> were demolished on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> to make way for a new "<a href="/wiki/House_of_Soviets_(Kaliningrad)" title="House of Soviets (Kaliningrad)">House of the Soviets</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_status">Modern status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the 1945–1949 <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expulsion of Germans</a> from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historical name of Königsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in ruins. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, some German groups have tried to help settle the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> from eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>. This effort was only a minor success, however, as most impoverished Volga Germans preferred to emigrate to the richer Federal Republic of Germany, where they could become <a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">German citizens</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return#Germany" title="Right of return">right of return</a>. </p><p>The Polish part of the region, divided in 1975 to form three units: the Olsztyn Voivodeship, the <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g_Voivodeship" title="Elbląg Voivodeship">Elbląg Voivodeship</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Voivodeship" title="Suwałki Voivodeship">Suwałki Voivodeship</a>, has been reestablished as a single entity in 1999 under the name of <a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship</a>, whose borders correspond closely to those of southern East Prussia. Since 2004, Poland and Lithuania have become European Union member states, and both the Polish part of the region as well as the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a>, has thereafter become freely accessible by Germans, in line with the <a href="/wiki/Free_movement_of_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Free movement of people">free movement of people</a> policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_ethnic_and_religious_structure">Historical ethnic and religious structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historical ethnic and religious structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Prussia_Ethnic_Map_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/East_Prussia_Ethnic_Map_1905.png/310px-East_Prussia_Ethnic_Map_1905.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/East_Prussia_Ethnic_Map_1905.png/465px-East_Prussia_Ethnic_Map_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/East_Prussia_Ethnic_Map_1905.png/620px-East_Prussia_Ethnic_Map_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="9200" data-file-height="7075" /></a><figcaption>Mother Tongues of East Prussia, according to the 1905 Census</figcaption></figure> <p>In year 1824, shortly before its <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">merger</a> with <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, the population of East Prussia was 1,080,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of that number, according to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Andree" title="Karl Andree">Karl Andree</a>, ethnic Germans were slightly more than half, while 280,000 (≈26%) were <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">ethnically Polish</a> and 200,000 (≈19%) were <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanians" title="Prussian Lithuanians">ethnically Lithuanian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Andree_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Andree-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of year 1819, there were also 20,000 strong ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki" title="Kursenieki">Curonian</a> and Latvian minorities as well as 2,400 Jews, according to Georg Hassel.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar numbers are given by <a href="/wiki/August_von_Haxthausen" title="August von Haxthausen">August von Haxthausen</a> in his 1839 book, with a breakdown by county.<sup id="cite_ref-Haxthausen_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haxthausen-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the majority of East Prussian Polish and Lithuanian inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a> like their ethnic kinsmen across the border in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Only in southern <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholic Poles</a> – so called <a href="/wiki/Warmiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmiak">Warmiaks</a> (not to be confused with predominantly <a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Protestant Masurians</a>) – comprised the majority of population, numbering 26,067 people (≈81%) in <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Allenstein" title="Landkreis Allenstein">county Allenstein</a> (Polish: <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>) in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-Haxthausen_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haxthausen-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another minority in pre-war East Prussia were ethnically Russian <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Philipons" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipons">Philipponnen</a> – their main town was Eckertsdorf (<a href="/wiki/Wojnowo,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Wojnowo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Wojnowo</a>), in Sensburg district.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In year 1817, East Prussia had 796,204 <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Christians</a>, 120,123 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, 864 <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> and 2,389 Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnolinguistic_composition_by_district">Ethnolinguistic composition by district</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnolinguistic composition by district"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen_1905_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sprachen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen_1905_06.svg/330px-Sprachen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen_1905_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sprachen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen_1905_06.svg/500px-Sprachen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen_1905_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sprachen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen_1905_06.svg/520px-Sprachen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen_1905_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic distribution in East Prussia (1905) by district</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prusy_Wschodnie_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prusy_Wschodnie_de.svg/220px-Prusy_Wschodnie_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prusy_Wschodnie_de.svg/330px-Prusy_Wschodnie_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prusy_Wschodnie_de.svg/440px-Prusy_Wschodnie_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Districts of East Prussia (1910)</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 1905, the province of East Prussia was divided into three government regions, known as <i>Regierungsbezirke.</i> These were the regions of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(region)" title="Königsberg (region)">Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_(region)" title="Gumbinnen (region)">Gumbinnen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allenstein_(region)" title="Allenstein (region)">Allenstein</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Ethnolinguistic structure of East Prussia by district (1905)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District (Kreis) </th> <th>Regierungsbezirk </th> <th>Population </th> <th>German </th> <th>% </th> <th>Polish </th> <th>% </th> <th>Lithuanian </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Braunsberg </td> <td rowspan="15"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(region)" title="Königsberg (region)">Königsberg</a> </td> <td>54,751 </td> <td>54,548 </td> <td rowspan="2">99.6% </td> <td>140 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>12 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fischhausen </td> <td>52,430 </td> <td>52,235 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>43 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friedland </td> <td>40,822 </td> <td>40,784 </td> <td>99.9% </td> <td>14 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>5 </td> <td rowspan="5">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gerdauen </td> <td>33,983 </td> <td>33,778 </td> <td>99.4% </td> <td>146 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heiligenbeil </td> <td>43,951 </td> <td>43,909 </td> <td>99.9% </td> <td>21 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heilsberg </td> <td>51,690 </td> <td>51,473 </td> <td>99.6% </td> <td>124 </td> <td rowspan="2">0.2% </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Landkreis Königsberg </td> <td>45,486 </td> <td>45,342 </td> <td>99.7% </td> <td>72 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Stadtkreis Königsberg</a> </td> <td>223,770 </td> <td>221,167 </td> <td>98.8% </td> <td>594 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>159 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Labiau" title="Kreis Labiau">Labiau</a> </td> <td>51,295 </td> <td>45,659 </td> <td>89% </td> <td>27 </td> <td rowspan="2">0.1% </td> <td>5,293 </td> <td>10.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Memel </td> <td>61,018 </td> <td>33,508 </td> <td>54.9% </td> <td>40 </td> <td>26,328 </td> <td>43.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Mohrungen" title="Kreis Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a> </td> <td>52,408 </td> <td>52,215 </td> <td>99.6% </td> <td>113 </td> <td rowspan="3">0.2% </td> <td>2 </td> <td rowspan="4">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Preußisch Eylau </td> <td>49,465 </td> <td>49,325 </td> <td>99.7% </td> <td>91 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Preußisch Holland </td> <td>38,599 </td> <td>38,505 </td> <td>99.8% </td> <td>61 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Rastenburg" title="Kreis Rastenburg">Rastenburg</a> </td> <td>46,985 </td> <td>45,998 </td> <td>97.9% </td> <td>723 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wehlau </td> <td>46,774 </td> <td>46,401 </td> <td>99.2% </td> <td>178 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>81 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total (Königsberg)</b> </td> <td><b>Königsberg</b> </td> <td><b>893,427</b> </td> <td><b>854,847</b> </td> <td><b>95.7%</b> </td> <td><b>2,434</b> </td> <td><b>0.3%</b> </td> <td><b>31,972</b> </td> <td><b>3.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Angerburg" title="Kreis Angerburg">Angerburg</a> </td> <td rowspan="14"><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_(region)" title="Gumbinnen (region)">Gumbinnen</a> </td> <td>35,945 </td> <td>34,273 </td> <td>95.3% </td> <td>1,499 </td> <td>4.2% </td> <td>39 </td> <td rowspan="2">0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darkehmen_(district)" title="Darkehmen (district)">Darkehmen</a> </td> <td>32,285 </td> <td>32,137 </td> <td>99.5% </td> <td>74 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Goldap" title="Kreis Goldap">Goldap</a> </td> <td>43,829 </td> <td>42,891 </td> <td>97.9% </td> <td>436 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>185 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gumbinnen </td> <td>50,918 </td> <td>50,703 </td> <td>99.6% </td> <td>21 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>21 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Heydekrug" title="Landkreis Heydekrug">Heydekrug</a> </td> <td>43,268 </td> <td>19,124 </td> <td>44.2% </td> <td>35 </td> <td rowspan="2">0.1% </td> <td>23,279 </td> <td>53.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Landkreis Insterburg </td> <td>46,237 </td> <td>45,693 </td> <td>98.8% </td> <td>68 </td> <td>311 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Stadtkreis Insterburg</a> </td> <td>28,902 </td> <td>28,412 </td> <td>98.3% </td> <td>166 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>62 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niederung </td> <td>55,129 </td> <td>47,792 </td> <td>86.7% </td> <td>47 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>6,497 </td> <td>11.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oletzko </td> <td>38,536 </td> <td>24,575 </td> <td>63.8% </td> <td>12,451 </td> <td>32.3% </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilkallen </td> <td>46,230 </td> <td>41,982 </td> <td>90.8% </td> <td>65 </td> <td rowspan="2">0.1% </td> <td>3,668 </td> <td>7.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ragnit </td> <td>54,741 </td> <td>45,525 </td> <td>83.2% </td> <td>80 </td> <td>8,394 </td> <td>15.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stallupönen </td> <td>43,875 </td> <td>43,099 </td> <td>98.2% </td> <td>90 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>383 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Landkreis Tilsit </td> <td>46,441 </td> <td>25,322 </td> <td>54.5% </td> <td>38 </td> <td rowspan="2">0.1% </td> <td>20,674 </td> <td>44.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Stadtkreis Tilsit</a> </td> <td>37,148 </td> <td>35,598 </td> <td>95.8% </td> <td>37 </td> <td>1,442 </td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total (Gumbinnen)</b> </td> <td><b>Gumbinnen</b> </td> <td><b>603,484</b> </td> <td><b>517,126</b> </td> <td><b>85.7%</b> </td> <td><b>15,107</b> </td> <td><b>2.5%</b> </td> <td><b>64,980</b> </td> <td><b>10.8%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Allenstein" title="Landkreis Allenstein">Allenstein</a> </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Allenstein_(region)" title="Allenstein (region)">Allenstein</a> </td> <td>85,625 </td> <td>45,723 </td> <td>53.4% </td> <td>38,701 </td> <td>45.2% </td> <td>21 </td> <td rowspan="2">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Johannisburg </td> <td>50,452 </td> <td>13,651 </td> <td>27.1% </td> <td>35,433 </td> <td>70.2% </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lötzen </td> <td>41,609 </td> <td>21,997 </td> <td>52.9% </td> <td>16,877 </td> <td>40.6% </td> <td>27 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lyck </td> <td>55,790 </td> <td>23,562 </td> <td>42.2% </td> <td>30,555 </td> <td>54.8% </td> <td>2 </td> <td rowspan="2">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neidenburg </td> <td>57,325 </td> <td>16,304 </td> <td>28.4% </td> <td>38,690 </td> <td>67.5% </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ortelsburg </td> <td>69,464 </td> <td>17,221 </td> <td>24.8% </td> <td>50,665 </td> <td>72.9% </td> <td>58 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Osterode </td> <td>73,421 </td> <td>39,778 </td> <td>54.2% </td> <td>33,129 </td> <td>45.1% </td> <td>13 </td> <td rowspan="3">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fel" title="Kreis Rößel">Rößel</a> </td> <td>50,390 </td> <td>42,555 </td> <td>84.5% </td> <td>7,383 </td> <td>14.7% </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sensburg </td> <td>49,187 </td> <td>21,960 </td> <td>44.6% </td> <td>25,381 </td> <td>51.6% </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total (Allenstein)</b> </td> <td><b>Allenstein</b> </td> <td><b>533,263</b> </td> <td><b>242,751</b> </td> <td><b>45.5%</b> </td> <td><b>276,814</b> </td> <td><b>51.9%</b> </td> <td><b>159</b> </td> <td><b>0%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total (East Prussia)</b> </td> <td><b>-</b> </td> <td><b>2,030,174</b> </td> <td><b>1,614,724</b> </td> <td><b>79.5%</b> </td> <td><b>294,355</b> </td> <td><b>14.5%</b> </td> <td><b>97,111</b> </td> <td><b>4.8%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prussian central government appointed for every province an <i>Oberpräsident</i> ("Upper President") carrying out central prerogatives on the provincial level and supervising the implementation of central policy on the lower levels of administration. </p><p>Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia" title="Districts of Prussia">districts (<i>Kreise</i>)</a> within each province (sometimes within each <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">governorate</a>) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the <a href="/wiki/Provinziallandtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinziallandtag">provincial diets</a> (<i>Provinzial<a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">landtage</a></i>), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (<i>Provinzialausschuss</i>), and a head of province, the <i><a href="/wiki/Landeshauptmann#Landeshauptmann_and_Landesdirektor_(Prussia)" title="Landeshauptmann">Landeshauptmann</a></i> ("Land Captain"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_presidents_of_East_Prussia_and_Prussia">Upper presidents of East Prussia and Prussia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Upper presidents of East Prussia and Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1765–1791: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Friedrich_von_Domhardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Friedrich von Domhardt (page does not exist)">Johann Friedrich von Domhardt</a>, president of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumbinnen">Gumbinnen</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> War and Demesnes Chambers</i></dd> <dd>1791–1808: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schr%C3%B6tter" title="Friedrich von Schrötter">Friedrich Leopold von Schrötter</a>, president of the <i>Gumbinnen and Königsberg War and Demesnes Chambers</i>, as of 1795 Minister for East and <a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a></dd> <dd>1808–1814: vacancy?</dd> <dd>1814–1824: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Jakob_von_Auerswald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Jakob von Auerswald (page does not exist)">Hans Jakob von Auerswald</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1824–1842: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Sch%C3%B6n" title="Theodor von Schön">Heinrich Theodor von Schön</a>, upper president of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Prussia</a>, merged from East and West Prussia, since 1816 already upper president of West Prussia</dd> <dd>1842–1848: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_von_B%C3%B6tticher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Wilhelm von Bötticher (page does not exist)">Carl Wilhelm von Bötticher</a>, upper president of Prussia</dd> <dd>1848–1849: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Auerswald" title="Rudolf von Auerswald">Rudolf von Auerswald</a>, upper president of Prussia</dd> <dd>1849–1850: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Heinrich_von_Flottwell" title="Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell">Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell</a> (1786–1865), upper president of Prussia</dd> <dd>1850–1868: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_August_Eichmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz August Eichmann (page does not exist)">Franz August Eichmann</a>, upper president of Prussia</dd> <dd>1868–1869: vacancy</dd> <dd>1869–1882: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Heinrich_Georg_von_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Wilhelm Heinrich Georg von Horn (page does not exist)">Carl Wilhelm Heinrich Georg von Horn</a>, upper president of Prussia, after 1878 of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1882–1891: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Heinrich_von_Schlieckmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Heinrich von Schlieckmann (page does not exist)">Albrecht Heinrich von Schlieckmann</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1891–1895: Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udo_zu_Stolberg-Wernigerode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udo zu Stolberg-Wernigerode (page does not exist)">Udo zu Stolberg-Wernigerode</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1895–1901: Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Bismarck-Sch%C3%B6nhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Bismarck-Schönhausen (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Bismarck-Schönhausen</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1901–1903: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Samuel_von_Richthofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Samuel von Richthofen (page does not exist)">Hugo Samuel von Richthofen</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1903–1907: Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_von_Moltke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich von Moltke (page does not exist)">Friedrich von Moltke</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1907–1914: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Windheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig von Windheim (page does not exist)">Ludwig von Windheim</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1914–1916: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Tortilowicz_von_Batocki-Friebe" title="Adolf Tortilowicz von Batocki-Friebe">Adolf Tortilowicz von Batocki-Friebe</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1916–1918: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berg" title="Friedrich von Berg">Friedrich von Berg</a>, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1918–1919: Adolf Tortilowicz von Batocki-Friebe, upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1919–1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">August Winnig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>), upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1920–1932: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Siehr" title="Ernst Siehr">Ernst Siehr</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>), upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1932–1933: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kutscher" title="Wilhelm Kutscher">Wilhelm Kutscher</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">DNVP</a>), upper president of East Prussia</dd> <dd>1933–1945: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>), upper president of East Prussia</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_to_the_provincial_diets">Elections to the provincial diets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Elections to the provincial diets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>Summary of the East Prussian Provincial Diet direct election results </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <th colspan="2" align="left">Parties </th> <th>%<br />1921 </th> <th>+/-<br />1921 </th> <th>Seats<br />1921 </th> <th>+/-<br />1921 </th> <th>%<br />1925 </th> <th>+/-<br />1925 </th> <th>Seats<br />1925 </th> <th>+/-<br />1925 </th> <th>%<br />1929 </th> <th>+/-<br />1929 </th> <th>Seats<br />1929 </th> <th>+/-<br />1929 </th> <th>%<br />1933 </th> <th>+/-<br />1933 </th> <th>Seats<br />1933 </th> <th>+/-<br />1933 </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="red"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td>24.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1">24.8 </td> <td rowspan="2">+0.7 (-) </td> <td rowspan="2">22 </td> <td rowspan="2">+2 (−4) </td> <td rowspan="2">26 </td> <td rowspan="2">+1.2 </td> <td rowspan="2">23 </td> <td rowspan="2">+1 </td> <td rowspan="2">13.6 </td> <td rowspan="2">-12.4 </td> <td rowspan="2">12 </td> <td rowspan="2">-11 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff2222"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">USPD</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>+6 </td> <td>merged<br />in SPD </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#63B8ff"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">DNVP</a><sup id="cite_ref-KFSWR_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFSWR-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>13.4 </td> <td>+13.4 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>+11 </td> <td rowspan="2">45.6<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">40 </td> <td rowspan="2">(+4) </td> <td>31.2 </td> <td>(+17.8) </td> <td>27 </td> <td>(+16) </td> <td>12.7<sup id="cite_ref-KFSWR_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFSWR-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>−18.5 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>−16 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="blue"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">DVP</a> </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>+3.6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>+4 </td> <td>8.7 </td> <td>(+5.1) </td> <td>8 </td> <td>(+4) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="turquoise"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bund_f%C3%BCr_Wirtschaft_und_Aufbau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bund für Wirtschaft und Aufbau (page does not exist)">BWA</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>+16 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−16 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#0000CD"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Zentrum</a> </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>+8 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>−2.4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>−2 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>+1.2 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>−1.1 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#8B0000"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">KPD</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>+7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>+6 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>−0.1 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>+1.7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>+2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>−2.6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>−2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="black"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bund_f%C3%BCr_Wirtschaft_und_Wiederaufbau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bund für Wirtschaft und Wiederaufbau (page does not exist)">BWW</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" align="left">Parties </th> <th>%<br />1921 </th> <th>+/-<br />1921 </th> <th>Seats<br />1921 </th> <th>+/-<br />1921 </th> <th>%<br />1925 </th> <th>+/-<br />1925 </th> <th>Seats<br />1925 </th> <th>+/-<br />1925 </th> <th>%<br />1929 </th> <th>+/-<br />1929 </th> <th>Seats<br />1929 </th> <th>+/-<br />1929 </th> <th>%<br />1933 </th> <th>+/-<br />1933 </th> <th>Seats<br />1933 </th> <th>+/-<br />1933 </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="yellow"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a> </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>+5.7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>+6 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>−2.1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>−3 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>−0.8 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="brown"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a> </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>+4 </td> <td>58.2 </td> <td>+53,9 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>+47 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CEB673"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landliste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landliste (page does not exist)">LL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reich_Party_of_the_German_Middle_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Party of the German Middle Class">WP</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>+2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>+4.2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>+2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>−1.2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#645D25"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">DFP</a> </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>+4.2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="purple"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Service" title="Christian Social People's Service">CSVD</a> </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>3 </td> <td>+3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffDEAD"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aufwertung_und_Aufbau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aufwertung und Aufbau (page does not exist)">AuA</a> </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td>not run </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="green"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BCr_Ordnung_und_Wiederaufbau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Für Ordnung und Wiederaufbau (page does not exist)">FOW</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#553A26"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_National_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish National Democratic Party (Germany) (page does not exist)">Poles' Party</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#eeeeee"> </td> <td align="left">Others </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>+? </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <th colspan="2" align="left">Total<br />1921 </th> <th align="center" colspan="2"> </th> <th align="center" colspan="1">85 </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" align="left">Total<br />1925 </th> <th align="center" colspan="1">87 </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" align="left">Total<br />1929 </th> <th align="center" colspan="1">87 </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" align="left">Total<br />1933 </th> <th align="center" colspan="1">87 </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_Directors_and_Land_Captains_of_East_Prussia">Land Directors and Land Captains of East Prussia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Land Directors and Land Captains of East Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1876–1878: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Edwin_Rickert" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Edwin Rickert">Heinrich Edwin Rickert</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">NLP</a>, later <a href="/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">DFP</a>), titled land director</dd> <dd>1878–1884: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_von_Saucken-Tarputschen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt von Saucken-Tarputschen (page does not exist)">Kurt von Saucken-Tarputschen</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Progress_Party" title="German Progress Party">Fortschritt</a>, later <a href="/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">DFP</a>), titled land director</dd> <dd>1884–1888: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_von_Gramatzki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred von Gramatzki (page does not exist)">Alfred von Gramatzki</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">DKP</a>), titled land director</dd> <dd>1888–1896: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_von_Stockhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klemens von Stockhausen (page does not exist)">Klemens von Stockhausen</a>, titled land director</dd> <dd>1896–1909: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf von Brandt (page does not exist)">Rudolf von Brandt</a>, titled land captain</dd> <dd>1909–1916: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berg" title="Friedrich von Berg">Friedrich von Berg</a>, titled land captain</dd> <dd>1916–1928: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Graf_von_Br%C3%BCnneck-Bellschwitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Graf von Brünneck-Bellschwitz (page does not exist)">Manfred Graf von Brünneck-Bellschwitz</a>, titled land captain</dd> <dd>1928–1936: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Blunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Blunk (page does not exist)">Paul Blunk</a>, titled land captain</dd> <dd>1936–1941: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_von_Wedelst%C3%A4dt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmuth von Wedelstädt (page does not exist)">Helmuth von Wedelstädt</a> (<a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a>), titled land captain</dd> <dd>1941–1945: vacancy</dd> <dd>1941–1945: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Bezzenberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Bezzenberger (page does not exist)">Reinhard Bezzenberger</a>, first land councillor, per pro</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_East_Prussia" title="List of cities and towns in East Prussia">List of cities and towns in East Prussia</a></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City/Town </th> <th>District (<i>Kreis</i>) </th> <th>Pop. in 1939 </th> <th>Current Name </th> <th>Current Administrative Unit </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Allenburg">Allenburg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Wehlau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Wehlau (page does not exist)">Landkreis Wehlau</a></td> <td align="right">2 694</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Druzhba,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Druzhba, Kaliningrad Oblast">Druzhba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Allenstein">Allenstein</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Allenstein" title="Landkreis Allenstein">Landkreis Allenstein</a></td> <td align="right">50 396</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship</a> (Poland) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angerburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Angerburg">Angerburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Angerburg" title="Kreis Angerburg">Landkreis Angerburg</a></td> <td align="right">10 922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C4%99gorzewo" title="Węgorzewo">Węgorzewo</a> (<a href="/wiki/W%C4%99gobork" class="mw-redirect" title="Węgobork">Węgobork</a>)</td> <td rowspan="7">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orzysz" title="Orzysz">Arys</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Johannisburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Johannisburg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Johannisburg</a></td> <td align="right">3 553</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orzysz" title="Orzysz">Orzysz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barciany" title="Barciany">Barten</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Rastenburg" title="Kreis Rastenburg">Rastenburg</a></td> <td align="right">1 541</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barciany" title="Barciany">Barciany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartenstein">Bartenstein</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Bartenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Bartenstein (page does not exist)">Landkreis Bartenstein</a></td> <td align="right">12 912</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartoszyce" title="Bartoszyce">Bartoszyce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bischofsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bischofsburg">Bischofsburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fel" title="Kreis Rößel">Landkreis Rößel</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biskupiec" title="Biskupiec">Biskupiec</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bischofstein_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bischofstein (Ostpreußen) (page does not exist)">Bischofstein (Ostpreußen)</a></td> <td>Rößel</td> <td align="right">3 200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bisztynek" title="Bisztynek">Bisztynek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Braunsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunsberg">Braunsberg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Braunsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Braunsberg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Braunsberg</a></td> <td align="right">21 142</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Braniewo" title="Braniewo">Braniewo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darkehmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkehmen">Darkehmen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Angerapp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darkehmen_(district)" title="Darkehmen (district)">Darkehmen</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Ozyorsk</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Domnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnau">Domnau</a></td> <td>Bartenstein</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Domnovo" title="Domnovo">Domnovo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbing">Elbing</a></td> <td>Stadtkreis</td> <td align="right">85 952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eydtkuhnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eydtkuhnen">Eydtkuhnen</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Stallup%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Stallupönen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Stallupönen</a></td> <td align="right">4 922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernyshevskoye" title="Chernyshevskoye">Chernyshevskoye</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fischhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischhausen">Fischhausen</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Samland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Samland (page does not exist)">Landkreis Samland</a></td> <td align="right">3 879</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frauenburg_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frauenburg (Ostpreußen)">Frauenburg (Ostpreußen)</a></td> <td>Braunsberg</td> <td align="right">2 951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frombork" title="Frombork">Frombork</a></td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedland_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedland (Ostpreußen)">Friedland (Ostpreußen)</a></td> <td>Bartenstein</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pravdinsk" title="Pravdinsk">Pravdinsk</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gehlenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gehlenburg">Gehlenburg</a></td> <td>Johannisburg</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Piska" title="Biała Piska">Biała Piska</a></td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerdauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerdauen">Gerdauen</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Gerdauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Gerdauen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Gerdauen</a></td> <td align="right">5 118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zheleznodorozhny,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Zheleznodorozhny, Kaliningrad Oblast">Zheleznodorozhny</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilgenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgenburg">Gilgenburg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Osterode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Osterode (page does not exist)">Landkreis Osterode</a></td> <td align="right">1 700</td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wno" title="Dąbrówno">Dąbrówno</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goldap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldap">Goldap</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Goldap" title="Kreis Goldap">Landkreis Goldap</a></td> <td align="right">12 786</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Go%C5%82dap" title="Gołdap">Gołdap</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumbinnen">Gumbinnen</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Gumbinnen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Gumbinnen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Gumbinnen</a></td> <td align="right">24 534</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gusev,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast">Gusev</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guttstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Guttstadt">Guttstadt</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Heilsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Heilsberg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Heilsberg</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobre_Miasto" title="Dobre Miasto">Dobre Miasto</a></td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamonovo" title="Mamonovo">Heiligenbeil</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Heiligenbeil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Heiligenbeil (page does not exist)">Landkreis Heiligenbeil</a></td> <td align="right">12 100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamonovo" title="Mamonovo">Mamonovo</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski" title="Lidzbark Warmiński">Heilsberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Heilsberg" title="Kreis Heilsberg">Kreis Heilsberg</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lidzbark_Warmi%C5%84ski" title="Lidzbark Warmiński">Lidzbark Warmiński</a></td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ilut%C4%97" title="Šilutė">Heydekrug</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Heydekrug" title="Landkreis Heydekrug">Landkreis Heydekrug</a></td> <td align="right">4 836</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ilut%C4%97" title="Šilutė">Šilutė</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_County" title="Klaipėda County">Klaipėda County</a> (Lithuania) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohenstein_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenstein (Ostpreußen)">Hohenstein</a></td> <td>Osterode</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsztynek" title="Olsztynek">Olsztynek</a></td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Insterburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Insterburg">Insterburg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Insterburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Insterburg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Insterburg</a></td> <td align="right">48 711</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Chernyakhovsk</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannisburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannisburg">Johannisburg</a></td> <td>Johannisburg</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisz" title="Pisz">Pisz</a> (Jańsbork)</td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(Preu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Königsberg (Preußen)">Königsberg (Preußen)</a></td> <td>Stadtkreis</td> <td align="right">372 000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></td> <td rowspan="3">Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavskoye,_Russia" title="Slavskoye, Russia">Kreuzburg (Ostpreußen)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagrationovsk" title="Bagrationovsk">Landkreis Preußisch Eylau</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavskoye,_Russia" title="Slavskoye, Russia">Slavskoye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labiau" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiau">Labiau</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Labiau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Labiau (page does not exist)">Landkreis Labiau</a></td> <td align="right">6 527</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polessk" title="Polessk">Polessk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landsberg_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsberg in Ostpreußen">Landsberg in Ostpreußen</a></td> <td>Preußisch Eylau</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3rowo_I%C5%82aweckie" title="Górowo Iławeckie">Górowo Iławeckie</a></td> <td rowspan="6">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liebem%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebemühl">Liebemühl</a></td> <td>Osterode</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%82om%C5%82yn" title="Miłomłyn">Miłomłyn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liebstadt" title="Liebstadt">Liebstadt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Mohrungen" title="Kreis Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></td> <td align="right">2 742</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%82akowo" title="Miłakowo">Miłakowo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lötzen">Lötzen</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_L%C3%B6tzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Lötzen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Lötzen</a></td> <td align="right">13 000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gi%C5%BCycko" title="Giżycko">Giżycko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gi%C5%BCycko" title="Giżycko">Lec</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyck" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyck">Lyck</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Lyck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Lyck (page does not exist)">Landkreis Lyck</a></td> <td align="right">16 482</td> <td><a href="/wiki/E%C5%82k" title="Ełk">Ełk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marggrabowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marggrabowa">Marggrabowa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Treuburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Treuburg">Treuburg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Oletzko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Oletzko (page does not exist)">Landkreis Oletzko</a>/Treuburg</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olecko" title="Olecko">Olecko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marienburg_in_Westpreu%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marienburg in Westpreußen">Marienburg in Westpreußen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Marienburg_(West_Prussia)" title="Kreis Marienburg (West Prussia)">Marienburg</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Malbork</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> (Poland) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mehlsack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehlsack">Mehlsack</a></td> <td>Braunsberg</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pieni%C4%99%C5%BCno" title="Pieniężno">Pieniężno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melzak" class="mw-redirect" title="Melzak">Melzak</a>)</td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a></td> <td>Stadtkreis</td> <td align="right">41 297</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a></td> <td>Klaipėda </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohrungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></td> <td>Mohrungen</td> <td align="right">5 500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mor%C4%85g" title="Morąg">Morąg</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Preu%C3%9Fisch_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Preußisch Holland (page does not exist)">Landkreis Preußisch Holland</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C5%82ynary" title="Młynary">Młynary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neidenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Neidenburg">Neidenburg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Neidenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Neidenburg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Neidenburg</a></td> <td align="right">9 201</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nidzica" title="Nidzica">Nidzica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nibork" title="Nibork">Nibork</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikolaiken" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaiken">Nikolaiken</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Sensburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Sensburg (page does not exist)">Landkreis Sensburg</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82ajki" title="Mikołajki">Mikołajki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordenburg (page does not exist)">Nordenburg</a></td> <td>Gerdauen</td> <td align="right">3 173</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krylovo,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Krylovo, Kaliningrad Oblast">Krylovo</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ortelsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortelsburg">Ortelsburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szczytno" title="Szczytno">Landkreis Ortelsburg</a></td> <td align="right">14 234</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szczytno" title="Szczytno">Szczytno</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osterode_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osterode (Ostpreußen)">Osterode (Ostpreußen)</a></td> <td>Osterode</td> <td align="right">19 519</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3da" title="Ostróda">Ostróda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Passenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenheim">Passenheim</a></td> <td>Ortelsburg</td> <td align="right">2 431</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasym" title="Pasym">Pasym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peterswalde" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterswalde">Peterswalde</a></td> <td>Osterode</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pietrzwa%C5%82d,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Pietrzwałd, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Piertzwald</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Pillau</a></td> <td>Samland</td> <td align="right">12 000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fisch_Eylau" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußisch Eylau">Preußisch Eylau</a></td> <td>Preußisch Eylau</td> <td align="right">7 485</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagrationovsk" title="Bagrationovsk">Bagrationovsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fisch_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußisch Holland">Preußisch Holland</a></td> <td>Preußisch Holland</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pas%C5%82%C4%99k" title="Pasłęk">Pasłęk</a></td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ragnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnit">Ragnit</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Landkreis Tilsit-Ragnit</a></td> <td align="right">10 094</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neman_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neman (town)">Neman</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastenburg">Rastenburg</a></td> <td>Rastenburg</td> <td align="right">19 634</td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn" title="Kętrzyn">Kętrzyn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rastembork" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastembork">Rastembork</a>)</td> <td rowspan="5">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhein_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhein (Ostpreußen)">Rhein (Ostpreußen)</a></td> <td>Lötzen</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn">Ryn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%9Fel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rößel">Rößel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fel" title="Kreis Rößel">Rößel</a></td> <td align="right">5 000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reszel" title="Reszel">Reszel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mor%C4%85g" title="Morąg">Mohrungen</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zalewo" title="Zalewo">Zalewo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schippenbeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Schippenbeil">Schippenbeil</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartoszyce" title="Bartoszyce">Bartenstein</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C4%99popol" title="Sępopol">Sępopol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutuzovo,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutuzovo, Kaliningrad Oblast">Schirwindt</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Pillkallen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Pillkallen (page does not exist)">Landkreis Pillkallen</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutuzovo,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutuzovo, Kaliningrad Oblast">Kutuzovo</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pillkallen-Schlossberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pillkallen-Schlossberg (page does not exist)">Pillkallen-Schlossberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobrovolsk" title="Dobrovolsk">Pillkallen</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobrovolsk" title="Dobrovolsk">Dobrovolsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeziorany" title="Jeziorany">Seeburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fel" title="Kreis Rößel">Rößel</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeziorany" title="Jeziorany">Jeziorany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zybork" class="mw-redirect" title="Zybork">Zybork</a>)</td> <td rowspan="3">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sensburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensburg">Sensburg</a></td> <td>Sensburg</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mr%C4%85gowo" title="Mrągowo">Mrągowo</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BB%C4%85dzbork" class="mw-redirect" title="Żądzbork">Żądzbork</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soldau" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldau">Soldau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nidzica" title="Nidzica">Neidenburg</a></td> <td align="right">5 349</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stallup%C3%B6nen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stallupönen">Stallupönen</a></td> <td>Stallupönen</td> <td align="right">6 608</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nesterov" title="Nesterov">Nesterov</a></td> <td rowspan="3">Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tapiau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapiau">Tapiau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Znamensk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Wehlau</a></td> <td align="right">9 272</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gvardeysk" title="Gvardeysk">Gvardeysk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilsit">Tilsit</a></td> <td>Stadtkreis</td> <td align="right">59 105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Sovetsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wartenburg_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartenburg (Ostpreußen)">Wartenburg (Ostpreußen)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Allenstein" title="Landkreis Allenstein">Landkreis Allenstein</a></td> <td align="right">5 841</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barczewo" title="Barczewo">Barczewo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartembork" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartembork">Wartembork</a>)</td> <td>Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wehlau" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehlau">Wehlau</a></td> <td>Wehlau</td> <td align="right">7 348</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Znamensk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Znamensk</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wielbark,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Wielbark, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Willenberg</a></td> <td>Ortelsburg</td> <td align="right">2 600</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_(Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wielbark (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship)">Wielbark</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Warmia-Masuria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wormditt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wormditt">Wormditt</a></td> <td>Braunsberg</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orneta" title="Orneta">Orneta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinten (page does not exist)">Zinten</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamonovo" title="Mamonovo">Heiligenbeil</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kornevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kornevo">Kornevo</a></td> <td>Kaliningrad </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Klopse" title="Königsberger Klopse">Königsberger Klopse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_marzipan" title="Königsberg marzipan">Königsberg marzipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsmannschaft_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen" title="Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen">Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_Regional_Museum" title="East Prussian Regional Museum">East Prussian Regional Museum</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ostpreußen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɔstˌpʁɔɪ̯sn̩]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a3\/De-Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.ogg\/De-Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Ostpreu\u00dfen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/De-Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.ogg/De-Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.ogg" title="File:De-Ostpreußen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a>: <i lang="de">Ostpreißen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Prusy Wschodnie</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Rytų Prūsija</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of pre-1918 county <a href="/wiki/Nidzica" title="Nidzica">Nidzica</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> and with around 27 thousand inhabitants;<sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as parts of county <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3da" title="Ostróda">Ostróda</a> near <a href="/wiki/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wno" title="Dąbrówno">Dąbrówno</a>, with areas around <a href="/wiki/Groszki,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Groszki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Groszki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubstynek" title="Lubstynek">Lubstynek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napromek" title="Napromek">Napromek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerlin,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Czerlin, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Czerlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewa%C5%82d_Wielki" title="Lewałd Wielki">Lewałd Wielki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grzybiny" title="Grzybiny">Grzybiny</a> and with around 4786 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Too small to form its own voivodeship, this territory was incorporated into the interwar <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>, Sixth Edition (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/East_Prussia.aspx">East Prussia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040755/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/East_Prussia.aspx">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchaitberger" class="citation web cs1">Schaitberger, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exulanten.com/preussen.html">"Ostpreußen: The Great Trek"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303074343/http://www.exulanten.com/preussen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%3A+The+Great+Trek&rft.aulast=Schaitberger&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exulanten.com%2Fpreussen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056977/Old-Prussian-language">Old-Prussian-language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516010757/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056977/Old-Prussian-language">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.): Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=prg">Prussian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=prg">Archived</a> 26 March 2025<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><sup>(Date mismatch)</sup></span><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Timestamp date length)</span> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFtenn@owlnet.rice.edu" class="citation web cs1">tenn@owlnet.rice.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/195/davies2.html">"Sarmatian Review XV.1: Davies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarmatian+Review+XV.1%3A+Davies&rft.au=tenn%40owlnet.rice.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~sarmatia%2F195%2Fdavies2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreas_Kossert_p._342-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andreas_Kossert_p._342_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andreas_Kossert_p._342_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Kossert, <i>Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos</i>, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 342. According to Kossert East Prussia lost about 511,000 out of 2,490,000 inhabitants, thereof 311,000 civilians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGórski1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Górski, Karol (1949). <i>Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych</i> (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. XXXI, <span class="nowrap">XXXVII–</span>XXXVIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zwi%C4%85zek+Pruski+i+poddanie+si%C4%99+Prus+Polsce%3A+zbi%C3%B3r+tekst%C3%B3w+%C5%BAr%C3%B3d%C5%82owych&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=XXXI%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EXXXVII-%3C%2Fspan%3EXXXVIII&rft.pub=Instytut+Zachodni&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3rski&rft.aufirst=Karol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Górski, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Górski, pp. 88–90, 99, 206–207, 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jm-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jm_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jm_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jm_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jm_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMałłek1992" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Małłek, Janusz (1992). "Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701". <i>Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie</i> (in Polish). No. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Komunikaty+Mazursko-Warmi%C5%84skie&rft.atitle=Polityka+miasta+Kr%C3%B3lewca+wobec+Polski+w+latach+1525%E2%80%931701&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%82%C5%82ek&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512210537/https://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=274&chapter=38099&layout=html">"A Treatise on Political Economy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=274&chapter=38099&layout=html">the original</a> on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Political+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_staticxt%26staticfile%3Dshow.php%253Ftitle%3D274%26chapter%3D38099%26layout%3Dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/princip.htm">"LINGUISTIC PRINCIPLES OF THE RECOVERY OF OLD PRUSSIAN"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107204058/http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/princip.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LINGUISTIC+PRINCIPLES+OF+THE+RECOVERY+OF+OLD+PRUSSIAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonelaitis.vdu.lt%2Fprussian%2Fprincip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKętrzyński1882" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_K%C4%99trzy%C5%84ski" title="Wojciech Kętrzyński">Kętrzyński, Wojciech</a> (1882). <i>O ludności polskiej w Prusiech niegdyś krzyżackich</i> (in Polish). Lwów: <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">615–</span>616.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+ludno%C5%9Bci+polskiej+w+Prusiech+niegdy%C5%9B+krzy%C5%BCackich&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E616&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=K%C4%99trzy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCiesielski2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ciesielski, Tomasz (2010). "Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej". In Gieszczyński, Witold; Kasparek, Norbert (eds.). <i>Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków</i> (in Polish). Dąbrówno. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62552-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62552-00-9"><bdi>978-83-62552-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prusy+Wschodnie+w+trakcie+polskiej+wojny+sukcesyjnej+i+wojny+siedmioletniej&rft.btitle=Wielkie+wojny+w+Prusach.+Dzia%C5%82ania+militarne+mi%C4%99dzy+doln%C4%85+Wis%C5%82%C4%85+a+Niemnem+na+przestrzeni+wiek%C3%B3w&rft.place=D%C4%85br%C3%B3wno&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-62552-00-9&rft.aulast=Ciesielski&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis. Piotr Eberhardt,page 166, 2003 M E Sharpe Inc</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gem1900-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gem1900_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?preussen1900.htm">"Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513003529/https://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?preussen1900.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemeindeverzeichnis+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fpreussen1900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUS1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Rocznik_Statystyki_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_-_1920-21.djvu" class="extiw" title="pl:Plik:Rocznik Statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej - 1920-21.djvu">Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1920/21, 1921</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJehke" class="citation web cs1">Jehke, Rolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.territorial.de/ostp/rball.htm">"Rbz. Allenstein: 10.1.1920 Abtretung des Kreises Neidenburg (teilweise) an Polen; 15.8.1920 Abtretung der Landgemeinden Groschken, Groß Lehwalde (teilweise), Klein Lobenstein (teilweise), Gut Nappern und der Gutsbezirke Groß Grieben (teilweise) und Klein Nappern (teilweise) an Polen"</a>. <i>territorial.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004164413/http://www.territorial.de/ostp/rball.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=territorial.de&rft.atitle=Rbz.+Allenstein%3A+10.1.1920+Abtretung+des+Kreises+Neidenburg+%28teilweise%29+an+Polen%3B+15.8.1920+Abtretung+der+Landgemeinden+Groschken%2C+Gro%C3%9F+Lehwalde+%28teilweise%29%2C+Klein+Lobenstein+%28teilweise%29%2C+Gut+Nappern+und+der+Gutsbezirke+Gro%C3%9F+Grieben+%28teilweise%29+und+Klein+Nappern+%28teilweise%29+an+Polen.&rft.aulast=Jehke&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.territorial.de%2Fostp%2Frball.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan2004" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Daniel-Erasmus (2004). <i>Die deutschen Staatsgrenzen</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148403-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148403-7"><bdi>3-16-148403-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutschen+Staatsgrenzen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-16-148403-7&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Daniel-Erasmus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matull, page 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wistrich-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wistrich_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wistrich_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. Wistrich, <i>Who's who in Nazi Germany</i>, 2002, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matull-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matull_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatull1973" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matull, Wilhelm (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/breslau/pdf/a20715/a20715_06.pdf">"Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung: Abriß ihrer Geschichte, Leistung und Opfer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 350. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507154014/http://library.fes.de/breslau/pdf/a20715/a20715_06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostdeutschlands+Arbeiterbewegung%3A+Abri%C3%9F+ihrer+Geschichte%2C+Leistung+und+Opfer&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Holzner+Verlag&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Matull&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fbreslau%2Fpdf%2Fa20715%2Fa20715_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/topicalbumbackground/4374/die_aufrechten_roten_von_koenigsberg.html">Die aufrechten Roten von Königsberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213507/http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/topicalbumbackground/4374/die_aufrechten_roten_von_koenigsberg.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spiegel.de, 28 June 2009 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDan_P._Silverman1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dan P. Silverman (1993). "Fantasy and Reality in Nazi Work-Creation Programs, 1933–1936". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>65</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F244609">10.1086/244609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143888997">143888997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Fantasy+and+Reality+in+Nazi+Work-Creation+Programs%2C+1933%E2%80%931936&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F244609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143888997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Dan+P.+Silverman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200644-45-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze200644-45_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, p. 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steigmann-gall-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steigmann-gall_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steigmann-Gall" title="Richard Steigmann-Gall">Richard Steigmann-Gall</a>, <i>The Holy Reich – Nazi Conceptions of Christianity 1919–1945</i>, 2004, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeumärker2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neumärker, Uwe; et al. 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Links Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-433-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-433-4"><bdi>978-3-86153-433-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Wolfsschanze%22%3A+Hitlers+Machtzentrale+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Ch.+Links+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-86153-433-4&rft.aulast=Neum%C3%A4rker&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szkolnictwo polskie w Niemczech 1919–1939, Henryk Chałupczak Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej,page9 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sa1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Achremczyk: <i>Warmia</i>, Olsztyn 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sa2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Achremczyk: <i>Historia Warmii i Mazur</i>, Olsztyn 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenny2007" class="citation book cs1">Denny, Isabel (2007). <i>The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: The Battle for Königsberg, 1945</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Verwaltungsgeschichte+Preu%C3%9Fen%2C+Provinz+Ostpreu%C3%9Fen+1871+-+1945&rft.aulast=Rademacher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verwaltungsgeschichte.de%2Fp_ostpreussen.html%23einwohnerzahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWyczałkowski1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wyczałkowski, Seweryn (1983). "Kilka danych o nauczaniu w czasie okupacji hitlerowskiej w Płocku 1939–1945". <i>Notatki Płockie</i> (in Polish). <b>28</b> (3 (116)). Towarzystwo Naukowe Płockie: 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notatki+P%C5%82ockie&rft.atitle=Kilka+danych+o+nauczaniu+w+czasie+okupacji+hitlerowskiej+w+P%C5%82ocku+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3+%28116%29&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Wycza%C5%82kowski&rft.aufirst=Seweryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kołakowski, Andrzej (2020). "Zbrodnia bez kary: eksterminacja dzieci polskich w okresie okupacji niemieckiej w latach 1939–1945". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). <i>Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)</i> (in Polish). Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Uniwersytet Jagielloński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Jagiello%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteka Jagiellońska">Biblioteka Jagiellońska</a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zbrodnia+bez+kary%3A+eksterminacja+dzieci+polskich+w+okresie+okupacji+niemieckiej+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Zbrodnia+bez+kary...+Eksterminacja+i+cierpienie+polskich+dzieci+pod+okupacj%C4%85+niemieck%C4%85+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski%2C+Biblioteka+Jagiello%C5%84ska&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). <i>Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">223–</span>236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+rok+1939.+Operacja+niemieckiej+policji+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce.+Intelligenzaktion&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). <i>Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939–1945</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. <span class="nowrap">381–</span>427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-174-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-174-4"><bdi>978-83-8098-174-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wysiedlenia+ludno%C5%9Bci+polskiej+z+okupowanych+ziem+polskich+w%C5%82%C4%85czonych+do+III+Rzeszy+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-83-8098-174-4&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŚwiecik1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Świecik, Józef (1983). "Tragiczne ostatnie dni okupacji niemieckiej w Płocku". <i>Notatki Płockie</i> (in Polish). <b>28</b> (3 (116)). Towarzystwo Naukowe Płockie: 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notatki+P%C5%82ockie&rft.atitle=Tragiczne+ostatnie+dni+okupacji+niemieckiej+w+P%C5%82ocku&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3+%28116%29&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%C5%9Awiecik&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuzewicz2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guzewicz, Wojciech (2008). "Eksterminacja duchowieństwa katolickiego na Suwalszczyźnie w okresie okupacji niemieckiej". <i>Studia Ełckie</i> (in Polish) (10): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+E%C5%82ckie&rft.atitle=Eksterminacja+duchowie%C5%84stwa+katolickiego+na+Suwalszczy%C5%BAnie+w+okresie+okupacji+niemieckiej&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Guzewicz&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMegargeeOvermansVogt2022" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). <i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV</i>. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>213, <span class="nowrap">217–</span>218, 223, <span class="nowrap">387–</span>392, 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1"><bdi>978-0-253-06089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+IV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E213%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E218%2C+223%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E392%2C+509&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-253-06089-1&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Vogt%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bkp-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bkp_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bkp_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoziełło-PoklewskiBadowska1974" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koziełło-Poklewski, Bohdan; Badowska, Stanisława (1974). "Praca przymusowa w Prusach Wschodnich w latach II wojny światowej". <i>Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie</i> (in Polish). No. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Komunikaty+Mazursko-Warmi%C5%84skie&rft.atitle=Praca+przymusowa+w+Prusach+Wschodnich+w+latach+II+wojny+%C5%9Bwiatowej&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Kozie%C5%82%C5%82o-Poklewski&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft.au=Badowska%2C+Stanis%C5%82awa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrzanowski2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chrzanowski, Bogdan (2022). <i>Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945</i> (in Polish). Gdańsk: IPN. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8229-411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8229-411-8"><bdi>978-83-8229-411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polskie+Pa%C5%84stwo+Podziemne+na+Pomorzu+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-83-8229-411-8&rft.aulast=Chrzanowski&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrenda2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brenda, Waldemar (2007). "Pogranicze Prus Wschodnich i Polski w działaniach polskiej konspiracji w latach II wojny światowej". <i>Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie</i> (in Polish) (4): <span class="nowrap">515–</span>517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Komunikaty+Mazursko-Warmi%C5%84skie&rft.atitle=Pogranicze+Prus+Wschodnich+i+Polski+w+dzia%C5%82aniach+polskiej+konspiracji+w+latach+II+wojny+%C5%9Bwiatowej&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E517&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Brenda&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrzanowski" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chrzanowski, Bogdan. "Organizacja sieci przerzutów drogą morską z Polski do Szwecji w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939–1945)". <i>Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum</i> (in Polish). <b>5</b>: 30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5377">0137-5377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stutthof.+Zeszyty+Muzeum&rft.atitle=Organizacja+sieci+przerzut%C3%B3w+drog%C4%85+morsk%C4%85+z+Polski+do+Szwecji+w+latach+okupacji+hitlerowskiej+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=30&rft.issn=0137-5377&rft.aulast=Chrzanowski&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor, Antony, <i>Berlin: The Downfall 1945</i>, Penguin Books (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5">0-670-88695-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapters-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chapters_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor, Antony, <i>Berlin: The Downfall 1945</i>, chapters 1–8, Penguin Books (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5">0-670-88695-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_K._Roberts,_Patricia_Hogwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847790323" title="Special:BookSources/9781847790323"><bdi>9781847790323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+Today+Companion+to+West+European+Politics&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781847790323&rft.au=Geoffrey+K.+Roberts%2C+Patricia+Hogwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ40tDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Stefan_Wandycz1980" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC"><i>The United States and Poland</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674926851" title="Special:BookSources/9780674926851"><bdi>9780674926851</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111155012/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Poland&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780674926851&rft.au=Piotr+Stefan+Wandycz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XaFaNshCrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_A._Bühler1990" class="citation book cs1">Phillip A. Bühler (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riBpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law</i></a>. East European Monographs. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880331746" title="Special:BookSources/9780880331746"><bdi>9780880331746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111154906/https://books.google.com/books?id=riBpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oder-Neisse+Line%3A+a+reappraisal+under+international+law&rft.series=East+European+Monographs&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780880331746&rft.au=Phillip+A.+B%C3%BChler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriBpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Kossert, Damals in Ostpreußen, p. 168, München 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-04366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-04366-5">978-3-421-04366-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ther-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ther_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ther_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ther_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTherSiljak2001" class="citation book cs1">Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Anna (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGmTs2SceAgC&q=masuria"><i>Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948</i></a>. Rowman&Littlefield Publishers. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1094-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1094-8"><bdi>0-7425-1094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redrawing+nations%3A+ethnic+cleansing+in+East-Central+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Rowman%26Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7425-1094-8&rft.aulast=Ther&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Siljak%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGmTs2SceAgC%26q%3Dmasuria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stefanwolff.com/working-papers/EthnicGermansPolandandCzechRepublic.pdf">Ethnic Germans in Poland and the Czech Republic:A Comparative Evaluation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180344/http://www.stefanwolff.com/working-papers/EthnicGermansPolandandCzechRepublic.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen – Geschichte und Mythos, p.352, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-808-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-808-4">3-88680-808-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gugik.gov.pl/komisja/pliki/the_polish_toponymic_guidelines.pdf">The Polish toponymic guidelines</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (p.9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKosiński1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosiński, Leszek (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/33932/WA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf">"Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności Ziem Zachodnich w 1950 r. [Territorial origins of inhabitants of the Western Lands in year 1950]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dokumentacja Geograficzna</i> (in Polish). <b>2</b>. Warsaw: PAN (Polish Academy of Sciences), Institute of Geography: Tabela 1 (data by county). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102195435/https://rcin.org.pl//Content/33932/WA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span> – via Repozytorium Cyfrowe Instytutów Naukowych.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dokumentacja+Geograficzna&rft.atitle=Pochodzenie+terytorialne+ludno%C5%9Bci+Ziem+Zachodnich+w+1950+r.+%5BTerritorial+origins+of+inhabitants+of+the+Western+Lands+in+year+1950%5D&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=Tabela+1+%28data+by+county%29&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kosi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F33932%2FWA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Kossert, Damals in Ostpreußen, pp. 179–183, München 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-04366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-04366-5">978-3-421-04366-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlater1825" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plater, Stanisław (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obc.opole.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=8541"><i>Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych: obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę</i></a> (in Polish). Wrocław: u Wilhelma Bogumiła Korna. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163913/http://obc.opole.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=8541">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jeografia+wschodni%C3%A9y+cz%C4%99%C5%9Bci+Europy+czyli+Opis+kraj%C3%B3w+przez+wielorakie+narody+s%C5%82owia%C5%84skie+zamieszkanych%3A+obejmuj%C4%85cy+Prussy%2C+Xsi%C4%99ztwo+Pozna%C5%84skie%2C+Szl%C4%85sk+Pruski%2C+Gallicy%C4%85%2C+Rzeczpospolit%C4%99+Krakowsk%C4%85%2C+Krolestwo+Polskie+i+Litw%C4%99&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=u+Wilhelma+Bogumi%C5%82a+Korna&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Plater&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobc.opole.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdoccontent%3Fid%3D8541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karl_Andree-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Andree_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndree1831" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andree, Karl (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xgUEAAAAYAAJ"><i>Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht</i></a> (in German). Verlag von Ludwig Schumann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xgUEAAAAYAAJ/page/n227">218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polen%3A+in+geographischer%2C+geschichtlicher+und+culturhistorischer+Hinsicht&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Ludwig+Schumann&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Andree&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_xgUEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassel1823" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hassel, Georg (1823). <i>Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt</i> (in German). Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistischer+Umri%C3%9F+der+s%C3%A4mmtlichen+europ%C3%A4ischen+und+der+vornehmsten+au%C3%9Fereurop%C3%A4ischen+Staaten%2C+in+Hinsicht+ihrer+Entwickelung%2C+Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe%2C+Volksmenge%2C+Finanz-+und+Milit%C3%A4rverfassung%2C+tabellarisch+dargestellt%3B+Erster+Heft%3A+Welcher+die+beiden+gro%C3%9Fen+M%C3%A4chte+%C3%96sterreich+und+Preu%C3%9Fen+und+den+Deutschen+Staatenbund+darstellt&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Verlag+des+Geographischen+Instituts+Weimar&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Hassel&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haxthausen-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haxthausen_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haxthausen_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaxthausen1839" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haxthausen, August (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gsj1FBg0gvUC&pg=PA75"><i>Die Ländliche Verfassung in den Einzelnen Provinzen der Preussischen Monarchie</i></a> (in German). pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+L%C3%A4ndliche+Verfassung+in+den+Einzelnen+Provinzen+der+Preussischen+Monarchie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Haxthausen&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsj1FBg0gvUC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wojnowo.net/wojnowo-history">"Monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God in Wojnowo (Eckersdorf)"</a>. <i>wojnowo.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163954/http://www.wojnowo.net/wojnowo-history">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wojnowo.net&rft.atitle=Monastery+of+the+Dormition+of+the+Mother+of+God+in+Wojnowo+%28Eckersdorf%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wojnowo.net%2Fwojnowo-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTetzner1902" class="citation book cs1">Tetzner, Franz (1902). <i>Die Slawen in Deutschland: beiträge zur volkskunde der Preussen, Litauer und Letten, der Masuren und Philipponen, der Tschechen, Mährer und Sorben, Polaben und Slowinzen, Kaschuben und Polen</i>. Braunschweig: Verlag von F. Vieweg. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Slawen+in+Deutschland%3A+beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+volkskunde+der+Preussen%2C+Litauer+und+Letten%2C+der+Masuren+und+Philipponen%2C+der+Tschechen%2C+M%C3%A4hrer+und+Sorben%2C+Polaben+und+Slowinzen%2C+Kaschuben+und+Polen&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.pub=Verlag+von+F.+Vieweg&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Tetzner&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163909/http://www.inne-jezyki.amu.edu.pl/Frontend/Language/Details/28">"Old Believers in Poland – historical and cultural information"</a>. <i>Poland's Linguistic Heritage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inne-jezyki.amu.edu.pl/Frontend/Language/Details/28">the original</a> on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poland%27s+Linguistic+Heritage&rft.atitle=Old+Believers+in+Poland+%E2%80%93+historical+and+cultural+information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inne-jezyki.amu.edu.pl%2FFrontend%2FLanguage%2FDetails%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1818" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Johann Gottfried (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10001094?page=57"><i>Übersicht der Bodenfläche und Bevölkerung des Preußischen Staates : aus den für das Jahr 1817 mtlich eingezogenen Nachrichten</i></a>. Berlin: Decker. p. 51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032011/https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10001094?page=57">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cbersicht+der+Bodenfl%C3%A4che+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+des+Preu%C3%9Fischen+Staates+%3A+aus+den+f%C3%BCr+das+Jahr+1817+mtlich+eingezogenen+Nachrichten&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Decker&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fen%2Fview%2Fbsb10001094%3Fpage%3D57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelzyt1998" class="citation book cs1">Belzyt, Leszek (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?isbn"><i>Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 – 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar</i></a>. Marburg: Herder-Inst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5"><bdi>978-3-87969-267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachliche+Minderheiten+im+preussischen+Staat%3A+1815+%E2%80%93+1914+%3B+die+preu%C3%9Fische+Sprachenstatistik+in+Bearbeitung+und+Kommentar&rft.place=Marburg&rft.pub=Herder-Inst.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-87969-267-5&rft.aulast=Belzyt&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopacplus.bsb-muenchen.de%2Fsearch%3Fisbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some Prussian provinces the same office continued to be called Landesdirektor also thereafter. Cf. article: "Landesdirektor", in: <i>Der Große Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens in zwanzig Bänden</i>: 21 vols.; Leipzig: Brockhaus, <sup>15</sup>1928–1935; vol. 11 (1932), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KFSWR-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KFSWR_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFSWR_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1933 the DNVP ran under the list KFSWR, also including <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_League" title="Agricultural League">LB</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DVP and DNVP formed the united list called Prussian Block (PB, Preußemblock).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1921 the party was named United Communist Party of Germany, VKPD.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1921 the Landliste (LL, Rural List) gained two seats, in 1926 the LL formed a united list with the WP and the East Prussian Farmers' Federation (OBB), in 1929 they all ran as part of the WP.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Publications in English</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker" title="Baedeker">Baedeker</a>, Karl, <i>Northern Germany</i>, 14th revised edition, London, 1904.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2002). "chapters 1-8". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205201551/http://antonybeevor.com/Berlin/berlinmenu.htm"><i>Berlin: The Downfall 1945</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5"><bdi>0-670-88695-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonybeevor.com/Berlin/berlinmenu.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapters+1-8&rft.btitle=Berlin%3A+The+Downfall+1945&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-670-88695-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antonybeevor.com%2FBerlin%2Fberlinmenu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span> (on the years 1944/45)</li> <li>Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, " Nemesis at Potsdam". London, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4910-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4910-1">0-8032-4910-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Maurice_de_Zayas" title="Alfred-Maurice de Zayas">Alfred-Maurice de Zayas</a>, <i>A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944–1950</i>, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12159-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12159-8">0-312-12159-8</a></li> <li>Carsten, F. L. "East Prussia". <i>History</i> 33#119 (1948), pp. 241–246. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24402359">24402359</a>. Historiography of medieval and early modern period.</li> <li>Dickie, Reverend J.F., with E.Compton, <i>Germany</i>, <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>, London, 1912.</li> <li>Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300166606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300166606">978-0300166606</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke, Heinrich</a>, <i>History of Germany</i> – vol.1: <i>The Wars of Emancipation</i>, (translated by E & C Paul), <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>, London, 1915.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Alexander_Powell" title="E. Alexander Powell">Powell, E. Alexander</a>, <i>Embattled Borders</i>, London, 1928.</li> <li>Prausser, Steffen and Rees, Arfon: The Expulsion of the "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Florence, Italy, European University Institute, 2004.</li> <li>Naimark, Norman: Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Steed, Henry Wickham, <i>Vital Peace – A Study of Risks</i>, Constable & Co., London, 1936.</li> <li>Newman, Bernard, <i>Danger Spots of Europe</i>, London, 1938.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wieck" title="Michael Wieck">Wieck, Michael</a>: <i>A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew"</i>, University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-18544-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-18544-3">0-299-18544-3</a>.</li> <li>Woodward, E.L., Butler, Rohan; Medlicott, W.N., Dakin, Douglas, & Lambert, M.E., et al. (editors), <i>Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939</i>, Three Series, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (<a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>), London, numerous volumes published over 25 years. Cover the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a> including all secret meetings; plebiscites and all other problems in Europe; includes all diplomatic correspondence from all states.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Previté-Orton">Previté-Orton, C.W.</a>, professor, <i>The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1952 (2 volumes).</li> <li>Balfour, Michael, and John Mair, <i>Four-Power Control in Germany and Austria 1945–1946</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kopelev" title="Lev Kopelev">Kopelev, Lev</a>, <i>To Be Preserved Forever</i>, ("Хранить вечно"), 1976.</li> <li>Koch, H.W., professor, <i>A History of Prussia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>, London, 1978/1984, (P/B), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48190-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48190-2">0-582-48190-2</a></li> <li>Koch, H.W., professor, <i>A Constitutional History of Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i>, <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>, London, 1984, (P/B), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49182-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49182-7">0-582-49182-7</a></li> <li>MacDonogh, Giles, <i>Prussia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair-Stevenson" title="Sinclair-Stevenson">Sinclair-Stevenson</a>, London, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85619-267-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85619-267-9">1-85619-267-9</a></li> <li>Nitsch, Gunter, <i>Weeds Like Us</i>, AuthorHouse, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-6755-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-6755-0">978-1-4259-6755-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenny2007" class="citation book cs1">Denny, Isabel (2007). <i>The fall of Hitler's fortress city : the battle of Konigsberg, 1945</i>. Havertown, Penn.: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-058-9"><bdi>978-1-61200-058-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/783289112">783289112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+Hitler%27s+fortress+city+%3A+the+battle+of+Konigsberg%2C+1945&rft.place=Havertown%2C+Penn.&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F783289112&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-058-9&rft.aulast=Denny&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTooze2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2006). <i>The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03826-8"><bdi>978-0-670-03826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03826-8&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications in German</dt></dl> <ul><li>B. Schumacher: <i>Geschichte Ost- und Westpreussens</i>, Würzburg 1959</li> <li>Boockmann, Hartmut: <i>Ostpreußen und Westpreußen</i> (= Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas). Siedler, Berlin 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-212-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-212-4">3-88680-212-4</a></li> <li>Buxa, Werner and Hans-Ulrich Stamm: <i>Bilder aus Ostpreußen</i></li> <li>Dönhoff, Marion Gräfin v. : <i>Namen die keiner mehr nennt – Ostpreußen, Menschen und Geschichte</i></li> <li>Dönhoff, Marion Gräfin v.: <i>Kindheit in Ostpreussen</i></li> <li>Falk, Lucy: <i>Ich Blieb in Königsberg. Tagebuchblätter aus dunklen Nachkriegsjahren</i></li> <li>Kibelka, Ruth: <i>Ostpreußens Schicksaljahre, 1945–1948</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernd1998" class="citation book cs1">Bernd, Martin (1998). <i>Masuren, Mythos und Geschichte</i>. Karlsruhe: Evangelische Akademie Baden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85135-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-85135-93-6"><bdi>83-85135-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masuren%2C+Mythos+und+Geschichte&rft.place=Karlsruhe&rft.pub=Evangelische+Akademie+Baden&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=83-85135-93-6&rft.aulast=Bernd&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nitsch, Gunter: "Eine lange Flucht aus Ostpreußen", Ellert & Richter Verlag, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8319-0438-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8319-0438-9">978-3-8319-0438-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wieck" title="Michael Wieck">Wieck, Michael</a>: <i>Zeugnis vom Untergang Königsbergs: Ein "Geltungsjude" berichtet,</i> Heidelberger Verlaganstalt, 1990, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89426-059-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89426-059-9">3-89426-059-9</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications in French</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beno%C3%AEt_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Benoît (novelist)">Pierre Benoît</a>, <i>Axelle</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Blond" title="Georges Blond">Georges Blond</a>, <i>L'Agonie de l'Allemagne</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Tournier" title="Michel Tournier">Michel Tournier</a>, <i>Le Roi des aulnes</i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications in Polish</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFK._Piwarski1946" class="citation book cs1">K. Piwarski (1946). <i>Dzieje Prus Wschodnich w czasach nowożytnych</i>. Gdańsk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Prus+Wschodnich+w+czasach+nowo%C5%BCytnych&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.date=1946&rft.au=K.+Piwarski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Labuda1969–2003" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Labuda, ed. (1969–2003). <i>"Historia Pomorza", vol. I–IV</i>. Poznań.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Historia+Pomorza%22%2C+vol.+I%26ndash%3BIV&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.date=1969%2F2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFcollective_work1958–1961" class="citation book cs1">collective work (1958–1961). <i>"Szkice z dziejów Pomorza", vol. 1–3</i>. Warszawa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Szkice+z+dziej%C3%B3w+Pomorza%22%2C+vol.+1%26ndash%3B3&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.date=1958%2F1961&rft.au=collective+work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Kossert2009" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Kossert (2009). <i>PRUSY WSCHODNIE, Historia i mit</i>. Warszawa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7383-354-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7383-354-8"><bdi>978-83-7383-354-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PRUSY+WSCHODNIE%2C+Historia+i+mit&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-7383-354-8&rft.au=Andreas+Kossert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebenrode.info/?page=gallery">Pictures of East Prussia</a> Large archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nduuOHX8Nl8C&pg=PA230&dq=mitbelehnung+preussen#PPA230,M1">Brandenburg Prince-Electors co-inheritors 1568, co-regent 1577</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104213706/http://users.foxvalley.net/~goertz/faqopr.html">East Prussia FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.many-roads.com/libraries/prussia-histories/">Extensive East & West Prussian Historical Materials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914082324/http://www.many-roads.com/libraries/prussia-histories/">Archived</a> 14 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105163554/http://www.progenealogists.com/germany/prussia/index.html">East and West Prussia Gazetteer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527063944/http://www.provinz-ostpreussen.de/home/index.html">Provinz Ostpreußen</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostpreussen.net/">Ostpreußen.net</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostpreussen-info.de/">Ostpreußen Info – East Prussia Information</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152747/http://www.ordensland.de/">East- and West Prussia in Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027053810/http://www.milovsky-gallery.albertina.ru/"><i>Spuren der Vergangenheit / Следы Пρошлого</i> (Traces of the past)</a> This site by W.A. Milowskij, a Kaliningrad resident, contains hundreds of interesting photos, often with text explanations, of architectural and infrastructural artifacts of the territory's long German past <span class="languageicon">(in German and Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/provinz_ostpreussen.htm">German Empire: Province of East Prussia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/East Prussia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/East_Prussia">"East Prussia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Prussia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031793/East-Prussia">Britannica 2007 article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jugendzeit-ostpreussen.de/konzept_en.html">Growing up in East Prussia</a> An oral history project, documenting the German history of East Prussia with memories and reports by contemporary witnesses <span class="languageicon">(in German and Polish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909053125/http://www.many-roads.com/galleries/Cartographic%20Documents/Historical%20Germany/Historical%20West%20and%20East%20Prussian%20Maps">East & West Prussia Map Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mennonitegenealogy.com/prussia/maps/eastprus.gif">Historical borders of East Prussia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Prussia&params=54.71_N_20.51_E_&title=K%C3%B6nigsberg+Castle"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°43′N</span> <span class="longitude">20°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.71°N 20.51°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.71; 20.51</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Königsberg Castle</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)793" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)793" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" title="Brandenburg–Prussia">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1707)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1719)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1744)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of<br />Vienna</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1814–1848)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1822)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1824–1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1850)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms<br />after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1944)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Template:Kaliningrad Oblast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Template talk:Kaliningrad Oblast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kaliningrad Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast">Administrative divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="List of rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationovsky_District" title="Bagrationovsky District">Bagrationovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltiysky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Baltiysky District, Kaliningrad Oblast">Baltiysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsky_District" title="Chernyakhovsky District">Chernyakhovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guryevsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast">Guryevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusevsky_District" title="Gusevsky District">Gusevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvardeysky_District" title="Gvardeysky District">Gvardeysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoznamensky_District" title="Krasnoznamensky District">Krasnoznamensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemansky_District" title="Nemansky District">Nemansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesterovsky_District" title="Nesterovsky District">Nesterovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozyorsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast">Ozyorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polessky_District" title="Polessky District">Polessky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravdinsky_District" title="Pravdinsky District">Pravdinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavsky_District" title="Slavsky District">Slavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlogorsky_District" title="Svetlogorsky District">Svetlogorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenogradsky_District" title="Zelenogradsky District">Zelenogradsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationovsk" title="Bagrationovsk">Bagrationovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Chernyakhovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guryevsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Guryevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusev,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast">Gusev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvardeysk" title="Gvardeysk">Gvardeysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoznamensk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Krasnoznamensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladushkin" title="Ladushkin">Ladushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamonovo" title="Mamonovo">Mamonovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman,_Russia" title="Neman, Russia">Neman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesterov" title="Nesterov">Nesterov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Ozyorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionersky,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast">Pionersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polessk" title="Polessk">Polessk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravdinsk" title="Pravdinsk">Pravdinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavsk" title="Slavsk">Slavsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Sovetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlogorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Svetlogorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetly,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast">Svetly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenogradsk" title="Zelenogradsk">Zelenogradsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a> of<br />oblast significance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yantarny,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Yantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast">Yantarny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban-type settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheleznodorozhny,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Zheleznodorozhny, Kaliningrad Oblast">Zheleznodorozhny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1780" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103801#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124921115">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/248978647">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075754-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="East Prussia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81126894">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prussia, East (Poland and Russia)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85108096">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119521192">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119521192">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an51890884">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prusko Východní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130538&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537445005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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