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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political ideology related to the Igbo people</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Igbo_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Igbo nationalism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Igbo+nationalism%22">"Igbo nationalism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Igbo+nationalism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Igbo+nationalism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Igbo+nationalism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Igbo+nationalism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Igbo+nationalism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Biafra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/220px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/330px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/440px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">flag of Biafra</a> (1967–1970) is sometimes associated with contemporary Igbo nationalism.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Igbo nationalism</b> is a range of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalist</a> ideologies relating to the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term is defined as seeking Igbo <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> by some, others argue that it refers to the preservation and revival of <a href="/wiki/Igbo_culture" title="Igbo culture">Igbo culture</a> and, for others, the development of <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> stemming from the philosophy, <i>Aku luo uno</i>, which means "wealth builds the home".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-determination">Self-determination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Self-determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial">Colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> were united into the framework of what is currently known as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the process of integration, Igbo sovereignty was limited and often frustrated by the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">British colonial power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the practice of colonialism faded in popularity, Igbo intellectuals led the charge in the formation of political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first national party, which was the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">National Council of Nigerians and Cameroon (NCNC)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harnischfeger_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnischfeger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded in 1944 and led by journalist and future president <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A man of Igbo descent, Azikiwe was received as a distinctly Igbo figure as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanist</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian nationalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the activities of the NCNC represented the emergence of organized Igbo nationalism a means through which Igbo political interests could be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, the Igbo Federal Union (IFU), which was established in 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aligned with the NCNC in order to further extend the reach of the NCNC freedom charter and to delineate a formal agenda across various Igbo organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Igbo Federal Union became the Igbo State Union (ISU) through this merger.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the formation of an independent state was not mentioned in this charter, Igbo political elites utilized this structure to assert their interests in a highly regionalized struggle for <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Independence">Nigerian independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial">Post-colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Independence">independence movement in Nigeria in 1960</a>, the nation remained highly divided across <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="List of ethnic groups in Nigeria">ethnic and regional lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> that took place in the northern and western regions of the nation, many Igbo people fled their ancestral homes in other regions for refuge in the eastern, largely Igbo region of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this context of insecurity, the eastern region demanded more autonomy within the broader federal system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern region under military governor <a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a> engaged in negotiations with the nation's military government under <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Major General Yakubu Gowon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through these negotiations, which were delineated in the <a href="/wiki/Aburi_Accord" title="Aburi Accord">Aburi Accord</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both parties suffered from a difference in interpretation regarding whether the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal military government</a> had transitioned to a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederal military government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these policies were not instituted, Ojukwu declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Nigeria">Federal Republic of Nigeria</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> that lasted from 1967 till 1970 and ended in the dissolution of the attempted republic. (See: <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Igbo people in the present day have noted and lamented the exclusion and marginalization of Igbo politicians from high political office following the aftermath of the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the last Igbo head of state was <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Major General Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi Ironsi</a>, the military head of state appointed following the <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">1966 coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, military and political appointments transpiring from 1979 to 2013 have largely overlooked Igbo candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of this issue and others, several contemporary Igbo nationalist groups have emerged, offering differing visions of Igbo political autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)</a> argue for the revitalization of the <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> project, or a sovereign Igbo state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to the largely military strategy of the previous era of Igbo nationalism, the group relies on non-violent tactics in its political strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Harnischfeger_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnischfeger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_nationalism_in_Sweden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Igbo_nationalism_in_Sweden.png/220px-Igbo_nationalism_in_Sweden.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Igbo_nationalism_in_Sweden.png/330px-Igbo_nationalism_in_Sweden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Igbo_nationalism_in_Sweden.png/440px-Igbo_nationalism_in_Sweden.png 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>A 2015 Igbo nationalist demonstration in Sweden</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_and_revival_of_Igbo_culture">Preservation and revival of Igbo culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preservation and revival of Igbo culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_2">Colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Via the <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide-and-rule</a> policies embarked upon by Great Britain in its colonization of what is now known as Nigeria, the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">ethnic groups</a> that occupied the territory were purposefully separated and differentiated.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the cultural, social, and economic characteristics that distinguished each of the major groups played an important role in public spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_State_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbo State Union (page does not exist)">Igbo State Union</a> (formerly the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_Federal_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbo Federal Union (page does not exist)">Igbo Federal Union</a>) constituted a <a href="/wiki/Sociopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopolitical">sociopolitical</a> union that helped solidify an Igbo <a href="/wiki/National_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="National consciousness">national consciousness</a> amidst the political background of colonialism and budding nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late colonial period that followed <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial</a> government's approach shifted from administrative to <a href="/wiki/Developmentalism" title="Developmentalism">developmentalist</a>; thus, civil society groups such as the Igbo State Union became increasingly important for the provision of socio-political and economic advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namely, it enabled the Igbo people to send larger numbers of their children to school via communal association as opposed to the individual achievements or parents.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_2">Post-colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo Pogrom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">civil war</a> that followed constituted large threats to the preservation of Igbo culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political stability in a newly independent Nigeria— that is, the duration of the First Nigerian Republic— was short lived.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crises such as the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetie" title="Operation Wetie">Western Region Crisis of 1962</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Census_crisis_of_1963&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Census crisis of 1963 (page does not exist)">census crisis of 1963</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1964_Nigerian_general_election" title="1964 Nigerian general election">election crisis of 1964-1965</a> signaled lack of national unity due to interethnic strife.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1964, a small group of majors in the military—mostly Igbo people—began to plot a military coup in 1964 due to their dissatisfaction with the corrupt practices of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event came to fruition on January 15, 1966, when <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Ifeajuna" title="Emmanuel Ifeajuna">Major Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Onwuatuegwu" title="Timothy Onwuatuegwu">Major Timothy Onwuatuegwu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Anuforo" title="Chris Anuforo">Major Christian Anuforo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Okafor" title="Don Okafor">Major Donatus Okafor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Chukwuka" title="Humphrey Chukwuka">Major Humphrey Chukwuka</a> overthrew the government under <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a> and declared martial law over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup resulted in the deaths of federal officials and political figures such as Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Premier Ahmadu Bello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Major General Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi Ironsi</a> emerged as the head of state under the military government. Because the majority of targets in the coup were <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Fulani" title="Hausa–Fulani">Hausa-Fulani</a> and the leader installed as a result of these events was also Igbo, the coup was characterized as an attempt by the Igbos to seize control of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence against Igbos began to ensue in the north and spread to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only five months after the original coup, a <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup">counter-coup</a> ensued which resulted in the death of Ironsi and the installation of <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Major General Yakubu Gowon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Igbo violence was not curbed after this transition of power, and Igbo people began to flee to the Eastern region in large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Aburi_Accord" title="Aburi Accord">Aburi Accord</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a> declared the Eastern Region independent for the protection of the lives and interests of the Igbo people.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following Nigerian Civil War began as a police action by Gowon's government to reclaim the area and quickly devolved into a gruesome, large-scale war.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_2">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the civil war conflict resulting in the destruction of the eastern region and the death of millions of Biafrans through military engagements, acts of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, and starvation, the nationalist movement for the creation of a Biafran state did not reemerge in full-force until 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Igbo political elite such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Uwazuruike" title="Ralph Uwazuruike">Chief Ralph Uwazuruike</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a> to revitalize Igbo nationalist sentiments based on conceptions of continued injustices against Igbo people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary reanimation of Igbo nationalism also references the killing of Igbo people by <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram</a> in northern Nigeria as a reason for the reinstitution of the social movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MASSOB (which has headquarters across the east and embassies internationally) has been able to leverage the development of an Igbo national consciousness for the promulgation of Biafran ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MASSOB has rallied supporters in the southeast and abroad to observe Biafran Day in commemoration of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act, which occurred in 2004 and 2013, contributed to the closure of major shops, banks, and other businesses in eastern states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have contributed to the hoisting of Biafra flags in <a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_Igboland">Development of Igboland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development of Igboland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_3">Colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As intrinsic features of the Igbo social order, <a href="/wiki/African_communalism" title="African communalism">communalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurialism">entrepreneurialism</a> pervaded Igbo community structures within the colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due in large part to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial institution</a>'s imposition of ethnically divisive administrative policies.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>, which featured the native population's limited access to economic advantages, there was fierce competition between ethnic groups for employment opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly within coastal <a href="/wiki/South_East_(Nigeria)" title="South East (Nigeria)">southeastern region</a> of the nation, Igbo people's merchant commerce was forced into competition with largely imported <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industrial commerce</a> and the commercial activities of other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the context of the Nigerian nationalist movement, these qualities took form in the intra-ethnic competition for national wealth and economic resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Development_and_Welfare_Acts" title="Colonial Development and Welfare Acts">Colonial Development and Welfare Acts</a> put forth the British colonial government in 1945, economic and political power was gradually <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">transferred</a> to native populations— thereby, heightening each group's claims on profitable assets.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_State_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbo State Union (page does not exist)">Igbo State Union</a>, formerly the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_Federal_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbo Federal Union (page does not exist)">Igbo Federal Union</a>, worked alongside the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">NCNC</a> in ensuring the advancement and welfare of the Igbo people in the furtherance of the Igbo's economic objectives .<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_3">Post-colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Igbo pursuit of enrichment in the post-colonial context continued in the pre-colonial and colonial tradition of the pursuit of community enrichment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large part of Nigeria's post-colonial capitalist economy relied on the exportation of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> products.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the poor quality of soil in the predominately Igbo southeastern region, many Igbo people began to migrate into the urban centers of other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the Igbo people's relatively high levels of education, they were able to take jobs as clerks, traders, and shopkeepers and eventually rise to the ranks of professionals, journalists, and government employees.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affluence of the migrant Igbo population by way of their employment in northern cities by inspired resentment within the resident population following the events of the <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">1966 military coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these Igbo individuals were targeted during the <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> which eventually contributed to the onset of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important factor in the escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> was the fact that 70 percent of the nation's oil reserves were located in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">eastern region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In attempts to limit support for the secessionist movement, <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">General Gowon</a> proclaimed that the four states that composed Nigeria would be split further into <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">12 states</a>, granting ethnic minority groups their own governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these newly formed states was <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a>, which held both precious oil reserves and major city <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Rivers State did not join the secessionist movement, the loss of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafran</a> states posed similar economic risks to Nigerian economy and profits for the Biafran economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the civil war, the Igbo people's properties were liquidated and destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Biafra's surrender, the Nigerian government delegitimized all of Biafra's currency and gave all of its former citizens 20 pounds in exchange for any sum of Biafran pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_3">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The call for the development of <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> is especially significant considering the lasting effects of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>. As a legacy of the conflict, the Igbo people continue to possess significantly smaller amounts of national resources, particularly including <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of Nigeria's resources are owned by Yoruba and Hausa individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Igbo men and women continue to experience <a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">anti-Igbo</a> discriminatory attitudes from members of other ethnic groups that affects the success of their businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups such as <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra</a> (MASSOB) perceive the Nigerian government's post-war policies as a form of economic strangulation that has persistently limited the economic agency of the Igbo people.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to their 2002 Constitution, civil society groups such as <a href="/wiki/Ohanaeze_Ndigbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohanaeze Ndigbo">Ohanaeze Ndigbo</a> have formed to act as a conduit between the government and the people to negotiate for the socio-economic development of Igbo land.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">Flag of Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Culture">Igbo Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Igbo_Language_and_Culture" title="Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture">Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNwangwuOnuohaNwosuEzeibe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Onuoha, Freedom C; Nwosu, Bernard U; Ezeibe, Christian (30 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa025">"The political economy of Biafra separatism and post-war Igbo nationalism in Nigeria"</a>. <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>119</b> (477): <span class="nowrap">526–</span>551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadaa025">10.1093/afraf/adaa025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9909">0001-9909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+political+economy+of+Biafra+separatism+and+post-war+Igbo+nationalism+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=477&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E526-%3C%2Fspan%3E551&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadaa025&rft.issn=0001-9909&rft.aulast=Nwangwu&rft.aufirst=Chikodiri&rft.au=Onuoha%2C+Freedom+C&rft.au=Nwosu%2C+Bernard+U&rft.au=Ezeibe%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadaa025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOnuoha2012" class="citation journal cs1">Onuoha, Godwin Onuoh (March 2012). "Contemporary Igbo Nationalism and the Crisis of Self-Determination in Nigeria". <i>African Studies</i>. <b>71</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00020184.2012.668292">10.1080/00020184.2012.668292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145057078">145057078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Igbo+Nationalism+and+the+Crisis+of+Self-Determination+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00020184.2012.668292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145057078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Onuoha&rft.aufirst=Godwin+Onuoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875867106" title="Special:BookSources/9780875867106"><bdi>9780875867106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil%2C+Politics+and+Violence%3A+Nigeria%27s+Military+Coup+Culture+%281966-1976%29&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780875867106&rft.aulast=Siollun&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaly2020" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yX4DwAAQBAJ&q=why+did+the+nigerian+civil+war+start"><i>A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-89595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-89595-8"><bdi>978-1-108-89595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Republic+of+Biafra%3A+Law%2C+Crime%2C+and+the+Nigerian+Civil+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-108-89595-8&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Fury+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yX4DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwhy%2Bdid%2Bthe%2Bnigerian%2Bcivil%2Bwar%2Bstart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeerten2017" class="citation book cs1">Heerten, Lasse (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1112428125"><i>The Biafran War and Postcolonial Humanitarianism : Spectacles of Suffering</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11180-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11180-6"><bdi>978-1-107-11180-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112428125">1112428125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biafran+War+and+Postcolonial+Humanitarianism+%3A+Spectacles+of+Suffering&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112428125&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11180-6&rft.aulast=Heerten&rft.aufirst=Lasse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1112428125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObianyo2007" class="citation conference cs1">Obianyo, Nkolika E. (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267413614"><i>Citizenship and Ethnic Militia Politics in Nigeria: Marginalization or Identity Question? The Case of MASSOB</i></a>. 5th Global Conference on Pluralism, Inclusion and Citizenship, 18th-19th November 2007. Salzburg, Austria. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Ethnic+Militia+Politics+in+Nigeria%3A+Marginalization+or+Identity+Question%3F+The+Case+of+MASSOB&rft.place=Salzburg%2C+Austria&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Obianyo&rft.aufirst=Nkolika+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267413614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria & <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_Unification_Movement" title="Ewe Unification Movement">Ewe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Asia">North</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Region">Volga Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br />& Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict#Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stateless_nationalism_in_Africa56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Africa" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stateless_nationalism_in_Africa56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acholi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Acholi.svg/25px-Flag_of_Acholi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Acholi.svg/38px-Flag_of_Acholi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Acholi.svg/50px-Flag_of_Acholi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg/25px-Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg/38px-Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg/50px-Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/25px-Berber_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/38px-Berber_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berber_flag.svg/50px-Berber_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_Siete_Estrellas_Verdes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bandera_Siete_Estrellas_Verdes.svg/25px-Bandera_Siete_Estrellas_Verdes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bandera_Siete_Estrellas_Verdes.svg/38px-Bandera_Siete_Estrellas_Verdes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bandera_Siete_Estrellas_Verdes.svg/50px-Bandera_Siete_Estrellas_Verdes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_Flag.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coptic_Flag.webp/40px-Coptic_Flag.webp.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coptic_Flag.webp/60px-Coptic_Flag.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="401" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Copts</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Biafra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/25px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/38px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/50px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igbo</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mombasa_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mombasa_Republic.jpg/40px-Mombasa_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mombasa_Republic.jpg/60px-Mombasa_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="649" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa_Republic" title="Mombasa Republic">Mombasan</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Igbo_topics344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Igbo_topics" title="Template:Igbo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igbo_topics" title="Template talk:Igbo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igbo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igbo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Igbo_topics344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Igbo_history" title="Timeline of Igbo history">History</a><br /><small>(chronological order)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Igbo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Igbo people">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejja" title="Lejja">Lejja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opi_(archaeological_site)" title="Opi (archaeological site)">Opi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekumeku_Movement" title="Ekumeku Movement">Ekumeku Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Anglo-Aro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Women's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian-Biafran War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anioma_people" title="Anioma people">Anioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edda_people" title="Edda people">Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezaa_people" title="Ezaa people">Ezaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_people" title="Ika people">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwo_people" title="Ikwo people">Ikwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isu_people" title="Isu people">Isu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzi_people" title="Izzi people">Izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mgbo_people" title="Mgbo people">Mgbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndoki,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndoki, Nigeria">Ndoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngwa">Ngwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nri-Igbo" title="Nri-Igbo">Nri-Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohafia" title="Ohafia">Ohafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohuhu_people" title="Ohuhu people">Ohuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha-Ado" title="Onitsha-Ado">Onitsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waawa" title="Waawa">Waawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Anti-Igbo sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohanaeze_Ndigbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohanaeze Ndigbo">Ohanaeze Ndigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Nri" title="List of rulers of Nri">Rulers of Nri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Geography<br />(<a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaba,_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaba, Delta">Ahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu_(city)" title="Enugu (city)">Énugwú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Ọnịcha Mmili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owèrrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Ugwu Ọcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnewi" title="Nnewi">Nnewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awka-Etiti" title="Awka-Etiti">Awka-Etiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abakaliki" title="Abakaliki">Abakaliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people#Demographics" title="Igbo people">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Igbo_people" title="List of Igbo people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Barbadian">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Canadian">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou, China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Japan" title="Nigerians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saro (Nigeria)">Saros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nigerian">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo American">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigerian_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of Nigerian Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_culture" title="Igbo culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_cuisine" title="Igbo cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikeji_festival" title="Ikeji festival">Ikeji festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_music" title="Igbo music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Highlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odumodu_music" title="Odumodu music">Odumodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogene" title="Ogene">Ogene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_literature" title="Igbo literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Yam_Festival_of_the_Igbo" title="New Yam Festival of the Igbo">New Yam Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofala_Festival" title="Ofala Festival">Ofala Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a> (religion)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Igbo_names" title="Category:Igbo names">Names</a> - <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Igbo_Language_and_Culture" title="Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture">SPILC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anioma_people" title="Anioma people">Delta Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuani_dialect" title="Enuani dialect">Enuani Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izi_language" title="Izi language">Izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngwa language">Ngwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waawa" title="Waawa">Waawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Wikipedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ih%C3%BC_Mbu" class="extiw" title="ig:Ihü Mbu">Igbo Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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