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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_solvents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Green solvents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_solvents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Synthetic techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_as_blowing_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_as_blowing_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Carbon dioxide as blowing agent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_as_blowing_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hydrazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1,3-Propanediol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1,3-Propanediol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>1,3-Propanediol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1,3-Propanediol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lactide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lactide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Lactide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lactide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpet_tile_backings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpet_tile_backings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Carpet tile backings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpet_tile_backings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transesterification_of_fats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transesterification_of_fats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Transesterification of fats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transesterification_of_fats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bio-succinic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio-succinic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Bio-succinic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio-succinic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Laboratory chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_journals_specialized_in_green_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_journals_specialized_in_green_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scientific journals specialized in green chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_journals_specialized_in_green_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contested_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contested_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Contested definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contested_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Green chemistry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groen_chemie" title="Groen chemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groen chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كيمياء خضراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء خضراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9F%C4%B1l_kimya" title="Yaşıl kimya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaşıl kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সবুজ রসায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবুজ রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_verda" title="Química verda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química verda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelen%C3%A1_chemie" title="Zelená chemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zelená chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n_kemi" title="Grøn kemi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grøn kemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCne_Chemie" title="Grüne Chemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grüne Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roheline_keemia" title="Roheline keemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roheline keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πράσινη χημεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πράσινη χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_sostenible" title="Química sostenible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química sostenible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_berde" title="Kimika berde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika berde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="شیمی سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_verte" title="Chimie verte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie verte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_verde" title="Química verde – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Química verde" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="녹색 화학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹색 화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रीन केमिस्ट्री – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रीन केमिस्ट्री" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_hijau" title="Kimia hijau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_verde" title="Chimica verde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica verde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94" title="כימיה ירוקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה ירוקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗ്രീൻ കെമിസ്ട്രി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീൻ കെമിസ്ട്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Тогтвортой хими – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тогтвортой хими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groene_chemie" title="Groene chemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groene chemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="グリーンサスティナブルケミストリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリーンサスティナブルケミストリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielona_chemia" title="Zielona chemia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zielona chemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_verde" title="Química verde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química verde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_verde" title="Chimie verde – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie verde" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зелёная химия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зелёная химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Green chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_kemija" title="Zelena kemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zelena kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_hemija" title="Zelena hemija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zelena hemija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_hemija" title="Zelena hemija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zelena hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihre%C3%A4_kemia" title="Vihreä kemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vihreä kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6n_kemi" title="Grön kemi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grön kemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept of the environmentally friendly design of chemical products and processes. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Green_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Green Chemistry (journal)"><i>Green Chemistry</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <p><b>Green chemistry</b>, similar to <b>sustainable chemistry</b> or <b>circular chemistry</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the design of products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a> focuses on the effects of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">polluting</a> chemicals on nature, green chemistry focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental impact</a> of chemistry, including lowering consumption of nonrenewable resources and technological approaches for preventing <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overarching goals of green chemistry—namely, more resource-efficient and inherently safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes—can be pursued in a wide range of contexts. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Definition</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Green chemistry (sustainable chemistry)</b>: Design of chemical products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use or generation of substances hazardous to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Note 1: Modified from ref.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be more general. </p><p>Note 2: Green chemistry discusses the engineering concept of pollution prevention and <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">zero waste</a> both at laboratory and industrial scales. It encourages the use of economical and ecocompatible techniques that not only improve the yield but also bring down the cost of disposal of wastes at the end of a chemical process.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green chemistry emerged from a variety of existing ideas and research efforts (such as <a href="/wiki/Atom_economy" title="Atom economy">atom economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a>) in the period leading up to the 1990s, in the context of increasing attention to problems of chemical pollution and <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>. The development of green chemistry in Europe and the United States was linked to a shift in environmental problem-solving strategies: a movement from <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control_regulation" title="Command and control regulation">command and control regulation</a> and mandated lowering of industrial emissions at the "end of the pipe," toward the active prevention of pollution through the innovative design of production technologies themselves. The set of concepts now recognized as green chemistry coalesced in the mid- to late-1990s, along with broader adoption of the term (which prevailed over competing terms such as "clean" and "sustainable" chemistry).<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse_Breyman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse_Breyman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Linthorst_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linthorst-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> played a significant early role in fostering green chemistry through its pollution prevention programs, funding, and professional coordination. At the same time in the United Kingdom, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> contributed to the establishment of the Green Chemistry Network within the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>, and the launch of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Green Chemistry (journal)">Green Chemistry</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linthorst_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linthorst-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Anastas" title="Paul Anastas">Paul Anastas</a> (who then directed the Green Chemistry Program at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">US EPA</a>) and <a href="/wiki/John_Warner_(chemist)" title="John Warner (chemist)">John C. Warner</a> (then of <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid Corporation</a>) published a set of principles to guide the practice of green chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twelve principles address a range of ways to lower the environmental and health impacts of chemical production, and also indicate research priorities for the development of green chemistry technologies. </p><p>The principles cover such concepts as: </p> <ul><li>the design of processes to maximize the amount of raw material that ends up in the product;</li> <li>the use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable material">renewable material</a> feedstocks and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">energy</a> sources;</li> <li>the use of safe, environmentally benign substances, including solvents, whenever possible;</li> <li>the design of <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficient</a> processes;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">avoiding the production of waste</a>, which is viewed as the ideal form of <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>.</li></ul> <p>The twelve principles of green chemistry are:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Prevention: Preventing waste is better than treating or cleaning up waste after it is created.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_economy" title="Atom economy">Atom economy</a>: Synthetic methods should try to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. This means that less waste will be generated as a result.</li> <li>Less hazardous chemical syntheses: Synthetic methods should avoid using or generating substances toxic to humans and/or the environment.</li> <li>Designing safer chemicals: Chemical products should be designed to achieve their desired function while being as non-toxic as possible.</li> <li>Safer solvents and auxiliaries: Auxiliary substances should be avoided wherever possible, and as non-hazardous as possible when they must be used.</li> <li>Design for energy efficiency: Energy requirements should be minimized, and processes should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible.</li> <li>Use of renewable feedstocks: Whenever it is practical to do so, renewable feedstocks or raw materials are preferable to non-renewable ones.</li> <li>Reduce derivatives: Unnecessary generation of derivatives—such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Protecting_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting groups">protecting groups</a>—should be minimized or avoided if possible; such steps require additional reagents and may generate additional waste.</li> <li>Catalysis: <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalytic</a> reagents that can be used in small quantities to repeat a reaction are superior to <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> reagents (ones that are consumed in a reaction).</li> <li>Design for degradation: Chemical products should be designed so that they do not pollute the environment; when their function is complete, they should break down into non-harmful products.</li> <li>Real-time analysis for pollution prevention: Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to permit real-time, in-process monitoring and control <i>before</i> hazardous substances form.</li> <li>Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention: Whenever possible, the substances in a process, and the forms of those substances, should be chosen to minimize risks such as explosions, fires, and accidental releases.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attempts are being made not only to quantify the <i>greenness</i> of a chemical process but also to factor in other variables such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_yield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical yield">chemical yield</a>, the price of reaction components, safety in handling chemicals, hardware demands, energy profile and ease of product workup and purification. In one quantitative study,<sup id="cite_ref-ecoscale_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoscale-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> receives 64 points out of 100 marking it as an acceptable synthesis overall whereas a synthesis of an <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> using <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(trimethylsilyl)amide" title="Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide">HMDS</a> is only described as adequate with a combined 32 points. </p><p>Green chemistry is increasingly seen as a powerful tool that researchers must use to evaluate the environmental impact of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nano materials</a> are developed, the environmental and human health impacts of both the products themselves and the processes to make them must be considered to ensure their long-term economic viability. There is a trend of nano material technology in the practice, however, people ignored the potential <a href="/wiki/Nanotoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanotoxicity">nanotoxicity</a>. Therefore, people need to address further consideration on legal, ethical, safety, and regulatory issues associated with <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_solvents">Green solvents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Green solvents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_solvent" title="Green solvent">Green solvent</a></div> <p>The major application of solvents in human activities is in paints and coatings (46% of usage). Smaller volume applications include cleaning, de-greasing, adhesives, and in chemical synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional solvents are often toxic or are chlorinated. Green solvents, on the other hand, are generally less harmful to health and the environment and preferably more sustainable. Ideally, solvents would be derived from renewable resources and biodegrade to innocuous, often a naturally occurring product.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the manufacture of solvents from biomass can be more harmful to the environment than making the same solvents from fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the environmental impact of solvent manufacture must be considered when a solvent is being selected for a product or process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor to consider is the fate of the solvent after use. If the solvent is being used in an enclosed situation where solvent collection and recycling is feasible, then the energy cost and environmental harm associated with recycling should be considered; in such a situation water, which is energy-intensive to purify, may not be the greenest choice. On the other hand, a solvent contained in a consumer product is likely to be released into the environment upon use, and therefore the environmental impact of the solvent itself is more important than the energy cost and impact of solvent recycling; in such a case water is very likely to be a green choice. In short, the impact of the entire lifetime of the solvent, from cradle to grave (or cradle to cradle if recycled) must be considered. Thus the most comprehensive definition of a green solvent is the following: "<i>a green solvent is the solvent that makes a product or process have the least environmental impact over its entire life cycle.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Jessop_2017_611–619_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessop_2017_611–619-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By definition, then, a solvent might be green for one application (because it results in less environmental harm than any other solvent that could be used for that application) and yet not be a green solvent for a different application. A classic example is <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, which is a very green solvent for consumer products such as toilet bowl cleaner but is not a green solvent for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a>. For the production of that polymer, the use of water as solvent requires the addition of perfluorinated surfactants which are highly persistent. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a> seems to be the greenest solvent for that application because it performs well without any surfactant.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessop_2017_611–619_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessop_2017_611–619-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summary, no solvent can be declared to be a "green solvent" unless the declaration is limited to a specific application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_techniques">Synthetic techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synthetic techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Novel or enhanced synthetic techniques can often provide improved environmental performance or enable better adherence to the principles of green chemistry. For example, the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Chemistry">Nobel Prize for Chemistry</a> was awarded to Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Olefin_metathesis" title="Olefin metathesis">metathesis</a> method in organic synthesis, with explicit reference to its contribution to green chemistry and "smarter production."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 review identified three key developments in green chemistry in the field of <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>: use of <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a> as green solvent, <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> for clean <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidations</a> and the use of hydrogen in <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric synthesis">asymmetric synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some further examples of applied green chemistry are <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_oxidation" title="Supercritical water oxidation">supercritical water oxidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_water_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="On water reaction">on water reactions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dry_media_reaction" title="Dry media reaction">dry media reactions</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineering">Bioengineering</a> is also seen as a promising technique for achieving green chemistry goals. A number of important process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Shikimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikimate">shikimate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tamiflu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamiflu">Tamiflu</a> precursor which is <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermented</a> by Roche in bacteria. <a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a> is often cited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as a style of chemical synthesis that is consistent with the goals of green chemistry. The concept of 'green pharmacy' has recently been articulated based on similar principles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_dioxide_as_blowing_agent">Carbon dioxide as blowing agent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide as blowing agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Chemical">Dow Chemical</a> won the 1996 Greener Reaction Conditions award for their 100% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> blowing agent for <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> foam production. Polystyrene foam is a common material used in packing and food transportation. Seven hundred million pounds are produced each year in the United States alone. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFC</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>-depleting chemicals were used in the production process of the foam sheets, presenting a serious <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazard</a>. Flammable, explosive, and, in some cases toxic hydrocarbons have also been used as CFC replacements, but they present their own problems. Dow Chemical discovered that <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a> works equally as well as a blowing agent, without the need for hazardous substances, allowing the polystyrene to be more easily recycled. The CO<sub>2</sub> used in the process is reused from other industries, so the net carbon released from the process is zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hydrazine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addressing principle #2 is the peroxide process for producing <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> without cogenerating salt. Hydrazine is traditionally produced by the <a href="/wiki/Olin_Raschig_process" title="Olin Raschig process">Olin Raschig process</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> (the active ingredient in many <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleaches</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The net reaction produces one equivalent of sodium chloride for every equivalent of the targeted product hydrazine:<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>NaOCl + 2 NH<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>N-NH<sub>2</sub> + NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>In the greener <a href="/wiki/Peroxide_process" title="Peroxide process">peroxide process</a> hydrogen peroxide is employed as the oxidant and the side product is water. The net conversion follows: </p> <dl><dd>2 NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>N-NH<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>Addressing principle #4, this process does not require auxiliary extracting solvents. <a href="/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl ethyl ketone">Methyl ethyl ketone</a> is used as a carrier for the hydrazine, the intermediate ketazine phase separates from the reaction mixture, facilitating workup without the need of an extracting solvent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1,3-Propanediol"><span id="1.2C3-Propanediol"></span>1,3-Propanediol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1,3-Propanediol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addressing principle #7 is a green route to <a href="/wiki/1,3-Propanediol" title="1,3-Propanediol">1,3-propanediol</a>, which is traditionally generated from petrochemical precursors. It can be produced from renewable precursors via the <a href="/wiki/Bioseparation_of_1,3-propanediol" title="Bioseparation of 1,3-propanediol">bioseparation of 1,3-propanediol</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strain</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diol</a> is used to make new polyesters for the manufacture of carpets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lactide">Lactide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lactide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lactide.svg/144px-Lactide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lactide.svg/216px-Lactide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lactide.svg/288px-Lactide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Lactide</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002, Cargill Dow (now <a href="/wiki/NatureWorks" title="NatureWorks">NatureWorks</a>) won the Greener Reaction Conditions Award for their improved method for <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">polylactic acid</a> . Unfortunately, lactide-base polymers do not perform well and the project was discontinued by Dow soon after the award. <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactic acid</a> is produced by fermenting corn and converted to <a href="/wiki/Lactide" title="Lactide">lactide</a>, the cyclic dimer ester of lactic acid using an efficient, tin-catalyzed cyclization. The L,L-lactide enantiomer is isolated by distillation and polymerized in the melt to make a crystallizable <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>, which has some applications including <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> and apparel, cutlery, and <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> has announced that it is using/will use PLA for its produce packaging. The NatureWorks PLA process substitutes renewable materials for petroleum feedstocks, doesn't require the use of hazardous organic solvents typical in other PLA processes, and results in a high-quality polymer that is <a href="/wiki/Recyclable" class="mw-redirect" title="Recyclable">recyclable</a> and compostable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpet_tile_backings">Carpet tile backings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Carpet tile backings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Industries" title="Shaw Industries">Shaw Industries</a> selected a combination of polyolefin resins as the base polymer of choice for EcoWorx due to the low toxicity of its feedstocks, superior adhesion properties, dimensional stability, and its ability to be recycled. The EcoWorx compound also had to be designed to be compatible with nylon carpet fiber. Although EcoWorx may be recovered from any fiber type, nylon-6 provides a significant advantage. Polyolefins are compatible with known nylon-6 depolymerization methods. PVC interferes with those processes. Nylon-6 chemistry is well-known and not addressed in first-generation production. From its inception, EcoWorx met all of the design criteria necessary to satisfy the needs of the marketplace from a performance, health, and environmental standpoint. Research indicated that separation of the fiber and backing through <a href="/wiki/Elutriation" title="Elutriation">elutriation</a>, grinding, and air separation proved to be the best way to recover the face and backing components, but an infrastructure for returning postconsumer EcoWorx to the elutriation process was necessary. Research also indicated that the postconsumer carpet tile had a positive economic value at the end of its useful life. EcoWorx is recognized by MBDC as a certified <a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">cradle-to-cradle design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transesterification_of_fats">Transesterification of fats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transesterification of fats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isomers_of_oleic_acid_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Isomers_of_oleic_acid_labeled.svg/220px-Isomers_of_oleic_acid_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Isomers_of_oleic_acid_labeled.svg/330px-Isomers_of_oleic_acid_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Isomers_of_oleic_acid_labeled.svg/440px-Isomers_of_oleic_acid_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><i>Trans</i> and <i>cis</i> fatty acids</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland" title="Archer Daniels Midland">Archer Daniels Midland</a> (ADM) and <a href="/wiki/Novozymes" title="Novozymes">Novozymes</a> won the Greener Synthetic Pathways Award for their <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> interesterification process. In response to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) mandated labeling of <a href="/wiki/Trans-fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-fats"><i>trans</i>-fats</a> on nutritional information by January 1, 2006, Novozymes and ADM worked together to develop a clean, enzymatic process for the <a href="/wiki/Interesterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Interesterification">interesterification</a> of oils and fats by interchanging saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The result is commercially viable products without <i>trans</i>-fats. In addition to the human health benefits of eliminating <i>trans</i>-fats, the process has reduced the use of toxic chemicals and water, prevents vast amounts of byproducts, and reduces the amount of fats and oils wasted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bio-succinic_acid">Bio-succinic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bio-succinic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the Outstanding Green Chemistry Accomplishments by a Small Business Award went to <a href="/wiki/BioAmber_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="BioAmber Inc.">BioAmber Inc.</a> for integrated production and downstream applications of bio-based <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic acid</a>. Succinic acid is a platform chemical that is an important starting material in the formulations of everyday products. Traditionally, succinic acid is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks. BioAmber has developed process and technology that produces succinic acid from the fermentation of renewable feedstocks at a lower cost and lower energy expenditure than the petroleum equivalent while sequestering CO<sub>2</sub> rather than emitting it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lower prices of oil precipitated the company into bankruptcy <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bio-sourced succinic acid is now barely made.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_chemicals">Laboratory chemicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Laboratory chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> chemicals are controversial from the perspective of Green chemistry. The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> created a "Green" Alternatives Wizard <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ehs.mit.edu/green-chemistry/">[1]</a> to help identify alternatives. <a href="/wiki/Ethidium_bromide" title="Ethidium bromide">Ethidium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> have been identified as "worst offenders" which have alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solvents in particular make a large contribution to the environmental impact of chemical manufacturing and there is a growing focus on introducing Greener solvents into the earliest stage of development of these processes: laboratory-scale reaction and purification methods.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Pharmaceutical Industry, both GSK<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pfizer<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have published Solvent Selection Guides for their Drug Discovery chemists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_EU">The EU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The EU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, The EU put into place the <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals</a> (REACH) program, which requires companies to provide data showing that their products are safe. This regulation (1907/2006) ensures not only the assessment of the chemicals' hazards as well as risks during their uses but also includes measures for banning or restricting/authorising uses of specific substances. ECHA, the EU Chemicals Agency in Helsinki, is implementing the regulation whereas the enforcement lies with the EU member states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States formed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)</a> in 1970 to protect human and environmental health by creating and enforcing environmental regulation. Green chemistry builds on the EPA’s goals by encouraging chemists and engineers to design chemicals, processes, and products that avoid the creation of <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> and waste.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. law that governs the majority of industrial chemicals (excluding pesticides, foods, and pharmaceuticals) is the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic Substances Control Act">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (TSCA) of 1976. Examining the role of regulatory programs in shaping the development of green chemistry in the United States, analysts have revealed structural flaws and long-standing weaknesses in TSCA; for example, a 2006 report to the California Legislature concludes that TSCA has produced a domestic chemicals market that discounts the hazardous properties of chemicals relative to their function, price, and performance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have argued that such market conditions represent a key barrier to the scientific, technical, and commercial success of green chemistry in the U.S., and fundamental policy changes are needed to correct these weaknesses.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passed in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Pollution_Prevention_Act_of_1990" title="Pollution Prevention Act of 1990">Pollution Prevention Act</a> helped foster new approaches for dealing with pollution by preventing environmental problems before they happen. </p><p>Green chemistry grew in popularity in the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Pollution_Prevention_Act_of_1990" title="Pollution Prevention Act of 1990">Pollution Prevention Act of 1990</a> was passed. This Act declared that pollution should be lowered by improving designs and products rather than treatment and disposal. These regulations encouraged chemists to reimagine <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and research ways to limit the toxins in the atmosphere. In 1991, the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics created a research <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grant</a> program encouraging the research and recreation of chemical products and processes to limit the impact on the environment and human health.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPA hosts The Green Chemistry Challenge each year to incentivize the economic and environmental benefits of developing and utilizing green chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the State of California approved two laws aiming to encourage green chemistry, launching the <a href="/wiki/California_Green_Chemistry_Initiative" title="California Green Chemistry Initiative">California Green Chemistry Initiative</a>. One of these statutes required California's <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Toxic_Substances_Control" title="California Department of Toxic Substances Control">Department of Toxic Substances Control</a> (DTSC) to develop new regulations to prioritize "chemicals of concern" and promote the substitution of hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives. The resulting regulations took effect in 2013, initiating DTSC's <i>Safer Consumer Products Program</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_journals_specialized_in_green_chemistry">Scientific journals specialized in green chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scientific journals specialized in green chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Green Chemistry (journal)">Green Chemistry</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Chemistry_Letters_and_Reviews" title="Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews">Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews</a></i> (Open Access) (<a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ChemSusChem" title="ChemSusChem">ChemSusChem</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ACS_Sustainable_Chemistry_%26_Engineering" title="ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering">ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">ACS</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contested_definition">Contested definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contested definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are ambiguities in the definition of green chemistry, and in how it is understood among broader science, policy, and business communities. Even within chemistry, researchers have used the term "green chemistry" to describe a range of work independently of the framework put forward by Anastas and Warner (i.e., the 12 principles).<sup id="cite_ref-Linthorst_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linthorst-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not all uses of the term are legitimate (see <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>), many are, and the authoritative status of any single definition is uncertain. More broadly, the idea of green chemistry can easily be linked (or confused) with related concepts like <a href="/wiki/Green_engineering" title="Green engineering">green engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">environmental design</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> in general. The complexity and multifaceted nature of green chemistry makes it difficult to devise clear and simple <a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry_metrics" title="Green chemistry metrics">metrics</a>. As a result, "what is green" is often open to debate.<sup id="cite_ref-MatusBarriers_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatusBarriers-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several scientific societies have created awards to encourage research in green chemistry. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s Green Chemistry Challenge Awards overseen by The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Chemical_Institute" title="Royal Australian Chemical Institute">Royal Australian Chemical Institute</a> (RACI).</li> <li>The Canadian Green Chemistry Medal.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Italy, Green Chemistry activities center around an inter-university consortium known as INCA.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, The Green & Sustainable Chemistry Network oversees the GSC awards program.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the Green Chemical Technology Awards are given by Crystal Faraday.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the US, the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards recognize individuals and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PresGreenAbout_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresGreenAbout-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a> – a technique that generally falls outside the scope of green chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Green Chemistry (journal)"><i>Green Chemistry</i> (journal)</a> – published by the Royal Society of Chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry_metrics" title="Green chemistry metrics">Green chemistry metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a> – a similar initiative in the area of computing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_engineering" title="Green engineering">Green engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_of_dangerous_chemicals" title="Substitution of dangerous chemicals">Substitution of dangerous chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_chemistry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMutluBarner2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mutlu, Hatice; Barner, Leonie (2022-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/macp.202200111">"Getting the Terms Right: Green, Sustainable, or Circular Chemistry?"</a>. <i>Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>223</b> (13): 2200111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmacp.202200111">10.1002/macp.202200111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1022-1352">1022-1352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249357642">249357642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecular+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.atitle=Getting+the+Terms+Right%3A+Green%2C+Sustainable%2C+or+Circular+Chemistry%3F&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2200111&rft.date=2022-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249357642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1022-1352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmacp.202200111&rft.aulast=Mutlu&rft.aufirst=Hatice&rft.au=Barner%2C+Leonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fmacp.202200111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span 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chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Industrial_ecology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#7FBF7F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industrial_ecology" title="Template talk:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Industrial_ecology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPSIR" title="DPSIR">DPSIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">Environmental management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIO-LCA" title="EIO-LCA">EIO-LCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_chain_management" title="Integrated chain management">Integrated chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_cost_analysis" title="Life-cycle cost analysis">Life-cycle cost analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MET_Matrix" title="MET Matrix">MET Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis" title="Stakeholder analysis">Stakeholder analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-efficiency" title="Eco-efficiency">Eco-efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_development" title="Eco-industrial development">Eco-industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">Exergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a 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