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Hav - Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi
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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Definition</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysisk_videnskab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysisk_videnskab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fysisk videnskab</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fysisk_videnskab-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Fysisk videnskab</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fysisk_videnskab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Havvand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havvand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Havvand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havvand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bølger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bølger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bølger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bølger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strømme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strømme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Strømme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strømme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidevand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidevand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tidevand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidevand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havbassiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havbassiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Havbassiner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havbassiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Kyster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havoverflade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havoverflade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Havoverflade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havoverflade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandets_kredsløb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandets_kredsløb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Vandets kredsløb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandets_kredsløb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulstofkredsløb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulstofkredsløb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Kulstofkredsløb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulstofkredsløb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forsuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forsuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Forsuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forsuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liv_i_havet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liv_i_havet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Liv i havet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liv_i_havet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Liv i havet</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Liv_i_havet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_habitater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_habitater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marine habitater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_habitater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alger_og_planter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alger_og_planter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alger og planter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alger_og_planter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyr_og_andet_havliv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyr_og_andet_havliv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dyr og andet havliv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyr_og_andet_havliv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mennesker_og_havet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mennesker_og_havet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mennesker og havet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mennesker_og_havet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Mennesker og havet</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mennesker_og_havet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navigation_og_udforskning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_og_udforskning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Navigation og udforskning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_og_udforskning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanografi_og_dybhavsekspeditioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanografi_og_dybhavsekspeditioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Oceanografi og dybhavsekspeditioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanografi_og_dybhavsekspeditioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Jura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Søkrig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Søkrig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Søkrig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Søkrig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Rejse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Handel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fritidsbeskæftigelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fritidsbeskæftigelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Fritidsbeskæftigelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fritidsbeskæftigelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elproduktion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elproduktion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Elproduktion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elproduktion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Udvindingsindustrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Udvindingsindustrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Udvindingsindustrier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udvindingsindustrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havforurening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havforurening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Havforurening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havforurening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hav-nomadiske_folk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hav-nomadiske_folk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Hav-nomadiske folk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hav-nomadiske_folk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_kulturen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_kulturen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>I kulturen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_kulturen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kilder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hav</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 229 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-229" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">229 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Амшын – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амшын" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4t" title="Laôt – achinesisk" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Laôt" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD" title="ባህር – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባህር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyar" title="Riyar – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Riyar" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C7%A3" title="Sǣ – oldengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sǣ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="oldengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_ile" title="Okwaan̄ ile – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ ile" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="بحر – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ – aramæisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramæisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="بحر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="সাগৰ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ралъад – avarisk" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ралъад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुन्द्र – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="समुन्द्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamara" title="Lamara – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lamara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz" title="Dəniz – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Диңгеҙ – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara" title="Segara – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meea" title="Meea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Laut" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laot" title="Laot – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laot" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुंद्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समुंद्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ပင်ႏလယ်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပင်ႏလယ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="সাগর – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC" title="རྒྱ་མཚོ – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་མཚོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor" title="Mor – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i" title="Hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="ХӀорд – tjetjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دەریا – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%B1iz" title="Deñiz – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%99e" title="Moře – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Тинĕс – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r" title="Môr – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rjo" title="Mórjo – nedersorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="nedersorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rahat" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Θάλασσα – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8r" title="Mèr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mèr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro" title="Maro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso" title="Itsaso – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دریا – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasawasa" title="Wasawasa – fijiansk" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wasawasa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3gvur" title="Sjógvur – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjógvur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltsia" title="Weltsia – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weltsia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2r" title="Mâr – friulisk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farraige" title="Farraige – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Farraige" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – gan-kinesisk" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8" title="Lanmè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir" title="Muir – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para" title="Para – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooir" title="Mooir – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mooir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teku" title="Teku – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Teku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ים – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samundar" title="Samundar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morjo" title="Morjo – øvresorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="øvresorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8" title="Lanmè – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanmè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenger" title="Tenger – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ծով – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik" title="Tasik – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Tasik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osimmiri" title="Osimmiri – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osimmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay" title="Baybay – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Форд – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro" title="Maro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3r" title="Sjór – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xamsi" title="xamsi – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara" title="Sagara – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ზღვა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%84iz" title="Teńiz – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Teńiz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel" title="Ilel – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B" title="Хы – kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bgu" title="Teŋgu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teŋgu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyai_a%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="Kyai a̱sa̱khwot – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kyai a̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalunga" title="Kalunga – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kalunga" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok" title="Lawok – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Теңіз – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="សមុទ្រ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಮುದ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4" title="바다 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Тенгиз – karatjai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тенгиз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatjai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="سَمَندَر – kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَمَندَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Саридз – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor" title="Mor – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Деңиз – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Деңиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier" title="Mier – luxembourgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Гьуьл – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zie%C3%AB" title="Zieë – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2" title="Mâ – ligurisk" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomb%C3%BA" title="Lombú – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lombú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5" title="ທະເລ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas%C3%A8%E2%80%99" title="Tasè’ – madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tasè’" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुन्द्र – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="समुन्द्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara" title="Segara – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Segara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Иневедсь – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иневедсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauik" title="Lauik – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lauik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കടൽ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тэнгис – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯄꯥꯛ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Тангыж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်လယ် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Иневедь (ведень пурнавкс) – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иневедь (ведень пурнавкс)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="دریو – mazenisk" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دریو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C4%93y%C4%81tl" title="Huēyātl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Huēyātl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – napolitansk" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solten_See" title="Solten See – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Solten See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee" title="Zee – plattysk (Holland)" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="plattysk (Holland)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi" title="Asi – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Asi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee" title="Zee – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9" title="Mé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ସମୁଦ୍ର – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସମୁଦ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Денджыз – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਾਗਰ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman" title="Laman – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers" title="Mers – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mers" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze" title="Morze – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AB%DB%8C" title="سمندرګی – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمندرګی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_qucha" title="Hatun qucha – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amari" title="Amari – arumænsk" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Байҕал – jakutisk" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="سمنڊ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morje" title="Morje – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari" title="Bhahari – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad" title="Bad – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti" title="Deti – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara" title="Sagara – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sagara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari" title="Bahari – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bayu" title="bayu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bayu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கடல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bcilung" title="bcilung – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bcilung" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D" title="ಕಡಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಡಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సముద్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80" title="Баҳр – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ทะเล – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%88iz" title="Deňiz – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Deňiz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz" title="Deniz – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Диңгез – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90po" title="Ɛpo – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɛpo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2" title="دېڭىز – uygurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېڭىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uygurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengiz" title="Dengiz – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Biển – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAe" title="Zêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ej" title="Géej – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Géej" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ים – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haij" title="Haij – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%C3%AA" title="Zeê – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zeê" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i" title="Hái – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwandle" title="Ulwandle – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ulwandle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hav" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Hav" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ændr sprogvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">dansk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hav"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=history" title="Tidligere versioner af denne side [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Værktøjer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Værktøjer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Værktøjer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere muligheder" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hav"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=history"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Hvad_linker_hertil/Hav" title="Liste med alle sider som henviser hertil [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hvad henviser hertil</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Relaterede_%C3%A6ndringer/Hav" rel="nofollow" title="Seneste ændringer af sider som denne side henviser til [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Beslægtede ændringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=da&campaign=dk" title="Upload filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload fil</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&oldid=11916662" title="Permanent link til denne version af denne side"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=info" title="Yderligere oplysninger om denne side"><span>Sideinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Citer&page=Hav&id=11916662&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om, hvordan man kan citere denne side"><span>Referer til denne side</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHav"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHav"><span>Download QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Organisation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Organisation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Organisation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_Wikipedia"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikimedia-Danmark" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://dk.wikimedia.org/wiki/"><span>Wikimedia Danmark</span></a></li><li id="n-GLAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM"><span>GLAM</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Udskriv/eksportér </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Bog&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hav"><span>Lav en bog</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hav&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&printable=yes" title="Printervenlig udgave af denne side [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Udskriftsvenlig udgave</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I andre projekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165" title="Link til tilknyttet emne i Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Udseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Udseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lovende_artikler" title="Dette er en Lovende artikel. Klik her for mere information."><img alt="Lovende artikel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Art%C3%ADculo_bueno-blue.svg/15px-Art%C3%ADculo_bueno-blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Art%C3%ADculo_bueno-blue.svg/22px-Art%C3%ADculo_bueno-blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Art%C3%ADculo_bueno-blue.svg/29px-Art%C3%ADculo_bueno-blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/20px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/40px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><i> For alternative betydninger, se <a href="/wiki/Hav_(flertydig)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hav (flertydig)">Hav (flertydig)</a>.</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Speciel:Pr%C3%A6fiksindeks/Hav" title="Speciel:Præfiksindeks/Hav">Se også artikler, som begynder med Hav</a>)</small></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Porto_Covo_Outubro_2014-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Porto_Covo_Outubro_2014-3.jpg/220px-Porto_Covo_Outubro_2014-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Porto_Covo_Outubro_2014-3.jpg/330px-Porto_Covo_Outubro_2014-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Porto_Covo_Outubro_2014-3.jpg/440px-Porto_Covo_Outubro_2014-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="2765" /></a><figcaption>En <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lge" title="Bølge">bølge</a> brydes ved <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:LocationOceans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LocationOceans.png/250px-LocationOceans.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LocationOceans.png/330px-LocationOceans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LocationOceans.png/500px-LocationOceans.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>71 % af jordoverfladen er dækket af hav.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Havet</b> er den forbundne <a href="/wiki/Vandmasse" title="Vandmasse">masse</a> af <a href="/wiki/Saltvand" title="Saltvand">saltvand</a>, der dækker mere end 70 % af <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">Jordens</a> overflade (361.132.000 km², med et samlet rumfang på omkring 1.332.000.000 km³).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det modererer Jordens <a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">klima</a> og spiller vigtige roller i <a href="/wiki/Vandets_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Vandets kredsløb">vandets kredsløb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulstofkredsl%C3%B8b" title="Kulstofkredsløb">kulstofkredsløb</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A6lstofkredsl%C3%B8b" title="Kvælstofkredsløb">kvælstofkredsløb</a>. Havet er blevet berejst og udforsket siden oldtiden, mens videnskabelige studier af havet — <a href="/wiki/Oceanografi" title="Oceanografi">oceanografi</a> — stammer tilbage fra kaptajn <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cooks</a> opdagelsesrejser i <a href="/wiki/Stillehavet" title="Stillehavet">Stillehavet</a> mellem 1768 og 1779. Ordet <i>hav</i> bruges også til at betegne mindre dele af havet, der ligger halvt indlands såvel som store <a href="/wiki/Salts%C3%B8" title="Saltsø">salte</a> indlandssøer såsom det <a href="/wiki/Kaspiske_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspiske hav">Kaspiske hav</a> og <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8dehavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dødehavet">Dødehavet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ordnet_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordnet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Havvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Havvand">Havvands</a> mest rigelige opløste <a href="/wiki/Fast_stof" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast stof">faste stof</a> er <a href="/wiki/Natriumklorid" title="Natriumklorid">natriumklorid</a>. Herudover indeholder vandet også <a href="/wiki/Salt_(kemi)" title="Salt (kemi)">salte</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a>, såvel som mange andre grundstoffer, heraf nogle i meget små koncentrationer. Havets <a href="/wiki/Salinitet" title="Salinitet">salinitet</a> varierer kraftigt, og er typisk lavere nær overfladen og store floders udmunding, men højere i det dybe hav; de opløste saltes relative proportioner varierer dog kun meget lidt i <a href="/wiki/Verdenshav" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdenshav">verdenshavene</a>. Vind, der blæser henover havoverfladen, skaber <a href="/wiki/Havb%C3%B8lger" class="mw-redirect" title="Havbølger">havbølger</a>, som <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A6nding_(vand)" title="Brænding (vand)">brydes</a> når de når lavvandede områder. Vind skaber også overfladestrømme gennem friktion, hvilket skaber langsomt men stabilt omløb af vand igennem verdenshavene. Omløbets retning styres af faktorer såsom <a href="/wiki/Kontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontinent">kontinenternes</a> størrelse og <a href="/wiki/Jordens_rotation" title="Jordens rotation">Jordens rotation</a> (den såkaldte <a href="/wiki/Coriolis-effekten" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis-effekten">Coriolis-effekt</a>). Dybhavsstrømme, kendt som det <a href="/wiki/Den_termohaline_cirkulation" title="Den termohaline cirkulation">globale transportbånd</a>, transporterer koldt vand fra tæt på polerne og ud til alle verdenshavene. <a href="/wiki/Tidevand" title="Tidevand">Tidevand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havoverfladen" class="mw-redirect" title="Havoverfladen">havoverfladens</a> hævelse og sænkelse normalt to gange dagligt, forårsages af Jordens rotation og den omkredsende <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5nen" title="Månen">månes</a> tyngdekrafteffekter samt, i mindre grad, af <a href="/wiki/Solen" title="Solen">Solen</a>, og kan have en meget stor <a href="/wiki/Tidevandsamplitude" title="Tidevandsamplitude">tidevandsamplitude</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bugt" title="Bugt">bugter</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%86stuarium" title="Æstuarium">æstuarier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Undervandsjordsk%C3%A6lv" title="Undervandsjordskælv">Undervandsjordskælv</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Tektonisk_plade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tektonisk plade">tektoniske pladers</a> bevægelse under havene, <a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">vulkansk</a> aktivitet, store <a href="/wiki/Jordskred" title="Jordskred">jordskred</a> og nedstyrtning af store <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteoritter</a> kan alle føre til destruktive <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamier</a>. </p><p>Der lever en bred vifte af <a href="/wiki/Havliv" title="Havliv">liv i havet</a>, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">bakterier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protister" title="Protister">protister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alger" title="Alger">alger</a>, planter, svampe og dyr, da havet understøtter en mængde forskellige <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitater</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem">økosystemer</a>, fra den solbeskinnede overflade og kystlinje (henholdsvis betegnet den <a href="/wiki/Fotiske_zone" title="Fotiske zone">fotiske zone</a> og <a href="/wiki/Litorale_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Litorale zone">litorale zone</a>) til de store dybder med stærkt tryk i den kolde, mørke <a href="/wiki/Abyssale_zone" title="Abyssale zone">abyssale zone</a>, og fra det kolde vand under <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%A6r_iskappe" title="Polær iskappe">de polære iskapper</a> til den farverige diversitet i <a href="/wiki/Koralrev" title="Koralrev">koralrev</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tropisk" title="Tropisk">tropiske</a> regioner. Mange af verdens store organismegrupper udviklede sig oprindeligt i havet og det er muligt at <a href="/wiki/Livets_oprindelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Livets oprindelse">selve livet opstod der</a>. </p><p>Havet er kilde til store mængder <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8devare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fødevare">fødevarer</a> for mennesker, hovedsageligt <a href="/wiki/Fisk" title="Fisk">fisk</a>, men også <a href="/wiki/Skaldyr" title="Skaldyr">skaldyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havpattedyr" title="Havpattedyr">havpattedyr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tang_(alge)" title="Tang (alge)">tang</a>, enten fanget af fiskere eller <a href="/wiki/Akvakultur_(vandlevende_organismer)" title="Akvakultur (vandlevende organismer)">dyrket under vandet</a>. Blandt andre menneskelige anvendelser af havet er <a href="/wiki/Shipping" title="Shipping">handel</a>, rejse, mineraludvindelse, <a href="/wiki/Elproduktion" title="Elproduktion">elproduktion</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8krig" title="Søkrig">krig</a> og fritidsaktiviteter såsom <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%B8mning" title="Svømning">svømning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejlads" title="Sejlads">sejlads</a> og <a href="/wiki/Dykning" title="Dykning">dykning</a>. Mange af disse aktiviteter medfører dog <a href="/wiki/Havforurening" title="Havforurening">forurening af havet</a>. </p><p>Havet er en vigtig del af menneskers kultur, og har spillet store roller i litteraturen mindst siden <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homers</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Odysseen" title="Odysseen">Odysseen</a></i>, i <a href="/wiki/Marinemaleri" title="Marinemaleri">marinemalerier</a>, i film og i klassisk musik. I <a href="/wiki/Mytologi" title="Mytologi">mytologier</a> repræsenteres havet ofte symbolsk som monstre såsom <a href="/wiki/Skylla" title="Skylla">Skylla</a>, og i <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8mmetydning" title="Drømmetydning">drømmetydning</a> repræsenterer det <a href="/wiki/Underbevidstheden" class="mw-redirect" title="Underbevidstheden">underbevidstheden</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Definition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definition"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:World_ocean_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/250px-World_ocean_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/330px-World_ocean_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/500px-World_ocean_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Et animeret kort der viser <a href="/wiki/Verdenshav" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdenshav">verdenshavene</a>. Havet er en kontinuerlig <a href="/wiki/Vandmasse" title="Vandmasse">vandmasse</a>, som omkredser <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">Jorden</a>, men opdeles ofte i et antal centrale områder. En af de oftest anvendte opdelinger er i <a href="/wiki/Stillehavet" title="Stillehavet">Stillehavet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a>, det <a href="/wiki/Indiske_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiske ocean">Indiske ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishavet" title="Ishavet">Ishavet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sydhavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydhavet">Sydhavet</a>; de to sidstnævnte konsolideres ofte ind i de første tre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Havet er det forbundne system af alle Jordens største vandområder, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillehavet" title="Stillehavet">Stillehavet</a>, det <a href="/wiki/Indiske_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiske ocean">Indiske ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydhavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydhavet">Sydhavet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ishavet" title="Ishavet">Ishavet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ordnet_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordnet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne sammenhængende vandmasse, <a href="/wiki/Verdenshav" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdenshav">verdenshavene</a>, betegnes også som "<a href="/wiki/Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean">oceaner</a>", mens ordet "hav" herudover også kan betegne mindre dele af verdenshavene, såvel som store indlandssøer med saltvand såsom Det <a href="/wiki/Kaspiske_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspiske hav">Kaspiske hav</a> eller <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8dehavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dødehavet">Dødehavet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ordnet_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordnet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En alternativ opdeling af oceanerne er i mindre <a href="/wiki/Bihav" title="Bihav">bihave</a>, som igen kan inddeles i <a href="/wiki/Middelhav" class="mw-redirect" title="Middelhav">middelhave</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Randhav" title="Randhav">randhave</a>. Nogle eksempler på bihave er <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sters%C3%B8en" title="Østersøen">Østersøen</a>, som er et middelhav, og det <a href="/wiki/Arabiske_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiske hav">Arabiske hav</a>, som er et randhav. Andre have kaldes <a href="/wiki/Bugt" title="Bugt">bugte</a>, for eksempel den <a href="/wiki/Bengalske_bugt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengalske bugt">Bengalske bugt</a>. </p><p>Formelt er det den <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Hydrografiske_Organisation" title="Internationale Hydrografiske Organisation">Internationale Hydrografiske Organisation</a> (<i>International Hydrographic Organization</i>) som opdeler og sætter grænser mellem havområderne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymologi">Etymologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Etymologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Etymologi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordet "hav" stammer fra <a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%B8nt" title="Norrønt">norrønt</a> <i>haf</i> og <a href="/wiki/Oldengelsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldengelsk">oldengelsk</a> <i>haef</i>, som menes at være beslægtet med ordet "hæve".<sup id="cite_ref-ordnet_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordnet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På <a href="/wiki/Gammelnorsk" title="Gammelnorsk">gammelnorsk</a> hed havet <i>mar</i> eller <i>ser</i>, men efterhånden gik man over til ordet <i>hav</i>, som tidligere havde været betegnelsen for <a href="/wiki/Flod_(tidevand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flod (tidevand)">flod</a> eller <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8jvande" class="mw-redirect" title="Højvande">højvande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fysisk_videnskab">Fysisk videnskab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Fysisk videnskab" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fysisk videnskab"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikler: <a href="/wiki/Oceanografi" title="Oceanografi">Oceanografi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fysisk_oceanografi" title="Fysisk oceanografi">Fysisk oceanografi</a>.</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">Jorden</a> er den eneste kendte <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> med have af flydende <a href="/wiki/Vand" title="Vand">vand</a> på sin overflade,<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> omend <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planet)" title="Mars (planet)">Mars</a> har polære iskapper og der er en mulighed for at <a href="/wiki/Jordlignende_planet" title="Jordlignende planet">Jordlignende planeter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ekstrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstrasolar planet">andre solsystemer</a> ligeledes kan have have.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordens 1.335.000.000 km³ hav indeholder omkring 97,2 % af al planetens kendte vand<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcycle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcycle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og dækker mere end 70 % af dens overflade.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herudover er 2,15 % af Jordens vand frosset, og findes i havisen, der dækker <a href="/wiki/Ishavet" title="Ishavet">Ishavet</a>, iskappen der dækker <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a> og dets <a href="/wiki/Sydhavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydhavet">omkringliggende hav</a>, og diverse <a href="/wiki/Gletsjer" title="Gletsjer">gletsjere</a> og andre større overfladeaflejringer rundt omkring i verden. Det resterende (omkring 0,65 % af helheden) danner <a href="/wiki/Grundvand" title="Grundvand">undergrundsreservoirer</a> eller diverse stadier af <a href="/wiki/Vands_kredsl%C3%B8b" class="mw-redirect" title="Vands kredsløb">vands kredsløb</a>, som indeholder <a href="/wiki/Ferskvand" title="Ferskvand">ferskvand</a>, der anvendes af det meste jordbundne liv: <a href="/wiki/Vanddamp" title="Vanddamp">damp</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Jordens atmosfære">Jordens atmosfære</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_(meteorologi)" title="Sky (meteorologi)">skyerne</a> den danner, <a href="/wiki/Regn" title="Regn">regnen</a> der falder fra disse og de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8" title="Sø">søer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Flod" title="Flod">floder</a>, der spontant dannes efterhånden som dette vand igen og igen flyder mod havet.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcycle_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcycle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den videnskabelige forskning i vand og jordens vands kredsløb kaldes <a href="/wiki/Hydrologi" title="Hydrologi">hydrologi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamik" title="Hydrodynamik">hydrodynamik</a> studerer <a href="/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik">fysikken</a> bag vand i bevægelse. Nyere forskning i havet specifikt kaldes <a href="/wiki/Oceanografi" title="Oceanografi">oceanografi</a>, og begyndte som et studie af havets strømninger,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men har siden udviklet sig til et større, <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinaritet" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinaritet">multidisciplinært</a> felt.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderne oceanografer undersøger eksempelvis havvands egenskaber, bølger, tidevand og havstrømme, optegner kystlinjer og kortlægger havbunde og studerer <a href="/wiki/Havliv" title="Havliv">liv i havet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underdisciplinen, der specifikt beskæftiger sig med havets bevægelser, dets styrke og de kræfter der påvirker det, kaldes <a href="/wiki/Fysisk_oceanografi" title="Fysisk oceanografi">fysisk oceanografi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marinbiologi" title="Marinbiologi">Marinbiologi</a> (også kaldet biologisk oceanografi) studerer de planter, dyr og andre organismer, som lever i havets økosystemer. Begge discipliner understøttes af <a href="/wiki/Kemisk_oceanografi" title="Kemisk oceanografi">kemisk oceanografi</a>, som studerer <a href="/wiki/Grundstof" title="Grundstof">grundstoffernes</a> og diverse <a href="/wiki/Molekyle" title="Molekyle">molekylers</a> effekt i havene, og i nyere tid har beskæftiget sig særligt meget med havets rolle i <a href="/wiki/Kulstofkredsl%C3%B8b" title="Kulstofkredsløb">kulstofkredsløbet</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Kulstof" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulstof">kulstofs</a> rolle i <a href="/wiki/Forsuring" title="Forsuring">forsuringen</a> af verdenshavene. Marin og maritim <a href="/wiki/Naturgeografi" title="Naturgeografi">naturgeografi</a> kortlægger havets størrelse og form, mens <a href="/wiki/Maringeologi" title="Maringeologi">maringeologi</a> (eller geologisk oceanografi) har fundet beviser på <a href="/wiki/Kontinentaldrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontinentaldrift">kontinentaldrift</a> og forsket i Jordens sammensætning og struktur, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentering" title="Sedimentering">sedimenteringsprocessen</a> og assisteret <a href="/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme">vulkanske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi">seismologiske</a> studier.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Havvand">Havvand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Havvand" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Havvand"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Havvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Havvand">Havvand</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/330px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/500px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/960px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Salinitetskort fra rumskibet Aquarius. Regnbuefarverne repræsenterer salinitetsniveau med rød = 40 <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="‰">‰</a> og lilla = 30 ‰</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Større opløsninger i havvand (3,5 % salinitet)<sup id="cite_ref-Millero_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Stof</th> <th>Koncentration (‰)</th> <th>% af alle salter </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorid</td> <td>19,3</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Natrium</td> <td>10,8</td> <td>30,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfat</td> <td>2,7</td> <td>7,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium</td> <td>1,3</td> <td>3,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium</td> <td>0,41</td> <td>1,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalium</td> <td>0,40</td> <td>1,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bicarbonat</td> <td>0,10</td> <td>0,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bromid</td> <td>0,07</td> <td>0,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbonat</td> <td>0,01</td> <td>0,05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strontium</td> <td>0,01</td> <td>0,04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Borat</td> <td>0,01</td> <td>0,01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fluorid</td> <td>0,001</td> <td><0,01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alle andre stoffer</td> <td><0,001</td> <td><0,01 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vandet i havet har længe mentes at stamme fra Jordens <a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">vulkaner</a>, som for omkring 4 milliarder år begyndte at afgasse fra smeltet klippe,<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-24-25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-24-25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> omend nyere forskning tyder på at meget af Jordens vand kan stamme fra <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">kometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Et af havvands særlige egenskaber er at det er salt (heraf synonymet "saltvand"). Salinitet måles normalt i promille (<a href="/wiki/%E2%80%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="‰">‰</a>), og det åbne hav har omkring 35 g faststoffer pr. liter, hvilket er en salinitet på 35 ‰. <a href="/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet">Middelhavet</a> er en smule højere med 38 ‰,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mens saliniteten i den nordlige del af det <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8de_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Røde hav">røde hav</a> kan nå helt op på 41‰.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle indlandssøer, kendt som <a href="/wiki/Salts%C3%B8" title="Saltsø">saltsøer</a>, har et endnu højere salinitetsniveau, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8dehavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dødehavet">Dødehavet</a>, som har 300 g opløst faststof pr. liter (300 ‰). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Natriumchlorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Natriumchlorid">Natriumchlorid</a>, også kendt som almindelig <a href="/wiki/Husholdningssalt" title="Husholdningssalt">husholdningssalt</a>, udgør omkring 85 % af faststofferne i havvandet, omend det også indeholder andre metalioner såsom <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> og <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, og negative ioner såsom sulfat, carbonat og bromid. På trods af variationer i salinitetsniveauet i forskellige have så er den relative sammensætning af de opløste salte den samme i alle verdens have.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millero_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havvand er for salt til at det er sikkert for mennesker at drikke større mængder af, da <a href="/wiki/Nyre" title="Nyre">nyrerne</a> ikke kan udlede urin, der er lige så salt som havvand.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mængden af salt i havet har været relativt konstant igennem millioner af år, men flere faktorer påvirker alligevel en vandmasses salinitet.<sup id="cite_ref-setalleyduauang_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setalleyduauang-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fordampning og biprodukter af isdannelse øger saliniteten, mens <a href="/wiki/Nedb%C3%B8r" title="Nedbør">nedbør</a>, smeltende havis og afstrømning fra land reducerer den.<sup id="cite_ref-setalleyduauang_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setalleyduauang-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sters%C3%B8en" title="Østersøen">Østersøen</a> har for eksempel mange floder, der flyder ud i den, og den kan derfor betragtes som <a href="/wiki/Brakvand" title="Brakvand">brakvand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omvendt er <a href="/wiki/Det_r%C3%B8de_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Det røde hav">det røde hav</a> meget salt på grund af sin høje fordampningshastighed.<sup id="cite_ref-noaaaa_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaaaa-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Havtemperatur afhænger af mængden af solstråling på havets overflade. I tropiske områder, hvor Solen er næsten direkte over havet, kan temperaturen på overfladelagene blive op til 30 °C mens temperaturen nær polerne er i ækvivalens med havisen omkring -2 °C. Der er en vedvarende cirkulation af vand i havene: Varme overfladestrømme nedkøler efterhånden som de bevæger sig væk fra troperne, og vandet bliver tykkere og synker. Det kolde vand bevæger sig derefter tilbage imod <a href="/wiki/%C3%86kvator" title="Ækvator">ækvator</a> som dybhavsstrømme, drevet af temperaturforandringer og vandets massefylde, før det til sidst igen strømmer op mod overfladen. Dybhavsvand har en temperatur på mellem -2 °C og 5 °C på alle sider af kloden.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Havvand med en typisk salinitet på 35‰ har et frysepunkt på omkring −1.8 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Når dets temperatur bliver lav nok bliver der dannet <a href="/wiki/Iskrystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskrystal">iskrystaller</a> på overfladen. Disse brækkes i mindre stykker og flyder sammen til at danne flade plader, der danner en tyk <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(kemi)" title="Suspension (kemi)">suspension</a> kendt som <a href="/wiki/Krav_(istype)" title="Krav (istype)">krav</a>. I rolige omgivelser fryser denne suspension til en tynd, flad iskappe af tyndis, også kendt som <a href="/wiki/Nilas" title="Nilas">nilas</a>, som tykner efterhånden som ny is dannes på dens underside. I mere turbulent hav danner kravkrystallerne flade plader, som glider under hinanden og derefter flyder sammen og danner <a href="/wiki/Drivis" class="mw-redirect" title="Drivis">isflager</a>. Under nedfrysningsprocessen fanges saltvand og luft mellem iskrystallerne. Nilas kan have en salinitet på 12–15 ‰, men når <a href="/wiki/Havis" title="Havis">havisen</a> er et år gammel vil dette niveau være faldet til 4–6 ‰.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mængden af oxygen i havvand afhænger primært af planterne, der vokser i det. Disse er hovedsageligt <a href="/wiki/Alge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alge">alger</a>, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/Fytoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fytoplankton">fytoplankton</a> og nogle <a href="/wiki/Karplanter" title="Karplanter">karplanter</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gte_havgr%C3%A6s" title="Ægte havgræs">havgræs</a>. I dagslys producerer disse planters <a href="/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese">fotosyntese</a> oxygen, som opløses i havvandet, og anvendes af havdyr. Om natten stopper fotosyntesen, og mængden af opløst oxygen falder. I det dybe hav, hvor der ikke skinner nok lys til at understøtte planteliv, er der meget list opløst oxygen - i stedet nedbrydes organiske materiale af <a href="/wiki/Anaerobisk_organisme" title="Anaerobisk organisme">anaerobiske</a> bakterier, som producerer <a href="/wiki/Svovlbrinte" title="Svovlbrinte">svovlbrinte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Global_opvarmning" title="Global opvarmning">Global opvarmning</a> menes at forårsage reducerede mængder oxygen i overfladevand, siden opløseligheden af ilt i vand falder ved højere temperaturer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mængden af lys, der skinner igennem havet, afhænger af solens vinkel, vejret og vandets <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbiditet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbiditet (ikke skrevet endnu)">turbiditet</a>. Meget lys bliver reflekteret tilbage ved overfladen, og rødt lys bliver absorberet i de første få meter. Gult og grønt lys når dybere ned, og violet lys kan nå op til 1000 meter ned. Der er dog ikke nok lys til fotosyntese til plantevækst på dybder under 200 meter.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bølger"><span id="B.C3.B8lger"></span>Bølger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Bølger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bølger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/220px--Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fil:Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="390" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="390" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Molekylebevægelser mens bølger passerer forbi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/220px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/330px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Når bølgen når lavt vand bliver den langsommere og dens <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> (højde) øges.</figcaption></figure> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Havb%C3%B8lge" title="Havbølge">Havbølge</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Vind, der blæser henover en vandmasses overflade, danner <a href="/wiki/Havb%C3%B8lge" title="Havbølge">bølger</a>, som er vinkelrette til vindens retning. Friktionen mellem luft og vand ved en mild brise i en dam kan forårsage dannelsen af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapillarb%C3%B8lge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapillarbølge (ikke skrevet endnu)">krusninger</a> på vandoverfladen. En stærk blæst henover havet forårsager større bølger idet den bevægende luft skubber op mod den hævede vandryg. Bølgerne når deres maksimale højde når den hastighed de bevæger sig i, næsten svarer til vindhastigheden. I åbent hav, når vinden blæser konstant sådan som det ses på den sydlige halvkugle i de såkaldte "<a href="/wiki/Roaring_forties" title="Roaring forties">roaring forties</a>", ruller lange, samlede masser af vand kaldet <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8nning" title="Dønning">dønninger</a> henover havet.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-83-84_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-83-84-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hvis vinden dør hen reduceres bølgedannelsen, men allerede-dannede bølger fortsætter med at rejse i deres oprindelige retning indtil de støder på land. Størrelsen på bølgerne afhænger af deres <a href="/wiki/Slagl%C3%A6ngde_(b%C3%B8lge)" title="Slaglængde (bølge)">slaglængde</a>, afstanden som vinden har blæst henover vandet og den vinds styrke og varighed. Når bølger møder andre bølger, der kommer fra andre retninger, forårsager sammenstøder mellem dem forstyrrelser og uregelmæssigheder i havet.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Konstruktiv_interferens" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstruktiv interferens">Konstruktiv interferens</a> kan forårsage individuelle (uventede) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monsterhavb%C3%B8lge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monsterhavbølge (ikke skrevet endnu)">monsterhavbølger</a>, der som minimum bliver dobbelt så store som normale bølger.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mrgarrison_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De fleste bølger er mindre end 3 meter høje<sup id="cite_ref-mrgarrison_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men det hænder at stærke storme kan fordoble eller tredoble den højde;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Offshorekonstruktion" title="Offshorekonstruktion">offshorekonstruktioner</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/Vindm%C3%B8llepark" title="Vindmøllepark">havvindmølleparker</a> og <a href="/wiki/Boreplatform" title="Boreplatform">boreplatforme</a> anvender anvender <a href="/wiki/Meteorologi" title="Meteorologi">meteorologiske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Oceanografi" title="Oceanografi">oceanografiske</a> statistikker fra målinger til at udregne hvilken bølgestyrke (inklusive eksempelvis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundrede%C3%A5rsb%C3%B8lge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hundredeårsbølge (ikke skrevet endnu)">hundredeårsbølger</a>) som de skal kunne modstå.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monsterhavbølger er dog blevet set på højder helt op til over 25 meter.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det laveste punkt mellem bølgerne kaldes "truget", og bølgelængden defineres som afstanden mellem bølgetoppene. Selvom bølgen skubbes henover havoverfladen af vinden er der ikke tale om en horisontal bevægelse af vand, men derimod en overførsel af <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a>. Når bølgerne nærmer sig land og bevæger sig ind på lavt vand ændres de: hvis de ankommer vinklet kan bølgerne bøje sig (<a href="/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion">refraktion</a>) eller vikle sig om sten og <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A6s_(halv%C3%B8)" title="Næs (halvø)">næs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diffraktion" title="Diffraktion">diffraktion</a>). Når bølgen når et punkt hvor dens dybeste vandsvingninger rammer <a href="/wiki/Havbund" title="Havbund">havbunden</a>, begynder den at sætte farten ned. Dette trækker bølgetoppene tættere sammen og øger bølgens højde, hvilket kaldes "<a href="/wiki/Shoaling" title="Shoaling">shoaling</a>". Når forholdet mellem bølgens højde og vanddybden overskrider en bestemt grænse brydes bølgen i "<a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A6nding_(vand)" title="Brænding (vand)">brændingen</a>", og vælger sammen i en masse af skummende vand.<sup id="cite_ref-mrgarrison_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette skyller op på stranden, hvorefter det falder tilbage i havet som følge af tyngdekraften.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami">Tsunami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Tsunami" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tsunami"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_affected_countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_affected_countries.png/220px-2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_affected_countries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_affected_countries.png/330px-2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_affected_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_affected_countries.png/440px-2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_affected_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Lande, der blev ramt af tsunamier efter <a href="/wiki/Jordsk%C3%A6lvet_i_Det_Indiske_Ocean_2004" title="Jordskælvet i Det Indiske Ocean 2004">jordskælvet i Det Indiske Ocean 2004</a>. Tsunamier udløst af pludselige geologiske begivenheder kan bevæge sig over meget lange afstande</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:2004-tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tsunami i Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/250px-2004-tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/330px-2004-tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/500px-2004-tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>En <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> udløst af <a href="/wiki/Jordsk%C3%A6lvet_i_Det_Indiske_Ocean_2004" title="Jordskælvet i Det Indiske Ocean 2004">jordskælvet i Det Indiske Ocean 2004</a> rammer Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>En tsunami er en usædvanlig form for bølge, der kan opstå ved en usædvanligt kraftfuld begivenhed såsom et undervandsjordskælv eller -jordskred, et meteornedslag eller et vulkanudbrud. Disse begivenheder kan midlertidigt løfte eller sænke havoverfladen i det påvirkede område, hvorefter det forskudte havvands potentielle energi bliver til kinetisk energi og skaber en lav bølge, en tsunami, der spreder sig udad ved en hastighed proportionel til vanddybdens kvadratrod, og som derfor bevæger sig meget hurtigere i det åbne hav end på en <a href="/wiki/Kontinentalsokkel" title="Kontinentalsokkel">kontinentalsokkel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usgstsunami_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I det dybe åbne hav har tsunamier bølgelængder på omkring 130 til 480 kilometer og bevæger sig med en hastighed på mere end 970 km/t),<sup id="cite_ref-NTWC-physics_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTWC-physics-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men de opdages sjældent på dette stadie, da de typisk er mindre end en meter høje.<sup id="cite_ref-UoW_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoW-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I modsætning hertil har overfladehavbølger forårsaget af vind væsentligt mindre bølgelængder, bevæger sig med en hastighed på op til 105 km/t og er op til 14 meter høje.<sup id="cite_ref-UoW_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoW-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En udløsende begivenhed på kontinentalsoklen kan forårsage en lokal tsunami på landsiden og en fjern tsunami som bevæger sig udover havet. Bølgens energi spredes kun gradvist, men spredes ud over bølgefronten på en måde så dens front bliver længere efterhånden som bølgen bevæger sig væk fra kilden og gennemsnitsenergien reduceres således at fjerne kyster i gennemsnit kun rammes af svagere bølger. Da bølgehastigheden styres af vanddybden rejser bølgen dog ikke i alle retninger ved samme hastighed og dette påvirker bølgefrontens retning - en effekt der kendes som <a href="/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion">refraktion</a> - hvilket kan fokusere den frembrusende tsunamis styrke i nogle områder og svække den i andre i henhold til <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografien</a> under vandet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efterhånden som en tsunami <a href="/wiki/Shoaling" title="Shoaling">bevæger sig ind i lavt vand</a> øges dens hastighed, dens bølgelængde bliver kortere og dens <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> øges enormt,<sup id="cite_ref-UoW_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoW-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meget på samme måde som for vind-genererede bølger i lavt vand, men på en langt større skala. Tsunamien kan enten ramme kysten med truget eller bølgetoppen først.<sup id="cite_ref-usgstsunami_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I det førstnævnte tilfælde trækker havet sig tilbage og blotter områder under <a href="/wiki/Tidevandszone" title="Tidevandszone">tidevandszonen</a> på kysten, hvilket kan fungere som en vigtig advarsel for beboere langs kysten.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Når bølgetoppen ankommer <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A6nding_(vand)" title="Brænding (vand)">brydes</a> den normalt ikke, men skyller i stedet indover land og oversvømmer alt på sin vej. Store dele af ødelæggelsen sker typisk når oversvømmelsesvandet drænes tilbage i havet efter tsunamien har ramt, og derigennem trækker vragrester, mennesker og mange andre ting med sig ud i havet. Ofte kan en enkelt geologisk begivenhed udløse flere tsunamier, hvorefter disse kan ankomme i intervaller på mellem otte minutter og to timer. Et af de mest kendte eksempler på dette i nyere tid skete 26. december 2004, da <a href="/wiki/Jordsk%C3%A6lvet_i_Det_Indiske_Ocean_2004" title="Jordskælvet i Det Indiske Ocean 2004">et kraftigt undervandsjordskælv i Det Indiske Ocean</a> udløste en række altødelæggende tsunamier, der endte med at koste mere end 227.000 mennesker livet.<sup id="cite_ref-TEC_Report_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEC_Report-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den første bølge, der rammer kysten, er ikke nødvendigvis den største eller mest destruktive.<sup id="cite_ref-usgstsunami_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somme tider kan en tsunami transformeres til en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidevandsb%C3%B8lge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidevandsbølge (ikke skrevet endnu)">tidevandsbølge</a>, hvilket oftest ses i en lavvandet bugt eller en <a href="/wiki/Flodmunding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flodmunding">flodmunding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NTWC-physics_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTWC-physics-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strømme"><span id="Str.C3.B8mme"></span>Strømme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Strømme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Strømme"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Corrientes-oceanicas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/250px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/330px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/500px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Overfladestrømme: rød–varm, blå–kold</figcaption></figure> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Havstr%C3%B8m" title="Havstrøm">Havstrøm</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Vind, der blæser henover havoverfladen, forårsager <a href="/wiki/Friktion" title="Friktion">friktion</a> ved grænsefladen mellem luft og hav. Udover at forårsage bølger får dette også havvandet ved overfladen til at bevæge sig i samme retning som vinden. Selvom vindene kan variere blæser de på et givent sted altid primært fra en bestemt retning, hvilket muliggør dannelsen af overfladestrømme. Vestlige vinde er de mest almindelige ved de midterste breddegrader, mens østlige vinde dominerer troperne.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Når vand bevæger sig på denne måde flyder andet vand ind for at udfylde hullet og der opstår en cirkulær bevægelse af overfladestrømme der kendes som en <a href="/wiki/Gyre" title="Gyre">gyre</a>. Der findes fem centrale gyrer i verdenshavene: to i Stillehavet, to i Atlanterhavet og en enkelt i det Indiske ocean. Andre mindre gyrer kan findes i mindre have, og en enkelt gyre flyder omkring <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a>. Disse gyrer har fulgt de samme ruter i flere årtusinder, ledt af landets topografi, vindretningen og <a href="/wiki/Coriolis-effekten" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis-effekten">Coriolis-effekten</a>. Overfladestrømmene flyder med uret i den nordlige halvkugle og mod uret i den sydlige halvkugle. Vandet, der bevæger sig væk fra ækvator, er varmt hvorimod det der flyder i modsat retning har mistet det meste af sin varme. Disse strømme har en tendens til at moderere Jordens klima ved at nedkøle regionen omkring ækvator og opvarme regioner ved højere breddegrader.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det globale klima, såvel som <a href="/wiki/Vejrudsigt" title="Vejrudsigt">vejrudsigter</a>, påvirkes voldsomt af verdenshavene så <a href="/wiki/Generel_cirkulationsmodel" title="Generel cirkulationsmodel">globale klimamodeller</a> gør brug af de <a href="/wiki/Generel_havcirkulationsmodel" title="Generel havcirkulationsmodel">generelle havcirkulationsmodeller</a> såvel som af modeller af andre større komponenter såsom <a href="/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Jordens atmosfære">atmosfære</a>, landoverflader, aerosoler og havis.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havmodeller gør brug af en gren af fysikken, <a href="/wiki/Geofysisk_v%C3%A6skedynamik" title="Geofysisk væskedynamik">geofysisk væskedynamik</a>, som beskriver strømninger af væsker såsom havvand i stor skala.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/220px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/330px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/440px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Den_termohaline_cirkulation" title="Den termohaline cirkulation">Havenes store transportbånd</a> vist i blåt med de varmere overfladestrømme i rød</figcaption></figure> <p>Overfladestrømme påvirker kun de øverste få hundrede meter af havet, men der er også større strømme i havdybderne forårsaget af bevægelse i dybe vandmasser. En central dybhavsstrøm bevæger sig gennem alle verdens have og kendes som <a href="/wiki/Den_termohaline_cirkulation" title="Den termohaline cirkulation">Den termohaline cirkulation</a> eller "det store transportbånd". Denne bevægelse er langsom og drives af forskelle i vandets massefylde som følge af variationer i salinitet og temperatur.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ved højere breddegrader nedkøles vandet på grund af den lave atmosfæriske temperatur og bliver dermed mere salt efterhånden som havisen udkrystalliseres. Begge disse faktorer gør den tættere og får vandet til at synke. Dette vand flyder herefter fra det dybe hav omkring <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nland" title="Grønland">Grønland</a> sydpå mellem de kontinentale landmasser på begge sider af Atlanterhavet. Når det når Antarktis bliver det tilført yderligere masser af koldt, synkende vand og flyder derefter mod øst. Herefter splittes det i to strømme, som bevæger sig nordpå ind i det Indiske ocean og Stillehavet. Her opvarmes det gradvist, bliver mindre tæt, stiger mod overfladen og løber tilbage. Det tager tusind år for dette cirkulationsmønster at blive fuldført.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Udover gyrer findes der også midlertidige overfladestrømme, der opstår under særlige omstændigheder. Når bølger rammer en kyst fra en vinkel skabes en særlig <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyststr%C3%B8m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyststrøm (ikke skrevet endnu)">kyststrøm</a> idet vandet skubbes parallelt med kystlinjen. De <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A6nding_(b%C3%B8lge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brænding (bølge)">brydende bølgers</a> størrelse, strandens længde og bølgens skrå vinkel på stranden er alle med til at afgøre hvor stærk en kyststrøm er.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse strømme kan flytte store mængder sand eller småsten, skabe <a href="/wiki/Odde" title="Odde">odder</a> og få hele strande til at forsvinde og blokere vandkanaler.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et <a href="/wiki/Revlehul" title="Revlehul">revlehul</a> kan opstå når vand fra indgående bølger samles nær kosten og derefter kanaliseres ud til havet gennem en kanal i havbunden. Dette kan ske i et hul i en <a href="/wiki/Sandbanke" title="Sandbanke">sandbanke</a> eller nær en menneskeskabt struktur såsom en <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8fde" title="Høfde">høfde</a>. Disse stærke strømme kan have en hastighed på næsten 1 m/s, kan dannes på forskellige steder og i forskellige stadier af tidevandet og kan bære uopmærksomme badegæster væk fra stranden.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midlertidige oprulningsstrømme opstår når vinden skubber vandet væk fra land og det dybere vand stiger op for at tage dets plads. Dette kolde vand er også rigt på næringsstoffer og skaber en opblomstring af fytoplankton og en forøgelse af mængden af havaktivitet i området.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidevand">Tidevand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Tidevand" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Tidevand"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Tidevand" title="Tidevand">Tidevand</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tides_overview_Danish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tides_overview_Danish.png/220px-Tides_overview_Danish.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tides_overview_Danish.png/330px-Tides_overview_Danish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tides_overview_Danish.png/440px-Tides_overview_Danish.png 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>Højvande (blå) ved den nærmeste og fjerneste del af Jorden til Månen</figcaption></figure> <p>Tidevand er en regelmæssig stigning og fald i vandniveau i havene som reaktion på <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5nen" title="Månen">Månen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Solen" title="Solen">Solens</a> påvirkning af <a href="/wiki/Tyngdekraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyngdekraft">tyngdekraften</a>, og effekterne af Jordens rotation. I løbet af hvert tidevandscyklus vil vand på ethvert givent sted stige til en maksimal vandstand kendt som "højvande" (selve stigningen kaldes "flod") og derefter sænke sig til en minimal vandstand kaldet "lavvande" (selve faldet kaldes "ebbe"). Idet vandet trækker sig blotter det gradvist større dele af <a href="/wiki/Forstrand" title="Forstrand">forstranden</a>, også kendt som <a href="/wiki/Tidevandszone" title="Tidevandszone">tidevandszonen</a>. Forskellen i højde mellem højvande og lavvande kaldes <a href="/wiki/Tidevandsamplitude" title="Tidevandsamplitude">tidevandsamplituden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oceanservice_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De fleste områder oplever to højvande hver dag, ved intervaller på omkring 12 timer og 25 minutter. Dette er halvdelen af de 24 timer og 50 minutter, som det tager Jorden at foretage en hel rotation om sig selv, og returnere Månen til sin tidligere position i forhold til en observatør. Månens masse er omkring 27 millioner gange mindre end Solens, men 400 gange tættere på Jorden.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAtides_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAtides-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tidevandskraft" title="Tidevandskraft">Tidevandskraft</a> mindskes kraftigt jo længere væk man kommer, så månen har mere end to gange så stærk en effekt på tidevandet som Solen.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAtides_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAtides-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der dannes en bule i havet der hvor Jorden er tættest på Månen, da det også er det sted hvor påvirkningen fra Månens tyngdekraft er stærkest. På den modsatte side af Jorden er månens kraft svagest, hvilket forårsager en anden bule. Efterhånden som Månen roterer rundt om Jorden vil disse buler følge samme bevægelse rundt om Jorden. Solens tyngdekrafttiltrækning har også en effekt på havet, men dens tidevandseffekt er væsentligt mængde kraftfuld end Månens. Når Solen, Månen og Jorden er placeret på en lige linje (ved <a href="/wiki/Fuldm%C3%A5ne" title="Fuldmåne">fuldmåne</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nym%C3%A5ne" title="Nymåne">nymåne</a>) resulterer deres kombinerede effekt i væsentligt større tidevandsamplitude, mens det modsatte er tilfældet når Solen er positioneret i en vinkel på 90° fra Månen set fra Jorden.<sup id="cite_ref-oceanservice_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidevandsstrømme af havvand modstås af vandets <a href="/wiki/Inerti" title="Inerti">inerti</a>, og kan påvirkes af landmasser. I områder såsom den <a href="/wiki/Mexicanske_Golf" title="Mexicanske Golf">Mexicanske Golf</a> hvor land begrænser bulernes bevægelse, kan man opleve at der kun er tidevand en enkelt gang om dagen. Kystnært fra en ø kan der være et kompleks dagligt tidevandscyklus med fire højvande. Østræderne ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalkis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalkis (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chalkis</a> på <a href="/wiki/Evia" title="Evia">Evia</a> oplever stærke strømme, som meget pludseligt skifter retning, normalt fire gange om dagen, men op til 12 dagen når Månen og Solen er 90° fra hinanden.<sup id="cite_ref-EuripusStraits_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuripusStraits-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I områder med en tragtformet bugt eller flodmunding kan tidevandsamplituden blive større. <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> er det bedst kendte eksempel på dette, og kan opleve tidevand på 15 meter. Selvom tidevand er regelmæssigt og forudsigeligt kan højden på højvande variere på grund af vinden. Højtrykket i midten af en <a href="/wiki/Anticyklon" title="Anticyklon">anticyklon</a> skubber vandet ned, og associeres med abnormt lavt tidevand, mens <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8jtryk_og_lavtryk" title="Højtryk og lavtryk">lavtryk</a> omvendt kan forårsage ekstremt højt tidevand.<sup id="cite_ref-oceanservice_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En <a href="/wiki/Stormflod" title="Stormflod">stormflod</a> kan opstå når kraftige vinde skubber vand op mod kysten i et lavvandsområde og dette kan, i kombination med et lavtrykssystem, hæve havoverfladen ved højvande dramatisk. I 1900 oplevede <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a> en stigning på 5 m under <a href="/wiki/Galveston-orkanen_(1900)" title="Galveston-orkanen (1900)">en dødbringende orkan</a>, der overvældede byen, dræbte mere end 3500 mennesker og ødelagde 3636 hjem.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Havbassiner">Havbassiner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Havbassiner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Havbassiner"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/250px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/330px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/500px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Tre typer pladegrænser</figcaption></figure> <p>Jorden består af <a href="/wiki/Jordens_kerne" title="Jordens kerne">en magnetisk central kerne</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Jordens_kappe" title="Jordens kappe">hovedsageligt flydende kappe</a> og en hård, stiv ydre skal (eller <a href="/wiki/Litosf%C3%A6re" class="mw-redirect" title="Litosfære">litosfære</a>), der består af Jordens klippefyldte <a href="/wiki/Skorpe_(geologi)" title="Skorpe (geologi)">skorpe</a> og de dybere, hovedsageligt faste, ydre lag af kappen. På land er skorpen kendt som <a href="/wiki/Kontinentalplade" title="Kontinentalplade">kontinentalplader</a>, mens den under vandet kendes som <a href="/wiki/Oceanbundsplade" title="Oceanbundsplade">oceanbundsplader</a>. Sidstnævnte består af relativt tæt <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> og er cirka 5-10 kilometer tykke. Den relativt tynde litosfære flyder på den svagere og varmere kappe, og er splintret i en række <a href="/wiki/Pladetektonik" title="Pladetektonik">tektoniske plader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I midten af havet stødes <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> konstant gennem havbunden mellem tilstødende plader, og danner dermed <a href="/wiki/Oceanryg" title="Oceanryg">oceanrygge</a>, hvor <a href="/wiki/Konvektion" title="Konvektion">konvektionsstrømme</a> indenfor kappen har en tendens til at drive de to plader fra hinanden. Parallelt med disse rygge, nærmere kysterne, kan en oceanisk plade glide under en anden i en proces kendt som <a href="/wiki/Subduktion" title="Subduktion">subduktion</a>. Denne proces danner dybe <a href="/wiki/Oceangrav" title="Oceangrav">oceangrave</a>, og skaber friktion idet pladerne gnides op mod hinanden. Bevægelsen sker i ryk, hvilket forårsager <a href="/wiki/Jordsk%C3%A6lv" title="Jordskælv">jordskælv</a>, der produceres varme og magma tvinges opad, hvilket skaber undervandsbjerge, hvoraf nogle kan danne kæder af vulkanske øer nær de dybe grave. De oceaniske plader tættere på nogle af grænserne mellem land og hav er typisk en smule tættere og kan glide ind under kontinentalpladerne, hvorved der dannes flere subduktionsgrave. Idet de to plader gnides mod hinanden kan kontinentalpladen deformeres og spænde, hvilket kan skabe bjerge og <a href="/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi">seismisk</a> aktivitet.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jordens dybeste grav er <a href="/wiki/Marianergraven" title="Marianergraven">Marianergraven</a>, som strækker sig omkring 2500 kilometer henover havbunden. Den ligger nær <a href="/wiki/Marianerne" title="Marianerne">Marianerne</a>, en vulkansk <a href="/wiki/%C3%98gruppe" title="Øgruppe">øgruppe</a> i det vestlige Stillehav, og selvom den i gennemsnit kun er 68 kilometer bred er dens dybeste punkt 10.994 meter under havoverfladen.<sup id="cite_ref-smmt_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smmt-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En endnu længere grav løber langs <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Perus</a> og <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chiles</a> kyster, hvor den når en dybde på 8065 meter og strækker sig henover 5900 kilometer. Denne grav ligger hvor den oceaniske <a href="/wiki/Nazcapladen" title="Nazcapladen">Nazca-plade</a> glider under den <a href="/wiki/Sydamerikanske_kontinentalplade" title="Sydamerikanske kontinentalplade">sydamerikanske kontinentalplade</a> og er forbundet med stigningen og den vulkanske aktivitet i <a href="/wiki/Andesbjergene" title="Andesbjergene">Andesbjergene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyster">Kyster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Kyster" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kyster"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kreidefelsen_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kreidefelsen_2.JPG/220px-Kreidefelsen_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kreidefelsen_2.JPG/330px-Kreidefelsen_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kreidefelsen_2.JPG/440px-Kreidefelsen_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stenstrand" title="Stenstrand">Stenstrand</a> på <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8n" title="Møn">Møn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Området hvor land møder hav kaldes <a href="/wiki/Kyst" title="Kyst">kyst</a>. En <a href="/wiki/Strand" title="Strand">strand</a> er akkumuleringen af sand eller <a href="/wiki/Stenstrand" title="Stenstrand">sten</a> på kysten.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse291_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A6s_(halv%C3%B8)" title="Næs (halvø)">næs</a> betegner typisk et lille fremspring på en kyst mens et større <a href="/wiki/Forbjerg" title="Forbjerg">forbjerg</a> kaldes et <a href="/wiki/Kap_(geografi)" title="Kap (geografi)">kap</a>. En kystlinjes indryk, især mellem to næs eller halvøer, er en <a href="/wiki/Bugt" title="Bugt">bugt</a>, og en særligt stor bugt kan omtales som en <a href="/wiki/Golf_(farvand)" title="Golf (farvand)">golf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> omend de to ord i praksis betragtes som synonyme.<sup id="cite_ref-DDO-golf_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDO-golf-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kystlinjer påvirkes af flere faktorer heriblandt bølgernes styrke idet de rammer kysten, kystklippernes sammensætningen og hårdhed, skråningen ud for kysten og meget andet. Normalt ruller der seks til otte bølger mod kysten i minuttet, og disse kendes som konstruktive bølger, da de har en tendens til at flytte materiale op ad stranden og ikke har en nævneværdig erosiv effekt. Stormbølger rammer derimod kysten hurtigt efter hinanden, og kendes som destruktive bølger, da deres <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skvulp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skvulp (ikke skrevet endnu)">skvulpen</a> flytter strandmateriale ud i havet. Under deres påvirkning bliver sand og småsten på stranden malet sammen og eroderet. Ved højvande kan en stormbølge ved foden af en klippe have en ødelæggende effekt, da luft i huller og sprækker bliver komprimeret og derefter udvider sig hastigt med frigivelsen af trykket. På samme tid kan sand og småsten have en eroderende effekt idet de kastes mod klipperne. Dette har en tendens til at underskære klippen, og bliver efterfølgende forværret af normale <a href="/wiki/Forvitring" class="mw-redirect" title="Forvitring">forvitringsprocesser</a> forårsaget af eksempelvis frost. En bølgeskåret platform udvikler sig langsomt ved foden af klippen, hvilket har en beskyttende effekt og reducerer yderligere bølgeerosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse291_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Materiale fra landmarginerne ender med tiden i havet. Her gennemgår det <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nedslidning_(erosion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nedslidning (erosion) (ikke skrevet endnu)">nedslidning</a> efterhånden som strømme, der flyder parallelt med kysten, transporterer sand og småsten væk fra deres oprindelsessted. Bundfald, der flyder i floder i retning mod havet, ender typisk på havbunden hvor det med tiden kan forårsage <a href="/wiki/Floddelta" title="Floddelta">floddeltaer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Flodmunding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flodmunding">flodmundinger</a>. Alle disse materialer bevæger sig frem og tilbage påvirket af bølger, tidevand og strømme.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse291_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Opmudring" title="Opmudring">Opmudring</a> fjerner materiale og uddyber kanaler, men kan have uventede bivirkninger andetsteds på kystlinjen. Myndigheder søger ofte at forhindre oversvømmelse af land ved at bygge <a href="/wiki/Mole" title="Mole">moler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dige" title="Dige">diger</a> og andre forsvarsværker mod havet. For eksempel er <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> beregnet til at beskytte <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> fra en stormflod,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mens svigtet i digerne omkring <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Orkanen_Katrina" title="Orkanen Katrina">Orkanen Katrinas</a> hærgen, medvirkede til at skabe en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanit%C3%A6r_krise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humanitær krise (ikke skrevet endnu)">humanitær krise</a> i USA. <a href="/wiki/Landvinding" title="Landvinding">Landvinding</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> muliggjorde konstruktionen af <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> ved at udjævne og udvide to mindre øer.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Havoverflade">Havoverflade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Havoverflade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Havoverflade"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Havoverflade" title="Havoverflade">Havoverflade</a>.</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Havoverfladen" class="mw-redirect" title="Havoverfladen">Havoverfladen</a>, eller havniveauet, er et nulpunkt, der henvises til i angivelser om højder, eksempelvis <a href="/wiki/Meter_over_havet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter over havet">meter over havet</a>. Havoverfladens beliggenhed påvirkes af en række faktorer over kortere og længere tidsperioder, og har igennem størstedelen af den geologiske tid været højere end den er i dag.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-74_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-74-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den centrale faktor, som påvirker havoverfladen over tid er resultatet af forandringer i den oceaniske skorpe, og en tendens til yderligere fald i havoverflade forventes at fortsætte på meget lang sigt.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ved den <a href="/wiki/Sidste_istids_maksimum" title="Sidste istids maksimum">sidste istids maksimum</a>, for omkring 20000 år siden, var havoverfladen 120 meter under sit nuværende niveau. I mindst de sidste 100 år er <a href="/wiki/Havniveaustigning" title="Havniveaustigning">havoverfladen steget</a> med 1,8 millimeter om året i gennemsnit.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det meste af denne stigning kan tilskrives en øget temperatur i havet, og den resulterende lette varmeudvidelse i de øvre 500 meter vand. Yderligere bidrag, op til 25 % af effekten, kommer fra vandkilder på land, såsom smeltende <a href="/wiki/Sne" title="Sne">sne</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gletsjer" title="Gletsjer">gletsjere</a>, samt udvinding af <a href="/wiki/Grundvand" title="Grundvand">grundvand</a> til irrigering og andre landbrugsmæssige og menneskelige behov.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den stigende vandstand som resultat af <a href="/wiki/Global_opvarmning" title="Global opvarmning">global opvarmning</a> forventes at fortsætte mindst frem til slutningen af det <a href="/wiki/21._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="21. århundrede">21. århundrede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vandets_kredsløb"><span id="Vandets_kredsl.C3.B8b"></span>Vandets kredsløb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: Vandets kredsløb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vandets kredsløb"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Vandets_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Vandets kredsløb">Vandets kredsløb</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Havet spiller en central rolle i <a href="/wiki/Vandets_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Vandets kredsløb">det hydrologiske cyklus</a>, hvori vand <a href="/wiki/Fordampning" title="Fordampning">fordamper</a> fra havet, bevæger sig gennem atmosfæren som <a href="/wiki/Vanddamp" title="Vanddamp">damp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondensering" title="Kondensering">kondenserer</a>, falder som <a href="/wiki/Nedb%C3%B8r" title="Nedbør">regn eller sne</a>, og dermed muliggør liv på landjorden, og efterfølgende for størstedelens vedkommende flyder tilbage i havet.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv i <a href="/wiki/Atacama%C3%B8rkenen" title="Atacamaørkenen">Atacamaørkenen</a>, hvor der kun sjældent falder regn, blæser der tykke tågeskyer kendt som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camanchaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camanchaca (ikke skrevet endnu)">camanchaca</a> ind fra havet, og muliggør dermed planteliv.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I Centralasien og andre store landmasser findes der <a href="/wiki/Endorheisk_bassin" title="Endorheisk bassin">endorheiske bassiner</a>, som ikke har nogen vej ud i havet, hvad enten de er separeret fra havet af bjerge eller andre naturlige geologiske elementer, der forhindrer vandet i at dræne væk. Det <a href="/wiki/Kaspiske_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspiske hav">Kaspiske hav</a> er det største af disse bassiner - dets centrale indstrømning er fra floden <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, der er ikke nogen udstrømning, og fordampningen af vand medfører derfor at der akkumuleres større mængder salt og opløste mineraler. <a href="/wiki/Arals%C3%B8en" title="Aralsøen">Aralsøen</a> i Kasakhstan og Usbekistan, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid Lake (Nevada) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Pyramid Lake i Nevada</a> det vestlige USA, er yderligere eksempler på store, salte indlands-vandmasser uden dræningsmuligheder. Nogle endorheiske søer er mindre salte, men de er alle følsomme overfor kvaliteten i det indstrømmende vand.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulstofkredsløb"><span id="Kulstofkredsl.C3.B8b"></span>Kulstofkredsløb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigér afsnit: Kulstofkredsløb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kulstofkredsløb"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Kulstofkredsl%C3%B8b" title="Kulstofkredsløb">Kulstofkredsløb</a></span></span></div> <p>Havet indeholder den største kvantitet af aktivt cirkuleret kulstof i verden, og er i forhold til mængden af kulstof det kan opbevare kun overgået af <a href="/wiki/Litosf%C3%A6re" class="mw-redirect" title="Litosfære">litosfæren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalCarbonCycle_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonCycle-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havenes overfladelag indeholder store mængder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opl%C3%B8st_organisk_carbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opløst organisk carbon (ikke skrevet endnu)">opløst organisk kulstof</a>, der hastigt udveksles med atmosfæren. Det dybe lags koncentration af <a href="/wiki/Total_uorganisk_carbon" title="Total uorganisk carbon">opløst uorganisk kulstof</a> er omkring 15 % højere end overfladelagets<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento_and_Gruber_2006_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento_and_Gruber_2006-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og det forbliver lagret i længere perioder.<sup id="cite_ref-Prentice_etal_2001_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prentice_etal_2001-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Den_termohaline_cirkulation" title="Den termohaline cirkulation">Den termohaline cirkulation</a> udveksler kulstof mellem disse to lag.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalCarbonCycle_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonCycle-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kulstof ender i havet idet atmosfærisk <a href="/wiki/Kuldioxid" title="Kuldioxid">kuldioxid</a> opløses i overfladelagene og omdannes til <a href="/wiki/Kulsyre" title="Kulsyre">kulsyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonat" title="Carbonat">carbonat</a> og <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonat" title="Bicarbonat">bicarbonat</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>CO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(gas)</sub> ⇌ CO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(aq)</sub></dd> <dd>CO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(aq)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></dd> <dd>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> ⇌ HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup></dd> <dd>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ⇌ CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2 H<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p>Det kan også blive ført til havet fra floder som opløst organisk kulstof, og derefter omdannes til kulstof af fotosyntetiske organismer. Dette kan enten udveksles igennem <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8dek%C3%A6de" title="Fødekæde">fødekæden</a> eller bundfælde sig i dybere, mere kulstofrige lag som dødt blødt væv eller i i skaller og knogler som <a href="/wiki/Calciumcarbonat" title="Calciumcarbonat">calciumcarbonat</a>. Det cirkulerer i dette lag i lange perioder, hvorefter det enten bliver aflejret som bundfald eller bliver sendt tilbage til overfladevandet gennem termohalin cirkulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Prentice_etal_2001_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prentice_etal_2001-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forsuring">Forsuring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigér afsnit: Forsuring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Forsuring"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Havenes_forsuring" title="Havenes forsuring">Havenes forsuring</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Havvand er let <a href="/wiki/Alkalinitet" title="Alkalinitet">alkalint</a> og har haft en gennemsnitlig <a href="/wiki/PH-v%C3%A6rdi" class="mw-redirect" title="PH-værdi">pH-værdi</a> på omkring 8,2 henover de seneste 300 millioner år.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I nyere tid har antropogene (menneskeskabte) aktiviteter gradvist øget indholdet af kuldioxid i atmosfæren; omkring 30-40 % af den tilføjede CO<sub>2</sub> optages af havene, hvor det danner <a href="/wiki/Kulsyre" title="Kulsyre">kulsyre</a> og sænker pH-værdien (der nu er under 8,1<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) gennem en proces, der omtales som "<a href="/wiki/Havenes_forsuring" title="Havenes forsuring">havenes forsuring</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Feely04_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feely04-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeebe2008_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeebe2008-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GattusoHansson2011_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GattusoHansson2011-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pH-værdien forventes at være faldet til 7,7 (en tredobbelt stigning i hydrogen-ion-koncentration) i år 2100, hvilket er en meget dramatisk forandring på et enkelt århundrede.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutAntarctica_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutAntarctica-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Et vigtigt element for dannelsen af <a href="/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet">skeletalt</a> materiale i havdyr er <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, men <a href="/wiki/Calciumcarbonat" title="Calciumcarbonat">calciumcarbonat</a> bliver mere mere opløseligt i takt med trykket, så carbonatskjolde og skeletter bliver opløst under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonatkompensationsdybde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbonatkompensationsdybde (ikke skrevet endnu)">carbonatkompensationsdybden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinet_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinet-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calciumcarbonat bliver også mere opløseligt ved lavere pH-værdier, så havenes forsuring forventes at have en ødelæggende effekt på havorganismer med kalkholdige skjolde eller skaller, såsom <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sters" title="Østers">østers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musling" class="mw-redirect" title="Musling">muslinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8pindsvin" title="Søpindsvin">søpindsvin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Koraldyr" title="Koraldyr">koraller</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMEL_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMEL-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> da de vil have en reduceret evne til at danne skaller,<sup id="cite_ref-orr05_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orr05-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og carbonatkompensationsdybden vil stige til at være tættere på havoverfladen. Blandt andre organismer, der vil blive påvirket, er <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonorganismer</a> såsom de bløddyrslignende <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pteropoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pteropoda (ikke skrevet endnu)">pteropoda</a></i> og enkeltcellede <a href="/wiki/Alge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alge">alger</a> kaldet <a href="/wiki/Kalkflagellater" title="Kalkflagellater">kalkflagellater</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminiferer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foraminiferer (ikke skrevet endnu)">foraminiferer</a>. Alle disse er vigtige dele af <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8dek%C3%A6de" title="Fødekæde">fødekæden</a> og hvis de begynder at forsvinde vil det få store konsekvenser. I tropiske regioner bliver koraller sandsynligvis voldsomt påvirket, da de vil få sværere ved at opbygge deres calciumcarbonat-skelet,<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2009_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hvilket vil påvirke andre organismer, der lever i <a href="/wiki/Koralrev" title="Koralrev">koralrev</a>, negativt.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutAntarctica_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutAntarctica-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den hastighed, som havenes kemi ændrer sig ved i øjeblikket, lader til at være uden fortilfælde i Jordens geologiske historie, hvilket gør det uvist hvor godt havenes økosystemer vil være i stand til at tilpasse sig den ændrede tilstand i den nære fremtid.<sup id="cite_ref-Hönisch2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hönisch2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et specielt alvorligt spørgsmål er hvordan kombinationen af forsuring og andre belastninger såsom <a href="/wiki/Global_opvarmning" title="Global opvarmning">højere temperaturer</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anoxisk_begivenhed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anoxisk begivenhed (ikke skrevet endnu)">lavere iltniveau</a> vil påvirke havene.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruber2011_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruber2011-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liv_i_havet">Liv i havet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigér afsnit: Liv i havet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Liv i havet"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/170px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/255px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/340px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koralrev" title="Koralrev">Koralrev</a> er blandt de mest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversitet" title="Biodiversitet">biodiverse</a> habitater i verden.</figcaption></figure> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Havliv" title="Havliv">Havliv</a></span></span></div> <p>Der lever en meget forskelligartet blanding af livsformer i havet. Da sollys kun oplyser de øverste lag er størstedelen af havet i permanent mørke. De forskellige dybder og temperaturzoner er hver især habitat for et unikt sæt af arter, og som helhed er havet derfor hjem til en enorm diversitet af liv.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blandt Der findes mange marine habitater, fra overfladevandet og ned til de dybeste <a href="/wiki/Oceangrav" title="Oceangrav">oceangrave</a>, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/Koralrev" title="Koralrev">koralrev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangskov" title="Tangskov">tangskove</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gte_havgr%C3%A6s" title="Ægte havgræs">havgræsenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidevandspyt" title="Tidevandspyt">tidevandspytter</a>, mudrede, sandede og klippefyldte havbunde, samt den åbne <a href="/wiki/Pelagiske_zone" title="Pelagiske zone">pelagiske zone</a>. Organismerne, der lever i havet, strækker sig i størrelse fra <a href="/wiki/Hvaler" title="Hvaler">hvaler</a> på 30 meter til mikroskopisk <a href="/wiki/Fytoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fytoplankton">fytoplankton</a> og <a href="/wiki/Dyreplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyreplankton">dyreplankton</a>, svampe og bakterier. Liv i havet spiller en vigtig rolle i <a href="/wiki/Kulstofkredsl%C3%B8b" title="Kulstofkredsløb">kulstofkredsløbet</a>, da fotosyntetiske organismer konverterer opløst carbondioxid til organisk carbon, og er derudover også økonomisk vigtigt for mennesker, der <a href="/wiki/Fiskeri" title="Fiskeri">fisker</a> efter det til brug som mad.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kindersley-204-229_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kindersley-204-229-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livet kan have haft sin oprindelse i havet, og alle <a href="/wiki/Phylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum">større grupper</a> af dyreliv repræsenteres der. Videnskabsfolk er uenige om præcis hvor i havet livet stammer fra: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller-Urey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miller-Urey (ikke skrevet endnu)">Miller-Urey</a>-eksperimenterne peger på en fortyndet kemisk "suppe" i åbent vand, mens der blandt nyere forslag er vulkanske varme kilder, finkornede leraflejringer eller en type hydrotermiske væld kaldet "<a href="/wiki/Black_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smoker">black smokers</a>", som alle ville kunne have ydet beskyttelse fra den farlige <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_lys" title="Ultraviolet lys">ultraviolette stråling</a>, der ikke blev blokeret af den tidlige Jords atmosfære.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-138-140_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-138-140-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_habitater">Marine habitater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigér afsnit: Marine habitater" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Marine habitater"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile plainlist" style="width:auto;max-width:22em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitater" title="Marine habitater">Marine habitater</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left; font-size:110%;"> <ul> <li style="border-left: 24px solid powderblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Litorale_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Litorale zone">Litorale zone</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid lightblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Tidevandszonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidevandszonen">Tidevandszonen</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid skyblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86stuarium" title="Æstuarium">Flodmundinger</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid skyblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Tangskov" title="Tangskov">Tangskove</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid deepskyblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Koralrev" title="Koralrev">Koralrev</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid dodgerblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Banke_(hav)" title="Banke (hav)">Banker</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid dodgerblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Kontinentalsokkel" title="Kontinentalsokkel">Kontinentalsokler</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid royalblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Neritiske_zone" title="Neritiske zone">Neritiske zone</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid royalblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A6de_(farvand)" title="Stræde (farvand)">Stræder</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid royalblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Pelagiske_zone" title="Pelagiske zone">Pelagiske zone</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid mediumblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceaniske_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceaniske zone (ikke skrevet endnu)">Oceaniske zone</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid darkblue; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dybhavsbjerg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dybhavsbjerg (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dybhavsbjerge</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid indigo; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrotermisk_v%C3%A6ld" title="Hydrotermisk væld">Hydrotermiske væld</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid navy; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Boblerev" title="Boblerev">Boblerev</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid gray; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Demersale_zone" title="Demersale zone">Demersale zone</a></li> <li style="border-left: 24px solid tan; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Bentiske_zone" title="Bentiske zone">Bentiske zone</a></li> </ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11746895">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Marine_habitater" title="Skabelon:Marine habitater"><abbr title="Se denne skabelon">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skabelondiskussion:Marine_habitater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skabelondiskussion:Marine habitater (ikke skrevet endnu)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Marine_habitater" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Marine habitater"><abbr title="Rediger denne skabelon">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Marine habitater kan opdeles horisontalt i kysthabitater og habitater i åbent hav. Kysthabitater strækker sig fra kystlinjen og til grænsen af <a href="/wiki/Kontinentalsokkel" title="Kontinentalsokkel">kontinentalsoklen</a>, og det meste liv i havet findes her, på trods af at området kun står for 7 % af det samlede havareal. Habitater i åbent hav findes i det dybe hav på den anden side af kontinentalsoklens grænse. En anden opdeling kan gøres vertikalt i <a href="/wiki/Pelagisk_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagisk zone">pelagiske</a> (åbent vand), <a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Demersal zone">demersale</a> (lige over havbunden) og <a href="/wiki/Bentisk_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentisk zone">bentiske</a> (havbunden) habitater. En tredje opdeling er efter <a href="/wiki/Breddegrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Breddegrad">breddegrad</a>: fra polarhavene med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishylde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishylde (ikke skrevet endnu)">ishylder</a>, havis og <a href="/wiki/Isbjerg" title="Isbjerg">isbjerge</a>, til tempererede og tropiske farvande.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-150-151_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-150-151-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koralrev, også kaldet "havets regnskov", står for mindre end 0,1 % af klodens havoverflade, men deres økosystemer omfatter 25 % af alle verdens marine arter.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De bedst kendte er de tropiske koralrev såsom Australiens <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, men koldvandsrev er også levested for en lang række arter inklusive mange koraler (hvoraf kun seks bidrager til dannelsen af selve revene).<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-204-207_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-204-207-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alger_og_planter">Alger og planter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigér afsnit: Alger og planter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Alger og planter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Havets <a href="/wiki/Producent_(%C3%B8kosystem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Producent (økosystem)">producenter</a> — planter og mikroskopiske organismer i planktonet — er udbredte og essentielle for økosystemet. Det vurderes at halvdelen af verdens <a href="/wiki/Ilt" title="Ilt">ilt</a> produceres af fytoplankton.<sup id="cite_ref-NalGeo_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NalGeo-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omkring 45 % af havets <a href="/wiki/Nettoprim%C3%A6rproduktion" title="Nettoprimærproduktion">primærproduktion</a> af levende materiale udgøres af <a href="/wiki/Kiselalger" title="Kiselalger">kiselalger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Større alger, kendt som <a href="/wiki/Tang_(alge)" title="Tang (alge)">tang</a>, er lokalt vigtige, heriblandt <i>Sargassum</i> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelp (ikke skrevet endnu)">kelp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kindersley-246-255_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kindersley-246-255-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A6kfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Dækfrøede planter">Dækfrøede planter</a> i form af havgræsarter vokser på "<a href="/wiki/Eng" title="Eng">enge</a>" i sandede lavvandsområder,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrover</a> ligger langs kysten i tropiske og subtropiske regioner<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Saltplante" title="Saltplante">salt-tolerante planter</a> trives i regelmæssigt oversvømmede <a href="/wiki/Forland" title="Forland">saltmarsker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alle disse levesteder er i stand til at optage store mængder kulstof og understøtte en <a href="/wiki/Biodiversitet" title="Biodiversitet">biodiverse</a> vifre af dyreliv.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Da lys kun er i stand til at penetrere de øverste 200 meter af havet er dette den eneste del hvor planter er i stand til at vokse.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overfladelagene mangler ofte biologisk aktive kvælstofforbindelser. Det marine <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A6lstofkredsl%C3%B8b" title="Kvælstofkredsløb">kvælstofkredsløb</a> består af komplekse mikrobiale transformationer, der omfatter <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A6lstoffiksering" title="Kvælstoffiksering">fiksering af kvælstof</a>, dets assimilering, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrifikation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrifikation (ikke skrevet endnu)">nitrifikation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anammox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anammox (ikke skrevet endnu)">anammox</a> og denitrifikation.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle af disse processer finder sted i det dybe hav så plantevækst er højere hvor der er <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> af koldt vand, såvel som nær flodmundinger hvor der findes næringsstoffer fra landjorden. Dette betyder at de mest produktive områder, der er rige på plankton og derfor også på fisk, hovedsageligt er kystområder.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-160-163_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-160-163-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyr_og_andet_havliv">Dyr og andet havliv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigér afsnit: Dyr og andet havliv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Dyr og andet havliv"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Thornback_Cowfish,_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg/250px-Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg/330px-Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg/500px-Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>En <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoria_fornasini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactoria fornasini (ikke skrevet endnu)">Lactoria fornasini</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Der findes et bredere spektrum af høje dyre-<a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">taksa</a> i havet end på land, mange marine arter er endnu ikke blevet opdaget og antallet der kendes videnskabeligt stiger hvert år.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorne-Miller-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle <a href="/wiki/Hvirveldyr" title="Hvirveldyr">hvirveldyr</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/Havfugle" title="Havfugle">havfugle</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6ler" title="Sæler">sæler</a> og <a href="/wiki/Havskildpadder" title="Havskildpadder">havskildpadder</a> vender tilbage til landjorden for at yngle, men fisk, <a href="/wiki/Hvaler" title="Hvaler">hvaler</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havslanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havslanger (ikke skrevet endnu)">havslanger</a> lever hele deres liv under vandet, og mange hvirvelløse <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A6kke_(biologi)" title="Række (biologi)">phyla</a></i> er udelukkende marine. Havet er fyldt med liv og understøtter mange forskellige mikrohabitater.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorne-Miller-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et af disse er overfladefilmen, som, selvom den bliver kastet rundt med bølgernes bevægelse, er et rigt miljø hvor der lever bakterier, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_svampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine svampe (ikke skrevet endnu)">marine svampe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikroalger" title="Mikroalger">mikroalger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoer" title="Protozoer">protozoer</a>, fiskeæg og forskellige larver.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den pelagiske zone indeholder makro- og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrofauna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrofauna (ikke skrevet endnu)">mikrofauna</a> og et vælg af dyreplankton, som driver med strømmen. De fleste af de mindste organismer er fiskelarver og hvirvelløse dyr, der lægger et enormt antal æg for at kompensere for at sandsynligheden for at deres afkom overlever er så lille.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyreplankton lever af planteplankton og hinanden og danner en grundlæggende del af en kompleks fødekæde, der strækker sig igennem fisk af forskellig størrelse og andre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nekton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nekton (ikke skrevet endnu)">nektoniske</a> organismer til store <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teuthida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teuthida (ikke skrevet endnu)">sprutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajer" title="Hajer">hajer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsvin-familien" title="Marsvin-familien">marsvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delfiner" title="Delfiner">delfiner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hvaler" title="Hvaler">hvaler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle marine dyr foretager store migrationer, enten til andre regioner i havet på årstidsbasis eller vertikale migrationer dagligt, hvor de ofte kommer op til overfladen for at spise om natten og derefter vender tilbage til sikkerheden i dybet om dagen.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skibe kan introducere eller sprede <a href="/wiki/Invasiv_art" title="Invasiv art">invasive arter</a> ved at losse <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballastvand</a> eller ved transport af organismer, der har klumpet sig på skibets skrog (såkaldt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fouling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fouling (ikke skrevet endnu)">fouling</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den demersale zone understøtter mange dyr, der spiser bentiske organismer eller søger beskyttelse fra rovdyr, og havbunden muliggør en række habitater på eller under <a href="/wiki/Substrat_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat (biologi)">substratoverfladen</a>, som anvendes af dyr, der har tilpasset sig disse forhold. I tidevandszonen, med den periodiske eksponering overfor dehydrerende luft, lever <a href="/wiki/Rankef%C3%B8dder" title="Rankefødder">rankefødder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B8ddyr" title="Bløddyr">bløddyr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Krebsdyr" title="Krebsdyr">krebsdyr</a>. Den <a href="/wiki/Neritiske_zone" title="Neritiske zone">neritiske zone</a> har mange organismer, der behøver lys for at overleve. Her, blandt de algebesatte klipper, lever <a href="/wiki/Havsvampe" title="Havsvampe">havsvampe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pighuder" title="Pighuder">pighuder</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havb%C3%B8rsteorme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havbørsteorme (ikke skrevet endnu)">havbørsteorme</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8anemone" title="Søanemone">søanemoner</a> og andre hvirvelløse dyr. Koraler indeholder ofte fotosyntetiske <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbionter</a> og lever i lavt vand hvor lyset kan trænge igennem. Deres store kalkholdige skeletter ender som <a href="/wiki/Koralrev" title="Koralrev">koralrev</a>, der er en vigtig del af havbunden. Disse rev bliver et <a href="/wiki/Biodiversitet" title="Biodiversitet">biodiverst</a> habitat for mange organismer. Der er mindre havliv på bunden af dybere hav, men havliv trives også omkring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dybhavsbjerg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dybhavsbjerg (ikke skrevet endnu)">dybhavsbjerge</a>, der stikker op fra dybet, og hvor fisk og andre dyr samles for at yngle og spise. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demersal_fisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demersal fisk (ikke skrevet endnu)">Demersale fisk</a> lever tæt på havbunden og lever hovedsageligt af pelagiske organismer eller hvirvelløse dyr fra den bentiske zone - samlet betegnet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentos (ikke skrevet endnu)">bentos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undervandsfartøjers udforskning af det dybe hav har afsløret en helt ny verden af dyreliv, der lever på havbunden, og som videnskaben ikke hidtil har kendt til. Nogle, såsom de såkaldte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detritivori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detritivori (ikke skrevet endnu)">detritivori</a>, er afhængige af organisk materiale, der falder ned på havbunden fra øvre lag af havet. Andre samles omkring <a href="/wiki/Hydrotermisk_v%C3%A6ld" title="Hydrotermisk væld">hydrotermiske væld</a>, hvor det mineralrige vand flyder op fra havbunden, og dermed muliggør forsamlinger hvis primære <a href="/wiki/Producent_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Producent (biologi)">producenter</a> er sulfid-oxiderende <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemotrof (ikke skrevet endnu)">kemotrofiske</a> bakterier og hvis <a href="/wiki/Konsument_(organisme)" title="Konsument (organisme)">konsumenter</a> er særligt tilpassede muslinger, søanemoner, rankefødder, krabber, orme og fisk, der ofte ikke findes noget andet sted på kloden.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-212_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-212-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En død hval, der synker ned på havets bund, kan være føde for en større samling af organismer, som på lignende måde er afhængige af de svovl-reducerende bakterier. Sådanne områder understøtter unikke <a href="/wiki/Biom" title="Biom">biomer</a> hvor der er blevet opdaget mange nye mikrober og andre livsformer.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mennesker_og_havet">Mennesker og havet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigér afsnit: Mennesker og havet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Mennesker og havet"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_og_udforskning">Navigation og udforskning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigér afsnit: Navigation og udforskning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Navigation og udforskning"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Columbus opdager Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/250px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/330px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/500px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>12. oktober 1492 opdagede italieneren <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Columbus" title="Christoffer Columbus">Christoffer Columbus</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> på vegne af den spanske konge (maleri fra 1893).</figcaption></figure> <p>Mennesker har <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">rejst på havene</a> siden de første havgående skibe blev bygget. Folk i det gamle <a href="/wiki/Ubaid" title="Ubaid">Mesopotamien</a> anvendte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asfaltbitumen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asfaltbitumen (ikke skrevet endnu)">asfaltbitumen</a> til at <a href="/wiki/Kalfatring" title="Kalfatring">kalfatre</a> deres <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sivb%C3%A5d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sivbåd (ikke skrevet endnu)">sivbåde</a> og mestrede senere brugen af <a href="/wiki/Sejl" title="Sejl">sejl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DrCarter_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrCarter-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ved ca. 3000 f.Kr. var de <a href="/wiki/Austronesiske_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesiske folk">austronesiske folk</a> på Taiwan begyndt at sprede sig til det <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Syd%C3%B8stasien" title="Maritime Sydøstasien">maritime Sydøstasien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matrilineality2003_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matrilineality2003-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efterfølgende begyndte de austronesiske "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapita (ikke skrevet endnu)">Lapita</a>-folk" at udvise en veludviklet navigationsevne, og var i stand til at bevæge sig fra <a href="/wiki/Bismarckarkipelaget" title="Bismarckarkipelaget">Bismarckarkipelaget</a> og helt til <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> og <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belwood1_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belwood1-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deres efterkommere <a href="/wiki/Polynesisk_navigation" title="Polynesisk navigation">fortsatte med at foretage lange rejser mellem små øer</a> på <a href="/wiki/Udriggerkano" title="Udriggerkano">udriggerkanoer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og opdagede i processen mange nye øer, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5ske%C3%B8en" title="Påskeøen">Påskeøen</a> (Rapa Nui) og <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antikkens_Egypten" class="mw-redirect" title="Antikkens Egypten">De gamle egyptere</a> og <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikien" title="Fønikien">fønikerne</a> udforskere <a href="/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet">Middelhavet</a> og <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dehavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rødehavet">Rødehavet</a>, og den egyptiske adelsmand <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henenu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henenu (ikke skrevet endnu)">Henenu</a> nåede den <a href="/wiki/Arabiske_halv%C3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiske halvø">arabiske halvø</a> og Afrikas kyst omkring år 2750 f.Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I det første årtusinde f.Kr. etablerede fønikerne og grækerne kolonier langs Middelhavet og <a href="/wiki/Sortehavet" title="Sortehavet">Sortehavet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omkring år 500 f.Kr. efterlod den <a href="/wiki/Kartago" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartago">kartaginske</a> navigatør <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_S%C3%B8fareren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanno Søfareren (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hanno</a> sig en detaljeret <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periplus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periplus (ikke skrevet endnu)">periplus</a> om en atlantisk rejse, der strakte sig mindst til <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> og muligvis helt til <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Mount Cameroon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I den sidste halvdel af det 4. århundrede f.Kr. udforskede den græske opdagelsesrejsende <a href="/wiki/Pytheas_fra_Massalia" title="Pytheas fra Massalia">Pytheas fra Massalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Nords%C3%B8en" title="Nordsøen">Nordsøen</a>. I <a href="/wiki/Den_m%C3%B8rke_middelalder" title="Den mørke middelalder">den mørke middelalder</a> bosatte <a href="/wiki/Vikingerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikingerne">vikingerne</a>, anført af <a href="/wiki/Erik_den_r%C3%B8de" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik den røde">Erik den røde</a>, sig på <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nland" title="Grønland">Grønland</a>, og Eriks søn, <a href="/wiki/Leif_den_Lykkelige" title="Leif den Lykkelige">Leif den Lykkelige</a>, nåede efterfølgende helt til <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> i det nordøstlige <a href="/wiki/Nordamerika" title="Nordamerika">Nordamerika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republikken_Novgorod" title="Republikken Novgorod">Novgoroderne</a> havde sejlet i <a href="/wiki/Hvidehavet" title="Hvidehavet">Hvidehavet</a> siden det 13. århundrede og muligvis endnu tidligere.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samtidig blev havene langs den østlige og sydlige asiatiske kyst benyttet af arabiske og kinesiske handelsrejsende.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det kinesiske <a href="/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet">Ming-dynasti</a> havde en flåde på 317 skibe med 37.000 mænd som sejlede i det <a href="/wiki/Indiske_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiske ocean">Indiske ocean</a> og <a href="/wiki/Stillehavet" title="Stillehavet">Stillehavet</a> under <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> i det tidlige 15. århundrede.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-12-13_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-12-13-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I det sene 15. århundrede begyndte vesteuropæiske sømænd at foretage længere opdagelsesrejser på jagt efter nye handelsruter. <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> sejlede omkring <a href="/wiki/Kap_Det_Gode_H%C3%A5b" title="Kap Det Gode Håb">Kap Det Gode Håb</a> i 1487 og <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> nåede Indien via Kappet i 1498. <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Columbus" title="Christoffer Columbus">Christoffer Columbus</a> sejlede fra den spanske by <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a> i 1492 og rejste vestpå i et forsøg på at finde en ny, hurtigere rute til Indien og Japan. I stedet gik han i land på en ø i det <a href="/wiki/Caribiske_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribiske hav">Caribiske hav</a> og nogle få år senere nåede den venetianske navigatør <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> til <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. Den italienske opdagelsesrejsende <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, som Amerika blev opkaldt efter, udforskede den sydamerikanske kystlinje på rejser mellem 1497 og 1502, hvor han blandt andet opdagede <a href="/wiki/Amazonfloden" title="Amazonfloden">Amazonflodens</a> flodmunding.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-12-13_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-12-13-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1519 anførte den portugisiske navigatør <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> den første ekspedition, som foretog en verdensomsejling.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-12-13_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-12-13-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mercators kort over verden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/330px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/500px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/960px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercators</a> verdenskort fra 1569. Den "gamle verdens" kystlinje er meget nøjagtigt optegnet, i modsætning til Amerikas. Regioner ved høje breddegrader (Arktis, Antarktis) er kraftigt forstørret på denne <a href="/wiki/Kortprojektion" title="Kortprojektion">projektion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Første gang <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">kompasset</a> blev anvendt som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigationsinstrument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navigationsinstrument (ikke skrevet endnu)">navigationsinstrument</a> var af de gamle grækere og kinesere, som anvendte det til at vide hvilken retning der var <a href="/wiki/Nord" title="Nord">nord</a>, og dermed kunne afgøre i hvilken retning skibet sejlede. Breddegraden (en vinkel som går fra 0° ved <a href="/wiki/%C3%86kvator" title="Ækvator">ækvator</a> til 90° ved polerne) blev afgjort ved at måle vinklen mellem Solen, Månen eller en specifik stjerne og horisonten ved brug af et <a href="/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium">astrolabium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobsstav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobsstav (ikke skrevet endnu)">jacobsstav</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Sekstant" title="Sekstant">sekstant</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6ngdegrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Længdegrad">Længdegraden</a> (en linje på kloden, der går fra en pol til den anden) kunne kun udregnes med et præcist <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A6ngdeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Længdeur (ikke skrevet endnu)">kronometer</a>, som kunne vise den præcise tidsforskel mellem skibet og et bestemt fast punkt såsom <a href="/wiki/Nulmeridianen" title="Nulmeridianen">Nulmeridianen</a>. I 1759 designede <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a>, en urmager, et sådan instrument og <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> anvendte det efterfølgende på sine opdagelsesrejser.<sup id="cite_ref-NavHist_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavHist-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I dag anvender <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) mere end 30 satellitter til at give præcis navigation over hele kloden.<sup id="cite_ref-NavHist_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavHist-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kort_(geografi)" title="Kort (geografi)">Geografiske kort</a> har til alle tider været en essentiel del af navigation. I det andet århundrede kortlagde <a href="/wiki/Ptolem%C3%A6us" title="Ptolemæus">Ptolemæus</a> hele den kendte verden fra "Fortunatae Insulae", <a href="/wiki/Kap_Verde" title="Kap Verde">Kap Verde</a> eller <a href="/wiki/De_Kanariske_%C3%98er" title="De Kanariske Øer">De Kanariske Øer</a> i vest og helt til <a href="/wiki/Thailandbugten" title="Thailandbugten">Thailandbugten</a> i øst. Dette kort blev fortsat anvendt i 1492, da Christoffer Columbus tog afsted på sine opdagelsesrejser.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efterfølgende lavede <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> et praktisk verdenskort i 1538, hvor han for nemhedens skyld gjorde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loksodrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loksodrom (ikke skrevet endnu)">loksodromerne</a> lige.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-12-13_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-12-13-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I det 18. århundrede var der blevet lavet bedre kort, og et af James Cooks formål med sine rejser var netop at kortlægge havet yderligere. Videnskabelige studier er fortsat med <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Tuscarora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USS Tuscarora (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tuscarora</a></i>s dybdeoptagelser, <a href="/wiki/Challenger-ekspeditionen" title="Challenger-ekspeditionen">Challenger-ekspeditionens</a> oceaniske forskning (1872–1876), den skandinaviske sømænd <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansens</a> arbejde, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sars" title="Michael Sars">Michael Sars</a>-ekspeditionen i 1910, <a href="/wiki/Meteor-ekspeditionen_(1925-1927)" title="Meteor-ekspeditionen (1925-1927)">Meteor-ekspeditionen</a> i 1925, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=RRS_Discovery_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RRS Discovery II (ikke skrevet endnu)">Discovery II</a></i>s antarktiske undersøgelser i 1932 og flere andre siden da.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1921 blev den <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Hydrografiske_Organisation" title="Internationale Hydrografiske Organisation">Internationale Hydrografiske Organisation</a> (IHO) etableret, og den er fortsat i dag den centrale autoritet på <a href="/wiki/Hydrologi" title="Hydrologi">hydrologiske</a> undersøgelser og nautisk kortlægning.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanografi_og_dybhavsekspeditioner">Oceanografi og dybhavsekspeditioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigér afsnit: Oceanografi og dybhavsekspeditioner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Oceanografi og dybhavsekspeditioner"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Dybhavsudforskning" title="Dybhavsudforskning">Dybhavsudforskning</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Den videnskabelige oceanografi begyndte i praksis med James Cooks rejser fra 1768 til 1779, hvorunder han beskrev Stillehavet med en hidtil uset præcision, fra 71° Syd til 71° Nord.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-14_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-14-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Harrisons kronometere muliggjorde Cooks nøjagtige navigation og kortlægning på to af disse rejser, og forbedrede dermed permanent den standard, der var tilgængelig for efterfølgende rejser.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-14_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-14-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andre ekspeditioner fulgte i det 19. århundrede, fra Rusland, Frankrig, Holland, USA og Storbritannien.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-15_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-15-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>, kaptajn på <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a>, som gav <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> sine idéer og materialer til bogen <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> i 1859, kortlagde havet og kysterne og udgav sine rapporter om skibets tre rejser, i fire bind, i 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-15_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-15-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Forbes" title="Edward Forbes">Edward Forbes</a>' bog <i>Distribution of Marine Life</i> fra 1854 argumenterede for at der ikke kunne eksistere liv i havet på en dybde længere nede end omkring 600 meter. Dette blev modbevist af de britiske biologer <a href="/wiki/W._B._Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="W. B. Carpenter">W. B. Carpenter</a> og <a href="/wiki/C._Wyville_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Wyville Thomson">C. Wyville Thomson</a>, som i 1868 opdagede liv i dybhavet ved hjælp af opmudring.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-15_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-15-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wyville Thompson blev hovedvidenskabsmand på Challenger-ekspeditionen i 1872–1876, som gjorde oceanografi til en egentlig videnskab.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-15_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-15-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På sin omkring 127.580 kilometer lange rejse omkring kloden opdagede <i>HMS Challenger</i> omkring 4.700 nye arter i havet, foretog 492 <a href="/wiki/Oplodning" title="Oplodning">oplodninger</a>, 133 <a href="/wiki/Opmudring" title="Opmudring">opmudringer</a>, 151 <a href="/wiki/Trawl" title="Trawl">trawls</a> henover åbent hav og 263 serielle vandtemperaturobservationer.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I det sydlige Atlanterhav bragte <a href="/wiki/Carl_Chun" title="Carl Chun">Carl Chun</a> ombord på <i>Valdivia</i> i 1898/1899 mange nye livsformer op til overfladen fra dybder på over 4.000 meter. De første observationer af dybhavsdyr i deres naturlige miljø blev foretaget af <a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otis_Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otis Barton (ikke skrevet endnu)">Otis Barton</a> i 1930, da de steg ned til 434 meter i en kugleformet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batysf%C3%A6re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batysfære (ikke skrevet endnu)">batysfære</a> lavet af stål.<sup id="cite_ref-jrank_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrank-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne blev nedsænket via kabel, men i 1960 kunne et selvdrevet undervandsfartøj, <a href="/wiki/Batyskaf" title="Batyskaf">batyskafen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trieste_(batyskaf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trieste (batyskaf) (ikke skrevet endnu)"><i>Trieste</i></a> udviklet af <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a>, tage Piccard og <a href="/wiki/Don_Walsh" title="Don Walsh">Don Walsh</a> helt ned til de dybeste dele af <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">Jordens</a> have, <a href="/wiki/Marianergraven" title="Marianergraven">Marianergraven</a> i Stillehavet, hvor de nåede en dybde på omkring 10.915 meter,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hvilket var en rekord frem til 2012, da <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> nåede lignende dybder i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deepsea_Challenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deepsea Challenger (ikke skrevet endnu)">Deepsea Challenger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man kan i dag anvende en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosf%C3%A6risk_dykkerdragt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosfærisk dykkerdragt (ikke skrevet endnu)">atmosfærisk dykkerdragt</a> til nedstigninger til dybhavet, og en ny verdensrekord blev sat i 2006, da en dykker fra <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> nåede ned på omkring 610 meter i en artikuleret, tryksat dragt.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ved store dybder kommer der intet lyd gennem vandlagene oppefra, og der er et ekstremt tryk. Dybhavsekspeditioner bliver derfor nødt til at anvende særlige fartøjer, der enten bliver fjernstyret med lygter og kamera, eller bemandede undervandsbåde såsom de russiske <i><a href="/wiki/Mir_(undervandsb%C3%A5d)" title="Mir (undervandsbåd)">Mir</a></i>-fartøjer, der har et mandskab på tre og kan nå ned til 6.000 meter. De har observationsporte, 5.000-watt lys, videoudstyr og manipulatorarme til at indsamle prøver, placere prober og skubbe fartøjet henover havbunden i situationer hvor anvendelse af motoren ville forstyrre havbunden unødigt.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Batymetri" title="Batymetri">Batymetri</a> er kortlægningen og studiet af havbundens <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografi</a>. Havdybden måled i dag blandt andet via <a href="/wiki/Ekkolod" title="Ekkolod">ekkolod</a> eller via satellitter. Informationen bliver brugt til at afgøre ruterne for undersøiske kabler og rørledninger, til at vælge passende steder til <a href="/wiki/Boreplatform" title="Boreplatform">boreplatforme</a> og <a href="/wiki/Vindm%C3%B8lle" title="Vindmølle">vindmøller</a> og til potentielle nye fiskeriområder.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blandt igangværende oceanografisk forskning er liv i havet, konservation, havmiljøet, havenes kemi, forskning i og modellering af klimadynamikker, grænsen mellem luft og hav, vejrmønstre, ressourcer i havet, vedvarende energi, bølger og strømme samt design og udvikling af nye værktøjer og teknologier til at udforske dybet.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1960'erne og 1970'erne kunne forskningen fokusere på taksonomi og grundlæggende biologi, men i 2010'er er fokus i stedet skiftet over på større områder såsom <a href="/wiki/Klimaforandringer" class="mw-redirect" title="Klimaforandringer">klimaforandringer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forskere gør brug af satelliltbaseret <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fjernanalyse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjernanalyse (ikke skrevet endnu)">fjernanalyse</a> af overfladevandet, mens forskningsskibe, fortøjede observatorier og selvdrevne undervandsfartøjer studerer og overvåger alle dele af havet.<sup id="cite_ref-NOC_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOC-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jura">Jura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigér afsnit: Jura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Jura"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Havets frihed" er en <a href="/wiki/Folkeret" title="Folkeret">folkeretlig</a> grundsætning,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der har rødder tilbage i det 17. århundrede. Som princip lægger det vægt på friheden til at rejse på havene og misbilliger krige, der udkæmpes i <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_farvand" title="Internationalt farvand">internationalt farvand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I dag er denne grundsætning nedskrevet i <a href="/wiki/FN%27s_havretskonvention" title="FN's havretskonvention">FN's havretskonvention</a>, hvis tredje version trådte i kraft i 1994. Artikel 87(1) bekendtgør: "Det åbne hav er åbent for alle <a href="/wiki/Suver%C3%A6n_stat" title="Suveræn stat">stater</a>, såvel kyststater som <a href="/wiki/Indlandsstat" title="Indlandsstat">indlandsstater</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artikel 87(1) (a) til (f) giver en ikke-fuldstændig liste over friheder, heriblandt navigation, overflyvning, nedlægning af undervandskabler, konstruktion af kunstige øer, fiskeri og videnskabelig forskning.<sup id="cite_ref-history_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikkerheden for <a href="/wiki/Shipping" title="Shipping">shipping</a> reguleres af <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>. Dens formål inkluderer at udvikle og vedligeholde de regulatoriske rammer for shipping, maritim sikkerhed, miljømæssige bekymringer, juridiske anliggender og teknisk samarbejde.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UNCLOS definerer flere vandområder. "Indre farvande" er "<i>farvandene på den landvendte side af søterritoriets <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basislinje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basislinje (ikke skrevet endnu)">basislinje</a></i>", og fremmede magters fartøjer har ingen ret til at passere gennem disse. "Søterritorie" strækker sig højst 12 <a href="/wiki/International_s%C3%B8mil" title="International sømil">sømil</a> (~22 kilometer) fra kystlinjen og i disse farvande kan kyststaten fastsætte love, regulere anvendelse og udnytte enhver ressource i havet. En En "tilstødende zone" strækker sig yderligere 12 sømil og her tillades <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efters%C3%A6ttelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eftersættelse (ikke skrevet endnu)">eftersættelse</a> af fartøjer mistænkt for lovbrud indenfor fire specifikke områder: told, skat, immigration og forurening. En "eksklusiv økonomisk zone" strækker sig 200 sømil (~370 kilometer) fra basislinjen. Indenfor dett eområde har kyststaten eneret til naturresourcer i områder. "Kontinentalsoklen" er den naturlige forlængelse af landterritoriet frem til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontinentalmargen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontinentalmargen (ikke skrevet endnu)">kontinentalmargenens</a> ydre kant, eller 200 sømil fra kyststatens basislinje - den største af de to. Her har kyststaten eksklusiv ret til at høste mineraler og levende ressourcer, fra havbunden.<sup id="cite_ref-history_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Søkrig"><span id="S.C3.B8krig"></span>Søkrig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Redigér afsnit: Søkrig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Søkrig"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8krig" title="Søkrig">Søkrig</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PocockBattleOfCopenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PocockBattleOfCopenhagen.jpg/250px-PocockBattleOfCopenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PocockBattleOfCopenhagen.jpg/330px-PocockBattleOfCopenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PocockBattleOfCopenhagen.jpg/500px-PocockBattleOfCopenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>En afbildning af <a href="/wiki/Slaget_p%C3%A5_Reden" title="Slaget på Reden">Slaget på Reden</a> i 1801, et af de bedst kendte danske <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8slag" title="Søslag">søslag</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kontrol over havet er vigtigt for en søfartsnations sikkerhed, og <a href="/wiki/Blokade_(milit%C3%A6r)" title="Blokade (militær)">blokering</a> af en havn kan anvendes til at afskære forsyninger eller mad i krigstid. Der er historisk blevet udkæmpet slag på havet - såkaldte <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8slag" title="Søslag">søslag</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - i mere end 3.000 år. I omkring år 1210 f.Kr. besejrede og afbrændte <a href="/wiki/Hittitter" title="Hittitter">hittitter</a>-kongen <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_2." title="Suppiluliuma 2.">Suppiluliuma 2.</a> en flåde fra <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 480 f.Kr. vandt den græske general <a href="/wiki/Themistokles" title="Themistokles">Themistokles</a> en afgørende sejr over en langt større persisk flåde i <a href="/wiki/Slaget_ved_Salamis" title="Slaget ved Salamis">Slaget ved Salamis</a>, ved at fange den persiske flåde i en smal kanal og derefter angribe den nådesløst, hvorved det lykkedes grækerne at ødelægge 200 persiske skibe og kun selv miste 40 græske fartøjer.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1805 lykkedes det den engelske flåde, under ledelse af <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, at ødelægge den kombinerede fransk-spanske flådes styrke i <a href="/wiki/Slaget_ved_Trafalgar" title="Slaget ved Trafalgar">Slaget ved Trafalgar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter opfindelsen af <a href="/wiki/Dampmaskine" title="Dampmaskine">dampmaskinen</a> og den industrielle produktion af stålplader kunne man få kraftigt forøget militær kapacitet til søs i form af <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a>-<a href="/wiki/Slagskib" title="Slagskib">slagskibe</a>, der var bevæbnet med langtrækkende kanoner. Det første store søslag med slagskibe var i 1905, da det lykkedes den japanske flåde at besejre den russiske i <a href="/wiki/Slaget_ved_Tsushima" title="Slaget ved Tsushima">Slaget ved Tsushima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dreadnoughts blev anvendt i begrænset omfang i <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Første verdenskrig">første verdenskrig</a>, hvor de kæmpede i <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8slaget_ved_Jylland" title="Søslaget ved Jylland">Søslaget ved Jylland</a> i 1916 mellem <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Fleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Fleet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Grand Fleet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8js%C3%B8fl%C3%A5den&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Højsøflåden (ikke skrevet endnu)">Højsøflåde</a> (<i>Hochseeflotte</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Anden_verdenskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Anden verdenskrig">anden verdenskrig</a> demonstrerede den britiske sejr i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaget_ved_Taranto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaget ved Taranto (ikke skrevet endnu)">Slaget ved Taranto</a> i 1940 at man ved at beherske luftrummet over havet var i stand til at besejre de største krigsskibe,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hvilket blev bekræftet i de afgørende søslag i <a href="/wiki/Stillehavskrigen" title="Stillehavskrigen">Stillehavskrigen</a>, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/Slaget_om_Koralhavet" title="Slaget om Koralhavet">Slaget om Koralhavet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaget_om_Midway" title="Slaget om Midway">Slaget om Midway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaget_i_det_Filippinske_hav" title="Slaget i det Filippinske hav">Slaget i det Filippinske hav</a> og et af de største søslag i verdenshistorien: <a href="/wiki/Slaget_om_Leyte_Gulf" title="Slaget om Leyte Gulf">Slaget om Leyte Gulf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward1947_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward1947-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som alle var søslag hvori de dominerende skibe var <a href="/wiki/Hangarskib" title="Hangarskib">hangarskibe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undervandsbåde blev en vigtig del af søkrig i første verdenskrig, hvor de tyske undervandsbåde, kendt som <a href="/w/index.php?title=U-b%C3%A5d_(tysk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-båd (tysk) (ikke skrevet endnu)">ubåde</a>, et ord der senere <a href="/wiki/Undervandsb%C3%A5d" title="Undervandsbåd">blev synonymt med undervandsbåde som helhed</a>, sank næsten 5.000 handelsskibe fra <a href="/wiki/Ententen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ententen">Ententens</a> lande,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men heriblandt også sank <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a>, hvilket var medvirkende til at bringe <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> ind i krigen på Ententens side.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I anden verdenskrig blev næsten 3.000 <a href="/wiki/De_Allierede" title="De Allierede">allierede</a> skibe synket af ubåde under et forsøg på at blokere transport af forsyninger til de Britiske øer,<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men De Allierede brød igennem blokaden i <a href="/wiki/Slaget_om_Atlanten_(1939-1945)" title="Slaget om Atlanten (1939-1945)">Slaget om Atlanten</a>, der varede næsten hele krigen, og hvor det lykkedes at synke 783 ubåde.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siden 1960 har flere nationer vedligeholdt flåder af <a href="/wiki/Atomkraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomkraft">atomdrevne</a> undervandsbåde, der er i stand til at affyre <a href="/wiki/Ballistisk_missil" title="Ballistisk missil">ballistiske missiler</a> med <a href="/wiki/Kernev%C3%A5ben" title="Kernevåben">atomvåben-sprænghoveder</a> fra under havet. Nogle af disse er på permanente patruljer.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejse">Rejse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Redigér afsnit: Rejse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Rejse"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejlskibe eller <a href="/wiki/Postb%C3%A5d" title="Postbåd">postbåde</a> transporterede i mange år <a href="/wiki/Postforsendelse" title="Postforsendelse">post</a> på tværs af havet - et af de tidligste eksempler er den hollandske tjeneste til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia_(Hollandsk_Ostindien)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batavia (Hollandsk Ostindien) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Batavia i Hollandsk Ostindien</a> i 1670'erne.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse skibe tilføjede senere passagerpladser, omend under meget trange kår. Senere igen blev der tilbudt rutefart, men rejsens længde afhang fortsat i høj grad af vejret. Da <a href="/wiki/Dampskib" title="Dampskib">dampskibet</a> begyndte at afløse sejlskibet overtog <a href="/wiki/Oceanskib" title="Oceanskib">oceanskibet</a> rollen som passagertransportskib. Ved begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede tog det omkring fem dage at krydse Atlanterhavet, og shippingfirmaer konkurrerede om hvem der kunne få de største og hurtigste fartøjer. Det <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5_b%C3%A5nd_(Nordatlanten)" title="Blå bånd (Nordatlanten)">Blå bånd</a> var en uofficiel udmærkelse, der blev tildelt den hurtigste oceanliner til at krydse Atlanten i rutefart. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=RMS_Mauretania_(1906)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RMS Mauretania (1906) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mauretania</a></i> havde rekorden med 26,06 knob (48,26 km/h) i tyve år fra 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hales-trof%C3%A6et&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hales-trofæet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hales-trofæet</a>, oprettet for at have noget konkret at tildele skibe med det Blå bånd, blev i 1952 tildelt <i><a href="/wiki/SS_United_States" title="SS United States">United States</a></i> for en krydsning, der tog tre dage, ti timer og fyrre minutter.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De store transatlantiske oceanlinere var behagelige for passagerer, men dyre i brændstof og mandskab, og deres storhedstid sluttede da billige interkontinentale flyvninger blev bredt tilgængelige. I 1958 kunne et rutefly mellem New York og Paris krydse Atlanten på syv timer, og gjorde dermed effektivt den transatlantiske skibsfart overflødig. Et efter et blev de store skibe taget ud af drift, nogle blev <a href="/wiki/Skrot" title="Skrot">ophugget</a>, andre blev <a href="/wiki/Krydstogtskib" title="Krydstogtskib">krydstogtskibe</a> for fritidssektoren, mens endnu andre blev omdannet til flydende hoteller.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havet er fortsat en rute, som blandt andre <a href="/wiki/Flygtning" title="Flygtning">flygtninge</a> tager, ofte i små, usikre <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A5d" title="Båd">både</a> efter at have betalt <a href="/wiki/Menneskesmugler" class="mw-redirect" title="Menneskesmugler">menneskesmuglere</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handel">Handel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Redigér afsnit: Handel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Handel"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikler: <a href="/wiki/Shipping" title="Shipping">Shipping</a> og <a href="/wiki/Handel" title="Handel">Handel</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Shipping_routes_red_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/330px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/500px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/960px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Kort, der viser verdens kommercielle <a href="/wiki/Shipping" title="Shipping">shippingruter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Søhandel har eksisteret i flere årtusinder. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaios-dynastiet" title="Ptolemaios-dynastiet">Ptolemaios-dynastiet</a> havde udviklet handel med Indien ved hjælp af havnene i <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dehavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rødehavet">Rødehavet</a>, og i det første årtusinde f.Kr. handlede <a href="/wiki/Araber" class="mw-redirect" title="Araber">araberne</a>, fønikerne, <a href="/wiki/Israelitter" title="Israelitter">israelitterne</a> og <a href="/wiki/Inder" class="mw-redirect" title="Inder">inderne</a> med luksusvarer såsom krydderier, guld og ædelsten.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fønikerne var kendt som søhandelsfolk, og handel fortsatte med at blomstre under grækerne og romerne. Europæisk handel svandt ind efter <a href="/wiki/Romerriget" title="Romerriget">Romerrigets</a> kollaps, men var fortsat udbredt blandt kongerigerne i Afrika, Mellemøsten, Indien, Kina og Sydøstasien.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fra det 16. til det 19. århundrede blev omkring 13 millioner mennesker fragtet over Atlanterhavet for at blive solgt som slaver i Amerika.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I dag transporteres der gods på havet til en samlet værdi på mere end 4 <a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">trillioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerikanske_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerikanske dollars">$</a> hvert år,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, i særdeleshed på tværs af Atlanterhavet og i <a href="/wiki/Stillehavsregionen" title="Stillehavsregionen">Stillehavsregionen</a>. En central handelsrute går gennem <a href="/wiki/Herkules%27_S%C3%B8jler" title="Herkules' Søjler">Herkules' Søjler</a>, på tværs af <a href="/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet">Middelhavet</a> og genne <a href="/wiki/Suez-kanalen" title="Suez-kanalen">Suez-kanalen</a> videre til det Indiske Ocean og gennem <a href="/wiki/Malaccastr%C3%A6det" title="Malaccastrædet">Malaccastrædet</a>; meget handel går også gennem den <a href="/wiki/Engelske_Kanal" title="Engelske Kanal">Engelske Kanal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8vej" title="Søvej">Søveje</a> er ruterne på åbent hav, som anvendes af handels- og fragtskibe, og som traditionelt har gjort brug af handelsvinde og strømme. Over 60 % af verdens containertraffik foretages på de 20 mest benyttede handelsruter.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den øgede smeltning af is i <a href="/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis">Arktis</a> siden 2007 gør det nu muligt for skibe at sejle igennem <a href="/wiki/Nordvestpassagen" title="Nordvestpassagen">Nordvestpassagen</a> i nogle uger om sommeren, og dermed undgå de længere ruter via Suez-kanalen eller <a href="/wiki/Panama-kanalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama-kanalen">Panama-kanalen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shipping suppleres af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftfragt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luftfragt (ikke skrevet endnu)">luftfragt</a>, der er en dyrere proces, som hovedsageligt anvendes til særligt værdifuld eller skrøbelig last. </p><p>Der findes to centrale former for gods, <a href="/wiki/Bulkgods" title="Bulkgods">bulkgods</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stykgods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stykgods (ikke skrevet endnu)">stykgods</a>, hvoraf det meste i dag transporteres i <a href="/wiki/ISO-container" title="ISO-container">containere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handelsvare" title="Handelsvare">Handelsvarer</a> i form af væsker, pulvere eller partikler - såsom olie, korn, kul, malm, skrotmetal, sand og grus - opbevares løst i <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8rlastskib" class="mw-redirect" title="Tørlastskib">tørlastskibes</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lastrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lastrum (ikke skrevet endnu)">lastrum</a>. Stykgods er normalt fremstillede varer og transporteres i pakker, ofte stablet på <a href="/wiki/Palle" title="Palle">paller</a>. Før containernes indtog i 1950'erne blev disse varer lastet, transporteret og aflæsset stykvist.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anvendelsen af containere har kraftigt øget effektiviteten og sænket omkostningerne ved at transportere dem<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og næsten al fragt transporteres derfor i dag i standardstørrelse, aflåste containere læsset på særligt byggede <a href="/wiki/Containerskib" title="Containerskib">containerskibe</a> ved særlige terminaler.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauerbier_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauerbier-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sauerbier_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauerbier-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spedition" title="Spedition">Speditionsfirmaer</a> står for at booke fragtede varer, arrangere opsamling og levering og håndtere dokumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mad">Mad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Redigér afsnit: Mad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Mad"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikler: <a href="/wiki/Fiskeri" title="Fiskeri">Fiskeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hvalfangst" title="Hvalfangst">Hvalfangst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akvakultur_(vandlevende_organismer)" title="Akvakultur (vandlevende organismer)">Akvakultur (vandlevende organismer)</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tangopdr%C3%A6t" title="Tangopdræt">Tangopdræt</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kiel_(Ship_1973)_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg/250px-Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg/330px-Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg/500px-Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Et flydende, tysk <a href="/wiki/Hvalkogeri" title="Hvalkogeri">hvalkogeri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fisk og andre fiskeriprodukter er blandt de mest spiste kilder til protein og andre essentielle næringsstoffer.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 2009 stod fisk for 16,6 % af verdens befolknings indtag af animalsk protein, og 6,5 % af protein overordnet.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mange kyststater imødekommer dette behov ved at fiske i deres <a href="/wiki/Eksklusiv_%C3%B8konomisk_zone" title="Eksklusiv økonomisk zone">eksklusive økonomiske zoner</a>, men mange fiskerifartøjer bevæger sig gradvist længere og længere væk fra kysten for at udnytte muligheden for at fiske i internationalt farvand.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenFacts_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenFacts-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 2011 vurderedes verdens samlede produktion af fisk (inklusive <a href="/wiki/Akvakultur_(vandlevende_organismer)" title="Akvakultur (vandlevende organismer)">akvakultur</a>) til at være på 154 millioner <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>, hvoraf størstedelen spises af befolkningerne selv.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_187-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fangst af vildfisk stod for 90,4 millioner tons, mens akvakultur, der vokser årligt, står for resten.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_187-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det nordvestlige Stillehav er langt det mest produktive fiskeriområde, og stod for 20,9 millioner tons (27 % af den samlede globale fangst) i 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_187-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antallet af fiskerifartøjer var i 2010 4,36 million, mens antallet af ansatte i fiskeriproduktionens primærsektor samme år var 54,8 millioner.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_187-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moderne fiskerifartøjer er typisk <a href="/wiki/Trawler" title="Trawler">trawlere</a> med et lille mandskab, hæktrawlere, <a href="/wiki/Notfart%C3%B8j" class="mw-redirect" title="Notfartøj">notfartøjer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Langline" title="Langline">langline</a>-<a href="/wiki/Fabriksskib" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabriksskib">fabriksskibe</a>, der er designet til at være til havs i flere uger af gangen og forarbejde og nedfryse store mængder fisk. Blandt det udstyr, der anvendes til at indfange fiskene, er <a href="/wiki/Not_(fiskeri)" title="Not (fiskeri)">not</a> og forskellige typer vod, <a href="/wiki/Trawl" title="Trawl">trawl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skraber_(fiskeri)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skraber (fiskeri) (ikke skrevet endnu)">skraber</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garn_(fiskeri)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garn (fiskeri) (ikke skrevet endnu)">garn</a> og <a href="/wiki/Langline" title="Langline">langline</a>. De oftest fiskede arter er <a href="/wiki/Sild" title="Sild">sild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsk" title="Torsk">torsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansjos" title="Ansjos">ansjos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun">tun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flynder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flynder (ikke skrevet endnu)">flynder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multe" title="Multe">multe</a>, blæksprutte og <a href="/wiki/Laks" title="Laks">laks</a>. Overfiskeri er blevet et alvorligt problem; det medfører ikke kun udtømning af fiskebestande, men reducerer også dramatisk antallet af rovfisk.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers2003_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers2003-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er blevet vurderet at industrialiseret fiskeri typisk reducerer fiskebestandens biomasse med 80 % indenfor 15 år.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers2003_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers2003-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mange lande har introduceret <a href="/wiki/Fiskekvote" title="Fiskekvote">fiskekvoter</a> i deres egne vande.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En videnskabelig undersøgelse offentliggjort i <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> i april 2018 viste at den <a href="/wiki/Fiskeriministeriet_(Indonesien)" title="Fiskeriministeriet (Indonesien)">indonesiske fiskeriminister</a> <a href="/wiki/Susi_Pudjiastuti" title="Susi Pudjiastuti">Susi Pudjiastuti</a>'s aggressive tiltag for at få stoppet ulovligt fiskeri har "reduceret den samlede fiskeriindsats med mindst 25 %, (...) [potentielt] genereret en 14 % stigning i fangst og en 12 % stigning i overskud."<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ud fra dette konkluderer undersøgelsen at mange nationer kan genoprette deres fiskeri og samtidig undgå disse kortsigtede udgifter ved at skærpe tiltag mod ulovligt, urapporteret og ureguleret fiskeri.<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Negombo4(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/250px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/330px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/500px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2969" /></a><figcaption>Fiskerbåd i Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Subsistensfiskeri" title="Subsistensfiskeri">Subsistensfiskeri</a> anvender typisk <a href="/wiki/Fiskestang" title="Fiskestang">fiskestang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpun" title="Harpun">harpun</a>, dykning uden dukkerdragt, fælder, kastenet og træknet. Traditionelle fiskerbåde navigeres med <a href="/wiki/Paddel" title="Paddel">åre</a>, vind eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A5h%C3%A6ngsmotor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Påhængsmotor (ikke skrevet endnu)">påhængsmotor</a>, og holder sig tæt på kysten. <a href="/wiki/FN%27s_f%C3%B8devare-_og_landbrugsorganisation" title="FN's fødevare- og landbrugsorganisation">FN's fødevare- og landbrugsorganisation</a> opfordrer til udvikling af mere lokalt fiskeri, som kan forsyne kystsamfund med mad og afhjælpe fattigdom.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pr. 2010 blev der, udover vildfangsten, produceret omkring 79 millioner tons fødevarer og ikke-fødevarer via akvakultur, hvilket på daværende tidspunkt var rekord. Der blev kultiveret omkring 600 forskellige plante- og dyrearter, heraf nogle til udsætning og etablering af vilde bestande. Blandt de opdrættede dyr var <a href="/wiki/Finfisk" title="Finfisk">finfisk</a>, vandlevende <a href="/wiki/Krybdyr" title="Krybdyr">krybdyr</a>, krebsdyr, bløddyr, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8p%C3%B8lse" class="mw-redirect" title="Søpølse">søpølser</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8pindsvin" title="Søpindsvin">søpindsvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8punge" title="Søpunge">søpunge</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gopler" title="Gopler">gopler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_187-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integreret <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marikultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marikultur (ikke skrevet endnu)">marikultur</a> har den fordel at der er en lettilgængelig forsyning af planktonføde og affaldsprodukter fjernes naturligt.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der anvendes flere metoder: Maskede områder for finfisk kan nedsænkes i åbent hav, bure kan anvendes i mere beskyttede farvande eller damme kan blive opfrisket med vand ved højvande. <a href="/wiki/Rejeopdr%C3%A6t" title="Rejeopdræt">Rejeopdræt</a> kan foretages i lavvandede damme, der er forbundet til det åbne hav.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reb kan hænges i vandet for at gro alger, østers og muslinger. Østers kan herudover blive opdrækket på bakker eller i maskerør. Søpølser kan opdrættes på havbunden.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> i USA har avlsprogrammer indfanget <a href="/wiki/Hummer" title="Hummer">hummere</a>, opdrættet deres larver og sat disse tilbage i naturen, og har dermed øget hummerhøsten i nærområdet.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der spises mindst 145 forskellige <a href="/wiki/Tang_(alge)" title="Tang (alge)">tangarter</a> - røde, grønne og brune alger - på verdensplan, historisk særligt produceret i Japan og andre asiatiske lande, og der er fortsat et stort potentiale for flere <a href="/wiki/Algekultur" title="Algekultur">algekulturer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der anvendes kun få blomstrende vandplanter som fødevarer, men et eksempel er <a href="/wiki/Kveller" title="Kveller">kveller</a>, der kan spises enten rå eller kogt.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akvakultur har den udfordring at der er en tendens henimod monokultur, hvilket giver en risiko for udbredte sygdomme. I 1990'erne udryddede sygdom Kinas opdrættede <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamys_farreri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamys farreri (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chlamys farreri</a></i> og <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenneropenaeus_chinensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenneropenaeus chinensis (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</a></i>, hvilket nødvendiggjorde at de blev udskiftet med andre arter.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akvakultur er også forbundet med visse miljømæssige risici - eksempelvis har rejeopdræt medført destruktion af vigtige <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroveskove</a> i <a href="/wiki/Syd%C3%B8stasien" title="Sydøstasien">Sydøstasien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fritidsbeskæftigelser"><span id="Fritidsbesk.C3.A6ftigelser"></span>Fritidsbeskæftigelser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Redigér afsnit: Fritidsbeskæftigelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Fritidsbeskæftigelser"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Lystsejlads" title="Lystsejlads">Lystsejlads</a>.</span></span></div> <p>I det 19. århundrede voksede anvendelsen af havet til fritidsbeskæftigelser, og det blev en betydningsfuld industri i det 20. århundrede.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blandt maritime fritidsaktiviteter er at tage på <a href="/wiki/Lystsejlads" title="Lystsejlads">lystsejlads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speedb%C3%A5d" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedbåd">speedbådracerløb</a> til havs<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Lystfiskeri" title="Lystfiskeri">lystfiskeri</a> i båd;<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kommercielt-organiserede <a href="/wiki/Krydstogt" title="Krydstogt">krydstogter</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og ture i mindre fartøjer i form at <a href="/wiki/%C3%98koturisme" title="Økoturisme">økoturisme</a> til f.eks. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hvalsafari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hvalsafari (ikke skrevet endnu)">hvalsafari</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fuglekiggeri" title="Fuglekiggeri">fuglekiggeri</a> fra kysten.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Underwater_photograph_of_a_recreational_scuba_diver_in_Playa_del_Carmen_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scuba diver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Underwater_photograph_of_a_recreational_scuba_diver_in_Playa_del_Carmen_2006.jpg/250px-Underwater_photograph_of_a_recreational_scuba_diver_in_Playa_del_Carmen_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Underwater_photograph_of_a_recreational_scuba_diver_in_Playa_del_Carmen_2006.jpg/330px-Underwater_photograph_of_a_recreational_scuba_diver_in_Playa_del_Carmen_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Underwater_photograph_of_a_recreational_scuba_diver_in_Playa_del_Carmen_2006.jpg/500px-Underwater_photograph_of_a_recreational_scuba_diver_in_Playa_del_Carmen_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Dykker med ansigtsmaske og undervandsudstyr</figcaption></figure> <p>Mange mennesker nyder at <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%B8mning" title="Svømning">svømme</a> i havet ved kysten, hvor børn typisk sopper og plasker i det lave vand, mens voksne svømmer længere ude eller slapper af på stranden. Denne tendens er relativt ny, da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havbadning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havbadning (ikke skrevet endnu)">havbadning</a> først for alvor blev moderne i Europa i det 18. århundrede efter den skotske læge <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Buchan_(l%C3%A6ge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Buchan (læge) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dr. William Buchan</a> anbefalede det som godt for helbredet.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> er en sport hvor en surfer rider på en bølge med eller oden et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surfbr%C3%A6t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surfbræt (ikke skrevet endnu)">surfbræt</a>. Blandt andre vandsportsgrene er <a href="/wiki/Kitesurfing" title="Kitesurfing">kitesurfing</a>, hvor vinden i en særlig <a href="/wiki/Drage_(snorholdt)" title="Drage (snorholdt)">håndholdt drage</a> trækker et bemandet bræt henover vandet,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a>, hvor man i stedet anvender et særligt <a href="/wiki/Sejl" title="Sejl">sejl</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Vandski" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandski">vandski</a>, hvor en <a href="/wiki/Motorb%C3%A5d" title="Motorbåd">motorbåd</a> bruges til at trække skiløberen henover vandet.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under havoverfladen er <a href="/wiki/Fridykning" title="Fridykning">fridykning</a> begrænset til relativt lavvandede nedstigninger. <a href="/wiki/Perlefisker" title="Perlefisker">Perlefiskere</a> har dog historisk fedtet deres hud ind, puttet bomuld i ørerne og klips på næsen, og derefter været i stand til at dykke helt ned til 12 m med kurve for at indsamle <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sters_(gruppe)" title="Østers (gruppe)">østers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menneskeøjnene er ikke tilpasset til at kunne anvendes under vand, men synet kan forbedres ved at anvende en <a href="/wiki/Dykkermaske" title="Dykkermaske">dykkermaske</a>. Blandt andet nyttigt udstyr til dykning er <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%B8mmef%C3%B8dder" title="Svømmefødder">svømmefødder</a> og <a href="/wiki/Snorkel" title="Snorkel">snorkel</a>, eller deciderede <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scubas%C3%A6t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scubasæt (ikke skrevet endnu)">scubasæt</a>, der gør det muligt at <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ndedr%C3%A6t" title="Åndedræt">ånde</a> under vandet og derfor forblive under overfladen i længere tid af gangen.<sup id="cite_ref-usn_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den dybde som dykkere kan nå ned på, og perioden de kan opholde sig der, er begrænset af det øgede <a href="/wiki/Tryk_(fysik)" title="Tryk (fysik)">tryk</a> som de kan opleve efterhånden som de kommer længere ned, og behovet for at forebygge <a href="/wiki/Trykfaldssyge" title="Trykfaldssyge">trykfaldssyge</a> når de vender tilbage til overfladen. Fritidsdykkere anbefales at forblive på dybder på højst 30 m, da dybere dyk øger risikoen for <a href="/wiki/Nitrogennarkose" title="Nitrogennarkose">dykkerrus</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Rus_(tilstand)" title="Rus (tilstand)">rus</a>, der blandt andet kan medføre <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinationer</a> og irrationelle beslutninger. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dybdykning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dybdykning (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dybdykning</a> kan foretages med særligt udstyr og specialtræning.<sup id="cite_ref-usn_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elproduktion">Elproduktion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Redigér afsnit: Elproduktion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Elproduktion"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikler: <a href="/wiki/Havkraft" title="Havkraft">Havkraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandkraft" title="Vandkraft">Vandkraft</a> og <a href="/wiki/Offshore-vindenergi" title="Offshore-vindenergi">Offshore-vindenergi</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Havet indeholder en meget stor mængde <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> transporteret i <a href="/wiki/Havb%C3%B8lge" title="Havbølge">havbølgerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidevand" title="Tidevand">tidevandet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinitet" title="Salinitet">salinitetsforskellene</a> og havtemperaturforskellene, som alle kan udnyttes til at <a href="/wiki/Elproduktion" title="Elproduktion">generere elektricitet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OES_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OES-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blandt de forskellige former for <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6redygtig_energi" title="Bæredygtig energi">'grøn'</a> <a href="/wiki/Havkraft" title="Havkraft">havkraft</a> er <a href="/wiki/Tidevandsenergi" title="Tidevandsenergi">tidevandsenergi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havstr%C3%B8mkraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havstrømkraft (ikke skrevet endnu)">havstrømkraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltkraft" title="Saltkraft">saltkraft</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havvarmekraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havvarmekraft (ikke skrevet endnu)">havvarmekraft</a> og <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lgeenergi" title="Bølgeenergi">bølgeenergi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OES_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OES-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/250px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/330px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/500px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Tidevandsenergi: Det 1 kilometer lange <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rance_tidevandskraftv%C3%A6rk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rance tidevandskraftværk (ikke skrevet endnu)">Rance tidevandskraftværk</a> i Bretagne genererer 0.5 GW.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tidevandsenergi anvender generatorer til at producere elektricitet fra tidevandsstrømme, nogle gange ved at anvende en dæmning til at opbevare og derefter frigive saltvandet. Det 1 kilometer lange <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rance_tidevandskraftv%C3%A6rk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rance tidevandskraftværk (ikke skrevet endnu)">Rance tidevandskraftværk</a> nær <a href="/wiki/St_Malo" class="mw-redirect" title="St Malo">St Malo</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne">Bretagne</a> åbnede i 1967; det genererer omkring 0,5 GW, men er blevet efterfulgt af nogle få lignende konstruktioner.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-111-112_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-111-112-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bølgernes store og stærkt varierende energi giver dem en enorm destruktiv evne, hvilket gør det svært at udvikle stabile bølgemaskiner til en overkommelig pris. I 1995 blev der konstrueret et lille kommercielt 2 MW kraftværk, "Osprey", i det nordlige <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotland</a> omkring 300 meter fra kysten. Det blev kort efter beskadiget af bølgerne og efterfølgende helt ødelagt af en storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-112_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-112-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havstrømkraft kan potentielt forsyne befolkede områder tæt på havet med en større del af deres energibehov.<sup id="cite_ref-doi_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I teorien kunne det udnyttes med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidevandsgenerator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidevandsgenerator (ikke skrevet endnu)">åbne turbiner</a>; der findes også havbundsystemer, men disse er begrænset til en dybde på omkring 40 meter.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Offshore-vindenergi" title="Offshore-vindenergi">Offshore-vindenergi</a> indfanges af <a href="/wiki/Vindkraftv%C3%A6rker" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindkraftværker">vindkraftværker</a> placeret på havet; det har den fordel at vindhastigheden typisk er højere på havet end på land, omend vindmølleparker generelt er dyrere at bygge offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den første offshore-vindmøllepark blev bygget i <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> i 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og den samlede installerede kapacitet for europæiske offshore-vindmølleparker var pr. 2010 3 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-Tillessen_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tillessen-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elektricitets<a href="/wiki/Kraftv%C3%A6rk" title="Kraftværk">kraftværker</a> findes ofte på kysten eller nær en flodmunding, da man dermed kan anvende havet til nedkøling. Bedre nedkøling medfører mere effektiv kraftproduktion, hvilket er særlig vigtigt for dyre <a href="/wiki/Atomkraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomkraft">atomkraftværker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Udvindingsindustrier">Udvindingsindustrier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Redigér afsnit: Udvindingsindustrier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Udvindingsindustrier"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikler: <a href="/wiki/Offshore-boring" title="Offshore-boring">Offshore-boring</a> og <a href="/wiki/Dybhavsminedrift" title="Dybhavsminedrift">Dybhavsminedrift</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Havbunden indeholder enorme mineralaflejringer, som kan udnyttes ved sandsugning. Dette har den fordel i forhold til landbaseret minedrift at udstyret kan bygges på specialiserede <a href="/wiki/Skibsv%C3%A6rft" class="mw-redirect" title="Skibsværft">skibsværfter</a> og omkostningerne til <a href="/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur">infrastruktur</a> er lavere. Blandt ulemperne er problemer med bølger og tidevand, og en risiko for kystlig erosion og beskadning af miljøet.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Minerals_sediments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/250px-Minerals_sediments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/330px-Minerals_sediments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/500px-Minerals_sediments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Bundfældede mineraler nær et hydrotermisk væld</figcaption></figure> <p>Store sulfidaflejringer på havbunden er potentielle kilder til <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv">sølv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guld" title="Guld">guld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">kobber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bly" title="Bly">bly</a> og <a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink">zink</a> og spormetaller. Disse aflejringer dannes når <a href="/wiki/Geotermi" title="Geotermi">geotermisk</a> opvarmet vand udledes fra de dybhavs-hydrotermiske væld kaldet "<a href="/wiki/Black_smokers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smokers">black smokers</a>". Malmen er af høj kvalitet, men er uforholdsmæssigt dyr at udvinde.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der gøres forsøg på mindre havbundsminedrift ud for <a href="/wiki/Papua_Ny_Guinea" title="Papua Ny Guinea">Papua Ny Guineas</a> kyst ved hjælp af <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotter</a>, men dette står fortsat overfor store udfordringer.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klipper under havbunden indeholder store mængder <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5olie" title="Råolie">råolie</a> og <a href="/wiki/Naturgas" title="Naturgas">naturgas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boreplatform" title="Boreplatform">Boreplatforme</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boret%C3%A5rn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boretårn (ikke skrevet endnu)">boretårne</a> udvinder olie og gas gennem <a href="/wiki/Offshore-boring" title="Offshore-boring">offshore-boring</a> og opbevarer og transporterer den ind til land. Offshore-produktion af olie og gas kan være svært på grund af de fjerntliggende, hårde omgivelser.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olieboring i havet har alvorlige bivirkninger for havmiljøet - dyr kan blive desorienterede på grund af de <a href="/wiki/Seismisk_b%C3%B8lge" title="Seismisk bølge">seismiske bølger</a>, der anvendes til at finde mineralaflejringer, og der pågår fortsat debat om hvorvidt dette forårsager <a href="/wiki/Hvalstranding" title="Hvalstranding">hvalstrandinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toksiske stoffer såsom <a href="/wiki/Kviks%C3%B8lv" title="Kviksølv">kviksølv</a>, bly og <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a> kan blive udledet, infratrukturen kan forårsage skade og olie kan blive udledt i havet.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der findes store mængder <a href="/wiki/Metanhydrat" title="Metanhydrat">metanhydrat</a> på havbunden og i havsediment ved temperaturer omkring 2 °C, og disse kan potentielt anvendes som energikilde. Ifølge visse estimater er den tilgængelige mængde på 1-5 millioner kubikkilometer.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På havbunden findes der også <a href="/wiki/Mangannodul" title="Mangannodul">mangannoduler</a> dannet af bundfældede lag af <a href="/wiki/Jern" title="Jern">jern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> og andre hydroxider fra havvandet omkring en kerne. I Stillehavet kan disse dække op til 30 % af havbunden på det dybe hav. Den kommercielle udnyttelse af dem til <a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkeludvinding</a> blev undersøgt i 1970'erne, men droppet til fordel for nemmere nikkelkilder.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I visse områder kan man opsamle <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamanter</a> fra havbunden ved at opsuge grus fra havbunden. I dybere hav anvendes bevægelige crawlere på havbunden, som indsamler aflejringerne og pumper dem op til et fartøj højere oppe mod havoverfladen. I Namibia udvindes der således nu flere diamanter fra havet end fra traditionelle udvindingsmetoder til lands.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/170px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/255px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/340px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsaltning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afsaltning (ikke skrevet endnu)">Afsaltningsværk</a>, der fungerer ved hjælp af <a href="/wiki/Omvendt_osmose" title="Omvendt osmose">omvendt osmose</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Havet indeholder enorme mængder af værdifulde opløste mineraler.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det vigtigste, <a href="/wiki/Havsalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Havsalt">havsalt</a>, udvindes til både <a href="/wiki/Husholdningssalt" title="Husholdningssalt">privat</a> og industrielt brug, og er blevet høstet via solfordampning fra lavvandede damme siden præ-historisk tid. <a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a>, der akkumuleres i havet efter at være blevet udvasket fra land, opsamles økonomisk fra <a href="/wiki/Det_d%C3%B8de_hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Det døde hav">Det døde hav</a>, hvor det forekommer i 55.000 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm).<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsaltning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afsaltning (ikke skrevet endnu)">Afsaltning</a> er en teknisk hvorved man fjerner salt fra <a href="/wiki/Havvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Havvand">havvand</a> og dermed får <a href="/wiki/Drikkevand" class="mw-redirect" title="Drikkevand">drikkevand</a>, der kan drikkes eller anvendes til <a href="/wiki/Kunstvanding" title="Kunstvanding">kunstvanding</a>. De to primære afsaltningsmetoder, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuumdestillation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakuumdestillation (ikke skrevet endnu)">vakuumdestillation</a> og <a href="/wiki/Omvendt_osmose" title="Omvendt osmose">omvendt osmose</a>, kræver begge store mængder energi. Afsaltning anvendes normalt kun i områder hvor der ikke er andre stabile forsyninger med drikkevand, eller hvor der er meget energi, såsom ved anvendelse af overskydende varme fra kraftværker. De <a href="/wiki/Saltlage" title="Saltlage">saltlage</a>, der produceres som et biprodukt, indeholder visse <a href="/wiki/Toksicitet" title="Toksicitet">toksiske</a> materialer, og udledes derfor tilbage til havet.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Havforurening">Havforurening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Redigér afsnit: Havforurening" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Havforurening"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Havforurening" title="Havforurening">Havforurening</a>.</span></span></div> <p>Mange stoffer ender i havet som et resultat af menneskers aktiviteter. Forbrændingsprodukter transporteres i luften og aflejres i havet gennem nedbør. Industriel udstrømning og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kloakanl%C3%A6g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kloakanlæg (ikke skrevet endnu)">kloakanlæg</a> udleder <a href="/wiki/Tungmetal" title="Tungmetal">tungmetaller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticid" title="Pesticid">pesticider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyklorerede_bifenyler" title="Polyklorerede bifenyler">polyklorerede bifenyler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desinfektionsmiddel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desinfektionsmiddel (ikke skrevet endnu)">desinfektionsmidler</a>, rengøringsprodukter og andre <a href="/wiki/Syntese_(kemi)" title="Syntese (kemi)">syntetiske</a> kemikalier. Disse bliver koncentreret i overfladefilmen og i havsediment, især i flodmundingsmudder. Konsekvenserne af al denne forurening på lang sigt kendes ikke på grund af det store antal stoffer, der er involverede og manglen på information om deres biologiske effekter.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De mest problematiske tungmetaller er kobber, bly, kviksølv, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> og zink, som kan <a href="/wiki/Bioakkumulation" title="Bioakkumulation">bioakkumuleres</a> i havorganismer og blive overført gennem fødekæden.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meget flydende plastikskrald er ikke <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_nedbrydelighed" title="Biologisk nedbrydelighed">bionedbrydeligt</a>, og disintegrerer i stedet over tid og nedbrydes til sidst til et molekylært niveau. Rigid plastik kan således ende med at flyde rundt i havet i årevis.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I midten af en <a href="/wiki/Gyre" title="Gyre">gyre</a> i det nordlige Stillehav findes der en permanent <a href="/wiki/Affalds%C3%B8en_i_det_Nordlige_Stillehav" title="Affaldsøen i det Nordlige Stillehav">flydende affaldsø</a>, der hovedsageligt består af <a href="/wiki/Plastikaffald" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastikaffald">plastikaffald</a><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og der findes en lignende <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affalds%C3%B8en_i_det_Nordlige_Atlanterhav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affaldsøen i det Nordlige Atlanterhav (ikke skrevet endnu)">affaldsø i det nordlige Atlanterhav</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fouragerende havfugle såsom <a href="/wiki/Albatrosser" title="Albatrosser">albatrosser</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petreller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petreller (ikke skrevet endnu)">petreller</a> kan fejlagtigt tro at affald er mad, og kan ophobe ufordøjeligt plastik i deres fordøjelsessystemer. Man har også fundet <a href="/wiki/Skildpadde" class="mw-redirect" title="Skildpadde">skildpadder</a> og hvaler med plastikposer og fiskesnore i maven. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroplastik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroplastik (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mikroplastik</a> kan synke dybere ned i havet og true arter, der filtrerer havbunden.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det meste olieforurening af havet kommer fra byer og store industrier.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olie er farligt for havdyr, og kan tilstoppe fugles fjer og dermed reducere deres insulerende effekt og fuglenes opdrift, og fuglene kan ende med at indtage det når de renser sig selv i et forsøg på at slippe af med olien. <a href="/wiki/Havpattedyr" title="Havpattedyr">Havpattedyr</a> påvirkes ikke lige så alvorligt, men kan blændes, dehydreres, forgiftes eller nedkøles på grund af olie, der fjerner deres insulering. Hvirvelløse dyr i den <a href="/wiki/Bentiske_zone" title="Bentiske zone">bentiske zone</a> kan drukne når olien synker og fisk kan forgiftes, hvilket kan forstyrre hele fødekæder. På kort sigt kan olieudslip resultere i at hele bestande af vildt <a href="/wiki/Havliv" title="Havliv">dyreliv i havet</a> skrumper ind og kommer ud af balance, fritidsaktiviteter kan påvirkes og brancher, der afhænger af havet, kan blive kastet ud i kaos.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havmiljøet har selvrensende egenskaber, og naturligt forekommende bakterier vil med tiden kunne fjerne olien fra havet - i <a href="/wiki/Mexicos_golf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicos golf">Mexicos golf</a>, hvor der allerede findes oliespisende bakterier, har det i nogle tilfælde kun taget nogle få dage for havet at rense sig selv ovenpå olieudslip.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afløb fra <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8dning" title="Gødning">gødning</a> fra landbrugsjord er en stor forureningskilde i nogle områder, og udledning af <a href="/wiki/Spildevand" title="Spildevand">spildevand</a> kan have en lignende effekt. De ekstra næringsstoffer fra disse kilder kan forårsage <a href="/wiki/Eutrofiering" title="Eutrofiering">ekstrem plantevækst</a>. Kvælstof er ofte den begrænsende faktor i havsystemer, så med den kunstigt tilføjede kvælstof kan alger begynde at blomstre og <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B8dvande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rødvande (ikke skrevet endnu)">rødvande</a> kan sænke iltniveauet i vandet og dræbe havdyr. Sådanne begivenheder har skabt <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8d_zone" title="Død zone">døde zoner</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sters%C3%B8en" title="Østersøen">Østersøen</a> og Mexicos Golf.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle <a href="/wiki/Algeopblomstring" title="Algeopblomstring">algeopblomstringer</a> skyldes <a href="/wiki/Cyanobakterier" title="Cyanobakterier">cyanobakterier</a>, der gør de <a href="/wiki/Skaldyr" title="Skaldyr">skaldyr</a>, der <a href="/wiki/Filtrator" title="Filtrator">filtrerer</a> dem, giftige og dermed skader dyr såsom <a href="/wiki/Havodder" title="Havodder">havoddere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeographic_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographic-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atomkraftværker kan også forurene - det <a href="/wiki/Irske_Hav" title="Irske Hav">Irske Hav</a> blev forurenet af radioaktiv <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6sium-137" class="mw-redirect" title="Cæsium-137">cæsium-137</a> fra det tidligere forarbejdningsanlæg til kernebrændstof, <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og ved atomulykker kan radioaktivt materiale falde i havet, såsom det skete ved <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I-ulykkerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I-ulykkerne">ulykkerne</a> på <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_atomkraftv%C3%A6rk" title="Fukushima I atomkraftværk">Fukushima I atomkraftværket</a> i 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dumpning af giftaffald (inklusive olie, skadelige væsker, spildevand og skrald) i havet reguleres af international lov. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Londonkonventionen_1972&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Londonkonventionen 1972 (ikke skrevet endnu)">Londonkonventionen fra 1972</a> er en <a href="/wiki/FN" class="mw-redirect" title="FN">FN</a>-konvention, der kontrollerer dumpning i havene, og som pr. 8. juni 2012 er blevet ratificeret af 89 lande.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a> er en konvention, der har til mål at mindske havforurening fra skibe, der pr. maj 2013 er blevet ratificeret af 152 søgående nationer.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hav-nomadiske_folk">Hav-nomadiske folk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Redigér afsnit: Hav-nomadiske folk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Hav-nomadiske folk"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Hav-nomader" title="Hav-nomader">Hav-nomader</a></span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg/250px-Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg/330px-Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg/500px-Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Regioner i det <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Syd%C3%B8stasien" title="Maritime Sydøstasien">Maritime Sydøstasien</a>, der bebos af havnomadiske folk.<small><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#86adfd; color:#86adfd;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Moken" title="Moken">Moken</a></span><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#e8bb9c; color:#e8bb9c;">    </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang laut (ikke skrevet endnu)">Orang laut</a></span><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#88c885; color:#88c885;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></span></small></figcaption></figure> <p>Flere <a href="/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade">nomadiske</a> indfødte grupper i det <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Syd%C3%B8stasien" title="Maritime Sydøstasien">Maritime Sydøstasien</a> lever på både og får stillet næsten alle deres behov fra havet. <a href="/wiki/Moken" title="Moken">Mokenfolket</a> lever på kysterne i <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> og <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> og øerne i <a href="/wiki/Andamanhavet" title="Andamanhavet">Andamanhavet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau">Bajaufolket</a> er oprindeligt fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulu%C3%B8erne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suluøerne (ikke skrevet endnu)">Suluøerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> og det nordlige <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle Bajau-folk er talentfulde <a href="/wiki/Fridykning" title="Fridykning">fridykkere</a> og i stand til at nå til dybder på 30 meter, omend mange med tiden har omstillet sig til en mere fast, landbaseret livsstil.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De oprindelige arktiske folk såsom <a href="/wiki/Tjuktere" title="Tjuktere">tjuktere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuitter" title="Inuitter">inuitter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inuvialuitter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inuvialuitter (ikke skrevet endnu)">inuvialuitter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Yupik" title="Yupik">yup'iitter</a> jager havpattedyr såsom <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6ler" title="Sæler">sæler</a> og hvaler,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_%C3%98-folket" title="Torres Strait Ø-folket">Torres Strait Ø-folket</a> i Austraien betragter <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> som en del af deres ejendom. De lever et traditionelt liv på øerne med jagt, fiskeri, gartneri og handel med nabofolk i Papua og <a href="/wiki/Aboriginere" title="Aboriginere">australske aboriginere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_kulturen">I kulturen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Redigér afsnit: I kulturen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: I kulturen"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/15px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/23px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_download_manager2-70%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <span>Hovedartikel: <a href="/wiki/Havet_i_kulturen" title="Havet i kulturen">Havet i kulturen</a>.</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="2915" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Den_store_b%C3%B8lge_ud_for_Kanagawa" title="Den store bølge ud for Kanagawa">Den store bølge ud for Kanagawa</a></i> af <a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a>, ca. 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>Havet fremgår i menneskelige kulturer på selvmodsigende måder, som både kraftfuldt og stille, og som både smukt og farligt.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-10_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-10-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det har spillet en større rolle i både litteratur, kunst, poesi, film, teater, klassisk musik, mytologi og drømmetydning.<sup id="cite_ref-Westerdahl_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerdahl-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Oldtiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldtiden">Oldtiden</a> personificerede man havet og mente typisk at det blev kontrolleret af en havgud, der skulle formildnes, og det er symbolsk blevet opfattet som et fjendtligt miljø befolket af fantastiske skabninger; <a href="/wiki/Livjatan_(havuhyre)" title="Livjatan (havuhyre)">Livjatan</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Bibelen" title="Bibelen">Bibelen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skylla" title="Skylla">Skylla</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk_mytologi" title="Græsk mytologi">græsk mytologi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isonade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isonade (ikke skrevet endnu)">Isonade</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japansk_mytologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japansk mytologi (ikke skrevet endnu)">japansk mytologi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Kraken" title="Kraken">kraken</a> i den sene <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_mytologi" title="Nordisk mytologi">nordiske mytologi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maleri af Ludolf Bakhuizen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg/170px-The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg/255px-The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg/340px-The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="5778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hollandsk_guldaldermaleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandsk guldaldermaleri">Hollandsk guldaldermaleri</a>: <i>Y'et ved Amsterdam, set fra muslingemolen</i> af <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuizen" title="Ludolf Bakhuizen">Ludolf Bakhuizen</a>, 1673<sup id="cite_ref-Slive_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slive-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Havet og skibe er blevet afbildet i kunst fra simple tegninger på væggene i hytter i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamu-%C3%B8gruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamu-øgruppen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Lamu-øgruppen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Westerdahl_256-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerdahl-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> til havskaber af <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. W. Turner">Joseph Turner</a>. Mange <a href="/wiki/Hollandsk_guldaldermaleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandsk guldaldermaleri">hollandske guldaldermalerier</a> blev malet af kunstnere såsom <a href="/wiki/Jan_Porcellis" title="Jan Porcellis">Jan Porcellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Dubbels" title="Hendrick Dubbels">Hendrick Dubbels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_den_%C3%86ldre" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem van de Velde den Ældre">Willem van de Velde den Ældre</a> og <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_den_Yngre" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem van de Velde den Yngre">hans søn</a>, og <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuizen" title="Ludolf Bakhuizen">Ludolf Bakhuizen</a> fejrede havet og den <a href="/wiki/Hollandske_fl%C3%A5de" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandske flåde">hollandske flåde</a> ved dens militære højdepunkt.<sup id="cite_ref-Slive_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slive-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den japanske kunstner <a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a> skabte farvede <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tryk_(trykkekunst)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tryk (trykkekunst) (ikke skrevet endnu)">tryk</a> af havets forskellige tilstande, heriblandt <i><a href="/wiki/Den_store_b%C3%B8lge_ud_for_Kanagawa" title="Den store bølge ud for Kanagawa">Den store bølge ud for Kanagawa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow-8_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-8-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meget musik er blevet inspireret af havet, somme tider komponeret af komponister, der levede eller arbejdede nær kysten og så havets mange aspekter. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8mandsvise" title="Sømandsvise">Sømandsviser</a> - sange, der blev sunget af sømænd for at hjælpe dem med at udføre vanskelige opgaver - er blevet vævet ind i kompositioner, ligesom der også er blevet lavet musikalske indtryk af roligt hav, storme og høj bølgegang.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blandt havrelateret musik er <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagners</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Den_flyvende_holl%C3%A6nder_(opera)" title="Den flyvende hollænder (opera)">Den flyvende hollænder</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_mer_(Debussy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La mer (Debussy) (ikke skrevet endnu)">La mer</a></i> (1903–05),<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a>'s <i>Songs of the Sea</i> (1904) og <i>Songs of the Fleet</i> (1910), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea Pictures (ikke skrevet endnu)">Sea Pictures</a></i> (1899) og <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>' <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Sea_Symphony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Sea Symphony (ikke skrevet endnu)">A Sea Symphony</a></i> (1903–1909).<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blandt eksempler på <a href="/wiki/Rock" title="Rock">rockmusik</a> inspireret af havet er det amerikanske rockband <a href="/wiki/Ween" title="Ween">Ween</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mollusk" title="The Mollusk">The Mollusk</a></i> fra 1997, der er et <a href="/wiki/Konceptalbum" title="Konceptalbum">konceptalbum</a> bygget op omkring havet<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - og som blev en direkte inspiration til den populære animerede tv-serie <i><a href="/wiki/SvampeBob_Firkant" title="SvampeBob Firkant">SvampeBob Firkant</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-weenspongebob_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weenspongebob-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der ligeledes finder sted i havet. </p><p>Havet har i århundreder spillet en rolle som symbol i litteratur, poesi og drømme. Somme tider anvendes det blot som en stille baggrund, men ofte introducerer det temaer såsom storm, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skibbrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skibbrud (ikke skrevet endnu)">skibbrud</a>, kamp, trængsler, udslukning af håb, ulykker og død.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I sit <a href="/wiki/Epos" title="Epos">epos</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Odysseen" title="Odysseen">Odysseen</a></i>, skrevet i det 8. århundrede f.Kr.,<sup id="cite_ref-Odyssey_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odyssey-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beskriver <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> den græske helt <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>' ti år lange rejse hjem henover havet og dets mange farer efter have deltaget i krigen beskrevet i <i><a href="/wiki/Iliaden" title="Iliaden">Iliaden</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havet er også et tilbagevendende tema i <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haikudigtene</a> fra den japanske <a href="/wiki/Edo-perioden" title="Edo-perioden">Edo</a>-digter <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a> (松尾 芭蕉) (1644–1694).<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I moderne engelsksproget litteratur er nogle af de bedst kendte havinspirerede romaner skrevet af <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> — der trak på sin egen erfaring til havs,<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I psykiateren <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jungs</a> værker om <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8mmetydning" title="Drømmetydning">drømmetydning</a> symboliserer havet det personlige og <a href="/wiki/Det_kollektive_ubevidste" title="Det kollektive ubevidste">det kollektive ubevidste</a>, hvor havets dybder symboliserer <a href="/wiki/Underbevidsthed" class="mw-redirect" title="Underbevidsthed">underbevidsthedens</a> dybder.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter">Noter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Redigér afsnit: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Noter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vandholdigt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ringwoodit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ringwoodit (ikke skrevet endnu)">ringwoodit</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Vulkanudbrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkanudbrud">vulkanudbrud</a> tyder på at kappeovergangszonen mellem den nedre og øvre <a href="/wiki/Kappe_(geologi)" title="Kappe (geologi)">jordkappe</a> indeholder mellem en<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og tre<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gange så meget vand som alle jordens overfladehav kombineret. Andre eksperimenter har indikeret af den muligvis indeholder helt op til fem gange overfladehavenes mængde vand.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Henvisninger">Henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Redigér afsnit: Henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11780210" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713163051/http://www.oceanpowermagazine.net/2010/05/19/whoi-calculates-volume-and-depth-of-worlds-oceans/">"WHOI Calculates Volume and Depth of World's Oceans"</a>. <i>Ocean Power Magazine</i>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceanpowermagazine.net/2010/05/19/whoi-calculates-volume-and-depth-of-worlds-oceans/">originalen</a> 13. juli 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson07.html">Lesson 7: The Water Cycle</a>" i <i>Ocean Explorer</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oskin, Becky (12 Mar 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rare-diamond-confirms-that-earths-mantle-holds-an-oceans-worth-of-water/">"Rare Diamond Confirms that Earth's Mantle Holds an Ocean's Worth of Water"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmandtJacobsenBeckerLiu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schmandt, B.; Jacobsen, S. D.; Becker, T. 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Frederick Warne. s. 225-227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seas&rft.pages=225-227&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=F.+S.&rft.au=Yonge%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stow-83-84-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stow-83-84_33-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStow2004">Stow (2004</a>:83-84)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_34-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_34-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_34-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson09.html">"Ocean waves"</a>. <i>Ocean Explorer</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 17. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ocean+Explorer&rft.atitle=Ocean+waves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fedu%2Flearning%2Fplayer%2Flesson09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1999" class="citation book cs1">Young, I. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windgeneratedoce00youn"><i>Wind Generated Ocean Waves</i></a>. Elsevier. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windgeneratedoce00youn/page/n101">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-08-043317-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-08-043317-2"><bdi>978-0-08-043317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+Generated+Ocean+Waves&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-08-043317-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindgeneratedoce00youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ing.dk/artikel/ekstreme-bolger-havets-spogelser-54319">Ekstreme bølger - havets spøgelser | Ingeniøren</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrgarrison-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mrgarrison_37-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mrgarrison_37-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mrgarrison_37-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrison, Tom (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVgKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204"><i>Essentials of Oceanography</i></a>. 6th ed. pp. 204 ff. Brooks/Cole, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belmont,_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belmont, California (ikke skrevet endnu)">Belmont</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0321814053" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0321814053">0321814053</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Meteorological Library and Archive (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/b/7/Fact_sheet_No._6.pdf">"Fact Sheet 6—The Beaufort Scale"</a>. Met Office (<a href="/wiki/Devon_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon (England)">Devon</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goda, Y. (2000) <i>Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures</i>. pp. 421–22. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-981-02-3256-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-981-02-3256-6">978-981-02-3256-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFHollidayYellandPascalSwail2006" class="citation journal cs1">Holliday, N. P.; Yelland, M. J.; Pascal, R.; Swail, V. R.; Taylor, P. K.; Griffiths, C. R.; Kent, E. (2006). "Were extreme waves in the Rockall Trough the largest ever recorded?". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>33</b> (5): L05613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..33.5613H">2006GeoRL..33.5613H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL025238">10.1029/2005GL025238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Were+extreme+waves+in+the+Rockall+Trough+the+largest+ever+recorded%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=L05613&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL025238&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..33.5613H&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=N.+P.&rft.au=Yelland%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Pascal%2C+R.&rft.au=Swail%2C+V.+R.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=Kent%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA462573">"Observed Statistics of Extreme Waves"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131805/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA462573">Arkiveret</a> 8. april 2013 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Naval Postgraduate School (<a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgstsunami-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgstsunami_42-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgstsunami_42-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgstsunami_42-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/basics.html">"Life of a Tsunami"</a>. <i>Tsunamis & Earthquakes</i>. US Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 18. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tsunamis+%26+Earthquakes&rft.atitle=Life+of+a+Tsunami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalrus.wr.usgs.gov%2Ftsunami%2Fbasics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTWC-physics-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NTWC-physics_43-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTWC-physics_43-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntwc.arh.noaa.gov/?page=tsunami_science">"Physics of Tsunamis"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Tsunami_Warning_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Tsunami Warning Center (ikke skrevet endnu)">National Tsunami Warning Center</a> of the USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 3. oktober 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Tsunamis&rft.pub=National+Tsunami+Warning+Center+of+the+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntwc.arh.noaa.gov%2F%3Fpage%3Dtsunami_science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UoW-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UoW_44-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoW_44-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoW_44-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/physics.html">"The Physics of Tsunamis"</a>. <i>Earth and Space Sciences</i>. University of Washington<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 21. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Space+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Physics+of+Tsunamis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthweb.ess.washington.edu%2Ftsunami%2Fgeneral%2Fphysics%2Fphysics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFOur_Amazing_Planet_staff2012" class="citation web cs1">Our Amazing Planet staff (12. marts 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/18998-deep-ocean-floor-focus-tsunami-waves.html">"Deep Ocean Floor Can Focus Tsunami Waves"</a>. <i>Livescience</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 4. oktober 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livescience&rft.atitle=Deep+Ocean+Floor+Can+Focus+Tsunami+Waves&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=Our+Amazing+Planet+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F18998-deep-ocean-floor-focus-tsunami-waves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFBerry,_M._V.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Berry, M. V. (2007). 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Hentet 9. juli 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+evaluation+of+the+international+response+to+the+Indian+Ocean+tsunami%3A+Synthesis+Report&rft.pub=TEC&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsunami-evaluation.org%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F2E8A3262-0320-4656-BC81-EE0B46B54CAA%2F0%2FSynthRep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122458/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php">"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php">originalen</a> 5. juni 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+with+50%2C000+or+More+Deaths&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Fworld%2Fmost_destructive.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30602159">"Indian Ocean tsunami anniversary: Memorial events held"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26. december 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"What is the thermohaline circulation?". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5596): 1179-1181. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1079329">10.1126/science.1079329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12424356">12424356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=What+is+the+thermohaline+circulation%3F&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5596&rft.pages=1179-1181&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1079329&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12424356&rft.au=Wunsch%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usoceansafety.com/safety/popup/lscurrent.asp">"Long-shore currents"</a>. 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"The problem of the tide of Euripus". <i>Astronomische Nachrichten</i>. <b>236</b> (19-20): 321-328. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929AN....236..321E">1929AN....236..321E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.19292361904">10.1002/asna.19292361904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=The+problem+of+the+tide+of+Euripus&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=19-20&rft.pages=321-328&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.19292361904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929AN....236..321E&rft.au=Eginitis%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> Se også kommentaren omkring denne forklaring i <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFLagrange,_E.1930" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lagrange, E. 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Hentet 11. juli 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+biodiversity&rft.atitle=Facts+and+figures+on+marine+biodiversity&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fnatural-sciences%2Fioc-oceans%2Fpriority-areas%2Frio-20-ocean%2Fblueprint-for-the-future-we-want%2Fmarine-biodiversity%2Ffacts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFVoss,_MarenBange,_Hermann_W.Dippner,_Joachim_W.Middelburg,_Jack_J.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Voss, Maren; Bange, Hermann W.; Dippner, Joachim W.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Montoya, Joseph P.; Ward, Bess (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682741">"The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>368</b> (1621): 20130121. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0121">10.1098/rstb.2013.0121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Frit tilgængelig"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682741">3682741</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23713119">23713119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=The+marine+nitrogen+cycle%3A+recent+discoveries%2C+uncertainties+and+the+potential+relevance+of+climate+change&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=1621&rft.pages=20130121&rft.date=2013&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682741%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23713119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0121&rft.au=Voss%2C+Maren&rft.au=Bange%2C+Hermann+W.&rft.au=Dippner%2C+Joachim+W.&rft.au=Middelburg%2C+Jack+J.&rft.au=Montoya%2C+Joseph+P.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Bess&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stow-160-163-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stow-160-163_113-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStow2004">Stow (2004</a>:160-163)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorne-Miller-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_114-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_114-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFThorne-Miller,_Boyce1999" class="citation book cs1">Thorne-Miller, Boyce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ZM7MEk7f4Q4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Marine+biodiversity#v=onepage&q=Marine%20biodiversity&f=false"><i>The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity</i></a>. Island Press. s. 2. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-59726-897-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-59726-897-4"><bdi>978-1-59726-897-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Ocean%3A+Understanding+and+Protecting+Marine+Biodiversity&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-897-4&rft.au=Thorne-Miller%2C+Boyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZM7MEk7f4Q4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DMarine%2Bbiodiversity%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMarine%2520biodiversity%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFThorne-Miller,_Boyce1999" class="citation book cs1">Thorne-Miller, Boyce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ZM7MEk7f4Q4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Marine+biodiversity#v=onepage&q=surface%20film&f=false"><i>The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity</i></a>. Island Press. s. 88. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-59726-897-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-59726-897-4"><bdi>978-1-59726-897-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Ocean%3A+Understanding+and+Protecting+Marine+Biodiversity&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-897-4&rft.au=Thorne-Miller%2C+Boyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZM7MEk7f4Q4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DMarine%2Bbiodiversity%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dsurface%2520film%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFKingsford,_Michael_John" class="citation web cs1">Kingsford, Michael John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365256/marine-ecosystem/70721/Plankton">"Marine ecosystem: Plankton"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 14. juli 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Marine+ecosystem%3A+Plankton&rft.au=Kingsford%2C+Michael+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F365256%2Fmarine-ecosystem%2F70721%2FPlankton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFWalrond,_Carl" class="citation web cs1">Walrond, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/oceanic-fish/page-1">"Oceanic Fish"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. New Zealand Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 14. juli 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Oceanic+Fish&rft.au=Walrond%2C+Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Foceanic-fish%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSteeleThorpeTurekian2010" class="citation book cs1">Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=kkRKJCofvXMC&pg=PA316&dq=Marine+%22vertical+migration%22#v=onepage&q=Marine%20%22vertical%20migration%22&f=false"><i>Marine Ecological Processes: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences</i></a>. Academic Press. s. 316. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-12-375724-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-12-375724-1"><bdi>978-0-12-375724-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Ecological+Processes%3A+A+Derivative+of+the+Encyclopedia+of+Ocean+Sciences&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-12-375724-1&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Steve+A.&rft.au=Turekian%2C+Karl+K.+%28eds.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DkkRKJCofvXMC%26pg%3DPA316%26dq%3DMarine%2B%2522vertical%2Bmigration%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMarine%2520%2522vertical%2520migration%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first3=</code> har et generisk navn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#generic_name" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/habitat/invasive_species_index.cfm">"Invasive species"</a>. <i>Water: Habitat Protection</i>. Environmental Protection Agency. 6. marts 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 17. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Water%3A+Habitat+Protection&rft.atitle=Invasive+species&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Ftype%2Foceb%2Fhabitat%2Finvasive_species_index.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSedberry,_G._R.Musick,_J._A.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Sedberry, G. R.; Musick, J. A. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_marine-biology_1978-01-12_44_4/page/n67">"Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the USA"</a>. <i>Marine Biology</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 357-375. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00390900">10.1007/BF00390900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&rft.atitle=Feeding+strategies+of+some+demersal+fishes+of+the+continental+slope+and+rise+off+the+Mid-Atlantic+Coast+of+the+USA&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=357-375&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00390900&rft.au=Sedberry%2C+G.+R.&rft.au=Musick%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_marine-biology_1978-01-12_44_4%2Fpage%2Fn67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stow-212-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stow-212_121-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStow2004">Stow (2004</a>:212)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Biological_Diversity_in_Marine_Systems1995" class="citation book cs1">Committee on Biological Diversity in Marine Systems, National Research Council (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=qUQMss0mfVIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Marine+biodiversity#v=onepage&q=%22Waiting%20for%20a%20whale%22&f=false">"Waiting for a whale: human hunting and deep-sea biodiversity"</a>. <i>Understanding Marine Biodiversity</i>. National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-309-17641-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-309-17641-5"><bdi>978-0-309-17641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waiting+for+a+whale%3A+human+hunting+and+deep-sea+biodiversity&rft.btitle=Understanding+Marine+Biodiversity&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-309-17641-5&rft.aulast=Committee+on+Biological+Diversity+in+Marine+Systems&rft.aufirst=National+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DqUQMss0mfVIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DMarine%2Bbiodiversity%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Waiting%2520for%2520a%2520whale%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DrCarter-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DrCarter_123-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Robert (2012). <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i>. Ch. 19: "Watercraft", pp. 347 ff. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4051-8988-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4051-8988-0">978-1-4051-8988-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matrilineality2003-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-matrilineality2003_124-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFHageMarck2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hage, P.; Marck, J. (2003). 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National Geographic. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepseachallenge.com/the-expedition/">originalen</a> 14. september 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 15. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deepsea+Challenge&rft.atitle=The+expedition&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepseachallenge.com%2Fthe-expedition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFLogico,_Mark_G.2006" class="citation web cs1">Logico, Mark G. (8. april 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=25000">"Navy Chief Submerges 2,000 Feet, Sets Record"</a>. <i>America's Navy</i>. United States Navy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 12. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Navy&rft.atitle=Navy+Chief+Submerges+2%2C000+Feet%2C+Sets+Record&rft.date=2006-04-08&rft.au=Logico%2C+Mark+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fsubmit%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fstory_id%3D25000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/mir/mir.html">"The Marvelous Mirs"</a>. <i>Ocean Explorer</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 5. juli 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ocean+Explorer&rft.atitle=The+Marvelous+Mirs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Ftechnology%2Fsubs%2Fmir%2Fmir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/marine/bathymetry.html">"Marine and Coastal: Bathymetry"</a>. Geoscience Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hentet 16. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+topics&rft.pub=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fresearch%2Ftopics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054221/http://www.seaworld.org.za/content/page/research-ori">"Research"</a>. The South African Association for Marine Biological Research. 2013. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaworld.org.za/content/page/research-ori">originalen</a> 21. september 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 20. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research&rft.pub=The+South+African+Association+for+Marine+Biological+Research&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaworld.org.za%2Fcontent%2Fpage%2Fresearch-ori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOC-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NOC_150-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea">"Research at Sea"</a>. National Oceanography Centre. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 20. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+at+Sea&rft.pub=National+Oceanography+Centre&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoc.ac.uk%2Fresearch-at-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lilje-Jensen, Jørgen: havets frihed i Den Store Danske på lex.dk. Hentet 24. mai 2020 fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/havets_frihed">https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/havets_frihed</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_152-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_152-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_152-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm">"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)"</a>. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 8. maj 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea+%28A+historical+perspective%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Division+for+Ocean+Affairs+and+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Fconvention_historical_perspective.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/ltc/2005/17">Retsinformation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6TVxU8w1E?url=http://www.imo.org/About/Pages/Default.aspx">"Introduction to IMO"</a>. International Maritime Organization. 2013. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/About/Pages/Default.aspx">originalen</a> 22. oktober 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 14. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+IMO&rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2FAbout%2FPages%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=s%C3%B8slag">søslag</a>" i <i><a href="/wiki/Den_Danske_Ordbog" title="Den Danske Ordbog">Den Danske Ordbog</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raphaelo; Salimbeti, Andrea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=iDyVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=Suppiluliuma+II+cypriot#v=onepage&q=Suppiluliuma%20II%20cypriot&f=false"><i>Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600–1100 BC</i></a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Company. s. 24. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-84908-195-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-84908-195-5"><bdi>978-1-84908-195-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Greek+Warrior+1600%E2%80%931100+BC&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-195-5&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raphaelo&rft.au=Salimbeti%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DiDyVCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24%26lpg%3DPA24%26dq%3DSuppiluliuma%2BII%2Bcypriot%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSuppiluliuma%2520II%2520cypriot%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauss,_Barry2004" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofsalamisn00stra/page/26"><i>The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece—and Western Civilization</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofsalamisn00stra/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7432-4450-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7432-4450-3"><bdi>978-0-7432-4450-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Salamis%3A+The+Naval+Encounter+That+Saved+Greece%E2%80%94and+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4450-3&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofsalamisn00stra%2Fpage%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFFremont-BarnesHook2005" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Hook, Christa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarnelsons00frem"><i>Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarnelsons00frem/page/n3">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-84176-892-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-84176-892-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-892-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+1805%3A+Nelson%27s+Crowning+Victory&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-892-2&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Hook%2C+Christa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrafalgarnelsons00frem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSterling2008" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&pg=PA459"><i>Military communications: from ancient times to the 21st century</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. s. 459. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-85109-732-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-85109-732-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-732-6</bdi></a>. <q>The naval battle of Tsushima, the ultimate contest of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, was one of the most decisive sea battles in history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+communications%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+21st+century&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-732-6&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBC2nY1rp5MC%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1998" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (1998). <i>Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting</i>. Lyons Press. s. 2. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-55821-759-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-55821-759-1"><bdi>978-1-55821-759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jutland%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Fighting&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-759-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_Michael2004" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael (2004). <i>A life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A Twentieth-century Naval Leader</i>. Routledge. s. 74. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7146-5197-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7146-5197-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-5197-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+life+of+Admiral+of+the+Fleet+Andrew+Cunningham%3A+A+Twentieth-century+Naval+Leader&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5197-2&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward1947-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodward1947_162-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Vann_Woodward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Vann Woodward (ikke skrevet endnu)">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (1947). <i>The Battle for Leyte Gulf</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/1-60239-194-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/1-60239-194-7"><bdi>1-60239-194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Leyte+Gulf&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=1-60239-194-7&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=C.+Vann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208161359/http://militaryhistory.norwich.edu/largest-naval-sea-battles-in-military-history/">"The Largest Naval Battles in Military History: A Closer Look at the Largest and Most Influential Naval Battles in World History"</a>. <i>Military History</i>. Norwich University. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistory.norwich.edu/largest-naval-sea-battles-in-military-history/">originalen</a> 8. december 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 7. marts 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Largest+Naval+Battles+in+Military+History%3A+A+Closer+Look+at+the+Largest+and+Most+Influential+Naval+Battles+in+World+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistory.norwich.edu%2Flargest-naval-sea-battles-in-military-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III,_H._W.2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). <i>Don't Tread on Me: A 400-Year History of America at War</i>. Three Rivers Press (Crown Forum). s. 294-297, 322, 326-327. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4000-5364-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4000-5364-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-5364-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me%3A+A+400-Year+History+of+America+at+War&rft.pages=294-297%2C+322%2C+326-327&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press+%28Crown+Forum%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5364-3&rft.au=Crocker+III%2C+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_Evan2007" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seaofthunderfour0000evan"><i>Sea of Thunder</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seaofthunderfour0000evan/page/3">3</a>–4. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7432-5222-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7432-5222-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5222-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+of+Thunder&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5222-5&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseaofthunderfour0000evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFHelgason,_Guðmundur" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/history/wwi/part6.htm">"Finale"</a>. Uboat.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 13. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finale&rft.pub=Uboat.net&rft.au=Helgason%2C+Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fhistory%2Fwwi%2Fpart6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFPreston,_Diana2003" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Diana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wilfulmurdersink0000pres"><i>Wilful Murder: The Sinking of the Lusitania</i></a>. Black Swan. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wilfulmurdersink0000pres/page/497">497</a>–503. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-552-99886-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-552-99886-4"><bdi>978-0-552-99886-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilful+Murder%3A+The+Sinking+of+the+Lusitania&rft.pages=497-503&rft.pub=Black+Swan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-552-99886-4&rft.au=Preston%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilfulmurdersink0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310"><i>Don't Tread on Me</i></a>. New York: Crown Forum. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4000-5363-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4000-5363-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-5363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6&rft.aulast=Crocker+III&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme40000croc%2Fpage%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_William_J2007" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, William J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americalastbest000benn/page/301"><i>America: The Last Best Hope, Volume 2: From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom 1914–1989</i></a>. Nelson Current. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americalastbest000benn/page/301">301</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-59555-057-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-59555-057-6"><bdi>978-1-59555-057-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%3A+The+Last+Best+Hope%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+a+World+at+War+to+the+Triumph+of+Freedom+1914%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Nelson+Current&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59555-057-6&rft.au=Bennett%2C+William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericalastbest000benn%2Fpage%2F301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4805768.stm">"Q&A: Trident replacement"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22. september 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 15. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Trident+replacement&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F4805768.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728105611/http://www.submarinehistory.com/FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines.html#">"Submarines of the Cold War"</a>. California Center for Military History. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.submarinehistory.com/FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines.html">originalen</a> 28. juli 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 15. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submarines+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=California+Center+for+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.submarinehistory.com%2FFleetBallisticMissileSubmarines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Record_Office1860" class="citation book cs1">Public Record Office (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=0_JVAAAAYAAJ"><i>Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, Volume 1</i></a>. Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+state+papers%2C+domestic+series%2C+of+the+reign+of+Charles+II%3A+preserved+in+the+state+paper+department+of+Her+Majesty%27s+Public+Record+Office%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman+%26+Roberts&rft.date=1860&rft.au=Public+Record+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0_JVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Jeff" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatships.net/riband.html">"The Blue Riband of the North Atlantic"</a>. <i>Great Ships</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 11. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Ships&rft.atitle=The+Blue+Riband+of+the+North+Atlantic&rft.au=Newman%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatships.net%2Friband.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Jack1985" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Jack (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=BLg5v41rbmEC&pg=PA121&dq=%22Hales+trophy%22+United+States#v=onepage&q=%22Hales%20trophy%22%20United%20States&f=false">"Hales Trophy, won in 1952 by <i>SS United States</i> remains at King's Point as <i>Challenger</i> succumbs to the sea"</a>. <i>Yachting</i> (November): 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yachting&rft.atitle=Hales+Trophy%2C+won+in+1952+by+SS+United+States+remains+at+King%27s+Point+as+Challenger+succumbs+to+the+sea&rft.issue=November&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DBLg5v41rbmEC%26pg%3DPA121%26dq%3D%2522Hales%2Btrophy%2522%2BUnited%2BStates%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Hales%2520trophy%2522%2520United%2520States%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFNorris,_Gregory_J.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, Gregory J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=IDEDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA28&dq=The+Evolution+of+the+Transatlantic+Liner&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=The%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Transatlantic%20Liner&f=false">"Evolution of cruising"</a>. <i>Cruise Travel</i> (December): 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cruise+Travel&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cruising&rft.issue=December&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Norris%2C+Gregory+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DIDEDAAAAMBAJ%26lpg%3DPA28%26dq%3DThe%2BEvolution%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTransatlantic%2BLiner%26pg%3DPA28%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DThe%2520Evolution%2520of%2520the%2520Transatlantic%2520Liner%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span><small> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Artikler med døde eksterne henvisninger">Webside ikke længere tilgængelig</a>)</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/426"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford University Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/426">426</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-280458-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-280458-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280458-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280458-7&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw%2Fpage%2F426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtin1984" class="citation book cs1">Curtin, Philip D. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+trade#v=onepage&q=Roman%20Empire&f=false"><i>Cross-Cultural Trade in World History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. s. 88-104. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-521-26931-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-521-26931-5"><bdi>978-0-521-26931-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pages=88-104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26931-5&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DR4IiYFhliv4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Btrade%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DRoman%2520Empire%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFKubetzekKant2012" class="citation book cs1">Kubetzek, Kathrin; Kant, Karo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=jSg1G5gKNsIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=slaves+shipped+across+Atlantic#v=onepage&q=slaves%20shipped%20across%20Atlantic&f=false"><i>The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Africa</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. s. 1. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-3-656-15818-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-3-656-15818-9"><bdi>978-3-656-15818-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+Effects+on+Africa&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-656-15818-9&rft.aulast=Kubetzek&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft.au=Kant%2C+Karo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DjSg1G5gKNsIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dslaves%2Bshipped%2Bacross%2BAtlantic%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dslaves%2520shipped%2520across%2520Atlantic%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6TVxSNk7r?url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade">"Global trade"</a>. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micheli.stanford.edu/pdf/30-Halpernetal2008Science.pdf">"A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>319</b> (5865): 948-952. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319..948H">2008Sci...319..948H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1149345">10.1126/science.1149345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276889">18276889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+global+map+of+human+impact+on+marine+ecosystems&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5865&rft.pages=948-952&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18276889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1149345&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319..948H&rft.au=Halpern%2C+Benjamin+S.&rft.au=Walbridge%2C+Shaun&rft.au=Selkoe%2C+Kimberly+A.&rft.au=Kappel%2C+Carrie+V.&rft.au=Micheli%2C+Fiorenza&rft.au=D%27Agrosa%2C+Caterina&rft.au=Bruno%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Casey%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft.au=Ebert%2C+Colin&rft.au=Fox%2C+Helen+E.&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Rod&rft.au=Heinemann%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Lenihan%2C+Hunter+S.&rft.au=Madin%2C+Elizabeth+M.+P.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Matthew+T.&rft.au=Selig%2C+Elizabeth+R.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+Mark&rft.au=Steneck%2C+Robert&rft.au=Watson%2C+Reg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicheli.stanford.edu%2Fpdf%2F30-Halpernetal2008Science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6TVxR8V1s?url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/trade-routes">"Trade routes"</a>. 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Hentet 25. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+routes&rft.pub=World+Shipping+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldshipping.org%2Fabout-the-industry%2Fglobal-trade%2Ftrade-routes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFRoach,_John2007" class="citation web cs1">Roach, John (17. september 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2007/09/070917-northwest-passage.html">"Arctic Melt Opens Northwest Passage"</a>. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 17. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Melt+Opens+Northwest+Passage&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.au=Roach%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F070917-northwest-passage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Chief_of_Staff2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Chief_of_Staff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Chief of Staff (ikke skrevet endnu)">Joint Chief of Staff</a> (31. august 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604203854/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA439918&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">"Bulk cargo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms</i>. Washington DC: Department of Defense. s. 73. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA439918&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">originalen</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> 4. juni 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 24. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Defense+Dictionary+of+Military+and+Associated+Terms&rft.atitle=Bulk+cargo&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2005-08-31&rft.au=Joint+Chief+of+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA439918%26Location%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFReed_Business_Information1958" class="citation journal cs1">Reed Business Information (22. maj 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115111202/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJa21Dy8XxwC&lpg=PA10">"Fork lift trucks aboard"</a>. News and Comments. <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>4</b> (79): 10. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJa21Dy8XxwC&lpg=PA10">originalen</a> 15. januar 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. maj 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Fork+lift+trucks+aboard&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1958-05-22&rft.au=Reed+Business+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJa21Dy8XxwC%26lpg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauerbier-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sauerbier_185-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauerbier_185-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSauerbier,_Charles_L.Meurn,_Robert_J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Sauerbier, Charles L.; Meurn, Robert J. (2004). <i>Marine Cargo Operations: a guide to stowage</i>. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. s. 1-16. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-87033-550-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-87033-550-1"><bdi>978-0-87033-550-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Cargo+Operations%3A+a+guide+to+stowage&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Md&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87033-550-1&rft.au=Sauerbier%2C+Charles+L.&rft.au=Meurn%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.infoplease.com/freight-forwarder#ixzz2FhueT97J">"Freight forwarder"</a>. <i>Random House Unabridged Dictionary</i>. Random House. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 24. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Freight+forwarder&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.infoplease.com%2Ffreight-forwarder%23ixzz2FhueT97J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faofisheries-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_187-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_187-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_187-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_187-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_187-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_187-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_187-6"><sup>g</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e.pdf"><i>The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Hentet 23. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+2012&rft.pub=FAO+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+Department&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-92-5-107225-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F016%2Fi2727e%2Fi2727e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenFacts-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GreenFacts_188-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenfacts.org/en/fisheries/">"Fisheries: Latest data"</a>. GreenFacts<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities". <i>Nature</i>. <b>423</b> (6937): 280-83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..280M">2003Natur.423..280M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01610">10.1038/nature01610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12748640">12748640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rapid+worldwide+depletion+of+predatory+fish+communities&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=6937&rft.pages=280-83&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12748640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01610&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.423..280M&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Worm%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_Michael2011" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Michael (3. juni 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/fishing/">"Fishing"</a>. <i>The Earth Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 23. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Earth+Times&rft.atitle=Fishing&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.au=Evans%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthtimes.org%2Fencyclopaedia%2Fenvironmental-issues%2Ffishing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-susipudjiastuti-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_192-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_192-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCabral2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cabral, Reniel B.; et al. (april 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0499-1.epdf?shared_access_token=0f0Asv4Lo7P6CA7kwiwIP9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PRh-MpU0vTRaPU4XNu_ty6PpXG9KvG-Nn5n_Og1NcloOQZWPlc45hInonEKvs7oFWh37E9A0Ns-snQqo465Ak9N_l9CjVYu2-NCC3vwIW8LDyBgncd8v0lb7O2vcTR2B0%3D">"Rapid and lasting gains from solving illegal fishing"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 650-658. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0499-1">10.1038/s41559-018-0499-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29572526">29572526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Rapid+and+lasting+gains+from+solving+illegal+fishing&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=650-658&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0499-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29572526&rft.aulast=Cabral&rft.aufirst=Reniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-018-0499-1.epdf%3Fshared_access_token%3D0f0Asv4Lo7P6CA7kwiwIP9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PRh-MpU0vTRaPU4XNu_ty6PpXG9KvG-Nn5n_Og1NcloOQZWPlc45hInonEKvs7oFWh37E9A0Ns-snQqo465Ak9N_l9CjVYu2-NCC3vwIW8LDyBgncd8v0lb7O2vcTR2B0%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFBéné,_C.Macfadyen,_G.Allison,_E._H.2007" class="citation book cs1">Béné, C.; Macfadyen, G.; Allison, E. H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0965e/a0965e00.htm"><i>Increasing the contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty alleviation and food security</i></a>. <i>Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 481</i>. FAO. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-92-5-105664-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-92-5-105664-6"><bdi>978-92-5-105664-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 24. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Increasing+the+contribution+of+small-scale+fisheries+to+poverty+alleviation+and+food+security&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-5-105664-6&rft.au=B%C3%A9n%C3%A9%2C+C.&rft.au=Macfadyen%2C+G.&rft.au=Allison%2C+E.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F009%2Fa0965e%2Fa0965e00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSoto,_D._(ed.)2009" class="citation book cs1">Soto, D. (ed.) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1092e/i1092e00.htm"><i>Integrated mariculture</i></a>. <i>Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 529</i>. FAO. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-92-5-106387-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-92-5-106387-3"><bdi>978-92-5-106387-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+mariculture&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-92-5-106387-3&rft.au=Soto%2C+D.+%28ed.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F012%2Fi1092e%2Fi1092e00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> har et generisk navn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#generic_name" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201223644/http://www.shrimpnews.com/About.html">"About shrimp farming"</a>. Shrimp News International. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrimpnews.com/About.html">originalen</a> 1. februar 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+shrimp+farming&rft.pub=Shrimp+News+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrimpnews.com%2FAbout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfishcenter.org/featured/sea-cucumber-ranching-improves-livelihoods">"Sea cucumber ranching improves livelihoods"</a>. WorldFish<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+cucumber+ranching+improves+livelihoods&rft.pub=WorldFish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfishcenter.org%2Ffeatured%2Fsea-cucumber-ranching-improves-livelihoods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Genny2009" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Genny (15. juni 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/06future/lobsterfarm.htm">"Lobster mariculture"</a>. <i>Marine Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Lobster+mariculture&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Genny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinebio.net%2Fmarinescience%2F06future%2Flobsterfarm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFWinterman,_Denise2012" class="citation web cs1">Winterman, Denise (30. juli 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18813075">"Future foods: What will we be eating in 20 years' time?"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 24. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+foods%3A+What+will+we+be+eating+in+20+years%27+time%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.au=Winterman%2C+Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18813075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/content/knowhow/glossary/samphire/">"Samphire"</a>. BBC: Good Food<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 24. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samphire&rft.pub=BBC%3A+Good+Food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com%2Fcontent%2Fknowhow%2Fglossary%2Fsamphire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-in-china/import/kansen_en_sectoren/agrofood/rapporten_over_agro_food/an-overview-of-chinas-aquaculture">An Overview of China's Aquaculture</a>", p. 6. Netherlands Business Support Office (Dalian), 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2001" class="citation book cs1">Black, K. D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc0000unse/page/1578">"Mariculture, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of"</a>. I Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K. (red.). <i>Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences</i>. Academic Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc0000unse/page/1578">1578–84</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Frwos.2001.0487">10.1006/rwos.2001.0487</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-12-227430-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-12-227430-5"><bdi>978-0-12-227430-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mariculture%2C+Environmental%2C+Economic+and+Social+Impacts+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ocean+Sciences&rft.pages=1578-84&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Frwos.2001.0487&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227430-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofoc0000unse%2Fpage%2F1578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icomia.com/">"The voice of the recreational marine industry worldwide"</a>. International Council of Marine Industry Associations. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+voice+of+the+recreational+marine+industry+worldwide&rft.pub=International+Council+of+Marine+Industry+Associations&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icomia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yachtingmagazine.com/">"Yachting"</a>. YachtingMagazine.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 17. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yachting&rft.pub=YachtingMagazine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yachtingmagazine.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFAas2008" class="citation book cs1">Aas, Øystein (ed.) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalchallenges00aaso"><i>Global Challenges in Recreational Fisheries</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalchallenges00aaso/page/n16">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-470-69814-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-470-69814-3"><bdi>978-0-470-69814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Challenges+in+Recreational+Fisheries&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69814-3&rft.aulast=Aas&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein+%28ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalchallenges00aaso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> har et generisk navn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#generic_name" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFDowling2006" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Ross Kingston (ed.) 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CABI. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cruiseshiptouris00dowl_722/page/n24">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-84593-049-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-84593-049-3"><bdi>978-1-84593-049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruise+Ship+Tourism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-049-3&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Ross+Kingston+%28ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcruiseshiptouris00dowl_722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> har et generisk navn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#generic_name" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCaterCater2007" class="citation book cs1">Cater, Carl; Cater, Erlet (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marineecotourism00cate"><i>Marine Ecotourism: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea</i></a>. 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Hentet 4. juli 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+disciplines+of+windsurfing&rft.pub=World+of+Windsurfing&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldofwindsurfing.net%2Fen%2Fpress-lounge%2Fbasic-knowledge%2Fdisciplines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/disciplines.asp">"Water skiing disciplines"</a>. ABC of Skiing<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hentet 28. maj 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Methods+of+Fishing&rft.btitle=The+Pearl%3A+Its+Story%2C+Its+Charm%2C+and+Its+Value&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Catelle&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farlang.com%2Fgemstones%2Fcatelle-the-pearl%2Fpage_171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usn-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usn_212-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usn_212-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Diving/US%20DIVING%20MANUAL_REV7.pdf?ver=2017-01-11-102354-393"><i>US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Thames and Hudson. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich/page/37">37–40</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-500-27048-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-500-27048-6"><bdi>978-0-500-27048-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Greeks&rft.pages=37-40&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27048-6&rft.au=Kerenyi%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofgreeks00kerrich%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFShunsen,_Takehara1841" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shunsen, Takehara (1841). <i>Ehon Hyaku Monogatari (絵本百物語, "Picture Book of a Hundred Stories")</i> (japansk). Kyoto: Ryûsuiken.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ehon+Hyaku+Monogatari+%28%E7%B5%B5%E6%9C%AC%E7%99%BE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E%2C+%22Picture+Book+of+a+Hundred+Stories%22%29&rft.place=Kyoto&rft.pub=Ry%C3%BBsuiken&rft.date=1841&rft.au=Shunsen%2C+Takehara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFPontoppidan,_Erich1839" class="citation book cs1">Pontoppidan, Erich (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA327"><i>The Naturalist's Library, Volume 8: The Kraken</i></a>. W. H. Lizars. s. 327-336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naturalist%27s+Library%2C+Volume+8%3A+The+Kraken&rft.pages=327-336&rft.pub=W.+H.+Lizars&rft.date=1839&rft.au=Pontoppidan%2C+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwoOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slive-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slive_261-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slive_261-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSlive,_Seymour1995" class="citation book cs1">Slive, Seymour (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchpainting1600000sliv"><i>Dutch Painting, 1600–1800</i></a>. Yale University Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchpainting1600000sliv/page/213">213</a>–216. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-300-07451-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-300-07451-2"><bdi>978-0-300-07451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Painting%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=213-216&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07451-2&rft.au=Slive%2C+Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdutchpainting1600000sliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Ken2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ken (30. juli 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/arts/design/31seascapes.html?_r=0">"When Galleons Ruled the Waves"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ULciOFv9dDEC&pg=PR11&dq=sea+inspiration+music+#v=onepage&q=sea%20inspiration%20music&f=false"><i>Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: Part I – The Sea: From Elemental Stirrings to the Symbolic Inspiration, Language, and Life-Significance in Literary Interpretation and Theory</i></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00trez_0/page/149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-521-65478-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-521-65478-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy+and+Nature&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Debussy&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65478-4&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Trezise%2C+Simon+%28ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00trez_0%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Skabelon:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> har et generisk navn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#generic_name" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1964" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Elliot S. 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Hentet <span class="nowrap">2019-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ween+farewell+to+Stephen+Hillenburg&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fween%2Fposts%2F10156458184193564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFTymieniecka1985" class="citation book cs1">Tymieniecka, Anna–Teresa (ed.) (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ULciOFv9dDEC&pg=PR11&dq=sea+inspiration+music+literature#v=onepage&q=sea%20inspiration%20music%20literature&f=false"><i>Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: Part I – The Sea: From Elemental Stirrings to the Symbolic Inspiration, Language, and Life-Significance in Literary Interpretation and Theory</i></a>. Springer. s. 45. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-90-277-1906-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-90-277-1906-5"><bdi>978-90-277-1906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetics+of+the+Elements+in+the+Human+Condition%3A+Part+I+%E2%80%93+The+Sea%3A+From+Elemental+Stirrings+to+the+Symbolic+Inspiration%2C+Language%2C+and+Life-Significance+in+Literary+Interpretation+and+Theory&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-90-277-1906-5&rft.aulast=Tymieniecka&rft.aufirst=Anna%E2%80%93Teresa+%28ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DULciOFv9dDEC%26pg%3DPR11%26dq%3Dsea%2Binspiration%2Bmusic%2Bliterature%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dsea%2520inspiration%2520music%2520literature%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> har et generisk navn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#generic_name" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odyssey-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Odyssey_271-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer_(translation_by_Rieu,_D._C._H.)2003" class="citation book cs1">Homer (translation by Rieu, D. C. H.) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odyssey00home_4"><i>The Odyssey</i></a>. Penguin. s. xi. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-14-044911-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-14-044911-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044911-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044911-2&rft.au=Homer+%28translation+by+Rieu%2C+D.+C.+H.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodyssey00home_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter,_John2006" class="citation web cs1">Porter, John (8. maj 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/CourseNotes/OdSummary.html">"Plot Outline for Homer's Odyssey"</a>. University of Saskatchewan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 10. september 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plot+Outline+for+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.pub=University+of+Saskatchewan&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft.au=Porter%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.usask.ca%2F~jrp638%2FCourseNotes%2FOdSummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFBasho,_Matsuo" class="citation web cs1">Basho, Matsuo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518030554/http://thegreenleaf.co.uk/hp/basho/00bashohaiku.htm">"A Selection of Matsuo Basho's Haiku"</a>. Greenleaf. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegreenleaf.co.uk/hp/basho/00bashohaiku.htm">originalen</a> 18. maj 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 27. april 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Selection+of+Matsuo+Basho%27s+Haiku&rft.pub=Greenleaf&rft.au=Basho%2C+Matsuo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegreenleaf.co.uk%2Fhp%2Fbasho%2F00bashohaiku.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFNajder,_Zdzisław2007" class="citation book cs1">Najder, Zdzisław (2007). <i>Joseph Conrad: A Life</i>. Camden House. s. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Conrad%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Najder%2C+Zdzis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pprize.com/BookDetail.php/34">"The Caine Mutiny"</a>. Pulitzer Prize First Edition Guide. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 25. maj 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Caine+Mutiny&rft.pub=Pulitzer+Prize+First+Edition+Guide&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pprize.com%2FBookDetail.php%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Doren,_Carl1921" class="citation book cs1">Van Doren, Carl (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/187/5.html">"Chapter 3. Romances of Adventure. Section 2. Herman Melville"</a>. <i>The American Novel</i>. Bartleby.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 21. august 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3.+Romances+of+Adventure.+Section+2.+Herman+Melville&rft.btitle=The+American+Novel&rft.pub=Bartleby.com&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Van+Doren%2C+Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F187%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jung-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jung_277-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFJung,_Carl_Gustav1985" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl Gustav (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SWvdQyo_ZX0C&pg=PA122"><i>Dreams</i></a>. Translated by Hull, R.F.C. Ark Paperbacks. s. 122, 192. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7448-0032-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7448-0032-6"><bdi>978-0-7448-0032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams&rft.pages=122%2C+192&rft.pub=Ark+Paperbacks&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7448-0032-6&rft.au=Jung%2C+Carl+Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSWvdQyo_ZX0C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kilder">Kilder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Redigér afsnit: Kilder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Kilder"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFCotterell2000" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, Arthur (ed.) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldmythology0000unse_u8h4"><i>World Mythology</i></a>. Parragon. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7525-3037-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7525-3037-6"><bdi>978-0-7525-3037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Mythology&rft.pub=Parragon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7525-3037-6&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+%28ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldmythology0000unse_u8h4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> har et generisk navn (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#generic_name" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFKindersley2011" class="citation book cs1">Kindersley, Dorling (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_j5c3"><i>Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Ocean</i></a>. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4053-3308-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4053-3308-5"><bdi>978-1-4053-3308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+the+Ocean&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-3308-5&rft.aulast=Kindersley&rft.aufirst=Dorling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000unse_j5c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076" /><cite id="CITEREFStow2004" class="citation book cs1">Stow, Dorrik (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc0000stow"><i>Encyclopedia of the Oceans</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-19-860687-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-19-860687-1"><bdi>978-0-19-860687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Oceans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860687-1&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=Dorrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofoc0000stow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3AHav" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hav&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span 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