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Does GitHub Copilot improve code quality? Here’s what the data says - The GitHub Blog
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card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://docs.github.com/en/get-started" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">Get started with GitHub documentation</a><p 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</li> <li id="menu-item-78868" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/how-we-use-github-to-be-more-productive-collaborative-and-secure/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">How we use GitHub to be more productive, collaborative, and secure</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Our engineering and security teams do some incredible work. Let’s take a look at how we use GitHub to be more productive, build collaboratively, and shift security left.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78832"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78832-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Enterprise software<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="Enterprise software sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78832-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78869" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">Enterprise software<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Explore how to write, build, and deploy enterprise software at scale.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="Enterprise software sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78833" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/automation/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Automation</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Automating your way to faster and more secure ships.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78834" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/ci-cd/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">CI/CD</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Guides on continuous integration and delivery.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78835" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a 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https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.43.47 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://resources.github.com/artificial-intelligence/how-enterprise-engineering-teams-can-successfully-adopt-ai/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">How enterprise engineering teams can successfully adopt AI</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to bring AI to your engineering teams and maximize the value that you get from it.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78840"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" 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Here’s what the data says</h1> <div class="f4-mktg"> <p>Findings in our latest study show that the quality of code written with GitHub Copilot is significantly more functional, readable, reliable, maintainable, and concise. </p> </div> </div> <div class="offset-lg-1 col-lg-10"> <div class="position-relative overflow-hidden rounded-2 z-1"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="1032" height="548" class=" d-block width-full height-auto" role="presentation"></svg> <img width="1200" height="630" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Header.png?resize=1200%2C630" class="d-block cover-image wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Header.png?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Header.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Header.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Header.png?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="position-absolute bottom-0 width-full" style="background:#fff; height:80px;"></div> </header> <section class="container-xl mx-auto p-responsive-blog mt-4"> <div class="gutter-spacious"> <div class="col-12 offset-lg-1 col-lg-10"> <div class="d-lg-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <div class="mb-4 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mb-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/jaredsb/" title="Posts by Jared Bauer" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Jared Bauer</a><span class="mx-2">·</span><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jaredsb" class="Link--primary" aria-label="GitHub profile of jaredsb">@jaredsb</a> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light_tritanopia" class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row text-mono color-fg-muted"> <time datetime="2024-11-18" class="d-block"> November 18, 2024 </time> <span class="d-none d-md-block mx-3">|</span> <time datetime="2024-11-19" class="d-block mt-1 mt-md-0"> Updated November 19, 2024 </time> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mt-2 mt-md-0"> <span class="d-none d-md-block mx-3">|</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="mr-2"> <path fill="currentcolor" d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm7-3.25v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> 8 minutes </div> </div> </div> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-items-center"> <li> <span class="text-semibold"> Share: </span> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://x.com/share?text=Does%20GitHub%20Copilot%20improve%20code%20quality%3F%20Here%E2%80%99s%20what%20the%20data%20says&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fnews-insights%2Fresearch%2Fdoes-github-copilot-improve-code-quality-heres-what-the-data-says%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on X"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?t=Does%20GitHub%20Copilot%20improve%20code%20quality%3F%20Here%E2%80%99s%20what%20the%20data%20says&u=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fnews-insights%2Fresearch%2Fdoes-github-copilot-improve-code-quality-heres-what-the-data-says%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on Facebook"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15.3 15.4" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M14.5 0H.8a.88.88 0 0 0-.8.9v13.6a.88.88 0 0 0 .8.9h7.3v-6h-2V7.1h2V5.4a2.87 2.87 0 0 1 2.5-3.1h.5a10.87 10.87 0 0 1 1.8.1v2.1h-1.3c-1 0-1.1.5-1.1 1.1v1.5h2.3l-.3 2.3h-2v5.9h3.9a.88.88 0 0 0 .9-.8V.8a.86.86 0 0 0-.8-.8z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?title=Does%20GitHub%20Copilot%20improve%20code%20quality%3F%20Here%E2%80%99s%20what%20the%20data%20says&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fnews-insights%2Fresearch%2Fdoes-github-copilot-improve-code-quality-heres-what-the-data-says%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on LinkedIn"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 18" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M3.94 2A2 2 0 1 1 2 0a2 2 0 0 1 1.94 2zM4 5.48H0V18h4zm6.32 0H6.34V18h3.94v-6.57c0-3.66 4.77-4 4.77 0V18H19v-7.93c0-6.17-7.06-5.94-8.72-2.91z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="indigo-separator mt-4"></div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="container-xl mx-auto p-responsive-blog mt-4 mt-md-7 mb-7 mb-md-9"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-center gutter-spacious"> <section class="col-12 col-md-8 col-lg-7 post__content post-81151 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-news-insights category-research tag-code-quality tag-github-copilot"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>AI has fundamentally changed software development in the two years since <a href="https://github.com/features/copilot">GitHub Copilot</a> was released to the public. In that time, GitHub Copilot has <a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-developer-productivity-and-happiness/">helped developers code up to 55% faster</a>. <a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/research-quantifying-github-copilots-impact-on-code-quality/">Prior research</a> also showed that 85% of developers felt more confident in their code and 88% felt more in the flow using GitHub Copilot.</p> <p>But the question remains: is the quality of code written using GitHub Copilot objectively better or worse?</p> <p>To answer this, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to understand how <strong>functional, readable, reliable, maintainable, concise</strong>, and <strong>likely to be approved</strong> code authored using GitHub Copilot is.</p> <p>In the study, we recruited 202 developers with at least five years of experience. Half were randomly assigned GitHub Copilot access and the other half were instructed not to use any AI tools. The participants were all asked to complete a coding task writing API endpoints for a web server. We then evaluated the code with unit tests and with an expert review conducted by developers.</p> <p><strong>Our findings overall show that code authored with GitHub Copilot has increased functionality and improved readability, is of better quality, and receives higher approval rates.</strong></p> <aside class="p-4 p-md-6 post-aside--large"><p class="h5-mktg gh-aside-title">Key findings from this study:</p><ol> <li><strong>Increased functionality:</strong> developers with GitHub Copilot access had a 56% greater likelihood of passing all 10 unit tests in the study, indicating that GitHub Copilot helps developers write more functional code by a wide margin.</li> <li><strong>Improved readability: </strong>in blind reviews, code written with GitHub Copilot had significantly fewer code readability errors, allowing developers to write 13.6% more lines of code, on average, without encountering readability problems.</li> <li><strong>Overall better quality code:</strong> readability improved by 3.62%, reliability by 2.94%, maintainability by 2.47%, and conciseness by 4.16%. All numbers were statistically significant. These quality improvements were consistent with those found in the <a href="https://dora.dev/research/2024/">2024 DORA Report</a>.</li> <li><strong>Higher approval rates:</strong> developers were 5% more likely to approve code written with GitHub Copilot, meaning that such code is ready to be merged sooner, speeding up the time to fix bugs or deploy new features.</li> </ol> </aside> </p><p>Here’s a deep dive into what we found:</p> <h2 id="code-written-using-github-copilot-was-more-functional" id="code-written-using-github-copilot-was-more-functional" >Code written using GitHub Copilot was more functional<a href="#code-written-using-github-copilot-was-more-functional" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Code written using GitHub Copilot was more functional"></a></h2> <p>If code doesn’t work, it’s impossible to say it’s high quality. So, we looked at <strong>functionality</strong> and measured it by analyzing how many unit tests the code passed. We found that code authored using GitHub Copilot passed significantly more tests (p=0.002). <strong>In fact, the developers with GitHub Copilot access had a 56% greater likelihood to pass all 10 unit tests in the study</strong> (p=0.04). This means that using GitHub Copilot helps developers write code that is more functional by a wide margin.</p> <p class="has-image"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-81154 width-fit" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630.png?w=1024&resize=1024%2C538" alt="Graph indicating percentage that passed all unit tests using and not using GitHub Copilot." width="1024" height="538" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630.png?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630.png?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></p> <h2 id="developers-found-code-written-using-github-copilot-easier-to-read" id="developers-found-code-written-using-github-copilot-easier-to-read" >Developers found code written using GitHub Copilot easier to read<a href="#developers-found-code-written-using-github-copilot-easier-to-read" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Developers found code written using GitHub Copilot easier to read"></a></h2> <p>The 25 developers who authored code that passed all 10 unit tests from the first phase of the study were randomly assigned to do a blind review of the anonymized submissions, both those written with and without GitHub Copilot. What the reviewers found was that code authored using GitHub Copilot had fewer code readability errors.</p> <p>Our analysis of the developers’ line-by-line code review showed that code written using GitHub Copilot had significantly fewer code errors: developers using GitHub Copilot wrote 18.2 lines of code per code error, but only 16.0 without. That equals 13.6% more lines of code with GitHub Copilot on average without a code error (p=0.002). This can translate into real-time savings, as each of these code errors require action from a developer. For example, without using GitHub Copilot, teams may face up to 13% more comments or suggestions to address, which accumulates over time.</p> <div class="content-table-wrap"><table> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th><strong>Mean # of code errors</strong></th> <th><strong>Mean lines of code</strong></th> <th><strong>Avg lines of code per code error</strong></th> <th><strong>% difference</strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Using GitHub Copilot</strong></td> <td>4.63</td> <td>84.3</td> <td>18.2</td> <td>13.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Not using GitHub Copilot</strong></td> <td>5.35</td> <td>85.7</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>-11.9%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <p class="has-image"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-81159 width-fit" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-3.png?w=1024&resize=1024%2C538" alt="Graph indicating the lines of code authored per code error found using and not using GitHub Copilot." width="1024" height="538" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-3.png?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-3.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-3.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-3.png?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></p> <p>Furthermore, the differences developers found weren’t limited to the errors per line of code. They also rated the code authored using GitHub Copilot as more <strong>readable</strong>, <strong>reliable</strong>, <strong>maintainable,</strong> and <strong>concise by 1-3%</strong> (p=0.003, p=0.01, p=0.041, p=0.002, respectively). While these differences were small, they were statistically significant and do contribute to a better codebase.</p> <div class="content-table-wrap"><table> <thead> <tr> <th><strong>Dependent Variable</strong></th> <th><strong>Mean difference</strong></th> <th><strong>P-value</strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Readable</strong></td> <td>3.62%</td> <td>0.003</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Reliable</strong></td> <td>2.94%</td> <td>0.01</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Maintainable</strong></td> <td>2.47%</td> <td>0.041</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Concise</strong></td> <td>4.16%</td> <td>0.002</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <p class="has-image"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-81162 width-fit" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-2.png?w=1024&resize=1024%2C538" alt="Graph indicating the code submission ratings for readability, reliability, maintainability, and conciseness." width="1024" height="538" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-2.png?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-2.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-2.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy-2.png?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></p> <h2 id="code-authored-using-github-copilot-was-more-likely-to-be-approved" id="code-authored-using-github-copilot-was-more-likely-to-be-approved" >Code authored using GitHub Copilot was more likely to be approved<a href="#code-authored-using-github-copilot-was-more-likely-to-be-approved" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Code authored using GitHub Copilot was more likely to be approved"></a></h2> <p>Finally, we found that developers were 5% more likely to approve code authored using GitHub Copilot, too (p=0.014). In real-world settings, this means that developers using GitHub Copilot write code that’s ready to be merged sooner, which will speed up the time to fix bugs or deploy new features.</p> <p class="has-image"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-81163 width-fit" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy.png?w=1024&resize=1024%2C538" alt="Graph indicating the percent of code submissions approved when authored using and not using GitHub Copilot." width="1024" height="538" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy.png?w=1200 1200w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1200x630-copy.png?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></p> <h2 id="the-bottom-line" id="the-bottom-line" >The bottom line<a href="#the-bottom-line" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="The bottom line"></a></h2> <p>So, what do these findings say about how GitHub Copilot improves code quality? While the number of commits and lines of code changed was significantly higher for the GitHub Copilot group, the average commit size was slightly smaller. This suggests that GitHub Copilot enabled developers to iterate on the code to improve its quality. Our hypothesis is that because developers spent less time making their code functional, they were able to focus more on refining its quality. This aligns with our previous findings that developers felt more confident using GitHub Copilot. It also demonstrates that with the greater confidence GitHub Copilot gave them, they were likely empowered to iterate without the fear of causing errors in the code.</p> <p>As the first controlled study to examine GitHub Copilot’s impact on code quality, it shows that GitHub Copilot aids in writing high quality code. We hypothesize that other studies might not have found an improvement in code quality with GitHub Copilot, not because of the tool itself, but because developers may have lacked the opportunity or incentive to focus on quality. This data builds on our previous research indicating that GitHub Copilot is a powerful product that helps developers code quicker and increase job satisfaction, as well as empowers teams to move fast and supercharge their creativity and innovation.</p> <p>Here, in the GitHub Customer Research team, we’re constantly conducting new research on the efficacy of our products as we work to be the home of 1 billion developers—so, stay tuned for more insights and developments in the near future.</p> <hr> <h3 id="methodology" id="methodology" >Methodology<a href="#methodology" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Methodology"></a></h3> <p>In the first phase of the study, we recruited 243 developers with at least five years of Python experience. They were randomly assigned to either use GitHub Copilot or not. Each group completed a coding exercise for a web server of fictional restaurant reviews, with 10 unit tests to assess functionality. We received valid submissions from 202 developers: 104 with GitHub Copilot and 98 without.</p> <p>In the second phase, developers were randomly assigned submissions to review using a provided rubric. They were blind to whether the code was authored with GitHub Copilot. Each submission was reviewed by at least 10 different participants, resulting in 1,293 reviews. The developers used the rubric to provide a line-by-line review that focused on identifying code errors. They also provided an overall evaluation of the submission for <strong>readability, reliability, maintainability, and conciseness,</strong> and if the submission should be <strong>approved.</strong> For additional questions about the methodology, please reach out to <a href="mailto:press@github.com">press@github.com</a></p> <h4 id="how-do-we-define-a-code-error" id="how-do-we-define-a-code-error" >How do we define a code error?<a href="#how-do-we-define-a-code-error" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="How do we define a code error?"></a></h4> <p>In this study, we defined code errors as any code that reduces the ability for the code to be easily understood. This did not include functional errors that would prevent the code from operating as intended, but instead errors that represent poor coding practices. These code errors were derived from academic literature on code readability<sup id="fnref-81151-1"><a href="#fn-81151-1" class="jetpack-footnote" title="Read footnote.">1</a></sup> and code complexity<sup id="fnref-81151-2"><a href="#fn-81151-2" class="jetpack-footnote" title="Read footnote.">2</a></sup>. The code errors were used in the rubric provided during the code review. They included: inconsistent naming, unclear identifiers, excessive line length, excessive whitespace, missing documentation, repeated code, excessive branching or loop depth, insufficient separation of functionality, and variable complexity.</p> <p><em><strong>Acknowledgments:</strong> we’d like to thank Lizzie Redford, Ph.D. and <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/sidpeng/">Sida Peng, Ph.D.</a> for their support on the study design and statistical analysis of this research.</em></p> <div class="post-content-cta"><p><strong>Ready to build high-quality code quickly?</strong><br /> <a href="https://github.com/features/copilot">Get started with GitHub Copilot ></a></p> </div> <p><!-- Footnotes themselves at the bottom. --></p> <h4 id="notes" id="notes" >Notes<a href="#notes" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Notes"></a></h4> <div class="footnotes"> <hr> <ol> <li id="fn-81151-1"> Raymond P.L. Buse and Westley R. Weimer. 2008. A metric for software readability. In Proceedings of the 2008 international symposium on Software testing and analysis (ISSTA ’08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1145/1390630.1390647 <a href="#fnref-81151-1" title="Return to main content.">↩</a> </li> <li id="fn-81151-2"> D. Beyer and A. Fararooy, “A Simple and Effective Measure for Complex Low-Level Dependencies,” 2010 IEEE 18th International Conference on Program Comprehension, Braga, Portugal, 2010, pp. 80-83, doi: 10.1109/ICPC.2010.49.<br> keywords: {Software measurement;Lab-on-a-chip;Size measurement;Length measurement;Application software;Software systems;Frequency;Stability;Guidelines;Program processors;Software Measure;Dependency Analysis;Refactoring;Program Understanding}, <a href="#fnref-81151-2" title="Return to main content.">↩</a> </li> </ol> </div> </body></html> <section class="my-6 my-md-8 mt-md-0"> <hr class="post-tags-separator border-0 mt-0 mb-2" /> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <h2 class="text-mono f4-mktg py-1 mr-3">Tags:</h2> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap px-0 my-0 list-style-none post-tags"> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/code-quality/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> code quality </a> </li> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/github-copilot/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> GitHub Copilot </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mt-8 mb-8 mb-md-0"> <h2 class="h5-mktg"> Written by </h2> <div class="gradient-separator mt-3 mb-4"></div> <article class="author-bio mb-5 mb-md-4"> <div class="author-bio__content"> <div class="author-bio__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5274164?v=4&s=200" width="120" height="120" media="(min-width: 768px)" /> <img class="d-block circle" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5274164?v=4&s=200" alt="Jared Bauer" width="80" height="80" loading="lazy" decoding="async" > </picture> </div> <header class="author-bio__header"> <h3 class="f3-mktg text-bold mb-1"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/jaredsb/" class="Link--primary color-fg-default">Jared Bauer</a> </h3> <p class="mb-0 f4 lh-condensed"> <a href="https://github.com/jaredsb" target="_blank">@jaredsb</a> </p> </header> <div class="author-bio__bio f4 lh-default"> <p>Staff Researcher, GitHub</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside id="sidebar" class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3 post__sidebar" aria-label="Sidebar"> <section aria-label="Tags"> <ul class="d-none d-md-flex flex-items-start flex-wrap list-style-none mt-4 mt-md-0 mb-6 mb-md-8 post-tags"> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/code-quality/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> code quality </a> </li> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/github-copilot/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> GitHub Copilot </a> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="position-sticky top-md-scroll"> <div class="d-none d-md-block"> <nav aria-labelledby="table-of-contents-title" class="mb-8 table-of-contents"> <h2 id="table-of-contents-title" class="h5-mktg aside-heading pb-3 border-bottom color-border-muted mb-3">Table of Contents</h2> <ul class="list-style-none table-of-contents"> <li class="position-relative mt-2"> <a class="d-block f5-mktg text-semibold Link--primary px-3 py-2 rounded-3" href="#code-written-using-github-copilot-was-more-functional"> <div class="mb-2px">Code written using GitHub Copilot was more functional</div> </a> </li> <li class="position-relative mt-2"> <a class="d-block f5-mktg text-semibold Link--primary px-3 py-2 rounded-3" href="#developers-found-code-written-using-github-copilot-easier-to-read"> <div class="mb-2px">Developers found code written using GitHub Copilot easier to read</div> </a> </li> <li class="position-relative mt-2"> <a class="d-block f5-mktg text-semibold Link--primary px-3 py-2 rounded-3" href="#code-authored-using-github-copilot-was-more-likely-to-be-approved"> <div class="mb-2px">Code authored using GitHub Copilot was more likely to be approved</div> </a> </li> <li class="position-relative mt-2"> <a 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