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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purpose and sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Aesinas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Aesinas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i> Codex Aesinas</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Aesinas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Editions and translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(levr)" title="Germania (levr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Germania (levr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia_(llibre)" title="Germània (llibre) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germània (llibre)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(kniha)" title="Germania (kniha) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germania (kniha)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(llyfr)" title="Germania (llyfr) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Germania (llyfr)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(libro)" title="Germania (libro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germania (libro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(liburua)" title="Germania (liburua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germania (liburua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ژرمنیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Germanie" title="La Germanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Germanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(boek)" title="Germania (boek) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Germania (boek)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermania_(libro)" title="Xermania (libro) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xermania (libro)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A1%B1%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EA%B3%BC_%ED%98%84%ED%99%A9" title="게르만족의 기원과 현황 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만족의 기원과 현황" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD)" title="Գերմանիա (Տակիտոս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա (Տակիտոս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacit)" title="Germania (Tacit) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germania (Tacit)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_origine_et_situ_Germanorum" title="De origine et situ Germanorum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="De origine et situ Germanorum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_%C4%A2erm%C4%81nijas_atra%C5%A1an%C4%81s_vietu_un_taut%C4%81m" title="Par Ģermānijas atrašanās vietu un tautām – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Par Ģermānijas atrašanās vietu un tautām" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(irodalmi_m%C5%B1)" title="Germania (irodalmi mű) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Germania (irodalmi mű)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_origine_et_situ_Germanorum" title="De origine et situ Germanorum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De origine et situ Germanorum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2_(%E6%9B%B8%E7%89%A9)" title="ゲルマニア (書物) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマニア (書物)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" title="Germania (Tacitus) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Germania (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(Tacyt)" title="Germania (Tacyt) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Germania (Tacyt)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2nia_(T%C3%A1cito)" title="Germânia (Tácito) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germânia (Tácito)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Германия (Тацит) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия (Тацит)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(lib%C3%ABr)" title="Germania (libër) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Germania (libër)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanija_(knjiga)" title="Germanija (knjiga) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanija (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(kirja)" title="Germania (kirja) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germania (kirja)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(bok)" title="Germania (bok) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germania (bok)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(kitap)" title="Germania (kitap) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Germania (kitap)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Германія (Тацит) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Германія (Тацит)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%BF%97" title="日耳曼尼亚志 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日耳曼尼亚志" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Germania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Germania (disambiguation)">Germania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Germania <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania&rft.author=%5B%5BTacitus%7CPublius+Cornelius+Tacitus%5D%5D&rft.place=Roman+Empire"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_Tribes_in_the_Roman_Imperial_Period.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Germanic_Tribes_in_the_Roman_Imperial_Period.png/200px-Germanic_Tribes_in_the_Roman_Imperial_Period.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Germanic_Tribes_in_the_Roman_Imperial_Period.png/300px-Germanic_Tribes_in_the_Roman_Imperial_Period.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Germanic_Tribes_in_the_Roman_Imperial_Period.png/400px-Germanic_Tribes_in_the_Roman_Imperial_Period.png 2x" data-file-width="3783" data-file-height="5224" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Germania in the Roman Imperial Period, with the possible locations of some peoples described by Tacitus as Germanic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Latin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 98<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">AD 98</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Roman Empire</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Germania</b></i>, written by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</a> around 98 AD<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and originally entitled <i><b>On the Origin and Situation of the Germans</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De origine et situ Germanorum</i>), is a historical and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> work on the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Germania</i> begins with a description of the lands, laws, and customs of the Germanic people (chapters 1–27); it then describes individual peoples, beginning with those dwelling closest to Roman lands and ending on the uttermost shores of the Baltic, among the amber-gathering <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fenni" title="Fenni">Fenni</a>, and the unknown peoples beyond them. </p><p>Tacitus says (chapter 2) that physically, the Germanic peoples appear to be a distinct nation, not an admixture of their neighbors, since nobody would desire to migrate to a climate as horrid as that of Germania. They are divided into three large branches, the <a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Istaevones" class="mw-redirect" title="Istaevones">Istaevones</a>, deriving their ancestry from three sons of <a href="/wiki/Mannus" title="Mannus">Mannus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Tuisto" title="Tuisto">Tuisto</a>, their common forefather. </p><p>In chapter 4, he mentions that they all have common physical characteristics, blue eyes (<i>truces et caerulei oculi</i> = "sky-coloured, azure, dark blue, dark green"), reddish hair (<i>rutilae comae</i> = "red, golden-red, reddish yellow"), and large bodies, vigorous at the first onset but not tolerant of exhausting labour, tolerant of hunger and cold, but not of heat or thirst.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 7, Tacitus describes their government and leadership as somewhat merit-based and egalitarian, with leadership by example rather than authority, and punishments are carried out by the priests. He mentions (chapter 8) that the opinions of women are given respect. In chapter 11, Tacitus describes a form of folk assembly rather similar to the public <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">things</a> recorded in later Germanic sources: in these public deliberations, the final decision rests with the men of the group as a whole. </p><p>Tacitus further discusses the role of women in chapters 7 and 8, mentioning that they often accompany the men to battle and offer encouragement. He says that the men are often motivated to fight for the women because of an extreme fear of losing them to captivity. Tacitus says (chapter 18) that the Germanic peoples are mainly content with one wife, except for a few political marriages, and specifically and explicitly compares this practice favorably to other cultures. He also records (chapter 19) that adultery is very rare, and that an adulterous woman is shunned afterward by the community regardless of her beauty. In chapter 45, Tacitus mentions that the people to the north of the Germanic peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a>, "resemble [the Suevi Scandinavians] in all respects but one - woman is the ruling sex."<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_-_Germania_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_-_Germania-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "This," Tacitus comments, "is the measure of their decline, I will not say below freedom, but even below decent slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_-_Germania_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_-_Germania-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_and_sources">Purpose and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus_mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus_mirror.jpg/200px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus_mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus_mirror.jpg/300px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus_mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus_mirror.jpg/400px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus_mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Tacitus (1920 illustration)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnography had a long and distinguished heritage in <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, and the <i>Germania</i> fits squarely within the tradition established by authors from <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Tacitus himself had already written a similar—albeit shorter—essay on the lands and peoples of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)"><i>Agricola</i></a> (chapters 10–13). </p><p>Tacitus himself is thought to have never travelled to <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, thus his information is second-hand at best.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Ronald Syme</a> supposed that Tacitus closely copied the lost <i>Bella Germaniae</i> of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, since the <i>Germania</i> is in some places outdated: in its description of Danubian groups, says Syme, "they are loyal clients of the Empire ... Which is peculiar. The defection of these peoples in the year 89 during Domitian's war against the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> modified the whole frontier policy of the Empire."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pliny may have been the primary source, scholars have identified others; among them are <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aufidius_Bassus" title="Aufidius Bassus">Aufidius Bassus</a>, and numerous nonliterary sources, presumably based on interviews with traders and soldiers who had ventured beyond the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube</a> borders, and Germanic <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">mercenaries</a> in Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaeu_1645_-_Germaniae_veteris_typus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blaeu_1645_-_Germaniae_veteris_typus.jpg/300px-Blaeu_1645_-_Germaniae_veteris_typus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blaeu_1645_-_Germaniae_veteris_typus.jpg/450px-Blaeu_1645_-_Germaniae_veteris_typus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blaeu_1645_-_Germaniae_veteris_typus.jpg/600px-Blaeu_1645_-_Germaniae_veteris_typus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="3046" /></a><figcaption> <i>Germaniae veteris typus</i> (Old Germany) edited by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Blaeu" title="Willem Blaeu">Willem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Blaeu" title="Joan Blaeu">Joan Blaeu</a>), 1645, based on information from Tacitus and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a></figcaption></figure><p>One of the minor works of Tacitus, <i>Germania</i> was not widely cited or used before the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. In antiquity, <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> appears to imitate a sentence from it.<sup id="cite_ref-JFH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was largely forgotten during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In the West, it was cited by <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> in the sixth century and used more extensively by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Fulda" title="Rudolf of Fulda">Rudolf of Fulda</a> in the ninth. In the East, it was used by the anonymous author of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Table_of_Nations" title="Frankish Table of Nations">Frankish Table of Nations</a> in the early sixth century and possibly by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon</a></i> later that century. In the ninth century, the Frankish Table was incorporated into the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i>, which ensured a wide diffusion to at least some of the <i>Germania</i>'s information.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guibert_of_Nogent" title="Guibert of Nogent">Guibert of Nogent</a>, writing his autobiography around 1115, quotes <i>Germania</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JFH_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Germania</i> survives in a single manuscript that was found in <a href="/wiki/Hersfeld_Abbey" title="Hersfeld Abbey">Hersfeld Abbey</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Hersfeldensis" title="Codex Hersfeldensis">Codex Hersfeldensis</a></i>) in 1425. This was brought to Italy, where Enea Silvio Piccolomini, later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, first examined and analyzed the book. This sparked interest among <a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanism in Germany">German humanists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Celtes" title="Conrad Celtes">Conrad Celtes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus" title="Johannes Aventinus">Johannes Aventinus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a> and beyond. </p><p>The peoples of medieval Germany (the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>) were heterogenous, separated in distinct <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">kingdoms</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconians" class="mw-redirect" title="Franconians">Franconians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a>, distinctions which remain evident in the German language and culture after the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871 (aside from Austria) and the establishment of modern <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. During the medieval period, a self-designation of "Germani" was virtually never used; the name was only revived in 1471, inspired by the rediscovered text of <i>Germania</i>, to invoke the warlike qualities of the ancient Germans in a <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusade</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>. Ever since its discovery, treatment of the text regarding the culture of the early <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> in ancient Germany remains strong, especially in German history, philology, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a> studies, and to a lesser degree in Scandinavian countries, as well. Beginning in 16th-century German humanism, German interest in Germanic antiquity remained acute throughout the period of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. A scientific angle was introduced with the development of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Germanic philology</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>. Because of its influence on the ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a>, Jewish-Italian historian <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> in 1956 described <i>Germania</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> as "among the most dangerous books ever written".<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_B._Krebs" title="Christopher B. Krebs">Christopher Krebs</a>, a professor at Stanford University, claims in a 2012 study that <i>Germania</i> played a major role in the formation of the core concepts of Nazi ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mainstream German reception is much less sensationalist and sees Tacitus's description as more patronizing than laudatory, a predecessor of the classical <a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">noble savage</a> concept which started in the 17th and 18th centuries in western European literature.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codex_Aesinas"><i> Codex Aesinas</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Codex Aesinas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Aesinas" title="Codex Aesinas">Codex Aesinas</a></i> is believed to be portions of the Codex Hersfeldensis – the lost Germania manuscript brought to Rome from Hersfeld Abbey. It was rediscovered in 1902 by priest-philologist Cesare Annibaldi in the possession of Count Aurelio Balleani of <a href="/wiki/Iesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iesi">Iesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temporarily transferred to Florence for the controls at the state body of the fine arts, the manuscript was severely damaged during the <a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">1966 flood</a>. It was later restored and brought back to Iesi, and in 1994, the <i>Codex Aesinas</i> was given to the National Library in Rome, catalogued as <i>Cod. Vitt. Em. 1631</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Greenwey, Richard (trans.) <i>The Annales of Cornelius Tacitus. The Description of Germanie.</i> 1598.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(writer)" title="Thomas Gordon (writer)">Gordon, Thomas</a>. (trans.), before 1750.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Murphy_(writer)" title="Arthur Murphy (writer)">Murphy, Arthur.</a> (trans.), before 1805.</li> <li>Church, Alfred John and Brodribb, William Jackson (trans.), 1877.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Furneaux" title="Henry Furneaux">Furneaux, Henry</a> (ed.), 1900.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1938" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, J.G.C., ed. (1938). <i>Germania</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mattingly, H. (trans.) <i>The Agricola and The Germania</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1948</li> <li>Syme, Ronald. (ed.), <i>Tacitus</i>, vol. 1 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958</li> <li>Önnerfors, Alf. (ed.) <i>De origine et situ Germanorum liber</i>. Teubner, Stuttgart: 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-519-01838-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-519-01838-1">3-519-01838-1</a> (P. Cornelii Taciti libri qui supersunt, T. 2,2)</li> <li>Rives, J. B. (trans.) <i>Tacitus: Germania</i>. Oxford: 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Early Germanic peoples">Category:Early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regnator_omnium_deus" title="Regnator omnium deus">Regnator omnium deus</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, Allan A. (2007). "Zur interpretatio Romana in der ,Germania' des Tacitus". <i>Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 289–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007307781787570">10.1163/157007307781787570</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-3441">0044-3441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Religions-+und+Geistesgeschichte&rft.atitle=Zur+interpretatio+Romana+in+der+%2CGermania%27+des+Tacitus&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=289-310&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007307781787570&rft.issn=0044-3441&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Allan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1981" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ronald H. (1981). <i>Tacitus</i>. University of California Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04427-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04427-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04427-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tacitus&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04427-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>unde habitus quoque corporum, tamquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omnibus: truces et caerulei oculi, rutilae comae, magna corpora et tantum ad impetum valida. [3] laboris atque operum non eadem patientia, minimeque sitim aestumque tolerare, frigora atque inediam caelo solove adsueverunt.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus_-_Germania-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_-_Germania_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_-_Germania_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/tacitus/tacitus-germania-12.php">"Tacitus - Germania"</a>. <i>UNRV.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220259/http://www.unrv.com/tacitus/tacitus-germania-12.php">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNRV.com&rft.atitle=Tacitus+-+Germania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrv.com%2Ftacitus%2Ftacitus-germania-12.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Gudeman1900" class="citation journal cs1">Alfred Gudeman (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282642">"The Sources of the Germania of Tacitus"</a>. <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>31</b>. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 93–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282642">10.2307/282642</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282642">282642</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+the+Germania+of+Tacitus&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=93-111&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F282642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Alfred+Gudeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F282642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, <i>Tacitus</i> (Oxford: 1958), p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JFH_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFH_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Francis_Haverfield1916" class="citation cs2">John Francis Haverfield (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2351412">"Tacitus During the Late Roman Period and the Middle Ages"</a>, <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>, <b>6</b>: 196–201, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F296272">10.2307/296272</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/296272">296272</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162358804">162358804</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Tacitus+During+the+Late+Roman+Period+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=196-201&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162358804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F296272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F296272&rft.au=John+Francis+Haverfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2351412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Goffart1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Walter Goffart</a> (1983), "The Supposedly 'Frankish' Table of Nations: An Edition and Study", <i>Frühmittelalterliche Studien</i>, <b>17</b> (1): 98–130, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110242164.98">10.1515/9783110242164.98</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201734002">201734002</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fr%C3%BChmittelalterliche+Studien&rft.atitle=The+Supposedly+%27Frankish%27+Table+of+Nations%3A+An+Edition+and+Study&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-130&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110242164.98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201734002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Walter+Goffart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rose_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2016" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Louis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHrsDAAAQBAJ"><i>Psychology, Art, and Antifascism: Ernst Kris, E. H. Gombrich, and the Politics of Caricature</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300224252" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300224252"><bdi>978-0300224252</bdi></a>. <q>The exiled Italian scholar and future <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg</a> fellow <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> counted the Germania as one of "the one hundred most dangerous books ever written" (quoted in Krebs, 22). The centuries of debate over how to interpret Tacitus had particular relevance to Momigliano. A classicist from a religiously <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">orthodox</a> and socially assimilated <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> family, Momigliano—like thousands of Italian academics—swore a loyalty oath to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Fascist party</a> and in 1938 sought exemption from the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Racial_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Racial Laws">Racial Laws</a> as a party member.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%2C+Art%2C+and+Antifascism%3A+Ernst+Kris%2C+E.+H.+Gombrich%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Caricature&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0300224252&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHrsDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Anthony Birley</a>, 'Introduction', in Tacitus, <i>Agricola and Germany</i> (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. xxxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_B._Krebs" title="Christopher B. Krebs">Christopher B. Krebs</a>, <i>A Most Dangerous Book: Tacitus's Germania from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich</i> (New York: W.W. Norton, 2012), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paradies auf Erden?: Mythenbildung als Form von Fremdwahrnehmung : der Südsee-Mythos in Schlüsselphasen der deutschen Literatur Anja Hall Königshausen & Neumann, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Thunberg" title="Carl L. Thunberg">Thunberg, Carl L.</a> (2012). <i>Att tolka Svitjod</i> [<i>To interpret Svitjod</i>]. University of Gothenburg. p. 157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-4-2">978-91-981859-4-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508044423/http://www.icpal.beniculturali.it/scheda_fotografico.html?ids_foto=2CEB6177-3025-48D3-9CB6-47ABD5B2B070">"<i>Codex Aesinas</i> at the National Library in Rome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icpal.beniculturali.it/scheda_fotografico.html?ids_foto=2CEB6177-3025-48D3-9CB6-47ABD5B2B070">the original</a> on 2016-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Codex+Aesinas+at+the+National+Library+in+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icpal.beniculturali.it%2Fscheda_fotografico.html%3Fids_foto%3D2CEB6177-3025-48D3-9CB6-47ABD5B2B070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania+%28book%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li>Dorey, T. A., <i> 'Agricola' and 'Germania', </i> in <i>Tacitus</i> (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969) (Studies in Latin Literature series)</li> <li>Gudeman, Alfred, <i>The Sources of the Germania of Tacitus</i>, in <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>, Vol. 31. (1900), pp. 93–111</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_B._Krebs" title="Christopher B. Krebs">Christopher B. Krebs</a>, <i>Negotiatio Germaniae. Tacitus' Germania und Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Giannantonio Campano, Conrad Celtis und Heinrich Bebel</i> (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-25257-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-25257-9">3-525-25257-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_B._Krebs" title="Christopher B. Krebs">Christopher B. Krebs</a>, <i>A Most Dangerous Book: Tacitus's Germania from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich</i> (New York: W.W. Norton, 2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06265-6">978-0-393-06265-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a>, 1995. <i>Landscape and Memory</i> 2.i "The hunt for Germania"</li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Robinson, Rodney Potter (1935). <i>The Germania of Tacitus</i> (Middletown, Connecticut; American Philological Association) (textual and manuscript analysis)</li> <li>Schellhase, Kenneth C. (1976). <i>Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought</i> (Chicago)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania_(book)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="wikisource:Germania">Germania</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tacitus" class="extiw" title="q:Tacitus">Tacitus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(writer)" title="Thomas Gordon (writer)">Thomas Gordon</a>'s 1737 translation (Reprinted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html">1910</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2995">1910</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" title="Alfred John Church">Alfred John Church</a> and William Jackson Brodribb's translations (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZFJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR6">1868</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000756690;view=2up;seq=8">1868</a>; revised <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook2.html">1876</a>, reprinted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175001806739;view=2up;seq=8">1899</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083">1942</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Brooks_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Brooks Jr. (page does not exist)">Edward Brooks</a>'s translation (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7524">1897</a>)</li> <li>Lamberto Bozzi's translation (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtpesaro.it/Materiali/Latino/De%20Origine%20Et%20Situ%20Germanorum.php">2012</a>)</li> <li>Roger Pearse's "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/tacitus/index.htm">Tacitus and his manuscripts</a>"</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tacitus" title="Category:Tacitus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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