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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instituzionalizatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Instituzionalizatzea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instituzionalizatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wu_Zetian-en_usurpazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wu_Zetian-en_usurpazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wu Zetian-en usurpazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wu_Zetian-en_usurpazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xuanzong_enperadorearen_erregealdia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xuanzong_enperadorearen_erregealdia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Xuanzong enperadorearen erregealdia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xuanzong_enperadorearen_erregealdia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_Lushanen_matxinada_eta_hondamendia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Lushanen_matxinada_eta_hondamendia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>An Lushanen matxinada eta hondamendia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Lushanen_matxinada_eta_hondamendia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinastiaren_amaiera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinastiaren_amaiera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dinastiaren amaiera</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dinastiaren_amaiera-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Dinastiaren amaiera azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dinastiaren_amaiera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arkitektura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arkitektura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arkitektura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkitektura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eskultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eskultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eskultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eskultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pintura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pintura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pintura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pintura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaligrafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaligrafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kaligrafia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaligrafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang_dinastiaren_poetak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_dinastiaren_poetak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tang dinastiaren poetak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_dinastiaren_poetak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Erreferentziak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aipatutako_iturriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aipatutako_iturriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Aipatutako iturriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aipatutako_iturriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irakurketa_gehigarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irakurketa_gehigarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Irakurketa gehigarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irakurketa_gehigarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tang dinastia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 118 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dinastie" title="Tang-dinastie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tang-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-Dynastie" title="Tang-Dynastie – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የታንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የታንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Tang" title="Dinastía Tang – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة تانغ الحاكمة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة تانغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Tang" title="Dinastía Tang – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Tan sülaləsi – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tan sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تان سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تان سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Тан династияһы – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тан династияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangu_dinast%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Tangu dinastėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tangu dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Імперыя Тан – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Тан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дынастыя Тан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Тан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тан – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="তাং রাজবংশ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাং রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Tang" title="Tierniezh Tang – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Tang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="Dinastija Tang – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Tang" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тан улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тан улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Dinastia Tang – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng-di%C3%A8u" title="Dòng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dòng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Тан (некъий) – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тан (некъий)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی تانگ – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی تانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%B1_s%C3%BCl%C3%A2lesi" title="Tañ sülâlesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tañ sülâlesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Tchang" title="Říše Tchang – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Tchang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Тан империйӗ – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тан империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Tang" title="Brenhinllin Tang – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Tang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastiet" title="Tang-dynastiet – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-Dynastie" title="Tang-Dynastie – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Τανγκ – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Τανγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tang dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Tang" title="Dinastio Tang – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Tang" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Tang" title="Dinastía Tang – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Tangi dünastia – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tangi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان تانگ – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان تانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastia" title="Tang-dynastia – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tang-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Tang" title="Dynastie Tang – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Tang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Tang-Dünastii – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tang-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Tang" title="Ríshliocht Tang – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Tang" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90" title="唐 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="唐" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Tang" title="Dinastía Tang – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_%C3%B1emo%C3%B1anga" title="Tang ñemoñanga – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tang ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2ng-chh%C3%A8u" title="Thòng-chhèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòng-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת טאנג – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת טאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="तांग राजवंश – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तांग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" title="Tang Dynasty – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tang Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27ang" title="T'ang – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="T'ang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dinasztia" title="Tang-dinasztia – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tang-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Թան (դինաստիա) – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թան (դինաստիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="Dinasti Tang – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Tang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_a_Tang" title="Dinastia a Tang – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dinastia a Tang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Tang" title="Dinastio Tang – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Tang" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangveldi%C3%B0" title="Tangveldið – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tangveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Dinastia Tang – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90" title="唐 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="唐" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Tang" title="Wangsa Tang – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Tang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტანის დინასტია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტანის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%8B_Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9Bza%C9%A3" title="Taŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Taŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Тан әулеті – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тан әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សថាង – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សថាង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಟ್ಯಾಂಗ್ ರಾಜವಂಶ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ಯಾಂಗ್ ರಾಜವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="당나라 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="당나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Tang" title="Xanedana Tang – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Tang" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Tam" title="Familia Tam – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Tam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Dinastia Tang – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ລາຊະວົງຖັງ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງຖັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Tangų dinastija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tangų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanu_dinastija" title="Tanu dinastija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tanu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="Dinasti Tang – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dinasti Tang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Династија Танг – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Династија Танг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="താങ് രാജവംശം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Тан улс – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тан улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="Dinasti Tang – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Tang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="တန်မင်းဆက် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တန်မင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="تانگ سلسله – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تانگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-Dynastie" title="Tang-Dynastie – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="ताङ्ग राजवंश – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ताङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastie" title="Tang-dynastie – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tang-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastiet" title="Tang-dynastiet – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastiet" title="Tang-dynastiet – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Dinastia Tang – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਤੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Tang" title="Dynastia Tang – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ACa_Tang" title="Dinastìa Tang – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dinastìa Tang" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="تانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="ټانگ كورنۍ – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټانگ كورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Dinastia Tang – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Dinastia Tang – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Империя Тан – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Тан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тан династия – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тан династия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="Dinastija Tang – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Tang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="තාං රාජවංශය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tang dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchang_(dynastia)" title="Tchang (dynastia) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tchang (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="Dinastija Tang – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Tang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Dinastia Tang – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Династија Танг – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Танг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tangdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Tang" title="Nasaba ya Tang – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Tang" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="தாங் அரசமரபு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Имперотурии Тонг – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Тонг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ถัง – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ถัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_(dinasti%C3%BDa)" title="Tan (dinastiýa) – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tan (dinastiýa)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Tang" title="Dinastiyang Tang – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Tang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Tang Hanedanı – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tang Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Таң династиясе – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Таң династиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="تاڭ سۇلالىسى – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Династія Тан – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Тан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="تانگ شاہی سلسلہ – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تانگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan" title="Tan – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nhà Đường – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Đường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Tang" title="Dinastiya Tang – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Tang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="唐朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טאנג דינאסטיע – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאנג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangzciuz" title="Dangzciuz – zhuangera" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dangzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="唐朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90" title="唐 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="唐" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ng" title="Tông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90" title="大唐 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大唐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9683#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dinastia" title="Eduki orrialdea 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class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-weight: bold;">618 – 907</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;border-top: 2px solid #ddd; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; background-color: #eee;">Monarkia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/280px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png/420px-Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a></span><div>Tang dinastiaren lurrak 700 inguruan</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Geografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Hiriburua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" class="mw-disambig" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> <small>(618–904)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> <small>(904–907)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Biztanleria</th><td class="infobox-data">IX. mendean 80.000.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Azalera</th><td class="infobox-data">715ean 5.400.000 km²</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Kultura</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Hizkuntza(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera">Txinera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Erlijioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Budismoa</a> (Txinatar zein <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetarra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">Taoismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">Konfuzianismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Txinatar_erlijioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Txinatar erlijioa">Txinatar erlijioa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Historia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><table style="width: 100%; border: none; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:50%; background: transparent; padding: 5px; text-align: left; border-right: 2px solid #eee;"><div align="center"><small><b><big>←</big> Aurrekoa</b></small></div><table style="background:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:20px; padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_None.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/20px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/40px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sui_dinastia" title="Sui dinastia">Sui dinastia</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="width:50%; background: transparent; padding: 5px; text-align: right;"><div align="center"><small><b>Ondorengoa <big>→</big></b></small></div><table style="background:none; width:100%"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bost_dinastiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bost dinastiak">Bost dinastiak</a></td><td style="width:20px; padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_None.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/20px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/40px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tang dinastia</b>k (<a href="/wiki/Mandarinera" title="Mandarinera">mandarineraz</a> [tʰǎŋ] ahoskatua; <a href="/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera">Txineraz</a>: 唐朝), <a href="/wiki/618" title="618">618tik</a> <a href="/wiki/907" title="907">907ra</a>, nahiko era ordenatuan agindu zuen Txina osoan<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>618tik 907ra arte gobernatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinako</a> dinastia inperial bat izan zen, 690 eta 705 urteen arteko <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">interregno</a> batekin. Aurretik, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dinastia" title="Sui dinastia">Sui dinastia</a> izan zuen, eta, ondoren, Bost Dinastien eta Hamar Erresumen aldia Txinako historian. Historialariek Txinako zibilizazioaren gailurtzat eta kultura kosmopolitaren urrezko arotzat hartzen dute<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20121_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20121-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere lurraldea, lehen agintarien kanpaina militarren bidez eskuratua, <a href="/wiki/Han_dinastia" title="Han dinastia">Han dinastiakoarekin</a> lehiatzen zen, eta bere hiriburua, Chang'an (gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>), munduko hiririk jendetsuena zen bere garaian. Lǐ (李) familiak sortu zuen dinastia, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dinastia" title="Sui dinastia">Sui inperioaren</a> gainbeheran eta bere kolapsoan boterea hartuz; 288 urte iraun zuen, 15 urtez bakarrik etenda <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> enperatrizak tronua hartu eta Wu Zhou dinastia aldarrikatu zuenean, eta Txinako enperatriz legitimo baten erregealdi bakarra bihurtu zen. </p><p>VII. eta VIII. mendeetako bi erroldatako erregistroen arabera eta etxebizitzen kopurua kontuan hartuta, 50 milioi biztanle inguru bizi zirela kalkulatzen da<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999111,_141_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999111,_141-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, IX. mendean, Gobernu zentrala hondatzen ari zela biztanleriaren errolda zehatzik egiteko gai izan ez, kalkuluen arabera uste da populazioa 80 milioi ingurura hazi zela ordura arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu199837_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu199837-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006106-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Biztanle-oinarri handi harekin, dinastiak armada profesionalak bildu eta ehunka mila tropa batu ahal izan zituen botere nomadekin lehiatzeko eta Barne Asiaren domeinua eta <a href="/wiki/Zetaren_Bidea" title="Zetaren Bidea">Zetaren ibilbidean</a> zehar merkataritza ibilbide aberatsak lortzeko. Erresuma eta estatu batzuek omenaldia egin zioten Tang gorteari, eta honek, berriz, zeharka kontrolatzen zituen hainbat eskualde konkistatu edo menperatu zituen protektoratu sistema baten bidez. Hegemonia politikoaz gain, Asiako ekialdeko auzo-estatuetan ere eragin kultural handia izan zuten, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Japoniako_historia" title="Japoniako historia">Japonia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Koreako_historia" title="Koreako historia">Korean</a>. </p><p>Dinastiak aurrerapen eta egonkortasun aldi bat izan zuen, neurri handi batean, bere gobernuaren lehen erdian, An Lushanen matxinada suntsitzailera arte (755–763) eta, bigarren erdian, agintaritza zentralaren gainbehera arte. Aurreko <a href="/wiki/Sui_dinastia" title="Sui dinastia">Sui dinastiaren</a> antzera, zerbitzu zibileko sistema bat mantendu zuen funtzionario akademikoak azterketa estandarizatuen eta kargurako gomendioen bidez errekrutatuz. IX. mendean, «jiedushi» izenez ezagututako eskualdeko gobernadore militarren sorrerak suntsitu zuen ordena zibil hori. </p><p>Kultura txinatarra are gehiago loratu eta heldu zen Tang aroan. Tradizioz, Txinako poesiaren garairik gorenentzat jotzen da. Txinako poeta ezagunenetako bi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu199873–87_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu199873–87-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Po" title="Li Po">Li Bai</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a>, garai horretakoak ziren, baita <a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Xuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Xuan (sortu gabe)">Zhang Xuan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Fang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Fang (sortu gabe)">Zhou Fang</a> eta beste margolari ospetsu asko ere. Garai horretako ikerlariek literatura historiko ugari eta aberatsa bildu zuten, baita entziklopediak eta obra geografikoak ere. <a href="/wiki/Tang_Taizong" title="Tang Taizong">Tang Taizong</a> enperadoreak, enperadore tituluaz gain, Zeruko Khan titulua hartzea Asiako ekialdeko aldibereko lehen erregealdia izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012127_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Berrikuntza nabarmen asko gertatu ziren dinastiaren garaian, <a href="/wiki/Xilografia" title="Xilografia">zurezko inprimaketaren</a> garapena barne. <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Budismoak</a> eragin garrantzitsua izan zuen Txinako kulturan, bertako sekta txinatarrek ospea irabazi zuten. Hala ere, 840ko hamarkadan, Tang-eko Wuzong enperadoreak budismoa jazartzeko politikak bultzatu zituen, gerora, haren eragina gutxituko zituenak. Dinastia eta gobernu zentrala gainbeheran sartuak ziren IX. mendearen bigarren erdian; nekazarien matxinadek ankerkeriak eragin zituzten, esaterako, 878-879ko Guangzhouko sarraskia. Dinastia 907. urtean kendu zuten, hainbat hamarkadatako krisiaren ostean. <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Pekingo</a> ur-iturriak VII. edo VIII. mende inguruan sortu ziren, dinastiaren garaian. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instituzionalizatzea">Instituzionalizatzea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Instituzionalizatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Instituzionalizatzea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Li Etxeak Han jatorri etnikoak zituen, eta <a href="/wiki/Sui_dinastia" title="Sui dinastia">Sui dinastian</a> nagusi zen ipar-mendebaldeko aristokrazia militarrekoa zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–41_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–41-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tangen erregistro ofizialen arabera, <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozitik</a> zetozen aitaren lerrotik: tradizionalki, <a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">taoismoaren</a> sortzaile (bere izena Li Dan edo Li Er zen), <a href="/wiki/Han_dinastia" title="Han dinastia">Han dinastiako</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Guang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Guang (sortu gabe)">Li Guang</a> jenerala eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Gao (sortu gabe)">Li Gao</a>, Han-ek gobernatutako Mendebaldeko Liang erreinuaren sortzailea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–41_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–41-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Familia hori Longxi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_leinua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li leinua (sortu gabe)">Li leinua</a> gisa zen ezaguna, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Bai_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Bai Tang (sortu gabe)">Li Bai Tang</a> poeta nabaria ere barne hartzen zuena. Tang enperadoreek, hein batean, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> jatorrikoak ziren; bada, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaozu_Tang_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaozu Tang enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Gaozu Tang enperadorearen</a> ama, Dugu dukesa, Xianbei partekoa zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012125_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012125-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETogan2011177_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETogan2011177-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Historiografia tradizionaletik kanpo, historialari moderno batzuek iradoki izan dute Tang familia inperialak genealogia aldatu zuela Xianbei ondarea ezkutatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gaozu enperadorea (jaiotzez Li Yuan) Tang dinastiaren sortzailea izan zen. Leheagon Tang-eko duke eta <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan-eko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> modernoko hiriburua) gobernadore izan zen <a href="/wiki/Sui_dinastia" title="Sui dinastia">Sui dinastiaren</a> erorketa garaian (581–618)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_93_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_93-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Li prestigioa eta esperientzia militarra zituen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siu_Yang_enpeadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siu Yang enpeadorea (sortu gabe)">Sui Yang enperadorearen</a> anaia-lehengusu zen (ama biak Dugu ahizpak ziren)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Li Yuan matxinadan altxatu zen 617an, bere semearekin eta bere alaba militantea ere zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingyang_printzesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pingyang printzesa (sortu gabe)">Pingyang printzesarekin</a> batera (623an hila), zeinak bere tropak bildu eta agindu baitzituen. 617ko neguan, Li Yuan-ek <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Barrutia_(Xi%27an)" title="Chang'an Barrutia (Xi'an)">Chang'an</a> okupatu zuen, Yang enperadorea «Taishang Huang» (enperadore erretiratua) kargura alboratu, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_You&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang You (sortu gabe)">Yang You</a> haur-enperadore txotxongiloaren <a href="/wiki/Erregeorde" title="Erregeorde">erregeorde</a> gisa jardun zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 618ko ekainaren 18an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuwen_Huaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuwen Huaji (sortu gabe)">Yuwen Huaji</a> jeneralak Yang enperadorea hil zuela jakinarazi zenean, Li Yuanek Tang dinastia sortu berriko enperadore izendatu zuen bere burua<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200078_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200078-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Han_Gaozu_enperadorea" title="Han Gaozu enperadorea">Gaozu enperadoreak</a> 626. urtera arte gobernatu zuen, bere semea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shimin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shimin (sortu gabe)">Li Shimin</a> Qingo printzeak, indarrez kendu zuen arte. Li Shiminek 18 urte zituenetik agintzen zituen tropak, arku eta gezi, ezpata eta lantzarekin trebezia zuen, eta bere zalditeria karga eraginkorrengatik zen ezaguna<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200080_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200080-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zenbakiz berea baino handiago zen armada baten aurka borrokan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dou_Jiande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dou Jiande (sortu gabe)">Dou Jiande</a> (573–621) garaitu zuen <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang-en</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaoko_gudua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaoko gudua (sortu gabe)">Hulaoko guduan</a>, 621eko maiatzaren 28an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–42_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–42-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_82,_85–86,_95_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_82,_85–86,_95-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Eraila izatearen beldurrez, Li Shiminek segada egin, eta bere anaietako bi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Yuanji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Yuanji (sortu gabe)">Li Yuanji</a> (603an jaioa) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jiancheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jiancheng (sortu gabe)">Li Jiancheng</a> printze oinordekoa (589an jaioa), hil zituen <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_barrutia" title="Xuanwu barrutia">Xuanwu ateko</a> istiluetan, 626ko uztailaren 2an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Handik gutxira, bere aitak abdikatu egin zuen bere alde, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shimin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shimin (sortu gabe)">Li Shimin</a> tronura igo zen. Eskuarki, <a href="/wiki/Taizong_enperadorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Taizong enperadorea">Taizong</a> tenpluaren izenarekin ezagutzen da<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Bi anaia hiltzeak eta bere aita kargutik kentzeak seme-alaben errukiaren balio konfuziarrarekin kontraesanean egon arren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Taizongek bere kontseiluko kide jakintsuenen aholkuak entzuten zituen buruzagi gai bat zela erakutsi zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 628an, Taizong enperadoreak gerrako hildakoen omenezko ekitaldi <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budista</a> bat egin zuen; 629an, monasterio budistak altxatu zituen gudu handienak gertatutako lekuetan, monjeek borrokaren bi aldeetan eroritakoen alde otoitz egin zezaten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200693_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200693-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ekialdeko turkiarren aurkako Tang kanpainan, ekialdeko turkiar Khanerria suntsitua izan zen bere agintaria, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illig_Qaghan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illig Qaghan (sortu gabe)">Illig Qaghan</a>, Li Jing (571–649) Tang militar ospetsuak (571–649) hartu ondoren, zeina, geroago, Tang dinastiako kantziler bihurtu baitzen. Garaipen horrekin, turkiarrek <a href="/wiki/Tang_Taizong" title="Tang Taizong">Taizong</a> <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagantzat</a> onartu zuten, Tian Kehan tituluarekin eta «Zeruko Seme» titulu tradizionalarekin Txinako enperadore agintearekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442–43_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442–43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000124_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000124-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 649an, bere seme Li Zhik (Gaozong enperadore gisa) ordeztu zuen Taizong. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:642px;max-width:642px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:China,_742.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/China%2C_742.svg/260px-China%2C_742.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/China%2C_742.svg/390px-China%2C_742.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/China%2C_742.svg/520px-China%2C_742.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Tang zirkuituak (道; dào) 742an The Cambridge History of China-ren arabera</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons,_648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab_murals,_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/250px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/500px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Tang mezulariak <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana">Sogdianako</a>Varkhuman erregearekin <a href="/wiki/Samarkanda" title="Samarkanda">Samarkandan</a> (648–651) Afrasiab-eko horma-irudiak</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Huteng_dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Huteng_dancer.jpg/250px-Huteng_dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Huteng_dancer.jpg/330px-Huteng_dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Huteng_dancer.jpg/500px-Huteng_dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana">Sogdianako</a> Huteng dantzaria, VII. mendekoa, Xiuding tenpluko pagoda, <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Tangtarrek mendebaldeko turkiarren aurkako kanpaina militarrak egin zituzten, mendebaldeko eta ekialdeko turkiarren arteko lehia baliatuz biak ahultzeko. <a href="/wiki/Tang_Taizong" title="Tang Taizong">Taizong enperadorearen</a> eskutik, mendebaldeko eskualdeetan kanpainak egin ziren <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochangen</a> aurka 640an; <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahren</a> aurka 644an eta 648an, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kucha (sortu gabe)">Kucharen</a> aurka 648an. Gaozong enperadoreak mendebaldeko turkiarren aurkako gerrek jarraitu zituten, eta mendebaldeko Turkiar Khanerria, azkenean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Su_Dingfang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Su Dingfang (sortu gabe)">Su Dingfang</a> jeneralak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashina_Helu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashina Helu (sortu gabe)">Ashina Helu</a> khagana garaitu ondoren bereganatu zuten, 657an. Garai horretan, Tang gorteak atzerriko lurraldeetako agintari ugariren bisitak jaso zituen. Horiek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldizkako_Eskaintzaren_Erretratuak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldizkako Eskaintzaren Erretratuak (sortu gabe)">Aldizkako Eskaintzaren Erretratuetan</a> irudikatu zituzten, ziurrenik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Liben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Liben (sortu gabe)">Yan Libenek</a> (601–673) margotuak<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb" style="margin: 0px; clear: both;"> <div class="noresize" style="overflow: auto; overflow-x: scroll; width: 100%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_%E5%94%90%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC_(annotations).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atzerriko enbaxadoreak Tang gortera bisitan. Yan Libenen Aldizkako Eskaintzaren Erretratuak (601–673)"><img alt="Atzerriko enbaxadoreak Tang gortera bisitan. Yan Libenen Aldizkako Eskaintzaren Erretratuak (601–673)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_%E5%94%90%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC_%28annotations%29.jpg/1000px-%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_%E5%94%90%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC_%28annotations%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_%E5%94%90%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC_%28annotations%29.jpg/1500px-%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_%E5%94%90%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC_%28annotations%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_%E5%94%90%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC_%28annotations%29.jpg/2000px-%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_%E5%94%90%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC_%28annotations%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11912" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span> </div></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="margin: 5px; font-size:90%">Atzerriko enbaxadoreak Tang gortera bisitan. Yan Libenen Aldizkako Eskaintzaren Erretratuak (601–673)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wu_Zetian-en_usurpazioa">Wu Zetian-en usurpazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Wu Zetian-en usurpazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Wu Zetian-en usurpazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E6%AD%A6%E6%9B%8C%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E6%AD%A6%E6%9B%8C%E5%83%8F.jpg/180px-%E6%AD%A6%E6%9B%8C%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E6%AD%A6%E6%9B%8C%E5%83%8F.jpg/270px-%E6%AD%A6%E6%9B%8C%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E6%AD%A6%E6%9B%8C%E5%83%8F.jpg/360px-%E6%AD%A6%E6%9B%8C%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>, Txinako historian, aitortutako emakume enperatriz bakarra</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaozong enperadorearen gortean ezkontide xume gisa sartuta, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>, azkenean, botere-posizio gorenera iritsi zen 690ean, Wu Zhou dinastia laburra ezarriz. Gaozong enperadoreak buru-isuri bat izan zuen 655ean, eta, Wu, gortean, emakumea erabaki asko hartzen hasi zen, kontseilariekin estatu-arazoak eztabaidatzen, zeinak aginduak jasotzen zituzten bera zuresi baten atzean eserita zegoelarik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200697–98_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200697–98-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Wu enperatrizaren seme nagusia, printze oinordekoa, bere agintea aldarrikatzen eta Wu enperatrizak onartzen ez zituen politikak defendatzen hasi zenean, bat-batean hil zen, 675. urtean. Askok susmoa hartu zuten Wu enperatrizak pozoitu zuela. Hurrengo oinordekoek profil baxuagoa mantendu bazuen ere, Wu-k, 680an, matxinada bat antolatu zuela leporatu zion; erbesteratu, eta bere buruaz beste egitera behartu zuten gero<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gaozong enperadorea 683an hil zen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongzong_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongzong enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Zhongzong enperadoreak</a> hartu zuen bere oinordetza, Wuk bizirik zuen semerik zaharrena. Zhongzong saiatu zen emaztearen aita kantziler izendatzen: tronuan sei aste baino ez zeramala, Wu enperatrizak kargutik kendu zuen bere anaia gaztea ezarriz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruizong_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruizong enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Ruizong enperadorea</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrek, 684an, Tang printze talde bat matxinatzea eragin zuen. Wuren armadek bi hilabeteren buruan zapaldu zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Wu Zhou-ren Tianshou aldia aldarrikatu zuen 690eko urriaren 16an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForte1988234_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForte1988234-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta, hiru egun geroago, Ruizong enperadorea printze oinordeko izatera jaitsarazi zuen. Halaber, aitaren Li abizena uztera behartu zuen, Wu enperatrizaren mesedetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe200864_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlowe200864-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Harrezkero, Txinako enperatriz bakar gisa gobernatu zuen. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:20210220_A_model_of_Luoyang_in_Sui_and_Tang_dynasty,_Henan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20210220_A_model_of_Luoyang_in_Sui_and_Tang_dynasty%2C_Henan_Museum.jpg/200px-20210220_A_model_of_Luoyang_in_Sui_and_Tang_dynasty%2C_Henan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20210220_A_model_of_Luoyang_in_Sui_and_Tang_dynasty%2C_Henan_Museum.jpg/300px-20210220_A_model_of_Luoyang_in_Sui_and_Tang_dynasty%2C_Henan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20210220_A_model_of_Luoyang_in_Sui_and_Tang_dynasty%2C_Henan_Museum.jpg/400px-20210220_A_model_of_Luoyang_in_Sui_and_Tang_dynasty%2C_Henan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E5%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3813" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent">Luoyang jauregi inperialaren maketa Wu Zetianen erregealdian. Eraikuntza-proiektu handi asko Wu Zetianen garaian enkargatu ziren, hala nola Luoyang-eko Bright Hall (eskuinean) Wu Zetian-ek agindutakoa (jatorriz 93 m (305 oin) altu)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</div></div></div></div> <p>705eko otsailaren 20an, jauregi-kolpe batek otsailaren 22an bere kargua uztera behartu zuen Wu enperatriza. Hurrengo egunean, Zhongzong bere semeak boterea berreskuratu zuen; martxoaren 3an, Tang dinastia berrezarri zen, formalki. Handik gutxira hil zen Wu enperatriza<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200445_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200445-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hark bere agintea legitimatzeko, Hodei Handiaren Sutra izenez ezagutzen den dokumentu bat zabaldu zuen, non <a href="/wiki/Maitreia" title="Maitreia">Maitreia</a> Budaren berraragitze bat emakumezko monarka bat izango zela iragartzen zuen, mundutik gaixotasunak, kezkak eta hondamendiak uxatzen zituena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999116_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999116-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200397–98_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200397–98-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Idatzizko karaktere berrikusi ugari sartu zituen hizkuntzan, nahiz eta bere heriotzaren ondoren jatorrizko formetara itzuli ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200474_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200474-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dudarik gabe, bere ondarearen zatirik garrantzitsuena ipar-mendebaldeko aristokraziaren hegemonia murriztea izan zen, Txinako beste klan eta eskualdeetako pertsonei Txinako politikan eta gobernuan ordezkaritza handiagoa izatea ahalbidetuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200682_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200682-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer19858_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer19858-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xuanzong_enperadorearen_erregealdia">Xuanzong enperadorearen erregealdia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Xuanzong enperadorearen erregealdia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Xuanzong enperadorearen erregealdia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="西安大雁塔" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94.jpg/130px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94.jpg/195px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94.jpg/260px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chang'an-eko <a href="/wiki/Antzar_Basatiaren_Pagoda_Handia" title="Antzar Basatiaren Pagoda Handia">Antzar Basatiaren Pagoda Handia</a>, 652an eraikia eta Wu Zetianek 704an konpondu zuena.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Xi'anwildgoosepagoda2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG/250px-Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG/330px-Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG/500px-Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Antzar_Basatiaren_Pagoda_Txikia" title="Antzar Basatiaren Pagoda Txikia">Antzar Basatiaren Pagoda Txikia</a>, 709. urtean eraikia, Chang'an-eko Dajianfu tenpluaren ondoan zegoen, non monje budistak biltzen ziren <a href="/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito">sanskrito</a> testuak txinerara itzultzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiang199912_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiang199912-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dunhuang217.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dunhuang217.jpg/220px-Dunhuang217.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dunhuang217.jpg/330px-Dunhuang217.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dunhuang217.jpg/440px-Dunhuang217.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption>707–710 urteetan eraikitako Tang arkitektura irudikatzen duen horma-irudia, <a href="/wiki/Mogao_leizeak" title="Mogao leizeak">Mogao leizeak</a> 217 leizea</figcaption></figure> <p>Wuren erregealdian eta ondoren emakume asko nabarmendu ziren gortean, besteak beste, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangguan_Wan%27er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shangguan Wan'er (sortu gabe)">Shangguan Wan'er</a> (664–710), Wuren bulego pribatuaz arduratzen zen poeta, idazle eta konfiantzazko funtzionarioa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200446_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200446-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 706an, Zhongzong Tang enperadorearen emazteak, Wei enperatrizak (710ean hila), gobernuko bulegoak bere arrebarekin eta bere alabekin betetzeko konbentzitu zuen bere senarra, eta, 709an, emakumeei beren semeei herentziazko pribilegioak uzteko eskubidea ematea eskatu zuen. (lehen gizonezkoen eskubidea baino ez zena)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn20026_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn20026-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Wei enperatrizak, azkenean, Zhongzong pozoitu zuen, eta, ondoren, hamabost urteko semea jarri zuen tronuan, 710ean. Bi aste geroago, Li Longji (geroago <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanzong_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanzong enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Xuanzong enperadorea</a>) jauregian sartu zen jarraitzaile batzuekin, eta Wei enperatriz eta bere taldekoak hil zituen. Ondoren, bere aita, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruizong_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruizong enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Ruizong enperadorea</a> (710–712 izan zen errege), tronuan ezarri zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200699_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200699-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zhongzong enperadorea Wei enperatrizaren mende bazen, Ruizong ere Taiping printzesaren mende zegoen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hori Taiping printzesaren estatu kolpeak porrot egin zuenean amaitu zen, 712an, eta Ruizong enperadoreak Xuanzong enperadorearen aurrean abdikatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200699_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200699-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn20026_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn20026-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tang dinastia bere gorenera iritsi zen Xuanzong enperadorearen 44 urteko erregealdian, gorte inperialaren barnean oparotasun ekonomikoaren eta bizimodu atseginen urrezko aro gisa adierazi dena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn20027_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn20027-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer19858_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer19858-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Xuanzong agintari aurrerakoi eta onbera gisa agertzen zen; 747an, heriotza-zigorra kendu zuen. Aurretik, hiltze guztiak enperadoreak onartu behar zituen; 730ean, 24 hiltze baino ez ziren izan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn200247_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn200247-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Xuanzong-ek, politika-erabakiei buruz, bere ministroen adostasunaren aurrean makurtu egin zen, eta ahaleginak egin zituen gobernu-ministerioak alderdi politiko ezberdinekin modu justuak jokatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zhang Jiuling (673–740) bere konfuziar kantziler zintzoak deflazioa murrizteko eta diru-eskaintza handitzeko lan egin zuen txanpon pribatuen erabilerari eutsiz, eta bere oinordeko aristokratiko eta teknokratikoak, Li Linfuk (753an hila) gobernuaren monopolioaren alde egin zuen txanponak jaulkitzerakoan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200489_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200489-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 737. urtearen ondoren, Xuanzongen Li Linfurengan zuen konfiantzarik handiena, aspaldiko kantzilerrengan, zeinak txinatar ez ziren jeneralak enplegatzen zituen atzerri politika oldarkorragoa defendatzeko. Politika horrek, azkenean, Xuanzongen aurkako erabateko matxinada-baldintzak sortu zituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447–48_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447–48-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_Lushanen_matxinada_eta_hondamendia">An Lushanen matxinada eta hondamendia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «An Lushanen matxinada eta hondamendia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: An Lushanen matxinada eta hondamendia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tang Inperioa botere gorenean egon zen VIII. mendearen erdialdera arte, An Lushan matxinadak (755–763) inperioaren oparotasuna suntsitu zuenean. 744az geroztik, An Lushan erdi <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" title="Sogdiana">sogdianar</a> eta erdi <a href="/wiki/Turkiar" title="Turkiar">turkiarra</a> zen Tang komandantea zen, <a href="/wiki/Mantxuria" title="Mantxuria">Mantxuriako</a> <a href="/wiki/Khitan" title="Khitan">Khitandarren</a> aurkako borrokan esperientzia eta 744an garaipena lortu zuena, baina Khitanen aurkako kanpaina gehienek ez zuten arrakastarik izan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu1993455–467_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu1993455–467-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebein</a> ardura handia eman zioten, eta, horri esker, 100.000 soldadu baino gehiagoko armada batekin matxinatu zen. <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> harrapatu ondoren, Yan estatu berri bezain iraupen laburreko baten enperadore izendatu zuen bere burua. Guo Ziyi Tang jeneralak (697–781) garaipen goiztiarrak lortu bazituen ere, hiriburuan armadarako errekrutatu berriak ez ziren An Lushanen muga-beteranoen pareko; Gorteak <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Barrutia_(Xi%27an)" title="Chang'an Barrutia (Xi'an)">Chang'anetik</a> ihes egin zuen. Oinordekoek <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxin</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanzong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanzong (sortu gabe)">Xuanzong-en</a> tropak biltzen ari zela <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuanera</a> ihes egin zuen, eta, 756an, <a href="/wiki/Uigur_Khaganerria" title="Uigur Khaganerria">Uigur Khaganaren</a> laguntza eskatu zuen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moyanchur_Khagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moyanchur Khagan (sortu gabe)">Moyanchur Khagan</a> uigurra oso poztu zen eskaera horrekin, eta bere alaba Txinako mandatari diplomatikoarekin ezkondu zuen behin iritsi zenean, eta berarentzat Txinako printzesa bat jasoz andregai gisa. Uigurrek Tang hiriburua matxinoengandik berreskuratzen lagundu zuten, baina uko egin zioten bertatik alde egiteari tangtarrek <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(gaia)" title="Zeta (gaia)">zetan</a> izugarrizko zerga ordaindu arte. Tangtarrei arabiar <a href="/wiki/Abbastar_Kalifa-herria" title="Abbastar Kalifa-herria">abbastarrek</a> ere lagundu zieten matxinada zapaltzen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005184–185_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005184–185-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer19859_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer19859-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. An Lushan matxinadan, 760an, Tian Shengong-ek atzerriko merkatari arabiar eta persiar musulmanen sarraski bat burutu zuen, Yangzhouko sarraskia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan201711_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan201711-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQi2010221–227_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQi2010221–227-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Tibetar_(herria)" title="Tibetar (herria)">Tibetarrek</a> aukera aprobetxatu, eta Txinaren kontrolpean zeuden eremu asko eraso zituzten, eta, 842an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeteko_Inperioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeteko Inperioa (sortu gabe)">Tibeteko Inperioa</a> eta ondoren Qochoren <a href="/wiki/Uigur_Khaganerria" title="Uigur Khaganerria">Uigur Erresuma</a> erorita, tangtarrek ez ziren 763. urtearen ondoren Erdialdeko Asia birkonkistatzeko moduan egon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200334_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200334-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hain izan zen handia galera, non, mende erdi geroago, jinshi azterketarako hautagaiek tangtarren gainbeheraren arrazoiei buruzko saiakera bat idatzi behar zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGascoigneGascoigne200397_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneGascoigne200397-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 757an, An Lushan bere eunuko batek hil bazuen ere, arazo eta matxinada hedatuen garai horrek jarraitu zuen, 763an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Siming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Siming (sortu gabe)">Shi Siming</a> matxinoa bere semeak hil zuen arte<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005185_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005185-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/220px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/330px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/440px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshango</a> Buda Erraldoia 713an hasi ziren eraikitzen, eta 803an amaitu zuten. Estatuak 71 m altu da.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nanchan_Temple_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nanchan_Temple_1.JPG/220px-Nanchan_Temple_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nanchan_Temple_1.JPG/330px-Nanchan_Temple_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nanchan_Temple_1.JPG/440px-Nanchan_Temple_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Nanchan tenplua, Wutai, VIII. mendearen amaieran eraiki zen</figcaption></figure> <p>710etik aurrera, jiedushi izeneko eskualdeko gobernadore militarrak, pixkanaka, gobernu zentralaren boterea zalantzan jartzen joan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang200391_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang200391-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. An Lushan matxinadaren ostean, jiedushiek <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebein</a> hartutako botere autonomoa eta agintaritza zentralaren kontroletik kanpo gelditu ziren. 781 eta 784 artean, egungo <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei-n</a> matxinada batzuen ostean, gobernuak ofizialki onartu behar izan zuen jiedushien herentziazko gobernua akreditaziorik gabe. Tang gobernua gobernadore horien eta haien armaden mendean zegoen babeserako eta tokiko matxinadak zapaltzeko. Horren truke, gobernu zentralak, gobernari horiei, beren armada mantentzeko, zergak biltzeko eta baita haien titulua oinordekoei transmititzeko eskubideak aitortuko zizkien<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200843–44_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200843–44-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Denbora pasa ahala, gobernadore militar horiek, apurka-apurka, azterketen bidez lortutako funtzionario zibilen protagonismoa kentzen joan ziren, eta agintaritza zentraletik autonomoago bihurtu ziren. Gobernadore militar boteretsu horien agintea 960. urtera arte iraun zuen, <a href="/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia">Song dinastiaren</a> ordena zibil berri bat ezarri zen arte. «Lur bera» sistema alde batera utzita, jendeak, libreki, lurrak erosi eta saltzeko aukera zuen; txiro asko zorpetu ziren horregatik, eta beren lurrak aberatsei saltzera behartuta egon ziren, eta horrek ondare handien hazkunde esponentziala ekarri zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 755. urtearen ondoren, lur-esleipen-sistemaren hausturarekin, Txinako estatu zentralak ia ez zuen esku hartu nekazaritza kudeaketan, eta zerga-biltzaile gisa jardun zuen gutxi gorabehera milurteko batez, kasu batzuk salbu, hala nola Song-ek lurren nazionalizazioa, zeinak huts egin zuen XIII. mendean Mongoliarekin izandako gerran<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200490–91_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200490–91-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dinastiaren_amaiera">Dinastiaren amaiera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Dinastiaren amaiera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Dinastiaren amaiera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalamitate naturalen eta jiedushien autonomia aldarrikatze faktoreez gain, Huang Chaoren (874–884) matxinada batek Txinako iparraldea eta hegoaldea suntsitu zituen, hamarkada oso bat behar izan zen zapaltzeko, eta <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Barrutia_(Xi%27an)" title="Chang'an Barrutia (Xi'an)">Chang'an</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyangen</a> arpilatzea eragin zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005189–190_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005189–190-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 878–879 urteetan, Huangen armadak sarraski bat eragin zuen <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhouko</a> hegoaldeko portuan atzerriko merkatari <a href="/wiki/Arabiar" title="Arabiar">arabiar</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Persiar" title="Persiar">persiar</a> <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrismo" title="Zoroastrismo">zoroastroar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judu" title="Judu">judu</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristauen</a> aurka<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aroa" title="Erdi Aroa">Erdi Aroko</a> Txinako iturri batek esan zuen Huang Chaok 8 milioi pertsona hil zituela. Tangtarrek ez zuten inoiz burua altxatu Huang-en matxinadatik, eta horrek bidea ireki zuen, gero, Tangen suntsiketarako. Armada txikien tamainako bidelapur talde handiek landa hondatu zuten Tang dinastiaren azken urteetan. <a href="/wiki/Gatz_(kimika)" title="Gatz (kimika)">Gatza</a> <a href="/wiki/Kontrabando" title="Kontrabando">kontrabandoan</a> sartu zuten, merkatarien eta konboien aurka segadak antolatu zituzten, eta harresitutako hainbat hiri ere setiatu zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006108_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006108-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hirien arpilatze eta <a href="/wiki/Eunuko" title="Eunuko">eunuko</a> eta funtzionario taldeen arteko liskar hiltzaileen artean, familia aristokratikoen maila gorena eta lur-aberastasunaren eta kargu ofizialen zati handi bat pilatu zutenak suntsitua edo baztertua gertatu zen, hein handi batean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tang dinastiaren azken bi hamarkadetan, aginte zentrala apurka-apurka erortzeak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Keyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Keyong (sortu gabe)">Li Keyong</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Wen (sortu gabe)">Zhu Wen</a> militar aurkarien gorakada ekarri zuen Txinako iparraldean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037–12_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20037–12-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tang indarrek Huang-en matxinada garaitu zuten Shatuo aliatuen laguntzarekin (gaur egun, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> den <a href="/wiki/Turkiar_herriak" title="Turkiar herriak">herri turkiarra</a>), Li Keyong buru zela. Jiedushi egin zuten, eta, geroago, Jingo printzea, Tang gorteak Li abizen inperiala eman zion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7,_10,_12_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7,_10,_12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Zhu Wen, jatorriz Huang Chao matxinoaren menpeko teniente gisa aritu zen gatz-kontrabandista, Tang indarren aurrean errenditu zen. Huang garaitzen lagunduz, Zhu Quanzhong (Leialtasun Perfektuaren Zhu) izena eman zioten, eta, azkar, Xuanwu Zirkuituko gobernadore militarraren sustapen sorta bat eman zioten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037,_10,_12_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20037,_10,_12-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986c320–321footnote_h_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986c320–321footnote_h-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>901ean, <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> bere botere-oinarritik, Zhu Wen-ek <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Barrutia_(Xi%27an)" title="Chang'an Barrutia (Xi'an)">Chang'an</a> Tang hiriburuaren kontrola hartu zuen, eta, horrekin batera, familia inperialarena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20037-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 903rako, Tang dinastiako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhaozong_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhaozong enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Zhaozong enperadorea</a> hiriburua <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyangera</a> mugitzera behartu zuen, tronua berarentzat hartzeko prestatzen. 904an, Zhu-k Zhaozong enperadorea hil zuen Tang dinastiako enperadorearen seme gaztearekin ordezkatzeko, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ai_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ai enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Ai enperadorea</a>. 905ean, Zhu-k Ai enperadorearen anaiak erail zituen, baita funtzionario asko eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=He_enperatriz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He enperatriz (sortu gabe)">He enperatriz</a> alarguna ere. 907an, Tang dinastia amaitu zen; Zhu-k Ai kendu eta tronua beretzat hartu zuenean (hil ostean, Ondoko Liangeko Taizu enperadorea izenez ezagutua). Ondoko Liang ezarri zuen, zeinak <a href="/wiki/Bost_dinastien_eta_hamar_erresumen_garaia" title="Bost dinastien eta hamar erresumen garaia">Bost dinastien eta hamar erresumen garaia</a> inauguratu baitzuen. Urtebete beranduago, Zhu-k kendutako Ai enperadorea hil arte pozoitu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037,_10,_12_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20037,_10,_12-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Zhu Wen-en etsaia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Keyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Keyong (sortu gabe)">Li Keyong</a>, 908an hil zen, Tang dinastiarenganako leialtasunagatik enperadore titulua inoiz aldarrikatu gabe. Bere seme, Li Cunxuk, (Zhuangzong enperadoreak) Jingo Printze titulua heredatu zuen bere aitaren Zhu-ren aurkako etsaitasunarekin batera. 923an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Cunxu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Cunxu (sortu gabe)">Li Cunxu-k</a> Tang dinastia «berrezarria» aldarrikatu zuen, Ondoko Tang dinastia, urte berean Ondoko Liang dinastia bota aurretik. Hala ere, Txina hegoaldea hainbat erresuma txikitan banatuta gelditu zen, Txinaren zatirik handiena <a href="/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia">Song dinastiaren</a> mendean (960-1279) bateratu zen arte. <a href="/wiki/Khitan" title="Khitan">Khitan</a> herriko <a href="/wiki/Liao_dinastia" title="Liao dinastia">Liao dinastiaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipar-ekialdeko_Txina" title="Ipar-ekialdeko Txina">Txinako ipar-ekialdeko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mantxuria" title="Mantxuria">Mantxuriako</a> zati batzuen gaineko kontrola ere garai horretan sortu zen. 905ean, Abaoji buruzagiak Li Keyong-ekin aliantza militar bat eratu zuen Zhu Wen-en aurka, baina khitanak Ondoko Tang-en aurka jarri ziren Ondoko Jingo Shi Jingtang buruzagi Shatuori, 936an, Ondoko Tang botatzen lagunduz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote200310–13_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote200310–13-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arkitektura">Arkitektura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arkitektura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Arkitektura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Barrutia_(Xi%27an)" title="Chang'an Barrutia (Xi'an)">Chang-an</a> izan zen, halaber, Tang dinastiaren hiriburua. Garai hartan, hiri handia bihurtu zen Chang-an; hala, adibidez, plano erregularra eratzen zuten kale zuzenak zituen. Enperadorearen jauregia eta administrazioko bulegoak iparraldean zeuden. Hirian, tenplu <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budistez</a> gain, beste erlijio batzuetako eraikuntzak ere baziren, <a href="/wiki/Meskita" title="Meskita">meskitak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mazdeismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdeismo">mazdeismoaren</a> jarraitzaileen tenpluak, adibidez. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eskultura">Eskultura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eskultura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Eskultura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tang dinastiako eskulturan, eragin handia izan zuen <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiako</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_dinastia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gupta dinastia (sortu gabe)">Gupta dinastiako</a> arte moldeak. Nolanahi ere, aurreko aldietan bezala, Txinako artisten obrek ezaugarri bereziak zituzten. Eskulturak aurreko aldian ezaugarri izan zuen zurruntasuna eta simetria galdu zuen, eta, aitzitik, adierazkortasuna eta naturaltasuna irabazi zuen. Haitzuloetako tenpluetan, buden eskultura asko egin zen; arropen azpian, gorputzaren forma antzematen zitzaien orain eskulturei, eta arropen izurrek, aurreko eskulturen simetria zurrunik gabe, uhin modukoak egiten zituzten. Orduko buden eskultura gehienak <a href="/wiki/Longmen_leizeak" title="Longmen leizeak">Longmen</a>, T'ien-lung-shan eta Tung-huaneko haitzuloetako tenpluetan daude. Garai horretako obra adierazgarriena Longmeneko Fen-shien-sy haitzulo tenpluko bederatzi estatua erraldoiak dira, 672-675 bitartean eginak, eta bederatzi horietatik ikusgarriena irairocana budarena da, 13 metro altu. </p><p>Haitzulo tenpluetakoez gainera, beste zenbait lan ere gorde dira, Tang dinastiaren garaian, eskulturak lortu zuen bikaintasunaren lekukoa. Harrizko eskultura bat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhisattua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhisattua (sortu gabe)">Bodhisattua</a>, <a href="/wiki/70" title="70">70</a>6. urtekoa (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvaniako_Unibertsitatea" title="Pennsylvaniako Unibertsitatea">Pennsylvaniako Unibertsitateko museoa</a>) eta brontze urreztatuko <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama">buda</a> bat (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">New Yorkeko Metropolitan Museum</a>) dira aipagarrienak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pintura">Pintura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pintura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Pintura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tang dinastiako errege familiako kideen eta funtzionario nagusien hogeita hamar bat hilobietako horma irudi asko gorde dira. Horma irudiok balio artistiko handikoak izateaz gainera, garrantzi handiko dokumentu historikoa dira, Chang-an hiriko gorteko bizitza erakusten baitute. Hilobi pintura horietan, bestalde, aldaketa bat gertatu zen, berrikuntza bat. <a href="/wiki/Hilobi" title="Hilobi">Hilobiak</a> zeuden gelako sabai gangaduna zeruaren irudiekin apaintzeko ohitura zegoen <a href="/wiki/Han_dinastia" title="Han dinastia">Han aroaz</a> geroztik. Hormetako goiko ertza eta zenbait sabai friso loredunez eta txoriz beteriko hodei itxurako bolutez apaintzen ziren, baina pareta gehienak irudi naturalistez margotzen ziren nobleen jarduera eta hilaren etxeko eguneroko bizitza azaltzeko. Hilobiaren egituran, horma pintura horiek maisutasunez tartekatzea eta egokitzea izan zen berrikuntza. Han dinastiako hilobietan ere irudikatu ziren guardiak, funtzionarioak, lantegiak eta eraikuntzak, baina, haietan ez bezala, Tang dinastiako hilobietan, osotasunaren konposizioaren mendean jarri ziren irudiok. Jauregien kanpoaldeko irudiak dira batzuk, eta barrukoak beste batzuk; arkitektura egiturak antzeratzeko zirrimarra jarraituek eta pertsonak tamaina naturaleko irudikatzeko moduak areago nabarmentzen zuten jauregi barrenaren ideia. <a href="/wiki/745" title="745">745</a>. urte inguruan, gai berri bat azaldu zen lehenengo aldiz pinturotan: gizonak edo emakumeak, bakoitza zuhaitz baten aurrean jarrita, marra lodiz mugaturiko tauletan margotuak, bionbo baten atalak izango balra bezala. Bestalde, izugarri ugaldu ziren lore eta txori irudiak, eta dekorazioaren funtsezko gai bilakatu ziren. </p><p>Txinako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horma_pintura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horma pintura (sortu gabe)">horma pintura</a> lehortutako estuko geruza baten gainean egiten zen. Aurrez buztinezko geruzak zabaltzen ziren horman, buztina lastoarekin nahastuta lehenbizi eta kalamuarekin nahastuta gero. Horien gainean, karezko geruza bat zabaltzen zen, eta berniz zurgatzaile bat, gero, tintaz eta pigmentu mineralez marrazten uzten zuena gainean. Margolariak irudi barrenaren zirriborroa egiten zuen lehenbizi, eta kolore leunak banatzen zituen. Gero, tintaz berregiten zituen hazpegiak eta jantzien tolesak. Pintura lana oso geruza mehea eta hauskorra zen, eta estukoak hormari atxikitzen zion neurrian irauten zuen osorik. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pigmentu" title="Pigmentu">Pigmentu</a> mineralek, argiaren babes, beren freskotasun guztia gorde dute. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(gaia)" title="Zeta (gaia)">zeta</a> gaineko paisaia pinturetan, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei" title="Wang Wei">Wang Wei</a> poeta eta margolariak (699-759) txuri-beltzeko teknika monokromoa asmatu, eta txinatar pintura irauli zuen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaligrafia">Kaligrafia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kaligrafia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kaligrafia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tang dinastiaren lehenengo aldian sortu ziren <a href="/wiki/Kaligrafia" title="Kaligrafia">kaligrafiako</a> hiru maisu nagusiak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ou_Yang-hsiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ou Yang-hsiin (sortu gabe)">Ou Yang-hsiin</a> (557-641), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yii_Shih-nan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yii Shih-nan (sortu gabe)">Yii Shih-nan</a> (558- 638) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%27u_chu-liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ch'u chu-liang (sortu gabe)">Ch'u chu-liang</a> (596-658). Maisu handi horiek ezin gehiagoraino hobetu zuten kai idazkera, pintzelkada soilduz eta lerro bakoitzeko elementu soberak baztertuz. </p><p>Tang aroaren erdialdean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang-Hsii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chang-Hsii (sortu gabe)">Chang-Hsii</a> kaligrafiagilea nabarmendu zen, tsao edo etzaneko idazkeran bereziki. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tang_dinastiaren_poetak">Tang dinastiaren poetak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tang dinastiaren poetak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Tang dinastiaren poetak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bai_Juyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bai Juyi (sortu gabe)">Bai Juyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Po" title="Li Po">Li Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei" title="Wang Wei">Wang Wei</a></li> <li>Du Fu</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Zongyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Zongyuan (sortu gabe)">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xue_Tao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xue Tao (sortu gabe)">Xue Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Xuanji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Xuanji (sortu gabe)">Yu Xuanji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Jiao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meng Jiao (sortu gabe)">Meng Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Zhizhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Zhizhang (sortu gabe)">He Zhizhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wu enperatriza (Wu Zetian), Txinan ofizialki aitortutako bi milurteko baino gehiagoko bakarra."><img alt="Wu enperatriza (Wu Zetian), Txinan ofizialki aitortutako bi milurteko baino gehiagoko bakarra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/87px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/131px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/174px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wu enperatriza (Wu Zetian), Txinan ofizialki aitortutako bi milurteko baino gehiagoko bakarra.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gaozu_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaozu"><img alt="Gaozu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gaozu_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpeg/120px-Gaozu_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpeg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gaozu_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpeg/250px-Gaozu_of_Tang_Dynasty.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gaozu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tang_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang dinastiako emakumea"><img alt="Tang dinastiako emakumea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tang_woman.jpg/120px-Tang_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tang_woman.jpg/180px-Tang_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tang_woman.jpg/240px-Tang_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang dinastiako emakumea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nanjing_Museum_-_Pottery_figurines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zeramikazko irudiak"><img alt="Zeramikazko irudiak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nanjing_Museum_-_Pottery_figurines.jpg/120px-Nanjing_Museum_-_Pottery_figurines.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nanjing_Museum_-_Pottery_figurines.jpg/250px-Nanjing_Museum_-_Pottery_figurines.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zeramikazko irudiak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fengxian_Temple_(Grand_Buddha_Niche),_Longmen_Grottoes_(10240890033).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fengxian tenplua"><img alt="Fengxian tenplua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fengxian_Temple_%28Grand_Buddha_Niche%29%2C_Longmen_Grottoes_%2810240890033%29.jpg/120px-Fengxian_Temple_%28Grand_Buddha_Niche%29%2C_Longmen_Grottoes_%2810240890033%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fengxian_Temple_%28Grand_Buddha_Niche%29%2C_Longmen_Grottoes_%2810240890033%29.jpg/180px-Fengxian_Temple_%28Grand_Buddha_Niche%29%2C_Longmen_Grottoes_%2810240890033%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fengxian_Temple_%28Grand_Buddha_Niche%29%2C_Longmen_Grottoes_%2810240890033%29.jpg/240px-Fengxian_Temple_%28Grand_Buddha_Niche%29%2C_Longmen_Grottoes_%2810240890033%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fengxian tenplua</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Horse_funerary_tomb_figurines_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang Dinastaa zaldi hilobi-irudiak"><img alt="Tang Dinastaa zaldi hilobi-irudiak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Horse_funerary_tomb_figurines_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_China.jpg/120px-Horse_funerary_tomb_figurines_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Horse_funerary_tomb_figurines_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_China.jpg/250px-Horse_funerary_tomb_figurines_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_China.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang Dinastaa zaldi hilobi-irudiak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tang_Dynasty_musicians_on_camel,_723_ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musikariak gameluan"><img alt="Musikariak gameluan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tang_Dynasty_musicians_on_camel%2C_723_ad.jpg/80px-Tang_Dynasty_musicians_on_camel%2C_723_ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tang_Dynasty_musicians_on_camel%2C_723_ad.jpg/120px-Tang_Dynasty_musicians_on_camel%2C_723_ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tang_Dynasty_musicians_on_camel%2C_723_ad.jpg/160px-Tang_Dynasty_musicians_on_camel%2C_723_ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Musikariak gameluan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Triad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buda"><img alt="Buda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Triad.jpg/120px-Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Triad.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Triad.jpg/250px-Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Triad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Statue_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BUda"><img alt="BUda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Statue_04.jpg/120px-Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Statue_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Statue_04.jpg/180px-Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Statue_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Statue_04.jpg/240px-Tang_Dynasty_Buddha_Statue_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">BUda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Guanyin_Stone_706_CE_Tang_Dynasty_Shaanxi_Province_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guanyin harria"><img alt="Guanyin harria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Guanyin_Stone_706_CE_Tang_Dynasty_Shaanxi_Province_China.jpg/90px-Guanyin_Stone_706_CE_Tang_Dynasty_Shaanxi_Province_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Guanyin_Stone_706_CE_Tang_Dynasty_Shaanxi_Province_China.jpg/135px-Guanyin_Stone_706_CE_Tang_Dynasty_Shaanxi_Province_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Guanyin_Stone_706_CE_Tang_Dynasty_Shaanxi_Province_China.jpg/180px-Guanyin_Stone_706_CE_Tang_Dynasty_Shaanxi_Province_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guanyin harria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lokapala_and_Officials_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_Henan_Province_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Irudiak"><img alt="Irudiak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lokapala_and_Officials_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_Henan_Province_China.jpg/120px-Lokapala_and_Officials_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_Henan_Province_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lokapala_and_Officials_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_Henan_Province_China.jpg/250px-Lokapala_and_Officials_Tang_Dynasty_618-907_CE_Henan_Province_China.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Irudiak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E7%94%BB%E6%9C%AC%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9%E9%81%B8%E4%BA%94%E8%A8%80%E5%BE%8B%E6%8E%92%E5%BE%8B-Illustrated_%E2%80%9CAnthology_of_Tang-Dynasty_Poems%E2%80%9D_in_Five-Syllable_Lines_(T%C5%8Dshisen_ehon_gogon_ritsu_hairitsu)_MET_LC-2013_731a_011_crd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang-Dinastiako Poemen Antologia"><img alt="Tang-Dinastiako Poemen Antologia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E7%94%BB%E6%9C%AC%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9%E9%81%B8%E4%BA%94%E8%A8%80%E5%BE%8B%E6%8E%92%E5%BE%8B-Illustrated_%E2%80%9CAnthology_of_Tang-Dynasty_Poems%E2%80%9D_in_Five-Syllable_Lines_%28T%C5%8Dshisen_ehon_gogon_ritsu_hairitsu%29_MET_LC-2013_731a_011_crd.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E7%94%BB%E6%9C%AC%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9%E9%81%B8%E4%BA%94%E8%A8%80%E5%BE%8B%E6%8E%92%E5%BE%8B-Illustrated_%E2%80%9CAnthology_of_Tang-Dynasty_Poems%E2%80%9D_in_Five-Syllable_Lines_%28T%C5%8Dshisen_ehon_gogon_ritsu_hairitsu%29_MET_LC-2013_731a_011_crd.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E7%94%BB%E6%9C%AC%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9%E9%81%B8%E4%BA%94%E8%A8%80%E5%BE%8B%E6%8E%92%E5%BE%8B-Illustrated_%E2%80%9CAnthology_of_Tang-Dynasty_Poems%E2%80%9D_in_Five-Syllable_Lines_%28T%C5%8Dshisen_ehon_gogon_ritsu_hairitsu%29_MET_LC-2013_731a_011_crd.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tang-Dinastiako Poemen Antologia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tang_Dynasty-Fat_Lady_holding_a_Dog.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tang_Dynasty-Fat_Lady_holding_a_Dog.JPG/120px-Tang_Dynasty-Fat_Lady_holding_a_Dog.JPG" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tang_Dynasty-Fat_Lady_holding_a_Dog.JPG/250px-Tang_Dynasty-Fat_Lady_holding_a_Dog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="3262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Txinako_historia" title="Txinako historia">Txinako historia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%"> <ul><li>Artikulu honen edukiaren zati bat <i>Lur hiztegi entziklopediko</i>tik edo <i>Lur entziklopedia tematiko</i>tik txertatu zen 2011/12/26 egunean. Egile-eskubideen jabeak, <a href="/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritzak</a>, hiztegi horiek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/deed.eu">CC-BY 3.0 lizentziarekin</a> argitaratu ditu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.euskadi.eus/katalogoa/-/lur-entziklopedia-tematikoa/">Open Data Euskadi webgunean</a>.</li></ul></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/bost-dinastien-eta-hamar-erresumen-garaia/m0fxnw">«Bost dinastien eta hamar erresumen garaia»</a> <i>Google Arts & Culture</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-01-27)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20121-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20121_2-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2012">Lewis 2012</a>, 1 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200691_3-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 91 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999111,_141-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999111,_141_4-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 111, 141 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu199837-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu199837_5-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu1998">Du 1998</a>, 37 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006106-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006106_6-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman 2006</a>, 106 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Tangen agintaldian, munduko populazioa 190 milioi ingurutik 240 milioi ingurura hazi zen, 50 milioiko aldea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu199873–87-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu199873–87_8-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYu1998">Yu 1998</a>, 73–87 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012127-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012127_9-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, 127 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91_10-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91_10-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200690–91_10-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 90–91 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–41-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–41_11-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–41_11-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 40–41 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012125-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012125_12-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, 125 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETogan2011177-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETogan2011177_13-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTogan2011">Togan 2011</a>, 177 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler, Howard J..  (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idu6-Ie1MhwC&pg=PA151"><i>Sui and T'ang China, 589–906. Part 1. </i></a> Cambridge University Press, 151 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-139-05594-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-139-05594-9">978-1-139-05594-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFChen2012">Chen, Sanping.  (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC&pg=PA5"><i>Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. </i></a> University of Pennsylvania Press, 4–6 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8122-0628-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8122-0628-9">978-0-8122-0628-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_93-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_93_16-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2000">Graff 2000</a>, 78, 93 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440_17-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440_17-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 40 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200078-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200078_18-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2000">Graff 2000</a>, 78 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200080-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200080_19-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2000">Graff 2000</a>, 80 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–42-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200440–42_20-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 40–42 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_82,_85–86,_95-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200078,_82,_85–86,_95_21-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2000">Graff 2000</a>, 78, 82, 85–86, 95 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442_22-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442_22-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 42 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200693-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200693_23-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 93 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442–43-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200442–43_24-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 42–43 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000124-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000124_25-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2000">Twitchett 2000</a>, 124 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZhouApril_2009">Zhou, Xiuqin.  (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp187_taizong_emperor.pdf"><i>Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong. </i></a> 187, 155 or.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200697–98-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200697–98_27-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 97–98 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698-28">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698_28-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698_28-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200698_28-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 98 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForte1988234-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForte1988234_29-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForte1988">Forte 1988</a>, 234 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlowe200864-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlowe200864_30-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarlowe2008">Marlowe 2008</a>, 64 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Lzh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Lzh (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Lzh</a></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSima1084">Sima, Guang.  (1084). <i>Zizhi Tongjian. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200445-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200445_32-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 45 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999116-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999116_33-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 116 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200397–98-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200397–98_34-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2003">Sen 2003</a>, 97–98 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200474-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200474_35-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, 74 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200682-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200682_36-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman 2006</a>, 82 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer19858-37">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer19858_37-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer19858_37-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1985">Schafer 1985</a>, 8 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiang199912-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiang199912_38-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiang1999">Kiang 1999</a>, 12 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200446-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200446_39-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 46 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn20026-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn20026_40-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn20026_40-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn2002">Benn 2002</a>, 6 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200699-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200699_41-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200699_41-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 99 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447-42">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447_42-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447_42-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 47 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn20027-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn20027_43-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn2002">Benn 2002</a>, 7 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn200247-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn200247_44-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn2002">Benn 2002</a>, 47 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200489-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200489_45-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 89 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447–48-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200447–48_46-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 47–48 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu1993455–467-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu1993455–467_47-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXu1993">Xu 1993</a>, 455–467 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100-48">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100_48-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100_48-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006100_48-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 100 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005184–185-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005184–185_49-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEberhard2005">Eberhard 2005</a>, 184–185 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer19859-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer19859_50-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1985">Schafer 1985</a>, 9 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan201711-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan201711_51-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWan2017">Wan 2017</a>, 11 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQi2010221–227-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQi2010221–227_52-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQi2010">Qi 2010</a>, 221–227 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200334-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200334_53-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2003">Sen 2003</a>, 34 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigneGascoigne200397-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGascoigneGascoigne200397_54-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGascoigneGascoigne2003">Gascoigne & Gascoigne 2003</a>, 97 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005185-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005185_55-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEberhard2005">Eberhard 2005</a>, 185 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang200391-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang200391_56-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2003">Wang 2003</a>, 91 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200843–44-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraff200843–44_57-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraff2008">Graff 2008</a>, 43–44 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdshead200490–91-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdshead200490–91_58-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead 2004</a>, 90–91 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005189–190-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhard2005189–190_59-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEberhard2005">Eberhard 2005</a>, 189–190 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet1996292_60-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGernet1996">Gernet 1996</a>, 292 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006108-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006108_61-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 108 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7_62-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, 6–7 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFScheidel2018">Scheidel, Walter.  (2018). <i>The Great Leveler. Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. </i> Princeton University Press, 276–278 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-18325-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-691-18325-1">978-0-691-18325-1</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20037–12-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037–12_64-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, 7–12 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7,_10,_12-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20036–7,_10,_12_65-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, 6–7, 10, 12 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20037,_10,_12-66">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037,_10,_12_66-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037,_10,_12_66-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, 7, 10, 12 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986c320–321footnote_h-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986c320–321footnote_h_67-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986c">Needham 1986c</a>, 320–321 orr. , footnote h.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote20037-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote20037_68-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, 7 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote200310–13-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote200310–13_69-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, 10–13 orr. .</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aipatutako_iturriak">Aipatutako iturriak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aipatutako iturriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Aipatutako iturriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8009455">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAdshead1995">Adshead, S. A. M..  (1995). <i>China in World History. </i> (2.. argitaraldia) New York: Palgrave Macmillan <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-333-62132-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-333-62132-5">978-0-333-62132-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAdshead2004">Adshead, S. A. M..  (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tangchinariseofe0000adsh_r2t2"><i>T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History. </i></a> New York: Palgrave Macmillan <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4039-3456-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4039-3456-7">978-1-4039-3456-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAndrewRapp2000">Andrew, Anita N.; Rapp, John A..  (2000). <i>Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu. </i> Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8476-9580-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8476-9580-5">978-0-8476-9580-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAndrews2010">Andrews, Gail C..  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(2002). <i>China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang dynasty. </i> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-517665-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-517665-0">978-0-19-517665-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBernhardtJuly_1995">Bernhardt, Kathryn.  (July 1995). <i>The Inheritance Right of Daughters: the Song Anomaly?. </i>, 269–309 or.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F009770049502100302">10.1177/009770049502100302</a></span>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBlanchard2001">Blanchard, Lara Caroline Williams.  (2001). <i>Visualizing Love and Longing in Song Dynasty Paintings of Women. </i> University of Michigan <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-493-41557-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-493-41557-2">0-493-41557-2</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBlundenElvin1983">Blunden, Caroline; Elvin, Mark.  (1983). <i>Cultural Atlas of China. </i> Oxford: Phaidon <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7148-2309-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7148-2309-0">0-7148-2309-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBossler2012">Bossler, Beverly.  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(2005). <i>A History of China. </i> New York: Cosimo <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-59605-566-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-59605-566-7">978-1-59605-566-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley.  (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-66991-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-66991-7">978-0-521-66991-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B..  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(2011). <i>Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires: A Global Perspective. </i> Leiden: Brill, 171–198 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-90-04-20622-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-90-04-20622-9">978-90-04-20622-9</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTwitchettWechsler1979">Twitchett, Denis; Wechsler, Howard J..  (1979). <i>Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. </i> 3 Cambridge University Press, 242–289 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9">978-0-521-21446-9</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFvan_de_Ven2000">van de Ven, Hans.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfareinchinese0047unse"><i>Warfare in Chinese History. </i></a> Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfareinchinese0047unse/page/n117">106</a>–179 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-90-04-11774-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-90-04-11774-7">978-90-04-11774-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Txineraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Txineraz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWang2003">Wang, Saishi.  (2003). Dongying: Qilu Publishing House <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-7-5333-1174-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-7-5333-1174-2">978-7-5333-1174-2</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Txineraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Txineraz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWang2003">Wang, Yongxing.  (2003). Beijing: Kunlun <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-7-80040-669-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-7-80040-669-0">978-7-80040-669-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield, Susan.  (2004). <i>The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. </i> Chicago: Serindia <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2">978-1-932476-13-2</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWilkinson2013">Wilkinson, Endymion.  (2013). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual. </i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8">978-0-674-06715-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWood1999">Wood, Nigel.  (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseglazesthe0000wood"><i>Chinese Glazes: Their Origins, Chemistry, and Recreation. </i></a> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8122-3476-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8122-3476-3">978-0-8122-3476-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWoods1996">Woods, Frances.  (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/didmarcopologoto0000wood"><i>Did Marco Polo go to China?. </i></a> Westview <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8133-8999-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8133-8999-8">978-0-8133-8999-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWong1979">Wong, Timothy C..  (1979). <i>Self and Society in Tang Dynasty Love Tales. </i> 99, 95–100 or.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWan2017">Wan, Lei.  (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kfcris.com/en/view/post/155"><i>The earliest Muslim communities in China. </i></a> 8 Riyadh: King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, 11 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-603-8206-39-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-603-8206-39-3">978-603-8206-39-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWright1959">Wright, Arthur F..  (1959). <i>Buddhism in Chinese History. </i> Stanford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-5036-2067-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-5036-2067-4">978-1-5036-2067-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFXi1981">Xi, Zezong.  (1981). <i>Chinese Studies in the History of Astronomy, 1949–1979. </i> 72, 456–470 or.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F352793">10.1086/352793</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Isis...72..456X">1981Isis...72..456X</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Txineraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Txineraz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFXu1993">Xu, Daoxun.  (1993). Beijing <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-7-01-001210-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-7-01-001210-0">978-7-01-001210-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Txineraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Txineraz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFXue1992">Xue, Zongzheng.  (1992). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3">978-7-5004-0432-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFYu1998">Yu, Pauline.  (1998). <i>Charting the Landscape of Chinese Poetry. </i> 20, 71–87 or.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCordier1915">Cordier, Henri.  (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither01yule"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. </i></a> 1 (New. argitaraldia) London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakluyt_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakluyt Society (sortu gabe)">Hakluyt Society</a></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irakurketa_gehigarriak">Irakurketa gehigarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Irakurketa gehigarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Irakurketa gehigarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbramson2008">Abramson, Marc S..  (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ethnic_Identity_in_Tang_China/J7fFhc2VM5sC"><i>Ethnic Identity in Tang China. </i></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania Press (sortu gabe)">University of Pennsylvania Press</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8122-4052-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8122-4052-8">978-0-8122-4052-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer, Edward H..  (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Vermilion_Bird/yaeESYegRXMC"><i>The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South. </i></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Press (sortu gabe)">University of California Press</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-01145-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-01145-8">978-0-520-01145-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWang2013">Wang, Zhenping.  (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Tang_China_in_Multi_Polar_Asia/L1gEEAAAQBAJ"><i>Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War. </i></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Hawaii_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Hawaii Press (sortu gabe)">University of Hawaii Press</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8248-3644-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8248-3644-3">978-0-8248-3644-3</a>.</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_dinastia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naiz.eus/es/gaiak/noticia/20220119/arqueologos-demuestran-que-el-cannabis-era-un-alimento-basico-en-la-antigua-china">Arqueólogos demuestran que el cannabis era un alimento básico en la antigua China (NAIZ,2022)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNtWPel2cKc">El tesoro de la dinastía Tang (National Geographic, ES)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9683" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q9683">Q9683</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tang_Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q9683%22">Q9683</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4105770-3">4105770-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024059">sh85024059</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300018420">300018420</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tang-dynasty">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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