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No trash is sent to <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfills" title="Landfills" class="mw-redirect">landfills</a> and <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerators" title="Incinerators" class="mw-redirect">incinerators</a>. The process recommended is one similar to the way that resources are reused in nature. A working definition of zero waste, often cited by experts in the field originated from a working group of the Zero Waste International Alliance in 2004:<sup id="cite_ref-Zero_Waste_International_Alliance_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zero_Waste_International_Alliance-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient and visionary, to guide people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources for others to use. Zero Waste means designing and managing products and processes to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Implementing Zero Waste will eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.</p> </blockquote> <p>Zero Waste refers to waste management and planning approaches which emphasize waste prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste management.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> It is a whole systems approach that aims for a massive change in the way materials flow through society, resulting in no waste.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Zero waste encompasses more than eliminating waste through recycling and reuse, it focuses on restructuring production and distribution systems to reduce waste.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Zero waste is more of a goal or ideal rather than a hard target.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegelman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegelman-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Zero Waste provides guiding principles for continually working towards eliminating wastes.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Eliminating waste from the outset requires heavy involvement primarily from industry and government since they are presented with more advantages than individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Zero waste will not be possible without significant efforts and actions from industry and government.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Industry has control over product and packaging design, manufacturing processes, and material selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Governments have the ability to form policy and provide subsidies for better product manufacturing, design and the ability to develop and adopt comprehensive waste management strategies which can eliminate waste rather than just manage it.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Zero waste can represent an economical alternative to waste systems, where new resources are continually required to replenish wasted raw materials. It can also represent an environmental alternative to waste since waste represents a significant amount of pollution in the world.</p> <div style="clear: right; margin-bottom: .5em; float: right; padding: .5em 0 .8em 1.4em; background: none; width: auto;"> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Cradle-to-cradle_.2F_cradle-to-grave"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Cradle-to-cradle / cradle-to-grave</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Benefits"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Benefits</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Role_of_society"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Role of society</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1970s:_Zero_Waste_Systems_Inc"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">1970s: Zero Waste Systems Inc</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#2002.E2.80.932003"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">2002–2003</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Present_day"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Present day</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Packaging_example"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Packaging example</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Recycling_and_rotting_.28composting.29"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Recycling and rotting (composting)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Reduce.2C_refuse_and_reuse"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reduce, refuse and reuse</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Significance_of_dump_capacity"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Significance of dump capacity</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Corporate_initiatives"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate initiatives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Re-use_or_rot_of_waste"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Re-use or rot of waste</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Construction_and_deconstruction"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Construction and deconstruction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Market-based_campaigns"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Market-based campaigns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cradle-to-cradle_.2F_cradle-to-grave">Cradle-to-cradle / cradle-to-grave</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cradle-to-cradle / cradle-to-grave">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Cradle-to-grave is a term used to describe a linear model for materials that begins with resource extraction, moves to product manufacturing, and, ends with a ‘grave’, where the product is disposed of in a landfill. Cradle-to-grave is in direct contrast to cradle-to-cradle. <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle" title="Cradle-to-cradle" class="mw-redirect">Cradle-to-cradle</a> is a term used in life-cycle analysis to describe a material or product that is recycled into a new product at the end of its life, so that ultimately there is no waste.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonough_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonough-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Cradle-to-cradle focuses on designing industrial systems so that materials flow in closed loop cycles which mean that waste is minimized, and waste products can be recycled and reused. Cradle-to-cradle simply goes beyond dealing with issues of waste after it has been created, by addressing problems at the source and by re-defining problems by focusing on design.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonough_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonough-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The cradle-to-cradle model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonough_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonough-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The cradle-to-cradle framework has evolved steadily from theory to practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> In the industrial sector, it is creating a new notion of materials and material flows. Just as in the natural world, in which one organism’s ‘waste’, cycles through an ecosystem to provide nourishment for other living things, cradle-to-cradle materials circulate in closed-loop cycles, providing nutrients for nature or industry.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonough_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonough-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>An example of a closed loop, cradle-to-cradle product design is DesignTex Fabric. It has designed an upholstery fabric, Climatex Lifecycle, which is a blend of pesticide and residue-free wool and organically grown ramie, dyed and processed entirely with nontoxic chemicals. All of its product and process inputs were defined and selected for their human and ecological safety within the biological metabolism. This allows the fabric trimmings to be made into felt and used by garden clubs as mulch for growing fruits and vegetables, returning the textile’s biological nutrients to the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonough_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonough-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Benefits">Benefits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>There is a growing global population that is faced with limited resources from the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> To relieve the pressures placed on the finite resources available it has become more important to prevent waste. To achieve zero waste, waste management has to move from a linear system to being more cyclical so that materials, products and substances are used as efficiently as possible. Materials must be chosen so that it may either return safely to a cycle within the environment or remain viable in the industrial cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-ZWA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZWA-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Zero waste promotes not only reuse and recycling, but, more importantly, it promotes prevention and product designs that consider the entire product life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-ZWA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZWA-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Zero waste designs strive for reduced materials use, use of recycled materials, use of more benign materials, longer product lives, reparability, and ease of disassembly at end of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Zero waste strongly supports sustainability by protecting the environment, reducing costs and producing additional jobs in the management and handling of wastes back into the industrial cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-ZWA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZWA-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A Zero waste strategy may be applied to businesses, communities, industrial sectors, schools and homes.</p> <p><b>Key Benefits</b>:</p> <ul> <li>Saving money. Since waste is a sign of inefficiency, the reduction of waste can reduce costs.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Faster Progress. A zero waste strategy improves upon production processes and improving environmental prevention strategies which can lead to take larger, more innovative steps.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Supports sustainability. A zero waste strategy supports all three of the generally accepted goals of sustainability - economic well-being, environmental protection, and social well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-ZWA_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZWA-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <ul> <li>Improved material flows. A zero waste strategy would use far fewer new raw materials and send no waste materials to landfills. Any material waste would either return as reusable or recycled materials or would be suitable for use as compost.<sup id="cite_ref-ZWA_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZWA-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Role_of_society">Role of society</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of society">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>It is important to understand the role of key sectors of society in achieving zero waste. Zero waste poses a fundamental challenge to motivate people to change their life styles, create a demand for new products, and require corporations, industry, and governments to behave in new ways.</p> <p><b>Key players</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>Central government must take the leadership role and develop legislation to support zero waste targets. Funding to communities and local governments will be necessary to support the development, innovation, and implementation of national policies.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Regional governments have a major planning role in zero waste. Vision is required to see what the future may hold or need and provide the necessary facilities to handle material flows. Skills in coordination and diplomacy will be required to address the concerns of many players from all sectors of the economy.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Local governments must be responsible in implementing legislation and devising measures which favour material and resource recovery, over disposal. Local authorities need to be responsible for everything pertaining to zero waste, from recovery facilities, to recycling bin stickers and school programs.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Industrial Designers have a key part to play in zero waste. Products need to be designed that are durable, repairable and easily disassembled for recycling and incorporated back into nature or the industrial system.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Manufacturers have to invest in new design technologies. The creation of products with minimal waste, reduced packaging, and being responsible for a product’s whole life-cycle is significant in the production phase.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Retailers must stock products that are recyclable and repairable, and promote products that are environmentally sustainable.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Secondary Material Handlers need to provide high quality services that outperform disposal services. Recyclers have to form partnerships with communities and local government to recycle all waste streams.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Universities and schools need to teach zero waste principles and have recycling systems in institutions to ensure students gain first-hand experience through participation.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Households need to adopt waste reduction and recycling schemes in the home. As consumers of products and services, knowledge and informed decisions are essential in order to divert unnecessary waste into landfill.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1970s:_Zero_Waste_Systems_Inc">1970s: Zero Waste Systems Inc</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s: Zero Waste Systems Inc">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The term <i>zero waste</i> was first used publicly in the name of a <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a>, Zero Waste Systems Inc (ZWS), which was founded by <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD" title="PhD" class="mw-redirect">PhD</a> chemist Paul Palmer in the mid-1970s in <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>. The mission of ZWS was to find new homes for most of the chemicals being excessed by the nascent <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> industry. They soon expanded their services in many other directions. For example, they accepted free of charge, large quantities of new and usable <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> chemicals which they resold to experimenters, scientists, companies and tinkerers of every description during the 1970s. ZWS arguably had the largest inventory of laboratory chemicals in all of <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, which were sold for half price. They also collected all of the solvent produced by the electronics industry called developer/rinse (a mixture of <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a> and <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl_acetate" title="Butyl acetate">butyl acetate</a>). This was put into small cans and sold as a <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">thinner</a>. ZWS collected all the "reflow oil" created by the printed circuit industry, which was filtered and resold into the "downhole" (oil well) industry. ZWS pioneered many other projects.</p> <p>Because they were the only ones in the world in this business, they achieved an international reputation. Many magazine articles were written about them and several television shows featured them. The California Integrated Waste Management Board produced a slide show featuring ZWS's business and the EPA published a number of studies of their business, calling them an "active waste exchange".</p> <p>The heir to the ZWS mantle is the Zero Waste Institute (ZWI), also founded by Paul Palmer, which can be found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowasteinstitute.org/">http://www.zerowasteinstitute.org</a>. Building on the lessons learned from ZWS, the ZWI considers recycling to be no more than an appendage to garbage creation and the garbage industry. ZWI likewise rejects all attempts to reuse garbage or any kind of waste product. Instead, ZWI calls for the redesign of all of the products of industry and commerce, and the processes that produce, sell and make use of them, so that discard never takes place and there is no waste generated needing to be reused or recycled. Discard is seen as the critical step, a commercial and psychological transfer of responsibility which breaks the chain of custody of a product, removes its owner and subjects it to the degradation of garbage management.</p> <p>The website offers numerous specific examples of ways in which products can be designed so that discard is unnecessary since the lifetime of the product is extended to at least a threshold value of approximately a human lifetime of 100 years. A fully worked out set of principles and analysis is presented, revolving, among other changes, around standardization, modularization and robust design. A theory of Design Efficiency leading to Design Effectiveness is presented, which means that once a product is designed to be used in perpetuity, it can be fitted out with robust features, strong materials and special conveniences that could not be afforded in a product designed to be discarded after a single use. That theory is applied to packages as an example.</p> <p>The ZWI rejects all association with the world of recycling, pointing out that there is no theory of recycling in existence; only a trusting hope that it can be useful.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2002.E2.80.932003">2002–2003</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2002–2003">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The movement gained publicity and reached a peak in 1998–2002, and since then has been moving from "theory into action" by focusing on how a "zero waste community" is structured and behaves. The website of the Zero Waste International Alliance has a listing of communities across the globe that have created public policy to promote zero-waste practices. See also the Eco-Cycle website for examples of how this large nonprofit is leading Boulder County, Colorado on a Zero-Waste path and watch a 6-minute video about the zero-waste big picture. Finally, there is a USA zero-waste organization named the GrassRoots Recycling Network that puts on workshops and conferences about zero-waste activities.</p> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.sfenvironment.org/">City and County of San Francisco’s Department of the Environment</a> established a goal of zero waste in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> which led to the <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Mandatory_Recycling_and_Composting_Ordinance" title="San Francisco Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance">City's Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in 2009</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> With its ambitious goal of zero waste and policies, San Francisco reached a record-breaking 80% diversion rate in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> the highest diversion rate in any North American city. San Francisco received a perfect score in the waste category in the Siemens US and Canada Green City Index, which named San Francisco the greenest city in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Present_day">Present day</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present day">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The tension between zero waste, viewed as post-discard total recycling of materials only, and zero waste as the reuse of all high level function remains a serious one today. It is probably the defining difference between established recyclers and emerging zero-wasters. A signature example is the difference between smashing a glass bottle (recovering cheap glass) and refilling the bottle (recovering the entire function of the container).</p> <p>The tension between the literal application of natural processes and the creation of industry-specific more efficient reuse modalities is another tension. Many observers look to nature as an ultimate model for production and innovative materials. Others point out that industrial products are inherently non-natural (such as chemicals and plastics that are mono-molecular) and benefit greatly from industrial methods of reuse, while natural methods requiring degradation and reconstitution are wasteful in that context.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a> is the most prominent example. One side argues that <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a> of plastic is wasteful because plastic is expensive and environmentally damaging to make. Whether made of starch or petroleum, the manufacturing process expends all the same materials and energy costs. Factories are built, raw materials are procured, investments are made, machinery is built and used, humans labor and make use of all normal human inputs for education, housing, food etc. Even if the plastic is biodegraded after a single use, all of those costs are lost so it is much more important to design plastic parts for multiple reuse or perpetual lives. The other side argues that keeping plastic out of a dump or the sea is the sole benefit of interest.</p> <p>Companies moving towards "zero landfill" plants include <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>, <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> and <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The movement continues to grow among the youth around the world under the organization <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/">Zero Waste Youth</a>, which originated in Brazil and has spread to Argentina, Puerto Rico, Mexico, the United States, and Russia. The organization multiplies with local volunteer ambassadors<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> who lead zero waste gatherings and events to spread the zero waste message.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Packaging_example">Packaging example</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Packaging example">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_milk_bottles.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Glass_milk_bottles.jpg/250px-Glass_milk_bottles.jpg" width="250" height="305" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Glass_milk_bottles.jpg/375px-Glass_milk_bottles.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Glass_milk_bottles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="610"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_milk_bottles.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Returnable glass milk bottles</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">sustainable packaging</a></div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">reusable packaging</a></div> <p>Milk can be shipped in many forms. One of the traditional forms was reusable returnable glass milk bottles, often home delivered by a milkman. While some of this continues, other options have recently been more common: one-way gable-top paperboard cartons, one-way aseptic cartons, one-way recyclable glass bottles, one-way <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">milk bags</a>, and others. Each system claims some advantages and also has possible disadvantages. From the zero waste standpoint, the <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">reuse of bottles</a> is beneficial because the material usage per trip can be less than other systems. The primary input (or resource) is <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica" title="Silica" class="mw-redirect">silica</a>-<a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, which is formed into glass and then into a bottle. The bottle is filled with <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and distributed to the consumer. A <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">reverse logistics</a> system returns the bottles for cleaning, inspection, sanitization, and reuse. Eventually the heavy duty bottle would not be suited for further use and would be recycled. Waste and landfill usage would be minimized. The material waste is primarily the wash water, detergent, transportation, heat, bottle caps, etc. While true zero waste is never achieved, a <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" title="Life cycle assessment" class="mw-redirect">life cycle assessment</a> can be used to calculate the waste at each phase of each cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recycling_and_rotting_.28composting.29">Recycling and rotting (composting)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recycling and rotting (composting)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></div> <p>It is important to distinguish recycling from Zero Waste.</p> <p>Some claim that the key component to zero waste is <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> while others reject that notion in favor of reusing high function. The common understanding of recycling is simply that of placing bottles and cans in a recycle bin. The modern version of recycling is more complicated and involves many more elements of financing and government support. For example, a 2007 report by the <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> states that the US recycles at a national rate of 33.4% and includes in this figure composted materials. In addition many worldwide commodity industries have been created to handle the materials that are recycled. At the same time, claims of recycling rates have sometimes been exaggerated, for example by the inclusion of soil and organic matter used to cover garbage dumps daily, in the "recycled" column. In states with recycling incentives, there is constant local pressure to pump up the recycling rate figures.</p> <p>The movement toward recycling has separated itself from the concept of zero waste. One example of this is the computer industry where worldwide millions of PC's are disposed of each year (160 million in 2007), Those computers that enter the recycling stream are broken down into a small amount of raw materials while most merely enter dumps through export to third world countries. Companies are then able to purchase some raw materials, notably steel, copper and glass, reducing the use of new materials. On the other hand, there is an industry, more aligned with the Zero Waste principle of design for long term reuse, that actually repairs computers. It is called the Computer Refurbishing industry and it predates the current campaign to just collect and ship electronics. They have organizations and conferences and have for many years donated computers to schools, clinics and non-profits. Zero Waste planning demands that components be redesigned for effective reuse over long lives leading to even more refurbishing and repair.</p> <p>There is one seminal example that brings out the difference between Zero Waste and recycling in stark relief. That example, quoted in Getting To Zero Waste, is the software business. Zero Waste is sensitive to the waste of intellectual effort that would be caused by the need to recreate certain basic inventions of software (called objects in software design) as opposed to copying them over and over whenever needed. The waste would occur as the software developers consume resources while solving problems already solved earlier. The application of Zero Waste analysis is straightforward as it recommends conserving human effort. On the other hand, the usual approach of recycling would be to look for some materials that could be found to reuse. The materials on which software is saved (such as paper or diskettes)is of little significance compared to the saving of human effort and if software is saved electronically, there is no media at all. Thus Zero Waste correctly identifies a wasteful behavior to avoid while recycling has no application.</p> <p>The recycling movement has been embraced by the garbage industry because it serves so well as greenwashing i.e. a way to show that design for garbage creation is acceptable because materials will be kept out of a dump by recycling them. Zero Waste, on the other hand, offers the garbage industry no such screen against public condemnation of waste, and therefore actually threatens the continued need for garbage disposal. For example, in <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County, California</a>, garbage dumping is charged a surcharge of $8/ton (as of 2009) which goes entirely for a recycling subsidy but none of which goes for any kind of Zero Waste style designing. Zero Waste has received no support from the garbage industry or politicians under their control except in those cases where it can be claimed to consist solely of more recycling.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reduce.2C_refuse_and_reuse">Reduce, refuse and reuse</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reduce, refuse and reuse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Zero waste is poorly supported by the enactment of government laws to enforce the <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">waste hierarchy of refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle and rot (compost)</a>. In practice, these laws invariably emphasize destruction and recycling, while the reuse component is marginalized.</p> <p>A special feature of Zero Waste as a design principle is that it can be applied to any product or process, in any situation or at any level. Thus it applies equally to toxic chemicals as to benign plant matter. It applies to the waste of atmospheric purity by coal burning or the waste of radioactive resources by attempting to designate the excesses of nuclear power plants as "nuclear waste". All processes can be designed to minimize the need for discard, both in their own operations and in the usage or consumption patterns which the design of their products leads to. Recycling, on the other hand, deals only with simple materials.</p> <p>Zero Waste can even be applied to the waste of human potential by enforced poverty and the denial of educational opportunity. It encompasses redesign for reduced energy wasting in industry or transportation and the wasting of the earth's rainforests. It is a general principle of designing for the efficient use of all resources, however defined.</p> <p>The recycling movement may be slowly branching out from its solid waste management base to include issues that are similar to the community sustainability movement.</p> <p>Zero waste on the other hand, is not based in waste management limitations to begin with but requires that we maximize our existing reuse efforts while creating and applying new methods that minimize and eliminate destructive methods like incineration and recycling. Zero Waste strives to ensure that products are designed to be repaired, refurbished, re-manufactured and generally reused.. ("What is Zero Waste?", para 2).</p> <p>Online web services, like <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freecycle_Network" title="Freecycle Network" class="mw-redirect">Free Cycle</a> or the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.regives.com/">reGives</a> Network have risen in popularity over the last decade where locals can give items that they no longer need to others locally in an effort to keep items out of landfills and work toward a zero waste lifestyle.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Significance_of_dump_capacity">Significance of dump capacity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Significance of dump capacity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Many dumps are currently exceeding carrying capacity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is often, mistakenly used as a justification for moving to Zero Waste. Others counter by pointing out that there are huge tracts of land available throughout the USA and other countries which could be used for dumps. This is no more of an argument against the need for Zero Waste than is the former an argument for Zero Waste. The underlying need to move to a society designed along Zero Waste principles arises from the huge waste of resources that is inherent in poorly made, short-lived articles and production processes. The locus of the most egregious wasting takes place as articles are built and processes are run wastefully. The actual placing of a now useless item in a dump is barely the icing on the cake, in terms of the waste it represents. Poorly conceived proposals, that appear with a dismaying regularity on the Internet, to blithely destroy all garbage as a way to solve the garbage problem, make use of the common delusion that it is the garbage itself which is the problem. These proposals typically claim to convert all or a large portion of existing garbage into oil and sometimes claim to produce so much oil that the world will henceforth have abundant liquid fuels. One such plan, called Anything Into Oil was promoted by Discover Magazine and Fortune Magazine in 2004, even though it absurdly claimed to be able to convert a refrigerator into "light Texas crude" by the application of high pressure steam. Zero Waste analysis, which is long on scientific results and short on spectacular claims, receives no such promotion by the media.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Corporate_initiatives">Corporate initiatives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Corporate initiatives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>An example of a company that has demonstrated a change in landfill waste policy is <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM). GM has confirmed their plans to make approximately half of its 181 plants worldwide "landfill-free" by the end of 2010. Companies like <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>, <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, and <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> are also producing landfill-free plants. GM is supposed to have about eighty producing plants twenty months. Furthermore, The <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) has worked with GM and other companies for decades to minimize the waste through its WasteWise program. The goal for General Motors is finding ways to recycle or reuse more than 90% of materials by: selling scrap materials, adopting reusable parts boxes to replace cardboard, and even recycling used work gloves. The remainder of the scraps might be incinerated to create energy for the plants. Besides being nature friendly, it also saves money by cutting out waste and producing a more efficient production. All these organizations push forth to make our world clean and producing zero waste.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Re-use_or_rot_of_waste">Re-use or rot of waste</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Re-use or rot of waste">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The waste sent to landfills may be harvested as useful materials, such as in the production of <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> or <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_fertilizer_/de-composted_manure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural fertilizer /de-composted manure (page does not exist)">natural fertilizer /de-composted manure</a> for crops.</p> <p>It may also be reused and recycled for something that we can actually use.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> "The success of General Motors in creating zero-landfill facilities shows that zero-waste goals can be a powerful impetus for manufacturers to reduce their waste and carbon footprint," says Latisha Petteway, a spokesperson for the EPA.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_and_deconstruction">Construction and deconstruction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Construction and deconstruction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Zero Waste is a goal, a process, a way of thinking that profoundly changes our approach to resources and production. Zero Waste is not about recycling and diversion from landfills but about restructuring production and distribution systems to prevent waste from being manufactured in the first place. The materials that are still required in these re-designed, resource-efficient systems will be reused many times as the products that incorporate them are reused. Deconstruction can be described as construction in reverse. It involves carefully taking apart a building to maximize the reuse of materials, thereby reducing waste and conserving resources. Deconstruction can capture materials and some components from the millions of buildings that are existing and that were poorly designed for high level reuse but it is not a favored approach from a Zero Waste point of view. Zero Waste favors the design of buildings as assemblages of high level components, not their creation from rough materials such as lumber, cement or plaster. The details are not worked out yet but to the extent that entire rooms, entire walls, roofs or floors or entire utility systems can be pre-built and installed as completed components, that will be the goal of Zero Waste design. Until buildings are built as components capable of later dismantling, deconstruction is a stop-gap process that the United States can use to minimize the waste of building materials. For now, the largest parts that we are able to save tend to be architectural elements, windows, doors, and metals, many of which are being saved and resold by reuse yards such as Urban Ore in Berkeley Californiaa. The main parts that still need to be crushed are wood flooring, brick walls, and structural timbers.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> The demolition of traditional buildings has been long done by wrecking ball or bulldozer. Social and political artifacts, such as demolition contractor licenses and required permits that can only be satisfied by destruction and discard (with partial recycling of rubble and steel), render the destruction and disposal costs cheaper than deconstruction. Approximately seventy pounds of the waste is generated for about every square foot of the residential building demolition. It is arguable that this is artificial economics, based on the cultural preference for wastefulness and that Zero Waste designs of dismantlable components will ultimately be the cheapest as well as the most conservative way to reuse buildings. Further discussions of this topic may be found on the ZWI website.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Roper's comments in the paragraph above are either misquoted or wrong concerning wood flooring, structural wood and bricks needing to be crushed. Brick, wood and stone are among the oldest truly recyclable materials used in construction. A historic review of old buildings, barns and bridges clearly shows that brick, stones and timber are reused from older buildings. Some of the oldest structures on the planet are built with materials that were recycled from previous structures. One recent example is the <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mayflower_Barn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mayflower Barn (page does not exist)">The Mayflower Barn</a> at Jordans just north of High Wycombe, UK. The barn is clearly built of reused timbers, possibly sourced from the salvage of the Mayflower ship. It is simply a fact of life that historically materials that could be reused were reused.</p> <p>In more recent construction, structural timber components, including large timbers, glued laminated beams, floor joists, studs and flooring are some of the most valuable structural components salvaged when a structure is demolished if there is an interest in salvaging. If you need proof, go down to any local construction salvage yard and look at the value of trusses, wood beams, floor joists, studs and flooring. Today they have value when someone saves them.</p> <p>One of the barriers of reusing structural materials is the bias of building code officials and building departments that discriminate against reusing materials. Codes and building departments require compliance to codes, including the source of materials. Your average contractor cannot just use 100 year old 2x8 (50x200) salvaged floor joists because the building department requires a graded joist. The contractor then has to find an engineer or wood technologist to verify the material suitability for its use. While the codes technically allow this under alternative method, modern attention to cost usually prevents that option.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Market-based_campaigns">Market-based campaigns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Market-based campaigns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Market-based, legislation-mediated campaigns like Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the Precautionary Principle are among numerous campaigns that have a Zero Waste slogan hung on them by means of claims they will ineluctably lead to policies of Zero Waste. At the moment, there is no evidence that EPR will increase reuse, rather than merely moving discard and disposal into private-sector dumping contracts. The Precautionary Principle is put forward to shift liability for proving new chemicals are safe from the public (acting as guinea pig) to the company introducing them. As such, its relation to Zero Waste is dubious. Likewise, many organizations, cities and counties have embraced a Zero Waste slogan while pressing for none of the key Zero Waste changes. In fact, it is common for many such to simply state that recycling is their entire goal. Many commercial or industrial companies claim to embrace Zero Waste but usually mean no more than a major materials recycling effort, having no bearing on product redesign. Examples include Staples, Home Depot, Toyota, General Motors and computer take-back campaigns. Earlier social justice campaigns have successfully pressured McDonald’s to change their meat purchasing practices and Nike to change its labor practices in Southeast Asia. Those were both based on the idea that organized consumers can be active participants in the economy and not just passive subjects. However, the announced and enforced goal of the public campaign is critical. A goal to reduce waste generation or dumping through greater recycling will not achieve a goal of product redesign and so cannot reasonably be called a Zero Waste campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Re-shaping people’s resource use pattern is a challenge beyond the scope of piecemeal and reactive laws.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Policy incrementalism reflects policymakers tendency to build on what already exists and is characterised by minimal disturbance of the current state.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> This cannot achieve the targets of Zero Waste at a national level. What is needed is a shift from government (formal organisations and procedures of the public sector) to governance (array of governmental and non-governmental institutions).<sup id="cite_ref-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The government alone does not have the cognitive breadth to determine how to reach the ultimate target of Zero Waste which requires the involvement of businesses, NGOs, the public and the state in governing. Governance is "ultimately concerned with creating the conditions for ordered rule and collective action"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> and to achieve Zero Waste, a departure from waste management based simply on waste disposal ideology is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> The role of the state is to act as central steering mechanism and governance networks that bring together government; public and market actors are viewed as important to achieve Zero Waste similar to many other environmental goals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development emphasized these partnerships between different stakeholders in the environment and the establishment of Public-Private partnerships is seen as the best way to achieve sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>An example of <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_governance" title="Network governance">network governance</a> approach can be seen in the UK under New Labour who proposed the establishment of regional groupings that brought together the key stakeholders in waste management (local authority representatives, waste industry, government offices etc.) on a voluntary basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> There is a lack of clear government policy on how to meet the targets for diversion from landfill which increases the scope at the regional and local level for governance networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The overall goal is set by government but the route for how to achieve it is left open.<sup id="cite_ref-Geels_2008_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geels_2008-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Governance in waste management seeks to widen the range of stakeholders involved and improve co-ordination between them. This mobilizes a collective action which is essential to overcome potential conflicts when tackling a goal as visionary as Zero Waste.</p> <p>The challenge of governance in waste management therefore is how to get collective action across the broad spectrum of stakeholders. Zero Waste is a strategy promoted by environmental NGOs but the waste industry is more in favour of the capital intensive option of energy from waste incineration.<sup id="cite_ref-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davoudi_2005_493.E2.80.93517-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Research often highlights public support as the first requirement for success.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2010_236.E2.80.93244_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2010_236.E2.80.93244-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> In Taiwan, public opinion was essential in changing the attitude of business, who must transform their material use pattern to become more sustainable for Zero Waste to work,.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2010_236.E2.80.93244_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2010_236.E2.80.93244-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> The public were made aware of the importance of sustainability through communication with governmental and nongovernmental organisations illustrating the importance of networks. The latest development in Zero Waste is the city of Masdar in Abu Dhabi which promises to be a Zero Waste city. Innovation and technology is encouraged by government creating an innovation friendly environment without being prescriptive.<sup id="cite_ref-Geels_2008_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geels_2008-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> To be a successful model of sustainable urban development it will also require the involvement and co-operation from all members of society emphasizing the importance of network governance.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/32px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" width="32" height="20" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/48px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/64px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sustainable_development" title="Portal:Sustainable development">Sustainable development portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_Day_Flag.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Connett" title="Paul Connett">Paul Connett</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Waste_Event" title="Zero Waste Event">Zero Waste Event</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting" title="Composting" class="mw-redirect">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniwaste" title="Miniwaste">Miniwaste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zero_Waste_International_Alliance-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zero_Waste_International_Alliance_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://zwia.org/">"Zero Waste International Alliance"</a>. ZWIA.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.btitle=Zero+Waste+International+Alliance&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzwia.org%2F&rft.pub=ZWIA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Snow-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snow_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snow_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snow_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snow_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snow_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Snow, W. & Dickinson J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf">"The end of waste: Zero waste by 2020"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.aulast=Snow%2C+W.+%26+Dickinson+J.+%282001%29&rft.au=Snow%2C+W.+%26+Dickinson+J.+%282001%29&rft.btitle=The+end+of+waste%3A+Zero+waste+by+2020&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zerowaste.co.nz%2Fassets%2FReports%2FTheEndofWaste.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Davidson, G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf">"Waste Management Practices: Literature Review"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.au=Davidson%2C+G.+%282011%29&rft.aulast=Davidson%2C+G.+%282011%29&rft.btitle=Waste+Management+Practices%3A+Literature+Review&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dal.ca%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fdalhousie%2Fpdf%2Fsustainability%2FWaste%2520Management%2520Literature%2520Review%2520Final%2520June%25202011%2520%281.49%2520MB%29.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegelman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegelman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Spiegelman, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.rcbc.ca/files/u3/PPI_Zero_Waste_and_Local_Govt.pdf">"Transitioning to Zero Waste - What can local governments do NOW?"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.aulast=Spiegelman%2C+H.+%282006%29&rft.au=Spiegelman%2C+H.+%282006%29&rft.btitle=Transitioning+to+Zero+Waste+-+What+can+local+governments+do+NOW%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcbc.ca%2Ffiles%2Fu3%2FPPI_Zero_Waste_and_Local_Govt.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Townsend, W. K. (2010). 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Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Glasbergen%2C+P&rft.aulast=Glasbergen&rft.btitle=Partnerships%2C+Governance%2C+and+Sustainable+Development%3A+Reflections+on+Theory+and+Practice&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Geels_2008-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geels_2008_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geels_2008_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Geels, F (2008). <i>The feasibility of systems thinking in sustainable consumption and production policy: A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</i>. London: DEFRA.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Geels%2C+F&rft.aulast=Geels&rft.btitle=The+feasibility+of+systems+thinking+in+sustainable+consumption+and+production+policy%3A+A+report+to+the+Department+for+Environment%2C+Food+and+Rural+Affairs&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=DEFRA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Young_2010_236.E2.80.93244-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2010_236.E2.80.93244_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2010_236.E2.80.93244_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Young, C-Y; Ni, S-P & Fan, K-A (2010). "Working towards a zero waste environment in Taiwan". <i><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Management_%26_Research" title="Waste Management & Research">Waste Management & Research</a></i> <b>28</b>: 236–244.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.atitle=Working+towards+a+zero+waste+environment+in+Taiwan&rft.aufirst=C-Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.au=Young%2C+C-Y&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waste+Management+%26+Research&rft.pages=236-244&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=28" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Frosch, R; Gallopoulos (1989). "Strategies for manufacturing". <i>Scientific American</i> <b>261</b> (3): 144–152. <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0989-144">10.1038/scientificamerican0989-144</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.atitle=Strategies+for+manufacturing&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Frosch%2C+R&rft.au=Gallopoulos&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0989-144&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=144-152&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=261" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Palmer, Paul (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.gettingtozerowaste.com/"><i>Getting to Zero Waste</i></a>. Purple Sky Press. <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9760571-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9760571-0-7">0-9760571-0-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Paul&rft.btitle=Getting+to+Zero+Waste&rft.date=January+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettingtozerowaste.com%2F&rft.isbn=0-9760571-0-7&rft.pub=Purple+Sky+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_waste&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowasteinstitute.org/">Zero Waste Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowastenetwork.org/">Zero Waste Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zwia.org/">Zero Waste International Alliance</a> (ZWIA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowaste.org/">Zero Waste Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/">Zero Waste Youth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.ontheneweconomy.com/category/zero-waste/">Zero Waste - On the New Economy</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Regional organisations</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zer0-m.org/">Sustainable concepts towards a Zero Outflow Municipality</a> (Zer0-M)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zwallianceuk.org/">Zero Waste Alliance UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/">Zero Waste Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowasteaustralia.org/">Zero Waste Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowasteeurope.eu/">Zero Waste Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowaste.ca.gov/">Zero Waste California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/">Zero Waste New Zealand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.productpolicy.org/">Product Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.productstewardship.us/">The Product Stewardship Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.container-recycling.org/">Container Recycling Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.grrn.org/">GrassRoots Recycling Institute</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>News</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><span class="citation news">Winter, Jessica (11 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/03/11/a_world_without_waste/">"A world without waste"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZero+waste&rft.atitle=A+world+without+waste&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.au=Winter%2C+Jessica&rft.date=11+March+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Farticles%2F2007%2F03%2F11%2Fa_world_without_waste%2F&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Waste&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> and <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_waste" title="Medical waste" class="mw-redirect">Medical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bedrijfsafval.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Processes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_tipping" title="Fly tipping" class="mw-redirect">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_dump" title="Open dump">Open dump</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_waste_policy_in_India" title="Solid waste policy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">USA</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Agreements</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Framework_Directive" title="Waste Framework Directive" class="mw-redirect">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Directive" class="mw-redirect">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other topics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_legislation" title="Waste legislation" class="mw-redirect">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Zero waste</strong></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Waste">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_management_concepts" title="List of waste management concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste_organisations" title="Category:Waste organisations">Organizations</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Recycling" title="Template:Recycling"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Recycling" title="Template talk:Recycling"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Recycling&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_by_material" title="Recycling by material">Materials</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper#Recycling" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metal_recycling" title="Ferrous metal recycling">Ferrous metals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_recycling" title="Vegetable oil recycling">Vegetable oil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="image"><img alt="Recycling symbol.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" width="75" height="73" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/113px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="614"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Products</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recycling" title="Computer recycling">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">Fluorescent lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Apparatus</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_bins" title="Recycling bins" class="mw-redirect">Bins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">Blue bags</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system" title="Blue box recycling system">Blue boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Countries</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil" title="Recycling in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada" title="Recycling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan" title="Recycling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Recycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Recycling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecodesign" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freecycling" title="Freecycling">Freecycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precycling" title="Precycling">Precycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_recycling" title="Recursive recycling">Recursive recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Recycling (ecological)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_lumberjacking" title="Urban lumberjacking">Urban lumberjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Zero waste</strong></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">See also</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_deposit_legislation" title="Container deposit legislation">Container deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving" class="mw-redirect">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_legislation" title="Waste legislation" class="mw-redirect">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_management_concepts" title="List of waste management concepts">Waste management concepts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" title="Category:Recycling">Category</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_country" title="Category:Recycling by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material" title="Category:Recycling by material">by material</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product" title="Category:Recycling by product">by product</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_organisations" title="Category:Recycling organisations">organizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles" title="Index of recycling articles">Index</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327110051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Recycling">Commons</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sustainability&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-consumption" title="Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Sustainability advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Sustainability brand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Sustainability marketing myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero growth</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Technology</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Energy</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_descent" title="Energy descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil-fuel phase-out">Fossil-fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Food</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_gardening" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">Urban horticulture</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Water</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_crisis" title="Water crisis" class="mw-redirect">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint" class="mw-redirect">Footprint</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Accountability</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Sustainability accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Sustainability measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Sustainability metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Sustainability reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Applications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_collegiate_sustainability_programs" title="North American collegiate sustainability programs">College programs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_for_Sustainable_Development" title="Education for Sustainable Development">Education for Sustainable Development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Green marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_practices_in_organizations" title="Sustainability practices in organizations" class="mw-redirect">Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems" class="mw-redirect">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Management</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Agreements</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327110051/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference 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