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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascension_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ascension to power </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ascension_to_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ascension to power subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ascension_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Initial career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heir_apparent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heir_apparent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Heir apparent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heir_apparent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Leader of North Korea </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leader_of_North_Korea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leader of North Korea subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_of_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_of_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cult of personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_of_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Human rights record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_rumours_of_waning_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_rumours_of_waning_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Health and rumours of waning power </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_rumours_of_waning_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health and rumours of waning power subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_rumours_of_waning_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2008_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 2008 reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Successor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-election_as_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-election_as_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Re-election as leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-election_as_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_and_2011_foreign_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_and_2011_foreign_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 2010 and 2011 foreign visits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_and_2011_foreign_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Late 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Official titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Published works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kim Jong Il</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" > 116 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%86%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%8D" title="ኪም ጆንግ ኢል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኪም ጆንግ ኢል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A5%D9%84" title="كيم جونغ إل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيم جونغ إل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_%C3%87en_%C4%B0r" title="Kim Çen İr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kim Çen İr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کیم جونق ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیم جونق ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2" title="কিম জং ইল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিম জং ইল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80" title="Ким Чен Ир – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ким Чен Ир" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%80" title="Кім Чэн Ір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кім Чэн Ір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%80" title="Кім Чэн Ір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кім Чэн Ір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80" title="Ким Чен Ир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ким Чен Ир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_%C4%8Cong-il" title="Kim Čong-il – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kim Čong-il" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ch%C5%8Fng-il" title="Kim Chŏng-il – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kim Chŏng-il" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BC_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA-%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Κιμ Τζονγκ-ιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιμ Τζονγκ-ιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_%C4%9Cong-il" title="Kim Ĝong-il – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kim Ĝong-il" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کیم جونگ ایل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیم جونگ ایل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AD%A3%E6%97%A5" title="金正日 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金正日" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC" title="김정일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="김정일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%B4_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D4%BB%D5%AC" title="Կիմ Ջոնգ Իլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիմ Ջոնգ Իլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="किम जोंग-इल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किम जोंग-इल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kim Jong Il" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C" title="קים ג'ונג-איל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קים ג'ונג-איל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಿಮ್ ಜೊಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಿಮ್ ಜೊಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კიმ ჩენ ირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიმ ჩენ ირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A1_%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87-%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A5" title="ຄິມ ຈົງ-ອິລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄິມ ຈົງ-ອິລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gim_Jeong-il" title="Gim Jeong-il – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gim Jeong-il" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kims_%C4%8Cenirs" title="Kims Čenirs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kims Čenirs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_%C4%8Cen_Iras" title="Kim Čen Iras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kim Čen Iras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dzsongil" title="Kim Dzsongil – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kim Dzsongil" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ким Џонг Ил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ким Џонг Ил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BD" title="കിം ജോങ് ഇൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിം ജോങ് ഇൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="किम जाँग-इल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किम जाँग-इल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კიმ ჩენ ირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კიმ ჩენ ირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84" title="كيم چونج ايل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيم چونج ايل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کیم جونگ ایل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کیم جونگ ایل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ким Жон Ил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ким Жон Ил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE" title="ကင်ဂျုံအီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်ဂျုံအီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="किम जोङ् इल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="किम जोङ् इल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AD%A3%E6%97%A5" title="金正日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金正日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਕਿਮ ਜੌਂਗ ਇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਮ ਜੌਂਗ ਇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%84" title="کم جونگ اِل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کم جونگ اِل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84" title="کيم جونگ ايل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيم جونگ ايل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98_%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="គីម ចុងអ៊ីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គីម ចុងអ៊ីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dzong_Il" title="Kim Dzong Il – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kim Dzong Il" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80" title="Ким Чен Ир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ким Чен Ир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Xhong-Il" title="Kim Xhong-Il – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kim Xhong-Il" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kim Jong Il" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_%C4%8Cong-il" title="Kim Čong-il – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kim Čong-il" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_D%C5%BEong-il" title="Kim Džong-il – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kim Džong-il" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dzong_Il" title="Kim Dzong Il – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kim Dzong Il" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کیم جۆنگ ئیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیم جۆنگ ئیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ким Џонг Ил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ким Џонг Ил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கிம் ஜொங்-இல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிம் ஜொங்-இல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="కిమ్ జోంగ్ ఇల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కిమ్ జోంగ్ ఇల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="คิม จ็อง-อิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คิม จ็อง-อิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80" title="Ким Чен Ир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ким Чен Ир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Cong-il" title="Kim Cong-il – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kim Cong-il" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%80" title="Кім Чен Ір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кім Чен Ір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کم جونگ ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کم جونگ ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AD%A3%E6%97%A5" title="金正日 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="金正日" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AD%A3%E6%97%A5" title="金正日 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金正日" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kim Jong-il" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AD%A3%E6%97%A5" title="金正日 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金正日" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_D%C5%BEiuong_Ils" title="Kim Džiuong Ils – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kim Džiuong Ils" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Kim_Jong_Il">reviewed</a> on 21 March 2025.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supreme Leader of North Korea from 1994 to 2011</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the South Korean long jumper, see <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il_(long_jumper)" title="Kim Jong-il (long jumper)">Kim Jong-il (long jumper)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a>, the family name is <a href="/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)" title="Kim (Korean surname)">Kim</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eternal_leaders_of_North_Korea" title="Eternal leaders of North Korea">Eternal General Secretary</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Kim Jong Il</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ko"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>김정일</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-il_on_24_August_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kim_Jong-il_on_24_August_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kim_Jong-il_on_24_August_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kim_Jong-il_on_24_August_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Kim_Jong-il_on_24_August_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kim_Jong-il_on_24_August_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Kim_Jong-il_on_24_August_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="873" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kim in August 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Defence_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National Defence Commission">Chairman of the National Defence Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 April 1993 – 17 December 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">First Vice Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/O_Jin-u" title="O Jin-u">O Jin-u</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo_Myong-rok" title="Jo Myong-rok">Jo Myong-rok</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Kwang" title="Choe Kwang">Choe Kwang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-chol" title="Kim Il-chol">Kim Il-chol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-mu" title="Ri Yong-mu">Ri Yong-mu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Hyong-muk" title="Yon Hyong-muk">Yon Hyong-muk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-chun" title="Kim Yong-chun">Kim Yong-chun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/O_Kuk-ryol" title="O Kuk-ryol">O Kuk-ryol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Song-thaek" title="Jang Song-thaek">Jang Song-thaek</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Il Sung</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Jong Un (as First Chairman)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army">Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 December 1991 – 17 December 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Il Sung</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Jong Un</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Il Sung</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Jong Un</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Yuri Irsenovich Kim</div> (1941-02-16)16 February 1941 <a href="/wiki/Vyatskoye,_Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai">Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 2011(2011-12-17) (aged 70) <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kumsusan_Palace_of_the_Sun" title="Kumsusan Palace of the Sun">Kumsusan Palace of the Sun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>North Korean</li><li>Soviet</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Il-chon" title="Hong Il-chon">Hong Il-chon</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1966; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1969)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sook" title="Kim Young-sook">Kim Young-sook</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1974)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partners</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_Hye-rim" title="Song Hye-rim">Song Hye-rim</a> (1968–2002)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Yong_Hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ko Yong Hui">Ko Yong Hui</a> (1977–2004)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok" title="Kim Ok">Kim Ok</a> (2004–2011)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-nam" title="Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sol-song" title="Kim Sol-song">Kim Sol-song</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-chul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-chul">Kim Jong-chul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yo_Jong" title="Kim Yo Jong">Kim Yo Jong</a><a href="#cite_note-KJD8812-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-suk" title="Kim Jong-suk">Kim Jong-suk</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae_Revolutionary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangyongdae Revolutionary School">Mangyongdae Revolutionary School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University" title="Kim Il Sung University">Kim Il Sung University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-il_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kim Jong Il's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kim_Jong-il_Signature.svg/128px-Kim_Jong-il_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kim_Jong-il_Signature.svg/192px-Kim_Jong-il_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kim_Jong-il_Signature.svg/256px-Kim_Jong-il_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="190" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">North Korea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1991–2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taewonsu" title="Taewonsu">Taewonsu</a> (posthumously)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army">Supreme Commander</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">김정일</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">金正日<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gim Jeongil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Chŏngil</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1980–2011: Member, Presidium of the Political Bureau of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1974–2011: Member, Political Bureau of the 5th, 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1972–1997: Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1972–2011: Member, 5th, 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1982–2011: Deputy, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th Supreme People's Assembly </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1997–2011: Chairman, Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1980–1997: Member, Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1990–1993: First Vice Chairman, National Defense Commission </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of North Korea</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>← <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> →</li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kim Jong Il<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɪm dʒɒŋˈɪl/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kim_Jong_Il.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kim_Jong_Il.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Kim Jong Il.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kim_Jong_Il.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kim_Jong_Il.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Kim_Jong_Il.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Kim Jong Il.wav">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 김정일, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Korean pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[kim.dzɔŋ.il]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/Ko-%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC.wav\/Ko-%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ko-\uae40\uc815\uc77c.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Ko-%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC.wav/Ko-%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ko-%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC.wav" title="File:Ko-김정일.wav">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> born Yuri Kim;<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a> 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was a North Korean politician who was the second <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">supreme leader of North Korea</a> from <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">the death</a> of his father <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> in 1994 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il">his death</a> in 2011, when he was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>. Afterwards, Kim Jong Il was declared <a href="/wiki/Eternal_leaders_of_North_Korea" title="Eternal leaders of North Korea">Eternal General Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (WPK). In the early 1980s, Kim had become the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> for the leadership of North Korea, thus being established the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a>, and he assumed important posts in party and army organizations. Kim succeeded his father and founder of North Korea, Kim Il Sung, following <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">his death</a> in 1994. Kim was the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_WPK" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the WPK">General Secretary of the WPK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">WPK Presidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">WPK Central Military Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Defence_Commission_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Commission" title="National Defence Commission">National Defence Commission</a> (NDC) of North Korea and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army">Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army</a> (KPA), the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of troops">fourth-largest standing army</a> in the world. Kim ruled North Korea as a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">repressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[d]</a> Kim assumed leadership during a period of catastrophic economic crisis amidst the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, on which it was heavily dependent for trade in food and other supplies, which brought <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">a famine</a>. While the famine had ended by the late 1990s, food scarcity continued to be a problem throughout his tenure. Kim strengthened the role of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">military</a> by his <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a> ("military-first") policies, making the army the central organizer of civil society. Kim's rule also saw tentative economic reforms, including the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Kaesong_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaesong Industrial Park">Kaesong Industrial Park</a> in 2003. In April 2009, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%27s_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea's constitution">North Korea's constitution</a> was amended to refer to him and his successors as the "supreme leader of the DPRK". The most common colloquial <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kim_Jong_Il%27s_titles" title="List of Kim Jong Il's titles">title given to Kim</a> during his lifetime was "Dear Leader" to distinguish him from his father Kim Il Sung, the "Great Leader". Following Kim's failure to appear at important public events in 2008, foreign observers assumed that Kim had either fallen seriously ill or died. On 19 December 2011, the North Korean government announced that he had died two days earlier, whereupon his third son, Kim Jong Un, was promoted to a senior position in the ruling WPK and succeeded him. After his death, alongside "Eternal General Secretary" of the WPK, Kim Jong Il was declared "Eternal Chairman" of the now defunct <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Commission" title="National Defence Commission">National Defence Commission</a>, in keeping with <a href="/wiki/Eternal_leaders_of_North_Korea" title="Eternal leaders of North Korea">the tradition of establishing eternal posts</a> for the dead members of the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim dynasty</a>. North Korean media also began referring to Kim as "the General" (장군 Changgun), similar to his father's posthumous designation as "the [eternal] President".<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_of_Kim_Jong_Il.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Youth_of_Kim_Jong_Il.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Kim Jong Il in 1947, at the age of six</figcaption></figure> Soviet records show that Kim Jong Il was born Yuri Kim.<a href="#cite_note-birthname-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> In literature, it is assumed that he was born in 1941 in either the camp of <a href="/wiki/Vyatskoye,_Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai">Vyatskoye</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] or camp Voroshilov near <a href="/wiki/Ussurijsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ussurijsk">Nikolsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> According to Lim Jae Cheon, Kim cannot have been born in Vyatskoye as Kim Il Sung's war records show that he arrived at Vyatskoye only in July 1942 and had been living in Voroshilov before, thus Kim Jong Il is generally agreed to have been born in Voroshilov.<a href="#cite_note-Lim9–10-17">[13]</a> Kim's mother, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Suk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong Suk">Kim Jong Suk</a>, was Kim Il Sung's first wife. Inside his family, he was nicknamed "Yura",<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> while his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Kim_Man-il" title="Kim Man-il">Kim Man Il</a> (born Aleksandr Kim) was nicknamed "Shura".<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> Kim's official biography states he was born in a <a href="/wiki/Paektusan_Secret_Camp" title="Paektusan Secret Camp">secret military camp</a> on <a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 백두산밀영고향집; Paektusan Miryeong Gohyang jip) in <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> on 16 February 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Kim_Jong_Il:_Brief_History''19981-20">[16]</a> According to one comrade of Kim's mother, Lee Min, word of Kim's birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother did not return there until the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreen201245-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Kim Jong Suk died in 1949 from an ectopic pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> In 1945, Kim was four years old when World War II ended and Korea regained independence from Japan. His father returned to <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> that September, and in late November Kim returned to Korea via a Soviet ship, landing at <a href="/wiki/Sonbong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbong">Sonbong</a>. The family moved into a former Japanese officer's mansion in Pyongyang, with a garden and pool. Kim's brother drowned there in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-post-24">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> According to his official biography, Kim completed the course of general education between September 1950 and August 1960. He attended Primary School No. 4 and Middle School No. 1 (<a href="/wiki/Namsan_Senior_High_School" title="Namsan Senior High School">Namsan Higher Middle School</a>) in Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-OhHassig2004-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Kim_Jong_Il:_Brief_History''19985–6-26">[22]</a> This is contested by foreign academics, who believe he is more likely to have received his early education in the People's Republic of China as a precaution to ensure his safety during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Throughout his schooling, Kim was involved in politics. He was active in the Korean Children's Union and the Democratic Youth League of North Korea (DYL), taking part in study groups of Marxist political theory and other literature. In September 1957, he became vice-chairman of his middle school's DYL branch (the chairman had to be a teacher). He pursued a programme of anti-factionalism and attempted to encourage greater ideological education among his classmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Kim_Jong_Il:_Brief_History''19987–9-28">[24]</a> Kim is also said to have received English language education in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> in the early 1970s<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> on his infrequent holidays there as a guest of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Dom Mintoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> The elder Kim had meanwhile remarried and had another son, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Pyong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Pyong-il">Kim Pyong Il</a>. Since 1988, Kim Pyong Il has served in a series of North Korean embassies in Europe and was the North Korean ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>. Foreign commentators suspect that Kim Pyong Il was sent to these distant posts by his father in order to avoid a power struggle between his two sons.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascension_to_power">Ascension to power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ascension to power">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_career">Initial career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial career">edit</a>]</div> Kim Jong Il officially joined the Workers' Party of Korea in July 1961.<a href="#cite_note-ournation-school.com-33">[29]</a> He rose up the ranks during the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> and benefited greatly from the <a href="/wiki/Kapsan_faction_incident" title="Kapsan faction incident">Kapsan faction incident</a> around 1967, which was the last credible challenge to Kim Il Sung's sole rule.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> This incident marked the first time Kim Jong Il was – at age 26 – given official duties by his father, when Jong Il took part in the investigation and purges that followed the incident.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> In addition, Kim Jong Il gave a speech at the plenum; it was his first as a figure of authority. Kim Jong Il's name was also mentioned in public documents, possibly for the first time, indicating that Kim Il Sung might have already planned for Jong Il to succeed him as leader.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lim_Jae-Cheon_2008-38">[34]</a> Only six months later, in an unscheduled meeting of the party, Kim Il Sung called for loyalty in the film industry that had betrayed him with An Act of Sincerity.<a href="#cite_note-40">[e]</a> Kim Jong Il himself announced that he was up to the task and thus begun his influential career in North Korean filmmaking,<a href="#cite_note-Lim_Jae-Cheon_2008-38">[34]</a> during which he made significant efforts to further intensify the personality cult of his father and attach himself to it.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> In 1969, he produced a film adaptation of the North Korean opera <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Blood" title="Sea of Blood">Sea of Blood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> Kim Jong Il was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Committee</a> in 1972 and became its secretary the following year.<a href="#cite_note-ournation-school.com-33">[29]</a> However, when Kim Il Sung began to contemplate the succession question in the early 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-succession-43">[38]</a> it didn't seem certain that Kim Jong Il would be his successor.<a href="#cite_note-rajongyil-39">[35]</a> There was Kim's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-ju" title="Kim Yong-ju">Kim Yong-ju</a>, who was once believed to be Kim Il Sung's eventual successor<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> but who had made several mistakes in the struggle for power, had serious flaws,<a href="#cite_note-rajongyil-39">[35]</a> and was becoming increasingly marginalized.<a href="#cite_note-memoirs-45">[40]</a> Then there was the threat posed by his paternal half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Pyong_Il" title="Kim Pyong Il">Kim Pyong Il</a>, whose mother, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Song-ae" title="Kim Song-ae">Kim Song-ae</a>, wished to place her son in line for succession instead of Jong Il.<a href="#cite_note-rajongyil-39">[35]</a> Defector <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Jang-yop" title="Hwang Jang-yop">Hwang Jang Yop</a> wrote in his memoirs,<a href="#cite_note-successor-46">[41]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[By early 1973] the power of the Central Committee of the Party was slowly being handed over to Kim Jong Il. Many people were becoming aware that Kim Jong Il was the successor. In North Korea, where pre-modern ideas of ancestry were overwhelming, many people had figured out that Kim Jong Il would be the successor. ... Some people were under the impression that first generation revolutionaries who had pursued the anti-Japan guerilla struggle alongside Kim Il Sung had picked Kim Jong Il as the successor, but that was not true. There was no-one among them who could suggest a successor. Even if there were someone, it would have been impossible had Kim Il Sung showed even a small sign of objection. ... [T]he succession became possible because the totalitarian dictatorship had become firm and prolonged. In other words, since Kim Il Sung lacked a modern sense of politics and was steeped in pre-modern thinking, he came up with the absurd idea of handing the country over to his son. In addition, Kim Jong Il himself was ambitious to succeed his father and made every effort to do so.</blockquote> In February 1974, Kim Yong-ju was criticized by Kim Il Sung at a party conference and demoted to vice-premier. Kim Yong-ju's allies were removed and eventually he was placed under house arrest, where he remained until 1993.<a href="#cite_note-successor-46">[41]</a> In 1976, Kim Song-ae lost her position as <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Women%27s_Union_of_Korea" title="Socialist Women's Union of Korea">chair of the KDWL</a>, which was her vital power base.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> And in 1979, Kim Pyong Il began a series of diplomatic postings in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, arranged so as then he couldn't influence politics in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> Kim Pyong Il only returned to North Korea in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> According to Kim Jong Il's official biography, the Central Committee already appointed him successor to Kim Il Sung in 1974. The first public confirmation of Kim Jong Il's position as successor came in 1977, when in a booklet he was designated as Kim Il Sung's only heir.<a href="#cite_note-succession-43">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heir_apparent">Heir apparent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heir apparent">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Special:EditPage/Kim Jong Il">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">Sixth Party Congress</a> in October 1980, Kim's control of the Party operation was complete. He was given senior posts in the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Presidium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Military Commission</a> and the party <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a>. When he was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/1982_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="1982 North Korean parliamentary election">Seventh Supreme People's Assembly</a> in February 1982, international observers deemed him the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> of North Korea. Prior to 1980, he had no public profile and was referred to only as the "Party Centre".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002127-50">[45]</a> At this time Kim assumed the title "Dear Leader" (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 친애하는 지도자; <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: ch'inaehanŭn jidoja),<a href="#cite_note-dear-51">[46]</a> and the government began building a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> around him patterned after that of his father, the "Great Leader". Kim was regularly hailed by the media as the "fearless leader" and "the great successor to the revolutionary cause". He emerged as the most powerful figure behind his father in North Korea. By the 1980s, North Korea began to experience severe economic stagnation. Kim Il Sung's policy of <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> (self-reliance) cut the country off from almost all external trade, even with its traditional partners, the Soviet Union and China. South Korea accused Kim of ordering the <a href="/wiki/Rangoon_bombing" title="Rangoon bombing">1983 bombing in Rangoon</a>, Burma which killed 17 visiting South Korean officials, including four cabinet members, and another in 1987 which killed all 115 onboard <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_858" title="Korean Air Flight 858">Korean Air Flight 858</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yangon-52">[47]</a> A North Korean agent, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Hyon-hui" title="Kim Hyon-hui">Kim Hyon Hui</a>, confessed to planting a bomb in the case of the second, saying the operation was ordered by Kim personally.<a href="#cite_note-hyonhui-53">[48]</a> On 24 December 1991, Kim was also named <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army">Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[49]</a> Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Oh_Jin-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oh Jin-wu">Oh Jin Wu</a>, one of Kim Il Sung's most loyal subordinates, engineered Kim's acceptance by the Army as the next leader of North Korea, despite his lack of military service. In 1992, Kim Il Sung publicly stated that his son was in charge of all internal affairs in the Democratic People's Republic. In 1992, radio broadcasts started referring to him as the "Dear Father", instead of the "Dear Leader", suggesting a promotion. His 50th birthday in February was the occasion for massive celebrations, exceeded only by those for the 80th <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Sun" title="Day of the Sun">birthday of Kim Il Sung</a> himself on 15 April that same year. In 1992, Kim made his first public speech during a military parade for the KPA's 60th anniversary and said:<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-55">[50]</a> "Glory to the officers and soldiers of the heroic Korean People's Army!".<a href="#cite_note-Jeffries2012-56">[51]</a> These words were followed by a loud applause by the crowd at Pyongyang's <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square" title="Kim Il Sung Square">Kim Il Sung Square</a> where the parade was held. Kim was named <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Defence_Commission_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Commission_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Commission of North Korea">National Defence Commission</a> on 9 April 1993, making him day-to-day commander of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-nkle_20th-57">[52]</a> According to defector <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Jang-yop" title="Hwang Jang-yop">Hwang Jang Yop</a>, the North Korean government system became even more centralized and <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> during the 1980s and 1990s under Kim than it had been under his father. In one example explained by Hwang, although Kim Il Sung required his ministers to be loyal to him, he nonetheless and frequently sought their advice during decision-making. In contrast, Kim Jong Il demanded absolute obedience and agreement from his ministers and party officials with no advice or compromise, and he viewed any slight deviation from his thinking as a sign of disloyalty. According to Hwang, Kim Jong Il personally directed even minor details of state affairs, such as the size of houses for party secretaries and the delivery of gifts to his subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-il_in_North_Korean_propaganda_(6075328850).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kim_Jong-il_in_North_Korean_propaganda_%286075328850%29.jpg/220px-Kim_Jong-il_in_North_Korean_propaganda_%286075328850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kim_Jong-il_in_North_Korean_propaganda_%286075328850%29.jpg/330px-Kim_Jong-il_in_North_Korean_propaganda_%286075328850%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kim_Jong-il_in_North_Korean_propaganda_%286075328850%29.jpg/440px-Kim_Jong-il_in_North_Korean_propaganda_%286075328850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Idealized portrait of Kim Jong Il</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_North_Korea">Leader of North Korea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leader of North Korea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_(april_2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg/250px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg/330px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg/500px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_%28april_2012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3663" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>North Koreans bowing to the statues of Kim Jong Il and his father, Kim Il Sung, at the <a href="/wiki/Mansu_Hill_Grand_Monument" title="Mansu Hill Grand Monument">Mansu Hill Grand Monument</a></figcaption></figure> On 8 July 1994, <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung died</a> at the age of 82 from a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001291-59">[54]</a> Kim Jong Il had been his father's designated successor as early as 1974,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201590-60">[55]</a> named commander-in-chief in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2006129-61">[56]</a> and became Supreme Leader upon his father's death.<a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter_1-62">[57]</a> He officially took over his father's old post as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> on 8 October 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002175-63">[58]</a> In 1998, he was re-elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission, and a constitutional amendment declared that post to be "the highest post of the state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001296-64">[59]</a> Also in 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a> wrote the president's post out of the constitution and designated Kim Il Sung as the country's "<a href="/wiki/Eternal_President_of_the_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal President of the Republic">Eternal President</a>" in order to honor his memory forever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001274-65">[60]</a> Officially, Kim was part of a <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">triumvirate</a> heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier <a href="/wiki/Choe_Yong-rim" title="Choe Yong-rim">Choe Yong Rim</a> and parliament chairman <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-nam" title="Kim Yong-nam">Kim Yong Nam</a> (no relation). Kim commanded the armed forces, Choe Yong Rim headed the government and handled domestic affairs and Kim Yong Nam handled foreign relations. However, in practice, Kim, like his father before him, exercised absolute control over the government and the country. Although not required to stand for popular election to his key offices, he was unanimously elected to the Supreme People's Assembly every five years, representing a military constituency, due to his concurrent capacities as supreme commander of the KPA and chairman of the NDC.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic policies">edit</a>]</div> Kim had a "reputation for being almost comically incompetent in matters of economic management".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA130_130]-67">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">economy of North Korea</a> struggled throughout the 1990s, primarily due to mismanagement. In addition, North Korea experienced severe <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a> in the mid-1990s, exacerbated by poor land management.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoland2004-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-haggard209-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-terribleTruth-70">[65]</a> This, compounded with the fact that only 18% of North Korea is arable land<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> and the country's inability to import the goods necessary to sustain industry,<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> led to a <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in North Korea">severe famine</a> and left North Korea economically devastated. Faced with a country in decay, Kim adopted a <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">"Military-First" policy</a> to strengthen the country and reinforce the regime.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> On the national scale, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Foreign Ministry">Japanese Foreign Ministry</a> acknowledges that this has resulted in a positive growth rate for the country since 1996, with the implementation of "landmark socialist-type market economic practices" in 2002, keeping the North afloat despite a continued dependency on foreign aid for food.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> In the wake of the devastation of the 1990s, the government began formally approving some activity of small-scale bartering and trade. As observed by Daniel Sneider, associate director for research at the Stanford University <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia–Pacific Research Center">Asia–Pacific Research Center</a>, this flirtation with capitalism was "fairly limited, but – especially compared to the past – there are now remarkable markets that create the semblance of a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> system".<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> In 2002, Kim declared that "money should be capable of measuring the worth of all commodities."<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> These gestures toward economic reform mirror similar actions taken by China's <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in the late 1980s and early 90s. During a rare visit in 2006, Kim expressed admiration for China's rapid economic progress.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> An unsuccessful devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> in 2009, initiated or approved by Kim personally,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA130_130]-67">[62]</a> caused brief economic chaos and uncovered the vulnerability of the country's societal fabric in the face of crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA131_131]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA133_133]-78">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_4_August_2001-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Vladimir_Putin_4_August_2001-1.jpg/250px-Vladimir_Putin_4_August_2001-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Vladimir_Putin_4_August_2001-1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_4_August_2001-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Vladimir_Putin_4_August_2001-1.jpg/500px-Vladimir_Putin_4_August_2001-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Kim talking with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> during their 2001 meeting in Moscow</figcaption></figure> Kim was known as a skilled and manipulative diplomat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA130_130]-67">[62]</a> In 1998, South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> implemented the "<a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a>" to improve North-South relations and to allow South Korean companies to start projects in the North. Kim announced plans to import and develop new technologies to develop North Korea's fledgling software industry. As a result of the new policy, the <a href="/wiki/Kaesong_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaesong Industrial Park">Kaesong Industrial Park</a> was constructed in 2003 just north of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">demilitarized zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_William_Cohen_meets_with_Jo_Myong_Rok_in_the_Pentagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SD_William_Cohen_meets_with_Jo_Myong_Rok_in_the_Pentagon.jpg/220px-SD_William_Cohen_meets_with_Jo_Myong_Rok_in_the_Pentagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SD_William_Cohen_meets_with_Jo_Myong_Rok_in_the_Pentagon.jpg/330px-SD_William_Cohen_meets_with_Jo_Myong_Rok_in_the_Pentagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SD_William_Cohen_meets_with_Jo_Myong_Rok_in_the_Pentagon.jpg/440px-SD_William_Cohen_meets_with_Jo_Myong_Rok_in_the_Pentagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok" title="Kim Ok">Kim Ok</a>, Kim's personal secretary, with U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a>, 2000</figcaption></figure> In 1994, North Korea and the United States signed an <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a> which was designed to freeze and eventually dismantle the North's <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean nuclear weapons program">nuclear weapons program</a> in exchange for aid in producing two power-generating <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> and the assurance that it would not be invaded again. In 2000, after a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>, he agreed to a moratorium on missile construction.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> In 2002, Kim's government admitted to having produced nuclear weapons since the 1994 agreement. Kim's regime argued the secret production was necessary for security purposes – citing the presence of United States-owned nuclear weapons in South Korea and the new tensions with the United States under President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> On 9 October 2006, North Korea's Korean Central News Agency announced that it had successfully conducted <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">an underground nuclear test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc1-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_of_personality">Cult of personality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cult of personality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">North Korean cult of personality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DPRK_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DPRK_election.jpg/220px-DPRK_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DPRK_election.jpg/330px-DPRK_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DPRK_election.jpg/440px-DPRK_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>A North Korean voting booth containing portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il under the national flag (below the portraits is the ballot box)</figcaption></figure> Kim was the focus of an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> inherited from his father and founder of the DPRK, Kim Il Sung. Kim Jong Il was often the centre of attention throughout ordinary life in the DPRK. On his 60th birthday (based on his official date of birth), mass celebrations occurred throughout the country on the occasion of his <a href="/wiki/Hwangap" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwangap">Hwangap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> In 2010, the North Korean media reported that Kim's distinctive clothing had set worldwide fashion trends.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> The prevailing point of view is that the people's adherence to Kim's cult of personality was solely out of respect for Kim Il Sung or out of fear of punishment for failure to pay homage.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Media and government sources from outside North Korea generally support this view,<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10405224-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> while North Korean government sources aver that it was genuine hero worship.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> The song "<a href="/wiki/No_Motherland_Without_You" title="No Motherland Without You">No Motherland Without You</a>", sung by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_State_Merited_Chorus_and_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Korean People's Army State Merited Chorus and Symphony Orchestra">KPA State Merited Choir</a>, was created especially for Kim in 1992 and is frequently broadcast on the radio and from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_record">Human rights record</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human rights record">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></div> According to a 2004 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report, the North Korean government under Kim was "among the world's most repressive governments", having up to 200,000 political prisoners according to U.S. and South Korean officials, with no freedom of the press or religion, political opposition or equal education: "Virtually every aspect of political, social, and economic life is controlled by the government."<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> Kim's government was accused of "<a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>" for its alleged culpability in creating and prolonging the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">1990s famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoland2004-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-haggard209-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-terribleTruth-70">[65]</a> Human Rights Watch characterized him as a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> and accused him of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> condemned him for leaving 'millions of North Koreans mired in poverty' and detaining hundreds of thousands of people in <a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">prison camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Kim Jong Il claimed that the barometer for distinguishing whether a person can be deemed a member of North Korean society and hence entitled to rights 'lies not on the grounds of his social class but on the grounds of his ideology'.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_rumours_of_waning_power">Health and rumours of waning power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Health and rumours of waning power">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_reports">2008 reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2008 reports">edit</a>]</div> In an August 2008 issue of the Japanese newsweekly <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABkan_Gendai" title="Shūkan Gendai">Shūkan Gendai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a> professor Toshimitsu Shigemura, an authority on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_20080907-98">[93]</a> claimed that Kim died of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> in late 2003 and had been replaced in public appearances by one or more stand-ins previously employed to protect him from assassination attempts.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> In a subsequent best-selling book, The True Character of Kim Jong Il, Shigemura cited apparently unnamed people close to Kim's family along with Japanese and South Korean intelligence sources, claiming they confirmed Kim's diabetes took a turn for the worse early in 2000 and from then until his supposed death three-and-a-half years later he was using a wheelchair. Shigemura moreover claimed a voiceprint analysis of Kim speaking in 2004 did not match a known earlier recording. It was also noted that Kim did not appear in public for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay" title="2008 Summer Olympics torch relay">Olympic torch relay</a> in Pyongyang on 28 April 2008. The question had reportedly "baffled foreign <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence agencies">intelligence agencies</a> for years".<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes_20080907-98">[93]</a> On 9 September 2008, various sources reported that after he did not show up that day for a military parade celebrating North Korea's 60th anniversary, United States intelligence agencies believed Kim might be "gravely ill" after having suffered a stroke. He had last been seen in public a month earlier.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> A former <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> official said earlier reports of a health crisis were likely accurate. North Korean media remained silent on the issue. An <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> report said analysts believed Kim had been supporting moderates in the foreign ministry, while North Korea's powerful military was against so-called "Six-Party" negotiations with China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States aimed towards ridding North Korea of nuclear weapons. Some United States officials noted that soon after rumours about Kim's health were publicized a month before, North Korea had taken a "tougher line in nuclear negotiations". In late August North Korea's official news agency reported the government would "consider soon a step to restore the nuclear facilities in <a href="/wiki/Nyongbyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyongbyon">Nyongbyon</a> to their original state as strongly requested by its relevant institutions". Analysts said this meant "the military may have taken the upper hand and that Kim might no longer be wielding absolute authority". By 10 September, there were conflicting reports. Unidentified South Korean government officials said Kim had undergone surgery after suffering a minor stroke and had apparently "intended to attend 9 September event in the afternoon but decided not to because of the aftermath of the surgery". Kim Yong Nam said, "While we wanted to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the country with general secretary Kim Jong Il, we celebrated on our own". Song Il Ho, North Korea's ambassador said, "We see such reports as not only worthless, but rather as a conspiracy plot". Seoul's Chosun Ilbo newspaper reported that "the South Korean embassy in Beijing had received an intelligence report that Kim collapsed on 22 August".<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported on 9 September that Kim was "very ill and most likely suffered a stroke a few weeks ago, but United States intelligence authorities do not think his death is imminent".<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> noted that the North Korean government denied these reports, stating that Kim's health problems were "not serious enough to threaten his life",<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> although they did confirm that he had suffered a stroke on 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-time-stroke-105">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-il_2011-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kim_Jong-il_2011-5.jpg/250px-Kim_Jong-il_2011-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kim_Jong-il_2011-5.jpg/330px-Kim_Jong-il_2011-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kim_Jong-il_2011-5.jpg/500px-Kim_Jong-il_2011-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Kim at a meeting during his visit with <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> in August 2011</figcaption></figure> Japan's <a href="/wiki/Kyodo_News" title="Kyodo News">Kyodo News</a> agency reported on 14 September, that "Kim collapsed on 14 August due to stroke or a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">cerebral hemorrhage</a>, and that Beijing dispatched five military doctors at the request of Pyongyang. Kim will require a long period of rest and rehabilitation before he fully recovers and has complete command of his limbs again, as with typical stroke victims". Japan's <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a> claimed Kim had occasionally lost consciousness since April.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> Japan's <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Shimbun" title="Tokyo Shimbun">Tokyo Shimbun</a> on 15 September, added that Kim was staying at the Bongwha State Guest House. He was apparently conscious "but he needs some time to recuperate from the recent stroke, with some parts of his hands and feet paralyzed". It cited Chinese sources which claimed that one cause for the stroke could have been stress brought about by the United States delay to remove North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> On 19 October, North Korea reportedly ordered its diplomats to stay near their embassies to await "an important message", according to Japan's <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a>, setting off renewed speculation about the health of the ailing leader.<a href="#cite_note-kore_NKDi-108">[103]</a> By 29 October 2008, reports stated Kim suffered a serious setback and had been taken back to the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> The New York Times reported that Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Taro_Aso" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro Aso">Taro Aso</a>, on 28 October 2008, stated in a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary session">parliamentary session</a> that Kim had been hospitalized: "His condition is not so good. However, I don't think he is totally incapable of making decisions". Aso further said a French <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosurgeon">neurosurgeon</a> was aboard a plane for Beijing, en route to North Korea. Further, Kim Sung-ho, director of South Korea's National Intelligence Service, told lawmakers in a closed parliamentary session in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> that "Kim appeared to be recovering quickly enough to start performing his daily duties".<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-A_Ilbo" title="The Dong-A Ilbo">The Dong-A Ilbo</a> newspaper reported "a serious problem" with Kim's health. Japan's <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">Fuji Television</a> network reported that Kim's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-nam" title="Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam</a>, traveled to Paris to hire a neurosurgeon for his father, and showed footage where the surgeon boarded flight CA121 bound for Pyongyang from Beijing on 24 October. The French weekly <a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a> identified him as Francois-Xavier Roux, <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a> director of Paris' Sainte-Anne Hospital, but Roux himself stated he was in Beijing for several days and not North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> On 19 December 2011, Roux confirmed that Kim suffered a debilitating stroke in 2008 and was treated by himself and other French doctors at Pyongyang's Red Cross Hospital. Roux said Kim suffered few lasting effects.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> On 5 November 2008, the North's Korean Central News Agency published 2 photos showing Kim posing with dozens of <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA) soldiers on a visit to military Unit 2200 and sub-unit of Unit 534. Shown with his usual <a href="/wiki/Bouffant" title="Bouffant">bouffant</a> hairstyle, with his trademark sunglasses and a white winter parka, Kim stood in front of trees with autumn foliage and a red-and-white banner.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> questioned the authenticity of at least one of these photos.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> In November 2008, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">TBS TV network</a> reported that Kim had suffered a second stroke in October, which "affected the movement of his left arm and leg and also his ability to speak".<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-118">[113]</a> However, South Korea's intelligence agency rejected this report.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-118">[113]</a> In response to the rumors regarding Kim's health and supposed loss of power, in April 2009, North Korea released a video showing Kim visiting factories and other places around the country between November and December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked diplomatic cables</a> purportedly attested that Kim suffered from <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, Kim was a <a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">chain-smoker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_People%27s_Study_House_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grand_People%27s_Study_House_08.JPG/220px-Grand_People%27s_Study_House_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grand_People%27s_Study_House_08.JPG/330px-Grand_People%27s_Study_House_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grand_People%27s_Study_House_08.JPG/440px-Grand_People%27s_Study_House_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of Kim Jong Il and his father in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_People%27s_Study_House" title="Grand People's Study House">Grand People's Study House</a> in Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successor">Successor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Successor">edit</a>]</div> Kim's three sons and his brother-in-law, along with <a href="/wiki/O_Kuk-ryol" title="O Kuk-ryol">O Kuk Ryol</a>, an army general, had been noted as possible successors, but the North Korean government had for a time been wholly silent on this matter.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Kim Yong Hyun, a political expert at the Institute for North Korean Studies at Seoul's <a href="/wiki/Dongguk_University" title="Dongguk University">Dongguk University</a>, said in 2007: "Even the North Korean establishment would not advocate a continuation of the family <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> at this point".<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Kim's eldest son Kim Jong-nam was earlier believed to be the designated heir but he appeared to have fallen out of favor after being arrested at <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita International Airport</a> near Tokyo in 2001 where he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a <a href="/wiki/Fake_passport" title="Fake passport">fake passport</a> to visit <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland" title="Tokyo Disneyland">Tokyo Disneyland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> On 2 June 2009, it was reported that Kim's youngest son, Kim Jong Un, was to be North Korea's next leader.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> Like his father and grandfather, he has also been given an official <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a>, The Brilliant Comrade.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Prior to his death, it had been reported that Kim was expected to officially designate the son as his successor in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA144_144]-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-election_as_leader">Re-election as leader</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Re-election as leader">edit</a>]</div> On 9 April 2009, Kim was re-elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> and made an appearance at the Supreme People's Assembly. This was the first time Kim was seen in public since August 2008. He was unanimously re-elected and given a standing ovation.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> On 28 September 2010, Kim was re-elected as General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-bbc._Nort-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_and_2011_foreign_visits">2010 and 2011 foreign visits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2010 and 2011 foreign visits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_(2011-08-24)_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_07.jpg/250px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_07.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_07.jpg/500px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Kim with <a href="/wiki/Russian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian President">Russian President</a> Dmitry Medvedev in <a href="/wiki/Sosnovy_Bor_(garrison)" title="Sosnovy Bor (garrison)">Sosnovy-Bor Military garrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaigrayevsky_District" title="Zaigrayevsky District">Zaigrayevsky District</a> <a href="/wiki/Buriatya" class="mw-redirect" title="Buriatya">Buriatya</a> on 24 August 2011</figcaption></figure> Kim reportedly visited the People's Republic of China in May 2010. He entered the country via his <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_leaders%27_trains" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean leaders' trains">personal train</a> on 3 May and stayed in a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> In May 2010, Assistant U.S. Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs <a href="/wiki/Kurt_M._Campbell" title="Kurt M. Campbell">Kurt Campbell</a> told South Korean officials that Kim had only three years to live, according to medical information that had been compiled.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> Kim travelled to China again in August 2010, this time with his son, fueling speculation at the time that he was ready to hand over power to his son, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> He returned to China again in May 2011, marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between China and the DPRK.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> In late August 2011, he traveled by train to the Russian Far East to meet with President Dmitry Medvedev for unspecified talks.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_2011">Late 2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Late 2011">edit</a>]</div> There were speculations that the visits of Kim abroad in 2010 and 2011 were a sign of his improving health and a possible slowdown in succession might follow. After the visit to Russia, Kim appeared in a military parade in Pyongyang on 9 September, accompanied by Kim Jong Un.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il">Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/220px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/330px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/440px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22800" data-file-height="29352" /></a><figcaption>An official portrait of Kim, issued after his death</figcaption></figure> It was reported that Kim had died of a suspected <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> on 17 December 2011 at 8:30 am while <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_leaders%27_trains" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean leaders' trains">travelling by train</a> to an area outside Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-bbcdeath-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_-_19Dec2011_-_North_Korean_leader_Kim_Jong-il_dead-138">[133]</a> He was succeeded by his youngest son Kim Jong Un, who was hailed by the Korean Central News Agency as the "Great Successor".<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> According to the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), during his death a fierce snowstorm "paused" and "the sky glowed red above the sacred <a href="/wiki/Mount_Paektu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Paektu">Mount Paektu</a>" and the ice on a famous lake also cracked so loud that it seemed to "shake the Heavens and the Earth".<a href="#cite_note-bbcskyglow-142">[137]</a> Kim's funeral took place on 28 December in Pyongyang, with a mourning period lasting until the following day. South Korea's military was immediately put on alert after the announcement and its National Security Council convened for an emergency meeting, out of concern that political jockeying in North Korea could destabilise the region. Asian stock markets fell soon after the announcement, due to similar concerns.<a href="#cite_note-bbcdeath-137">[132]</a> On 12 January 2012, North Korea called Kim the "eternal leader" and announced that his body would be preserved and displayed at Pyongyang's <a href="/wiki/Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumsusan Memorial Palace">Kumsusan Memorial Palace</a>. Officials also announced plans to install statues, portraits, and <a href="/wiki/Immortality_Tower" title="Immortality Tower">immortality towers</a> across the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> His birthday of 16 February was declared "the greatest auspicious holiday of the nation" and was named the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Shining_Star" title="Day of the Shining Star">Day of the Shining Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> In February 2012, on what would have been his 71st birthday, Kim was posthumously made <a href="/wiki/Dae_Wonsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dae Wonsu">Dae Wonsu</a> (usually translated as <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a>, literally <a href="/wiki/Grand_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Marshal">Grand Marshal</a>), the nation's top military rank. He had been named <a href="/wiki/Wonsu_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonsu (North Korea)">Wonsu</a> (Marshal) in 1992 when North Korean founder Kim Il Sung was promoted to Dae Wonsu.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Also in February 2012, the North Korean government created the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Order of Kim Jong Il">Order of Kim Jong Il</a> in his honor and awarded it to 132 individuals for services in building a "thriving socialist nation" and for increasing defense capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family (North Korea)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia.JPG/220px-Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia.JPG/330px-Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia.JPG/440px-Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Kim Jong Il and his father Kim Il Sung</figcaption></figure> There is no official information available about Kim Jong Il's marital history, but he is believed to have been officially married twice and to have had three <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistresses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Women_in_Kim's_Life-148">[143]</a> He had three known sons: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-nam" title="Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-chul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-chul">Kim Jong Chul</a> and Kim Jong Un. His two known daughters are <a href="/wiki/Kim_Sol-song" title="Kim Sol-song">Kim Sol Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yo_Jong" title="Kim Yo Jong">Kim Yo Jong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KJD8812-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-theseoultimes.com-149">[144]</a> Kim's first wife, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Il-chon" title="Hong Il-chon">Hong Il Chon</a>, was the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> who died during the Korean War. She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966. They had a daughter called Kim Hye Kyung,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreen201264-150">[145]</a> who was born in 1968. Soon afterwards, they divorced in 1969. Kim's first mistress, <a href="/wiki/Song_Hye-rim" title="Song Hye-rim">Song Hye Rim</a>, was a star of North Korean films. She was already married to another man and with a child when they met.<a href="#cite_note-NK_defector-151">[146]</a> Kim is reported to have forced her husband to divorce her. This relationship, which started in 1970, was not officially recognized. They had one son, Kim Jong-nam (1971–2017), who was Kim Jong Il's eldest son. Kim kept both the relationship and the child a secret (even from his father) until he ascended to power in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-NK_defector-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim's_Secret_Family-152">[147]</a> However, after years of estrangement, Song is believed to have died in Moscow in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Clinical_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Clinical Hospital">Central Clinical Hospital</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-153">[148]</a> Kim's official wife, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sook" title="Kim Young-sook">Kim Young Sook</a>, was the daughter of a high-ranking military official. His father Kim Il Sung handpicked her to marry his son.<a href="#cite_note-The_Women_in_Kim's_Life-148">[143]</a> The two were estranged for some years before Kim's death. Kim had a daughter from this marriage, Kim Sol Song (born 1974).<a href="#cite_note-theseoultimes.com-149">[144]</a> His second mistress, <a href="/wiki/Ko_Yong_Hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ko Yong Hui">Ko Yong Hui</a>, was a Japanese-born ethnic Korean and a dancer. She had taken over the role of <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> until her death – reportedly of cancer – in 2004. They had two sons, Kim Jong Chul (in 1981) and Kim Jong Un, also "Jong Woon" or "Jong Woong" (in 1983).<a href="#cite_note-Kim's_Secret_Family-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Jong-un's_Birthday-154">[149]</a> They also had a daughter, Kim Yo Jong, who was about 23 years old in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-KJD8812-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Yo_Jong-155">[150]</a> After Ko's death, Kim lived with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok" title="Kim Ok">Kim Ok</a>, his third mistress, who had served as his personal secretary since the 1980s. She "virtually act[ed] as North Korea's first lady" and frequently accompanied Kim on his visits to military bases and in meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries. She traveled with Kim on a secretive trip to China in January 2006, where she was received by Chinese officials as Kim's wife.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> According to Michael Breen, author of the book Kim Jong Il: North Korea's Dear Leader, the women intimately linked to Kim never acquired any power or influence of consequence. As he explains, their roles were limited to that of romance and domesticity.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> He had a younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyong-hui" title="Kim Kyong-hui">Kim Kyong Hui</a>. She was married to <a href="/wiki/Jang_Sung-taek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jang Sung-taek">Jang Sung Taek</a>, who was executed in December 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, after being charged with treason and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-Il.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Kim_Jong-Il.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Kim in 2000</figcaption></figure> Like his father, Kim had a <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_flying" title="Fear of flying">fear of flying</a><a href="#cite_note-fp_phobia-159">[154]</a> and always travelled by <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_leaders%27_trains" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean leaders' trains">private armored train</a> for state visits to Russia and China.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pulikovsky" title="Konstantin Pulikovsky">Konstantin Pulikovsky</a>, a Russian emissary who travelled with Kim across Russia by train, told reporters that Kim had live <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a> air-lifted to the train every day and ate them with silver chopsticks.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> Kim was said to be a huge film fan, owning a collection of more than 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Video_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Video tape">video tapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-cinephile-163">[158]</a> His reported favourite movie franchises included <a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)" title="Friday the 13th (franchise)">Friday the 13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godzilla (series)">Godzilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoko_wa_Tsurai_yo" title="Otoko wa Tsurai yo">Otoko wa Tsurai yo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rambo_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambo (film series)">Rambo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cinephile-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-166">[161]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> his favourite male and female actors.<a href="#cite_note-cinephile-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> Kim was also said to have been a fan of <a href="/wiki/Ealing_comedies" title="Ealing comedies">Ealing comedies</a>, inspired by their emphasis on team spirit and a mobilised proletariat.<a href="#cite_note-cinephile-163">[158]</a> Kim oversaw the production of <a href="/wiki/The_Flower_Girl" title="The Flower Girl">The Flower Girl</a>, a film which also became immensely popular in China.<a href="#cite_note-:122-168">[163]</a> He authored <a href="/wiki/On_the_Art_of_the_Cinema" title="On the Art of the Cinema">On the Art of the Cinema</a>. In 1978, on Kim's orders South Korean film director <a href="/wiki/Shin_Sang-ok" title="Shin Sang-ok">Shin Sang-ok</a> and his actress wife <a href="/wiki/Choi_Eun-hee" title="Choi Eun-hee">Choi Eun-hee</a> <a href="/wiki/Abduction_of_Shin_Sang-ok_and_Choi_Eun-hee" title="Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee">were kidnapped</a> in order to build a North Korean film industry.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> He supervised all of their films from thereupon until Shin and Choi escaped North Korean control in 1986. The last of these movies was the 1985 Godzilla-inspired epic <a href="/wiki/Pulgasari" title="Pulgasari">Pulgasari</a>, which Kim considered a masterpiece.<a href="#cite_note-:2-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> In 2006, he was involved in the production of the <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a>-based movie <a href="/wiki/The_Schoolgirl%27s_Diary" title="The Schoolgirl's Diary">The Schoolgirl's Diary</a>, which depicted the life of a young girl whose parents are scientists, with a <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">KCNA</a> news report stating that Kim "improved its script and guided its production".<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> Although Kim enjoyed many foreign forms of entertainment, according to former <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Guard_Command" title="Supreme Guard Command">bodyguard</a> <a href="/wiki/Yodok_concentration_camp#Prisoners_(witnesses)" title="Yodok concentration camp">Lee Young Kuk</a>, he refused to consume any food or drink not produced in North Korea, with the exception of wine from France.<a href="#cite_note-supremo-172">[167]</a> His former chef <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Fujimoto" title="Kenji Fujimoto">Kenji Fujimoto</a>, however, has stated that Kim sometimes sent him around the world to purchase a variety of foreign <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> Kim reportedly enjoyed basketball. Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> ended her summit with Kim by presenting him with a basketball signed by <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> legend <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> His official biography also claims that Kim composed six operas and enjoyed staging elaborate <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">musicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laika_ac_Samijyon_(6900265643).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laika_ac_Samijyon_%286900265643%29.jpg/220px-Laika_ac_Samijyon_%286900265643%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laika_ac_Samijyon_%286900265643%29.jpg/330px-Laika_ac_Samijyon_%286900265643%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laika_ac_Samijyon_%286900265643%29.jpg/440px-Laika_ac_Samijyon_%286900265643%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Kim Jong Il and his father Kim Il Sung</figcaption></figure> United States Special Envoy for the Korean Peace Talks, Charles Kartman, who was involved in the 2000 Madeleine Albright summit with Kim, characterised Kim as a reasonable man in negotiations, to the point, but with a sense of humor and personally attentive to the people he was hosting.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> However, psychological evaluations conclude that Kim's <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a> features, such as his fearlessness in the face of sanctions and punishment, served to make negotiations extraordinarily difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeSegal2009200-177">[172]</a> The field of psychology has long been fascinated with the personality assessment of dictators, a notion that resulted in an extensive personality evaluation of Kim. The report, compiled by Frederick L. Coolidge and Daniel L. Segal (with the assistance of a South Korean psychiatrist considered an expert on Kim's behavior), concluded that the "big six" group of personality disorders shared by dictators <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">sadistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">paranoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a>) were also shared by Kim – coinciding primarily with the profile of Saddam Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeSegal2009199-178">[173]</a> The evaluation found that Kim appeared to pride himself on North Korea's independence, despite the extreme hardships it appears to place on the North Korean people – an attribute appearing to emanate from his antisocial personality pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeSegal2009200-177">[172]</a> Defectors claimed that Kim had 17 different palaces and residences all over North Korea, including a private resort near <a href="/wiki/Baekdu_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baekdu Mountain">Baekdu Mountain</a>, a seaside lodge in the city of <a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ryongsong_Residence" title="Ryongsong Residence">Ryongsong Residence</a>, a palace complex northeast of Pyongyang surrounded with multiple fence lines, <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a> and anti-aircraft batteries.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2010 report in the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Telegraph">Sunday Telegraph</a>, Kim had 4 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> on deposit in European banks in case he ever needed to flee North Korea. The Sunday Telegraph reported that most of the money was in banks in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_titles">Official titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Official titles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kim_Jong_Il%27s_titles" title="List of Kim Jong Il's titles">List of Kim Jong Il's titles</a></div>Kim received numerous titles during his rule. In April 2009, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%27s_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea's constitution">North Korea's constitution</a> was amended to refer to him and his successors as the "supreme leader of the DPRK".<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Statue_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio.JPG/220px-Statue_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Statue_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio.JPG/330px-Statue_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Statue_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio.JPG/440px-Statue_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian statues of younger versions of Kim Jong Il (right) and Kim Il Sung, Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Party Center of the WPK and Member, Central Committee of the WPK (1970s)<a href="#cite_note-sahwe-182">[177]</a></li> <li>Dear Leader (Chinaehaneun Jidoja) (late 1970s–1994)<a href="#cite_note-sahwe-182">[177]</a></li> <li>Member, Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK</li> <li>Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> (1974–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Presidium</a> member, WPK Central Committee (1980–2011)</li> <li>Supreme Commander, <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (25 December 1991 – 17 December 2011)<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[49]</a></li> <li>Marshal of the DPRK (1993–2011)<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a></li> <li>Chairman, <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Commission" title="National Defence Commission">National Defence Commission</a> (1993–2011)<a href="#cite_note-nkle_20th-57">[52]</a></li> <li>Great Leader (Widehan Ryongdoja) (8 July 1994 – 17 December 2011)<a href="#cite_note-sahwe-182">[177]</a></li> <li>General Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011)<a href="#cite_note-bbc._Nort-130">[125]</a></li> <li>Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(DPRK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (DPRK)">Central Military Commission (DPRK)</a> (8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011)</li> <li>Eternal Leader (posthumous) (12 January 2012 – present)<a href="#cite_note-:1-143">[138]</a></li> <li>Generalissimo of the DPRK (posthumous) (12 January 2012 – present)<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a></li> <li>Eternal General Secretary, Workers' Party of Korea (posthumous) (11 April 2012 – present)<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a></li> <li>Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission (posthumous) (13 April 2012 – present)<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a></li> <li>Eternal leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (posthumous) (7 May 2016 – present)<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a></li> <li>Eternal leader of Juche Korea (posthumous) (29 June 2016 – present)<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Published works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il_bibliography" title="Kim Jong Il bibliography">Kim Jong Il bibliography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong_Il_Books_(33012753981).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kim_Jong_Il_Books_%2833012753981%29.jpg/190px-Kim_Jong_Il_Books_%2833012753981%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kim_Jong_Il_Books_%2833012753981%29.jpg/285px-Kim_Jong_Il_Books_%2833012753981%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kim_Jong_Il_Books_%2833012753981%29.jpg/380px-Kim_Jong_Il_Books_%2833012753981%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Books written by Kim Jong Il</figcaption></figure> According to North Korean sources, Kim published some 890 works during a period of his career from June 1964 to June 1994.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> According to KCNA, the number of works from 1964 to 2001 was 550.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> In 2000, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea_Publishing_House" title="Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House">Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House</a> has published at least 120 works by Kim.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> In 2009, KCNA put the numbers as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">At least 354,000 copies of [Kim Jong Il's works] were translated into nearly 70 languages and came off the press in about 80 countries in the new century. There were more than 500 activities for studying and distributing the works in at least 120 countries and regions in 2006. The following year witnessed a total of more than 600 events of diverse forms in at least 130 countries and regions. And 2008 saw at least 3,000 functions held in over 150 countries and regions for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a></blockquote> The Selected Works of Kim Jong Il (Enlarged Edition), whose publishing has continued posthumously, runs into volume 24 in Korean<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> and to volume 15 in English.<a href="#cite_note-KPEA2011-194">[189]</a> Volumes three to eight were never published in English.<a href="#cite_note-nort_Sele-195">[190]</a> The Complete Collection of Kim Jong Il's Works is currently in volume 13.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> There is a "Kim Jong Il's Works Exhibition House" dedicated to his works in North Korea, holding 1,100 of his works and manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> In his teens and university years, Kim had written poems.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> He also wrote song lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-lyr-199">[194]</a> His first major literary work was <a href="/wiki/On_the_Art_of_the_Cinema" title="On the Art of the Cinema">On the Art of the Cinema</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201528-200">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/120px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/60px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_border" title="China–North Korea border">North Korean-Chinese border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_received_by_Kim_Jong_Il" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations received by Kim Jong Il">Awards and decorations received by Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_North_Korean_leaders" title="Residences of North Korean leaders">Residences of North Korean leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Also transcribed as Kim Jong-il </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The given name <a href="/wiki/Jung-il" title="Jung-il">Jong Il</a> is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[tsɔŋ.il]</a> in isolation. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Юрий Ким, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />Russian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈjʉrʲɪj ˈkʲim]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Sources saying that Kim ruled North Korea as a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> An Act of Sincerity, described variously as either a film or a stage play, was produced by Kim To-man after the death of Choe Chae-ryon, the wife of Kapsan Faction leader <a href="/wiki/Pak_Kum-chol" title="Pak Kum-chol">Pak Kum-chol</a>. It portrayed Choe in a positive light and emphasized her devotion to her husband. Kim Il Sung disapproved of it and implied that it exhibited misplaced loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-rajongyil-39">[35]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KJD8812-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KJD8812_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KJD8812_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KJD8812_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee_Young-jongKim_Hee-jin2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Lee Young-jong; Kim Hee-jin (8 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811005825/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2957573">"Kim Jong-un's sister is having a ball"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a>. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+JoongAng+Daily&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-un%27s+sister+is+having+a+ball&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft.au=Lee+Young-jong&rft.au=Kim+Hee-jin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Farticle.aspx%3Faid%3D2957573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/theme/viewPeople.do?nkpmno=9069"><bdi lang="ko">김정일(남성)</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="ko">북한정보포털</bdi> (in Korean). Ministry of Unification. Retrieved 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC%28%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B1%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Unification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnkinfo.unikorea.go.kr%2Fnkp%2Ftheme%2FviewPeople.do%3Fnkpmno%3D9069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Kim Jong-il". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kim+Jongil">Collins English Dictionary: Complete and Unabridged</a> (12th ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004095641/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kim+Jongil">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-il&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary%3A+Complete+and+Unabridged&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FKim%2BJongil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScobell,_Andrew.2006" class="citation book cs1">Scobell, Andrew. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/66049956">Kim Jong Il and North Korea: the leader and the system</a>. Strategic Studies Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66049956">66049956</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004171736/https://www.worldcat.org/title/kim-jong-il-and-north-korea-the-leader-and-the-system/oclc/66049956/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il+and+North+Korea%3A+the+leader+and+the+system&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F66049956&rft.au=Scobell%2C+Andrew.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F66049956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcEachern,_Patrick2010" class="citation book cs1">McEachern, Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/747083533">Inside the red box : North Korea's post-totalitarian politics</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231153225" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231153225"><bdi>978-0231153225</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747083533">747083533</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004171745/https://www.worldcat.org/title/inside-the-red-box-north-koreas-post-totalitarian-politics/oclc/747083533/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+red+box+%3A+North+Korea%27s+post-totalitarian+politics&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747083533&rft.isbn=978-0231153225&rft.au=McEachern%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F747083533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIm,_Chae-ch'on2011" class="citation book cs1">Im, Chae-ch'on (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1100459946">Kim Jong Il's leadership of North Korea</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134017119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134017119"><bdi>978-1134017119</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100459946">1100459946</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004171757/https://www.worldcat.org/title/kim-jong-ils-leadership-of-north-korea/oclc/1100459946/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il%27s+leadership+of+North+Korea&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100459946&rft.isbn=978-1134017119&rft.au=Im%2C+Chae-ch%27on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1100459946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jong Un (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-books.com.kp/en/packages/xnps/download.pg.php?122#.pdf">Let Us Brilliantly Accomplish the Revolutionary Cause of Juche, Holding Kim Jong Il in High Esteem as the Eternal General Secretary of Our Party: Talk to Senior Officials of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> (PDF). Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988748608">988748608</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162207/http://www.korean-books.com.kp/en/packages/xnps/download.pg.php?122#.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018. <q>... an epoch-making event that establishes an important milestone in holding up General Kim Jong Il, together with President Kim Il Sung, as the eternal leader of our Party, and in carrying out the ideology and cause of the President and the General with credit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Us+Brilliantly+Accomplish+the+Revolutionary+Cause+of+Juche%2C+Holding+Kim+Jong+Il+in+High+Esteem+as+the+Eternal+General+Secretary+of+Our+Party%3A+Talk+to+Senior+Officials+of+the+Central+Committee+of+the+Workers%27+Party+of+Korea&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988748608&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jong+Un&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean-books.com.kp%2Fen%2Fpackages%2Fxnps%2Fdownload.pg.php%3F122%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birthname-12"><a href="#cite_ref-birthname_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChung2002" class="citation news cs1">Chung, Byoung-sun (22 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311153844/http://nk.chosun.com/english/news/news.html?ACT=detail&res_id=7283">"Sergeyevna Remembers Kim Jong Il"</a>. The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nk.chosun.com/english/news/news.html?ACT=detail&res_id=7283">the original</a> on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=Sergeyevna+Remembers+Kim+Jong+Il&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Byoung-sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnk.chosun.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fnews.html%3FACT%3Ddetail%26res_id%3D7283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheets2004" class="citation news cs1">Sheets, Lawrence (12 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1671983">"A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314055340/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1671983">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Visit+to+Kim+Jong+Il%27s+Russian+Birthplace&rft.date=2004-02-12&rft.aulast=Sheets&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D1671983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004171812/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0607/05/i_ins.01.html/">"Transcripts"</a>. CNN.com. 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Research Center for Peace and Unification. 2003. p. 246. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125215042/https://books.google.com/books?id=CglyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021. 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Springer. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230392786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230392786"><bdi>978-0230392786</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125215045/https://books.google.com/books?id=DFsYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021. 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Hassig (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fg15OViIgIEC&pg=PA86">North Korea through the Looking Glass</a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815798200" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815798200"><bdi>978-0815798200</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804013129/https://books.google.com/books?id=fg15OViIgIEC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2013/04/08/20th-anniversary-of-kim-jong-ils-election-as-ndc-chairman-commemorated/">the original</a> on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=20th+Anniversary+of+Kim+Jong+Il%27s+Election+as+NDC+Chairman+Commemorated&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F04%2F08%2F20th-anniversary-of-kim-jong-ils-election-as-ndc-chairman-commemorated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irp.fas.org/world/rok/nis-docs/hwang2.htm">"Testimony of Hwang Jang-yop"</a>. irp.fas.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303125611/https://irp.fas.org/world/rok/nis-docs/hwang2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irp.fas.org&rft.atitle=Testimony+of+Hwang+Jang-yop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firp.fas.org%2Fworld%2Frok%2Fnis-docs%2Fhwang2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001291-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001291_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleiner2001">Kleiner 2001</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201590-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201590_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2015">Lim 2015</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2006129-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2006129_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBecker2006">Becker 2006</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-wilsoncenter_1-62"><a href="#cite_ref-wilsoncenter_1_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-rise-kim-jong-il-evidence-east-german-archives\">"The Rise of Kim Jong Il – Evidence from East German Archives"</a>. www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Kim+Jong+Il+%E2%80%93+Evidence+from+East+German+Archives&rft.pub=www.wilsoncenter.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fthe-rise-kim-jong-il-evidence-east-german-archives%5C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002175-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzo2002175_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuzo2002">Buzo 2002</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001296-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001296_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleiner2001">Kleiner 2001</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001274-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiner2001274_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleiner2001">Kleiner 2001</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kji-2/kim-jong-il-personal-secretariat/">"The Personal Secretariat"</a>. nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com. 21 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423220747/http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kji-2/kim-jong-il-personal-secretariat/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Personal+Secretariat&rft.pub=nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com&rft.date=2010-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com%2Fkji-2%2Fkim-jong-il-personal-secretariat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA130_130]-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA130_130]_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA130_130]_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA130_130]_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLankov2014">Lankov 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHpYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">130</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoland2004-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoland2004_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoland2004_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoland2004">Noland 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-haggard209-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haggard209_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haggard209_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaggardNolanSen2009" class="citation book cs1">Haggard; Nolan; Sen (2009). Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform. Columbia University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231140010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231140010"><bdi>978-0231140010</bdi></a>. <q>This tragedy was the result of a misguided strategy of self-reliance that only served to increase the country's vulnerability to both economic and natural shocks ... The state's culpability in this vast misery elevates the North Korean famine to a crime against humanity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famine+in+North+Korea%3A+Markets%2C+Aid%2C+and+Reform&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0231140010&rft.au=Haggard&rft.au=Nolan&rft.au=Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terribleTruth-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terribleTruth_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-terribleTruth_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/147613">"North Korea: A terrible truth"</a>. The Economist. 17 April 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011191429/http://www.economist.com/node/147613">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=North+Korea%3A+A+terrible+truth&rft.date=1997-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F147613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-studies.com/north-korea/agriculture.html">"North Korea Agriculture"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102171647/http://www.country-studies.com/north-korea/agriculture.html">Archived</a> 2 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 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Retrieved 5 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+Military+Strategy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlisle.army.mil%2Fusawc%2Fparameters%2F03spring%2Fhodge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> , Parameters, U.S. Army War College Quarterly, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim2007" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Myong-choi (4 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108182523/http://atimes.com/atimes/Korea/IA04Dg02.html">"Kim Jong-il's military-first policy a silver bullet"</a>. Asia Times Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atimes.com/atimes/Korea/IA04Dg02.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-il%27s+military-first+policy+a+silver+bullet&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Myong-choi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatimes.com%2Fatimes%2FKorea%2FIA04Dg02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/10858/">"North Korea's Capitalist Experiment"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216130206/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10858/">Archived</a> 16 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Council on Foreign Relations, 8 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0602/p07s02-woap.html">"On North Korea's streets, pink and tangerine buses"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 2 June 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829074632/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0602/p07s02-woap.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=On+North+Korea%27s+streets%2C+pink+and+tangerine+buses&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2005%2F0602%2Fp07s02-woap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlaserBajpaee2007" class="citation web cs1">Glaser, Bonnie; Bajpaee, Chietigj (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2007/01/inside-north-korea-joint-us-chinese-dialogue">"Inside North Korea: A Joint U.S.—Chinese Dialogue"</a>. United States Institute of Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926224850/http://www.usip.org/publications/inside-north-korea-joint-us-chinese-dialogue">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=Inside+North+Korea%3A+A+Joint+U.S.%E2%80%94Chinese+Dialogue&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Bajpaee%2C+Chietigj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2F2007%2F01%2Finside-north-korea-joint-us-chinese-dialogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA131_131]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA133_133]-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA131_131]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFHpYCwAAQBAJpgPA133_133]_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLankov2014">Lankov 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHpYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHpYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">133</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/biz/200404/kt2004042317263611880.htm">"Asan, KOLAND Permitted to Develop Kaesong Complex"</a>, The Korea Times, 23 April 2004. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-korean-war-quick-guide-195745">"Timeline and Quick Facts on the Korean War"</a>. ThoughtCo. 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Retrieved 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Video+of+Kim+Jong-il&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7988096.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutchison2010" class="citation news cs1">Hutchison, Peter (28 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/8166248/WikiLeaks-US-referred-to-Mahmoud-Ahmadinejad-as-Hitler.html">"WikiLeaks: US referred to Ahmadinejad as 'Hitler'"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/8166248/WikiLeaks-US-referred-to-Mahmoud-Ahmadinejad-as-Hitler.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks%3A+US+referred+to+Ahmadinejad+as+%27Hitler%27&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F8166248%2FWikiLeaks-US-referred-to-Mahmoud-Ahmadinejad-as-Hitler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFife-Yeomans2011" class="citation news cs1">Fife-Yeomans, Janet (20 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/kim-jong-il-the-high-life-of-an-evil-dictator/story-e6freuy9-1226226187550">"Kim Jong-il – the high life of an evil dictator"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107025927/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/kim-jong-il-the-high-life-of-an-evil-dictator/story-e6freuy9-1226226187550">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011. <q>When North Korea's Dear Leader, the chain-smoking Kim Jong-il, 69, died on Saturday</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-il+%E2%80%93+the+high+life+of+an+evil+dictator&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.aulast=Fife-Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnews%2Fkim-jong-il-the-high-life-of-an-evil-dictator%2Fstory-e6freuy9-1226226187550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSEO30011320080910">"Possible successors to North Korea's Kim"</a>. Reuters. 10 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308131335/https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSEO30011320080910">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Possible+successors+to+North+Korea%27s+Kim&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FnewsOne%2FidUSSEO30011320080910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209173116/http://www.indiaenews.com/asia/20070214/39480.htm">"North Korea silent over Kim Jong Il successor"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+Korean+leader+Kim+Jong-il+%27names+youngest+son+as+successor%27&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fjun%2F02%2Fkim-jong-il-names-son-successor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/13/world/asia/13briefs-NKOREAKIM.html">"North Korea: A 'Brilliant Comrade'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 12 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501095148/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/13/world/asia/13briefs-NKOREAKIM.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. 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Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Kim+%27visits+China%27&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8657688.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/03/17/2010031700811.html">"Kim Jong-il 'Has 3 Years to Live'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. 17 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204043655/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/03/17/2010031700811.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2011. 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Retrieved 19 December 2011. <q>died on Saturday</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=N+Korean+leader+Kim+Jong-il+dies&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16239693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_News_-_19Dec2011_-_North_Korean_leader_Kim_Jong-il_dead-138"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_News_-_19Dec2011_-_North_Korean_leader_Kim_Jong-il_dead_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-19/north-korean-leader-kim-jong-il-dead/3738526?WT.svl=news0">"North Korean leader Kim Jong-il dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. 19 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113144104/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-19/north-korean-leader-kim-jong-il-dead/3738526?WT.svl=news0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2012. 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Retrieved 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong+Il+death%3A+Powerful+uncle+could+overshadow+Kim%27s+son&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.aulast=Demick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fworld_now%2F2011%2F12%2Fkim-jong-un-overshadow-uncle-kim-jong-il-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcskyglow-142"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcskyglow_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16297811">"Kim Jong-il death: 'Nature mourns' N Korea leader"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il+to+be+enshrined+as+%27eternal+leader%27&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fkim-jong-il-to-be-enshrined-as-eternal-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSang-hun2012" class="citation news cs1">Sang-hun, Choe (12 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/asia/north-korea-to-display-dead-leaders-body.html">"North Korea Plans Permanent Display of Kim Jong-il's Body"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524222007/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/asia/north-korea-to-display-dead-leaders-body.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North+Korea+Plans+Permanent+Display+of+Kim+Jong-il%27s+Body&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.aulast=Sang-hun&rft.aufirst=Choe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F13%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fnorth-korea-to-display-dead-leaders-body.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-13/north-korea-to-embalm-kim-jong-il/3770662/?site=sydney">"Kim Jong-il to be put on display"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-il+and+the+great+movie-star+kidnap&rft.date=2015-02-21&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fkim-jong-il-movie-star-kidnap-plot-north-south-korea-godzilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2006/200608/news08/11.htm#5">"Film 'Diary of a Girl Student', Close Companion of Life"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901094022/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2006/200608/news08/11.htm">Archived</a> 1 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Korea News Service, 10 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-supremo-172"><a href="#cite_ref-supremo_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2002" class="citation news cs1">Macintyre, Donald (18 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613215447/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,201976-1,00.html">"The Supremo in His Labyrinth"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong-il+Satisfies+his+Gourmet+Appetite+while+his+People+Starve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.chosun.com%2Fw21data%2Fhtml%2Fnews%2F200406%2F200406270015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988">. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. 27 June 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeigler2006" class="citation web cs1">Zeigler, Mark (29 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322073642/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/world/20061029-9999-1n29kim.html">"The oddest fan"</a>. San Diego Union-Tribune. 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Sunday Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522045226/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/7442188/Kim-Jong-il-keeps-4bn-emergency-fund-in-European-banks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-il+keeps+%244bn+%27emergency+fund%27+in+European+banks&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft.aulast=Arlow&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fnorthkorea%2F7442188%2FKim-Jong-il-keeps-4bn-emergency-fund-in-European-banks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGivering2009" class="citation news cs1">McGivering, Jill (29 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8279830.stm">"N Korea constitution bolsters Kim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224024810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8279830.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. 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Leader Kim Jong Il, genius of literature and art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naenara" title="Naenara">Naenara</a>. March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/juche/great.php?great+1+1-23#contents">the original</a> on 21 February 2016. 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Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naenara&rft.atitle=Song+lyrics+by+Kim+Jong+Il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fsociety%2Fhymn_music.php%3Fc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201528-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201528_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLim2015">Lim 2015</a>, p. 28. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecker2006" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Jasper (2006). Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea. US: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530891-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530891-4"><bdi>978-0-19-530891-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Regime%3A+Kim+Jong+Il+and+the+Looming+Threat+of+North+Korea&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530891-4&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreen2012" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Michael (2012). Kim Jong-il: North Korea's Dear Leader: Who He Is What He Wants and What To Do About Him (Revised and Updated ed.). Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-15377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-15377-2"><bdi>978-1-118-15377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong-il%3A+North+Korea%27s+Dear+Leader%3A+Who+He+Is+What+He+Wants+and+What+To+Do+About+Him&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=Revised+and+Updated&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Singapore&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-15377-2&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuzo2002" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23749-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23749-9"><bdi>978-0-415-23749-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23749-9&rft.aulast=Buzo&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoolidgeSegal2009" class="citation journal cs1">Coolidge, Frederick L.; Segal, Daniel L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009105223/http://www.uccs.edu/~faculty/fcoolidg/pdfs/Kim%20Jong-il%202009%20Behavioral%20Sciences%20of%20Terrorism.pdf">"Is Kim Jong-il like Saddam Hussein and Adolf Hitler? A personality disorder evaluation"</a> (PDF). Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression. 1 (3): 195–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19434470903017664">10.1080/19434470903017664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20256106">20256106</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uccs.edu/~faculty/fcoolidg/pdfs/Kim%20Jong-il%202009%20Behavioral%20Sciences%20of%20Terrorism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Sciences+of+Terrorism+and+Political+Aggression&rft.atitle=Is+Kim+Jong-il+like+Saddam+Hussein+and+Adolf+Hitler%3F+A+personality+disorder+evaluation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19434470903017664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20256106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rft.au=Segal%2C+Daniel+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uccs.edu%2F~faculty%2Ffcoolidg%2Fpdfs%2FKim%2520Jong-il%25202009%2520Behavioral%2520Sciences%2520of%2520Terrorism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim_Jong_Il:_Brief_History1998" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219140000/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4002">Kim Jong Il: Brief History</a>. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 1998. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272459470">272459470</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4002#.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il%3A+Brief+History&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272459470&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4002%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2001" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Jürgen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTCC2ZheFu0C&pg=PA291">Korea, a Century of Change</a>. River Edge: World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-279-995-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-279-995-1"><bdi>978-981-279-995-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%2C+a+Century+of+Change&rft.place=River+Edge&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-279-995-1&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTCC2ZheFu0C%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLankov2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lankov" title="Andrei Lankov">Lankov, Andrei</a> (2014). <a href="/wiki/The_Real_North_Korea:_Life_and_Politics_in_the_Failed_Stalinist_Utopia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia">The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939003-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939003-8"><bdi>978-0-19-939003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+North+Korea%3A+Life+and+Politics+in+the+Failed+Stalinist+Utopia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939003-8&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLim2015" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Jae-Cheon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yswqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Leader Symbols and Personality Cult in North Korea: The Leader State</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56741-7"><bdi>978-1-317-56741-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104807/https://books.google.com/books?id=yswqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leader+Symbols+and+Personality+Cult+in+North+Korea%3A+The+Leader+State&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56741-7&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Jae-Cheon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyswqBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoland2004" class="citation journal cs1">Noland, Marcus (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piie.com/sites/default/files/publications/wp/03-5.pdf">"Famine and Reform in North Korea"</a> (PDF). Asian Economic Papers. 3 (2): 1–40. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.6.8390">10.1.1.6.8390</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F1535351044193411">10.1162/1535351044193411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57565869">57565869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Economic+Papers&rft.atitle=Famine+and+Reform+in+North+Korea&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.6.8390%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57565869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F1535351044193411&rft.aulast=Noland&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piie.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fwp%2F03-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4058#.pdf">History of Revolutionary Activities of Chairman Kim Jong Il</a> (PDF). Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9946-0-1309-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9946-0-1309-1"><bdi>978-9946-0-1309-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211015/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4058#.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Revolutionary+Activities+of+Chairman+Kim+Jong+Il&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9946-0-1309-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4058%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Jo Song-baek (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4010#.pdf">The Leadership Philosophy of Kim Jong Il</a> (PDF). Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68890556">68890556</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191914/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4010#.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leadership+Philosophy+of+Kim+Jong+Il&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68890556&rft.au=Jo+Song-baek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4010%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kim Chol-u (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4009#.pdf">Songun Politics of Kim Jong Il</a> (PDF). Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211015/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4009#.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songun+Politics+of+Kim+Jong+Il&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kim+Chol-u&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4009%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008063733/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4013#.pdf">Kim Jong Il : Biography</a> (PDF). Vol. 1. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4013#.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il+%3A+Biography&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4013%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4023#.pdf">Kim Jong Il : Biography</a> (PDF). Vol. 2. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211014/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4023#.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il+%3A+Biography&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4023%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4034#.pdf">Kim Jong Il : Biography</a> (PDF). Vol. 3. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201825/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4034#.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il+%3A+Biography&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4034%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008063724/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4037#.pdf">Kim Jong Il : Short Biography</a> (PDF). Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/79301411">79301411</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4037#.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il+%3A+Short+Biography&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F79301411&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4037%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kim Nam-jin (1997). Guiding Light General Kim Jong Il. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guiding+Light+General+Kim+Jong+Il&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Kim+Nam-jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ri Il-bok; Yun Sang-hyon (1989). The Great Man Kim Jong Il : Anecdotage. Vol. 1. Pyongyang: Foreign Language Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223172604">223172604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Man+Kim+Jong+Il+%3A+Anecdotage&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Language+Publishing+House&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223172604&rft.au=Ri+Il-bok&rft.au=Yun+Sang-hyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ri Il-bok (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4008#.pdf">The Great Man Kim Jong Il : Anecdotage</a> (PDF). Vol. 2. Pyongyang: Foreign Language Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37141068">37141068</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604075555/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4008#.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Man+Kim+Jong+Il+%3A+Anecdotage&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Language+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37141068&rft.au=Ri+Il-bok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fdownload.php%3F4%2B4008%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Pae Kyong-su (1993). Kim Jong Il: The Individual, Thoughts and Leadership. Vol. 1. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51345314">51345314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il%3A+The+Individual%2C+Thoughts+and+Leadership&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51345314&rft.au=Pae+Kyong-su&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Pae Kyong-su (1995). Kim Jong Il: The Individual, Thoughts and Leadership. Vol. 2. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867581955">867581955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Il%3A+The+Individual%2C+Thoughts+and+Leadership&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867581955&rft.au=Pae+Kyong-su&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Takashi Nada (2000). Korea in Kim Jong Il's Era. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272459531">272459531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+in+Kim+Jong+Il%27s+Era&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272459531&rft.au=Takashi+Nada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Kim Jong Il at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kim_Jong_Il" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kim Jong Il">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kim_Jong-il" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Kim Jong-il">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kim_Jong-il" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Kim Jong-il">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="extiw" title="q:Kim Jong-il">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kim_Jong_Il" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kim Jong Il">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kim_Jong_Il" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kim Jong Il">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kim_Jong_Il" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kim Jong Il">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/_kim_jong_il/index.html">Kim Jong Il</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102085028/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200406/kt2004060817432954140.htm">"Born in the USSR"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200406/kt2004060817432954140.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Born+in+the+USSR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimes.hankooki.com%2Flpage%2Fopinion%2F200406%2Fkt2004060817432954140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> – Kim Jong Il's childhood.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050213081159/http://www.east-asia-intel.com/eai/Sample/2.html">The many family secrets of Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=1643">"Hidden Daughter" Visits Kim Jong-il Every Year</a> (also includes photos of Kim during his youth)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3203523.stm">BBC, North Korea's secretive 'first family'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10745725">Obituary: Kim Jong-il</a>, BBC News, 19 December 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-books.com.kp/en/search/?page=work-leader2">Kim Jong Il's works</a> at Publications of the DPRK</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-ju" title="Kim Yong-ju">Kim Yong-ju</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Head of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_and_Guidance_Department" title="Organization and Guidance Department">Organization and Guidance Department</a> 1974–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Yun Sung-gwan</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Yun Sung-gwan</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Director of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_and_Guidance_Department" title="Organization and Guidance Department">Organization and Guidance Department</a> 1994–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Eventually <a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> (Eternal General Secretary 2012–2021) 1997–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></div>as First Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(DPRK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (DPRK)">WPK Central Military Commission</a> 1997–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> First Vice Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Commission_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Commission of North Korea">National Defence Commission</a> 1990–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/O_Chin-u" class="mw-redirect" title="O Chin-u">O Chin-u</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Defence_Commission_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea">Chairman of the National Defence Commission</a> (Eternal Chairman 2012–2016) 1993–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></div>as First Chairman </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army">Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army</a> 1991–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kim_Jong_Il" title="Template:Kim Jong Il"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kim_Jong_Il" title="Template talk:Kim Jong Il"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kim_Jong_Il" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kim Jong Il"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kim_Jong_Il749" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Jong Il</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Commission" title="National Defence Commission">Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of North Korea">Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_summits" title="Inter-Korean summits">Inter-Korean summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_inter-Korean_summit" title="2000 inter-Korean summit">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_inter-Korean_summit" title="2007 inter-Korean summit">2007</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_North_Korea" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea">Nuclear tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2009 North Korean nuclear test">2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="List of North Korean missile tests">Missile tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_test" title="2006 North Korean missile test">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2009 North Korean missile tests">2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/75px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/113px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg/150px-Kim_Jong_il_Portrait-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22800" data-file-height="29352" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="1982 North Korean parliamentary election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="1986 North Korean parliamentary election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="1990 North Korean parliamentary election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="1998 North Korean parliamentary election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="2003 North Korean parliamentary election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_parliamentary_election" title="2009 North Korean parliamentary election">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il_bibliography" title="Kim Jong Il bibliography">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Art_of_the_Cinema" title="On the Art of the Cinema">On the Art of the Cinema</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Art_of_Opera" title="On the Art of Opera">On the Art of Opera</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Further_Improving_Party_Ideological_Work" title="On Further Improving Party Ideological Work">On Further Improving Party Ideological Work</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Juche_Idea" title="On the Juche Idea">On the Juche Idea</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Socialism_Centred_on_the_Masses_Shall_Not_Perish" title="Our Socialism Centred on the Masses Shall Not Perish">Our Socialism Centred on the Masses Shall Not Perish</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim dynasty (North Korea)">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Il-chon" title="Hong Il-chon">Hong Il-chon</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sook" title="Kim Young-sook">Kim Young-sook</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Hye-rim" title="Song Hye-rim">Song Hye-rim</a> (partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Yong-hui" title="Ko Yong-hui">Ko Yong-hui</a> (partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok" title="Kim Ok">Kim Ok</a> (partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sol-song" title="Kim Sol-song">Kim Sol-song</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-nam" title="Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-chul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-chul">Kim Jong-chul</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yo_Jong" title="Kim Yo Jong">Kim Yo Jong</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ju_Ae" title="Kim Ju Ae">Kim Ju Ae</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Man-il" title="Kim Man-il">Kim Man-il</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyong-hui" title="Kim Kyong-hui">Kim Kyong-hui</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Pyong_Il" title="Kim Pyong Il">Kim Pyong Il</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-suk" title="Kim Jong-suk">Kim Jong-suk</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-ju" title="Kim Yong-ju">Kim Yong-ju</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hyong-jik" title="Kim Hyong-jik">Kim Hyong-jik</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Pan-sok" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang Pan-sok">Kang Pan-sok</a> (grandmother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Reactions to the death of Kim Jong Il">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">North Korean cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-the-spot_guidance" title="On-the-spot guidance">On-the-spot guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_North_Korean_leaders" title="Residences of North Korean leaders">Residences of North Korean leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Kim_Jong_Il" title="List of international trips made by Kim Jong Il">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taeyangho_armoured_train" title="Taeyangho armoured train">North Korean leaders' trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsan_Revolutionary_Site" title="Changsan Revolutionary Site">Changsan Revolutionary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of North Korea">List of leaders of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Kim_Jong_Il_Prize" title="International Kim Jong Il Prize">International Kim Jong Il Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Order of Kim Jong Il">Order of Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimjongilia" title="Kimjongilia">Kimjongilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_received_by_Kim_Jong_Il" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations received by Kim Jong Il">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Song_of_General_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Song of General Kim Jong Il">Song of General Kim Jong Il</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kim_Jong_Il%27s_titles" title="List of Kim Jong Il's titles">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">Eternal General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Chairman_of_the_National_Defence_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission">Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taewonsu" title="Taewonsu">Taewonsu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_badges" title="Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il badges">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_portraits" title="Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il portraits">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Shining_Star" title="Day of the Shining Star">Day of the Shining Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abduction_of_Shin_Sang-ok_and_Choi_Eun-hee" title="Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee">Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulgasari" title="Pulgasari">Pulgasari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">← Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un →</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kim_Jong_Il" title="Category:Kim Jong Il">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: #BAE675;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Workers&#039;_Party_of_Korea_Workers&#039;_Party_of_Korea1019" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Template:Workers' Party of Korea"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FF0">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Template talk:Workers' Party of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FF0">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Workers' Party of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FF0">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Workers&#039;_Party_of_Korea_Workers&#039;_Party_of_Korea1019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/20px-WPK_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/30px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/40px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Workers' Party of Korea">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Hon-yong" title="Pak Hon-yong">Pak Hon-yong</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-bom" title="Kim Yong-bom">Kim Yong-bom</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong">Kim Tu-bong</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1949–1994)</li> <li>Vacant (1994–1997)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Jong Il</a> (1997–2011)</li> <li>Vacant (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Floor_Secretariat" title="Third Floor Secretariat">Personal Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_and_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary and Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary and Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Auditing Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%">Departments and offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_and_Guidance_Department" title="Organization and Guidance Department">Organisation and Guidance Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_Agitation_Department" title="Propaganda and Agitation Department">Propaganda and Agitation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadres_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadres Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Cadres Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_Industry_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light Industry Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Light Industry Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Affairs_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Affairs Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Education_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Education Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Science and Education Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Military Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine-Building_Industry_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine-Building Industry Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Machine-Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Working_Organisation_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Working Organisation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Working Organisation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Agriculture Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_History_Institute_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party History Institute of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Party History Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Document_Archives_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Document Archives of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Document Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Defense_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Defense Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Civil Defense Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeals_Office_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appeals Office of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Appeals Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finance_Accounting_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finance Accounting Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">Finance Accounting Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Affairs_Department_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Affairs Department of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">General Affairs Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front Department">United Front Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_39" title="Room 39">Office 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Higher_Party_School" title="Kim Il Sung Higher Party School">Kim Il Sung Higher Party School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea_Publishing_House" title="Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House">Publishing House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulloja" title="Kulloja">Kulloja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><a href="/wiki/National_meetings_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="National meetings of the Workers' Party of Korea">National meetings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of the Communist Party of South Korea (page does not exist)">CPK / CPSK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Congress of the Workers' Party of South Korea (page does not exist)">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Conference of the Workers' Party of North Korea (page does not exist)">1st (1958)</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%A1%9C%EB%8F%99%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8C%80%ED%91%9C%EC%9E%90%ED%9A%8C" class="extiw" title="ko:조선로동당 제1차 대표자회">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Conference_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">4th (2012)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%">CC plenums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Joint_Plenary_Session_of_the_2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Joint Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">1st Joint Plenum, 2nd CC (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Plenary_Session_of_the_2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">12th Plenum, 2nd CC (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_faction_incident" title="August faction incident">2nd Plenum, 3rd CC (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsan_faction_incident" title="Kapsan faction incident">14th Plenum, 4th CC (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsan_faction_incident" title="Kapsan faction incident">15th Plenum, 4th CC (1967)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Presidium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li>3rd—none (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_North_Korean_Branch_Bureau" title="Executive Committee of the North Korean Branch Bureau">NKBB (1945)</a></li> <li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Standing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Policy_Bureau" title="Executive Policy Bureau">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_North_Korean_Branch_Bureau" title="Executive Committee of the North Korean Branch Bureau">NKBB (1945)</a></li> <li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Auditing Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="2nd Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="3rd Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="4th Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Auditing_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="5th Central Auditing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Auditing Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Military Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">4th (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea (page does not exist)">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="6th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="7th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st <a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="1st Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of North Korea">WPNK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of South Korea">WPSK</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">4th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">5th (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">6th (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Members of the Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">7th (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FF0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Organisation Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Korea">CPK (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">1st (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">2nd (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">3rd (1956)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Rules of the Workers' Party of Korea">Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Patriotic_Youth_League" title="Socialist Patriotic Youth League">Socialist Patriotic Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Children%27s_Union" title="Korean Children's Union">Korean Children's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Women%27s_Union_of_Korea" title="Socialist Women's Union of Korea">Socialist Women's Union of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Trade_Unions_of_Korea" title="General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea">General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_National_Democratic_Front" title="Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front">Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim dynasty (North Korea)">Baekdu bloodline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">North Korean cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Principles_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Monolithic_Ideological_System" title="Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System">Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;">Abolished organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_and_Vice_Chairman_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea">Chairman and Vice Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Control Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Control Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Policy_Bureau" title="Executive Policy Bureau">Executive Policy Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Organisation Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Organisation Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_Foundation_Day" title="Party Foundation Day">Party Foundation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Korea" title="Communist Party of Korea">Communist Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_Branch_Bureau" title="North Korean Branch Bureau">North Korean Branch Bureau / Communist Party of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_North_Korea" title="Workers' Party of North Korea">Workers' Party of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_South_Korea" title="Workers' Party of South Korea">Workers' Party of South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #CE1126; color:#FF0;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Category:Workers' Party of Korea">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_leaders_of_North_Korea70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NK_supreme_leaders" title="Template:NK supreme leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NK_supreme_leaders" title="Template talk:NK supreme leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NK_supreme_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NK supreme leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_leaders_of_North_Korea70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme leaders of North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1948–1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Jong Il</a> (1994–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> (2011–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)_family_tree" title="Template:Kim dynasty (North Korea) family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)_family_tree" title="Template talk:Kim dynasty (North Korea) family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kim dynasty (North Korea) family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Select<a href="#cite_note-201">[α]</a> family tree of North Korea's ruling Kim family<a href="#cite_note-202">[β]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[γ]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[δ]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[ε]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;">Kim Song-ryeong 1810–1899</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ung-u" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Ung-u">Kim Ung-u</a> 1848–1878</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Bo-hyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Bo-hyon">Kim Bo-hyon</a> 1871–1955</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hyong-jik" title="Kim Hyong-jik">Kim Hyong-jik</a> 1894–1926</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kang_Pan-sok" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang Pan-sok">Kang Pan-sok</a> 1892–1932</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-suk" title="Kim Jong-suk">Kim Jong-suk</a> 1917–1949</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/File:WPK_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/35px-WPK_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/53px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/70px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> 1912–1994</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Song-ae" title="Kim Song-ae">Kim Song-ae</a> 1924–2014</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-ju" title="Kim Yong-ju">Kim Yong-ju</a> 1920–2021</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sook" title="Kim Young-sook">Kim Young-sook</a> 1947–</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Song_Hye-rim" title="Song Hye-rim">Song Hye-rim</a> 1937–2002</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/File:WPK_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/35px-WPK_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/53px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/70px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Jong Il</a> 1941?<a href="#cite_note-uncertainty2-206">[ζ]</a>–2011</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Ko_Yong-hui" title="Ko Yong-hui">Ko Yong-hui</a> 1952–2004</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok" title="Kim Ok">Kim Ok</a> 1964–</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyong-hui" title="Kim Kyong-hui">Kim Kyong-hui</a> 1946–</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Jang_Song-thaek" title="Jang Song-thaek">Jang Song-thaek</a> 1946–2013?</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Pyong_Il" title="Kim Pyong Il">Kim Pyong Il</a> 1954–</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sol-song" title="Kim Sol-song">Kim Sol-song</a> 1974–</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-nam" title="Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam</a> 1971–2017</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-chul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-chul">Kim Jong-chul</a> 1981–</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/File:WPK_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/35px-WPK_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/53px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/WPK_symbol.svg/70px-WPK_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> 1983?<a href="#cite_note-uncertainty1-207">[η]</a>–</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Ri_Sol-ju" title="Ri Sol-ju">Ri Sol-ju</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1986–</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yo_Jong" title="Kim Yo Jong">Kim Yo Jong</a> 1987–</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Han-sol" title="Kim Han-sol">Kim Han-sol</a> 1995–</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ju_Ae" title="Kim Ju Ae">Kim Ju Ae</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2012<a href="#cite_note-uncertainty3-208">[θ]</a>–</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Notes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> To keep the tree of manageable size, it omits five out of the seven known legitimate children of Kim Il Sung. Other children not shown in the tree are: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Man-il" title="Kim Man-il">Kim Man-il</a> (1944-1947; child of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Suk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong Suk">Kim Jong Suk</a>), Kim Kyong-jin (1952-; child of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Song-ae" title="Kim Song-ae">Kim Song-ae</a>), Kim Yong-il (1955-2000; child of Kim Song-ae), and Kim Kyong Suk (1951-; child of Kim Song-ae). A stillborn daughter is also omitted. Kim Il Sung was reported to have had other children with women who he was not married to; they included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972). Also, only some of the descendants of Kim Jong Il and Kim Jung Un (Kim Il Sung's successors) are included. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Korean names often have a variety of transliterations into English, which can be confusing. For example, "Kim Jong-chul" may also be written "Gim Jeong-cheol" or "Kim Jŏng-ch'ŏl" among many other variations. See <a href="/wiki/Korean_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean romanization">Korean romanization</a> for more information. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHussFrost" class="citation web cs1">Huss, Kan; Frost, Clay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204171124/https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39382760/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/north-koreas-first-family/#.TyL9qPlciZV">"North Korea's First Family: Mapping the personal and political drama of the Kim clan"</a>. msnbc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39382760/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/north-koreas-first-family/#.TyL9qPlciZV">the original</a> on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+First+Family%3A+Mapping+the+personal+and+political+drama+of+the+Kim+clan&rft.pub=msnbc.com&rft.aulast=Huss&rft.aufirst=Kan&rft.au=Frost%2C+Clay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F39382760%2Fns%2Fworld_news-asia_pacific%2Ft%2Fnorth-koreas-first-family%2F%23.TyL9qPlciZV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> (Confirms many, but not all, of the birth and death years. See individual articles for more references.) </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYan2017" class="citation news cs1">Yan, Holly (16 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/15/asia/kim-jong-un-family-tree-trnd/index.html">"The world's most mysterious family tree: Kim Jong Un's secretive dynasty is full of drama, death"</a>. Design by Alberto Mier. CNN. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+mysterious+family+tree%3A+Kim+Jong+Un%27s+secretive+dynasty+is+full+of+drama%2C+death&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F02%2F15%2Fasia%2Fkim-jong-un-family-tree-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sung-Yoon_Lee" title="Sung-Yoon Lee">Lee, Sung-Yoon</a> (2023). "The Mount Paektu Dynasty (Family Tree)". <a href="/wiki/The_Sister:_The_extraordinary_story_of_Kim_Yo_Jong,_the_most_powerful_woman_in_North_Korea" title="The Sister: The extraordinary story of Kim Yo Jong, the most powerful woman in North Korea">The Sister: The extraordinary story of Kim Yo Jong, the most powerful woman in North Korea</a>. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. x-xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781529073539" title="Special:BookSources/9781529073539"><bdi>9781529073539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mount+Paektu+Dynasty+%28Family+Tree%29&rft.btitle=The+Sister%3A+The+extraordinary+story+of+Kim+Yo+Jong%2C+the+most+powerful+woman+in+North+Korea&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=x-xi&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781529073539&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sung-Yoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Jong+Il" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uncertainty2-206"><a href="#cite_ref-uncertainty2_206-0">^</a> Official North Korean biographies of Kim Jong Il list his birth year as 1942. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a> is based upon the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a> which is believed to characterize one's personality. The year 1942 (Year of the Horse), in addition to being 30 years since Kim Il Sung's birth may be viewed as a better year than others, thus creating a motive to lie about a birth year. </li> <li id="cite_note-uncertainty1-207"><a href="#cite_ref-uncertainty1_207-0">^</a> Official North Korean biographies of Kim Jong Un list his birth year as 1982. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a> is based upon the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a> which is believed to characterize one's personality. The year 1982 (Year of the Dog), in addition to being 70 years since Kim Il Sung's birth, may be viewed as a better year than others, thus creating a motive to lie about a birth year. </li> <li id="cite_note-uncertainty3-208"><a href="#cite_ref-uncertainty3_208-0">^</a> Birth year for Kim Ju Ae is not publicly known. She may have been born in either late 2012 or early 2013. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kim_family_of_North_Korea269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Template:Kim family (North Korea)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Template talk:Kim family (North Korea)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kim family (North Korea)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kim_family_of_North_Korea269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family of North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1912–1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Jong Il</a> (1941–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> (1983–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Grandparents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kim-Kim (North Korea) (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great-Great-Great Grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Gusta-Io_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Gusta-Io I (page does not exist)">Kim Gusta-Io I</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great-Great Grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Ugu-io&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Ugu-io (page does not exist)">Kim Ugu-io</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great Grandfather)</li> <li>Sal Sol-jan (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great Grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Song-ryong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Song-ryong (page does not exist)">Kim Song-ryong</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great Great Grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Na_Hyon-jik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na Hyon-jik (page does not exist)">Na Hyon-jik</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great Great Grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_%C5%ACngu" title="Kim Ŭngu">Kim Ŭngu</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great grandfather)</li> <li>Lady Lee (North Korea) (Kim Il Sung's Great Grandmother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Grand Relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Gusta-io_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Gusta-io II (page does not exist)">Kim Gusta-io II</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great Uncle)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rak_Ja-sel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rak Ja-sel (page does not exist)">Rak Ja-sel</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great-Aunt)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Gus-tal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Gus-tal (page does not exist)">Kim Gus-tal</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great Cousin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Ul-ae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Ul-ae (page does not exist)">Kim Ul-ae</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great-Great Nephew)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jong-su_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jong-su Kim (page does not exist)">Jong-su Kim</a> (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great Uncle)</li> <li>In-sok Kim (Kim Il Sung's Great-Great Uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Il Sung</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Poik" title="Yi Poik">Yi Poik</a> (Kim Il Sung's grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Pohy%C5%8Fn" title="Kim Pohyŏn">Kim Pohyŏn</a> (Kim Il Sung's grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hyong-jik" title="Kim Hyong-jik">Kim Hyong-jik</a> (Kim Il Sung's father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Pan_Sok" title="Kang Pan Sok">Kang Pan Sok</a> (Kim Il Sung's mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hyong-jik" title="Kim Hyong-jik">Kim Hyong-jik</a> (Kim Il Sung's Uncle)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hyong-rok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hyong-rok (page does not exist)">Kim Hyong-rok</a> (Kim Il Sung's Uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hy%C5%8Fnggw%C5%8Fn" title="Kim Hyŏnggwŏn">Kim Hyŏnggwŏn</a> (Kim Il Sung's Uncle)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Gu-il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Gu-il (page does not exist)">Kim Gu-il</a> (Kim Il Sung's Uncle)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hyong-sil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hyong-sil (page does not exist)">Kim Hyong-sil</a> (Kim Il Sung's Uncle)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hyong-bok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hyong-bok (page does not exist)">Kim Hyong-bok</a> (Kim Il Sung's Uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-suk" title="Kim Jong-suk">Kim Jong-suk</a> (Kim Il Sung's first wife, Jong Il's mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-ju" title="Kim Yong-ju">Kim Yong-ju</a> (Kim Il Sung's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ch%27%C5%8Flchu" title="Kim Ch'ŏlchu">Kim Ch'ŏlchu</a> (Kim Il Sung's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Song-ae" title="Kim Song-ae">Kim Song-ae</a> (Kim Il Sung's second wife)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Il-chon" title="Hong Il-chon">Hong Il-chon</a> (Kim Jong Il's first wife, divorced)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Hye-rim" title="Song Hye-rim">Song Hye-rim</a> (Kim Jong Il's first mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Man-il" title="Kim Man-il">Kim Man-il</a> (Kim Jong Il's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Song-thaek" title="Jang Song-thaek">Jang Song-thaek</a> (Kim Jong Il's brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyong-hui" title="Kim Kyong-hui">Kim Kyong-hui</a> (Kim Jong Il's sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sook" title="Kim Young-sook">Kim Young-sook</a> (Kim Jong Il's wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Yong-hui" title="Ko Yong-hui">Ko Yong-hui</a> (Kim Jong Il's second mistress, Jong Un's mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Pyong_Il" title="Kim Pyong Il">Kim Pyong Il</a> (Kim Jong Il's half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok" title="Kim Ok">Kim Ok</a> (Kim Jong Il's third mistress)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yo_Jong" title="Kim Yo Jong">Kim Yo Jong</a> (Kim Jong Un's sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-chul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-chul">Kim Jong-chul</a> (Kim Jong Un's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sul-song" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Sul-song">Kim Sul-song</a> (Kim Jong Un's half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-nam" title="Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam</a> (Kim Jong Un's half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Sol-ju" title="Ri Sol-ju">Ri Sol-ju</a> (Kim Jong Un's wife)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ju_Ae" title="Kim Ju Ae">Kim Ju Ae</a> (Kim Jong Un's daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Han-sol" title="Kim Han-sol">Kim Han-sol</a> (Kim Jong-nam's son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commanders_of_the_Korean_People&#039;s_Army3641" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commanders_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Template:Commanders of the Korean People's Army"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commanders_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Template talk:Commanders of the Korean People's Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders of the Korean People's Army"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commanders_of_the_Korean_People&#039;s_Army3641" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_North_Korea" title="Commander-in-Chief of North Korea">Commanders-in-Chief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Yong-gon_(official)" title="Choe Yong-gon (official)">Choe Yong-gon</a> (1948–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1950–91)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Jong Il</a> (1991–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> (2011–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Korean People's Army"><img alt="Emblem of the Korean People's Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Emblem_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Emblem_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Emblem_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (North Korea)">Ministry of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Yong-gon_(official)" title="Choe Yong-gon (official)">Choe Yong-gon</a> (1948–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kwang-hyop" title="Kim Kwang-hyop">Kim Kwang-hyop</a> (1957–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chang-bong" title="Kim Chang-bong">Kim Chang-bong</a> (1962–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Hyon" title="Choe Hyon">Choe Hyon</a> (1968–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Jin-u" title="O Jin-u">O Jin-u</a> (1976–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Kwang" title="Choe Kwang">Choe Kwang</a> (1995–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-chol" title="Kim Il-chol">Kim Il-chol</a> (1997–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-chun" title="Kim Yong-chun">Kim Yong-chun</a> (2009–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-gak" title="Kim Jong-gak">Kim Jong-gak</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyok-sik" title="Kim Kyok-sik">Kim Kyok-sik</a> (2012–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Jong-nam" title="Jang Jong-nam">Jang Jong-nam</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyon_Yong-chol" title="Hyon Yong-chol">Hyon Yong-chol</a> (2014–15)</li> <li>Unknown (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Yong-sik" title="Pak Yong-sik">Pak Yong-sik</a> (2015–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Kwang-chol" title="No Kwang-chol">No Kwang-chol</a> (2018–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-gwan" title="Kim Jong-gwan">Kim Jong-gwan</a> (2019–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-gil" title="Ri Yong-gil">Ri Yong-gil</a> (2021–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sun-nam" title="Kang Sun-nam">Kang Sun-nam</a> (2022–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Kwang-chol" title="No Kwang-chol">No Kwang-chol</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chiefs of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Department_of_the_Korean_People%27s_Army" title="General Staff Department of the Korean People's Army">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Kon" title="Kang Kon">Kang Kon</a> (1948–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_Il" title="Nam Il">Nam Il</a> (1950–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kwang-hyop" title="Kim Kwang-hyop">Kim Kwang-hyop</a> (1953–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kwon-mu" title="Lee Kwon-mu">Lee Kwon-mu</a> (1957–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chang-bong" title="Kim Chang-bong">Kim Chang-bong</a> (1959–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Kwang" title="Choe Kwang">Choe Kwang</a> (1962–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Jin-u" title="O Jin-u">O Jin-u</a> (1968–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Kuk-ryol" title="O Kuk-ryol">O Kuk-ryol</a> (1979–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Kwang" title="Choe Kwang">Choe Kwang</a> (1988–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-chun" title="Kim Yong-chun">Kim Yong-chun</a> (1995–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyok-sik" title="Kim Kyok-sik">Kim Kyok-sik</a> (2007–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-ho_(general)" title="Ri Yong-ho (general)">Ri Yong-ho</a> (2009–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyon_Yong-chol" title="Hyon Yong-chol">Hyon Yong-chol</a> (2012–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyok-sik" title="Kim Kyok-sik">Kim Kyok-sik</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-gil" title="Ri Yong-gil">Ri Yong-gil</a> (2013–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Myong-su" title="Ri Myong-su">Ri Myong-su</a> (2016–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-gil" title="Ri Yong-gil">Ri Yong-gil</a> (2018–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Jong-chon" title="Pak Jong-chon">Pak Jong-chon</a> (2019–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_Kwang-il" title="Rim Kwang-il">Rim Kwang-il</a> (2021–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Thae-sop" title="Ri Thae-sop">Ri Thae-sop</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Su-il" title="Park Su-il">Park Su-il</a> (2022–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-gil" title="Ri Yong-gil">Ri Yong-gil</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Italics indicate interim officeholder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marshals_of_North_Korea308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Korean_marshals" title="Template:North Korean marshals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Korean_marshals" title="Template talk:North Korean marshals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Korean_marshals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Korean marshals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marshals_of_North_Korea308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marshals of North Korea</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taewonsu" title="Taewonsu">Generalissimos of the DPRK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wonsu" title="Wonsu">Marshals of the Korean People's Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Jin-u" title="O Jin-u">O Jin-u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Kwang" title="Choe Kwang">Choe Kwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Ul-sol" title="Ri Ul-sol">Ri Ul-sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-chun" title="Kim Yong-chun">Kim Yong-chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyon_Chol-hae" title="Hyon Chol-hae">Hyon Chol-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Pyong-chol" title="Ri Pyong-chol">Ri Pyong-chol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Jong-chon" title="Pak Jong-chon">Pak Jong-chon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chasu" title="Chasu">Vice-Marshals of the Korean People's Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Yong-gon_(official)" title="Choe Yong-gon (official)">Choe Yong-gon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_To-il" title="Ju To-il">Ju To-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_In-dok" title="Choe In-dok">Choe In-dok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paek_Hak-rim" title="Paek Hak-rim">Paek Hak-rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Tu-ik" title="Ri Tu-ik">Ri Tu-ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Pong-ryul" title="Kim Pong-ryul">Kim Pong-ryul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kwang-jin_(politician)" title="Kim Kwang-jin (politician)">Kim Kwang-jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ik-hyon" title="Kim Ik-hyon">Kim Ik-hyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Myong-rok" title="Jo Myong-rok">Jo Myong-rok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Ha-il" title="Ri Ha-il">Ri Ha-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-chol" title="Kim Il-chol">Kim Il-chol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Jae-son" title="Jon Jae-son">Jon Jae-son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Ki-so" title="Pak Ki-so">Pak Ki-so</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Jong-san" title="Ri Jong-san">Ri Jong-san</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryong-yon" title="Kim Ryong-yon">Kim Ryong-yon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-mu" title="Ri Yong-mu">Ri Yong-mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Song-u" title="Jang Song-u">Jang Song-u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-ho_(general)" title="Ri Yong-ho (general)">Ri Yong-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-gak" title="Kim Jong-gak">Kim Jong-gak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyon_Yong-chol" title="Hyon Yong-chol">Hyon Yong-chol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_Pyong-so" title="Hwang Pyong-so">Hwang Pyong-so</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Myong-su" title="Ri Myong-su">Ri Myong-su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-gwan" title="Kim Jong-gwan">Kim Jong-gwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwon_Yong-jin" title="Kwon Yong-jin">Kwon Yong-jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_Yong-gil" title="Ri Yong-gil">Ri Yong-gil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:North_Korean_generals" title="Category:North Korean generals">Category:North Korean generals</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10665#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3267" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10665#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3267" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10665#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109068296">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56628926">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1796834/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmKT9wFVKBDKBK9TBByd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11883536X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97032952">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120542589">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120542589">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00275626">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35056185">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001626&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX987287">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/90586">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069847541">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90818561">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000125842&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000003208&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=97876">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201619460">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx019442274pf3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810698333705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007570663905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000126352">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059271905006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14666514">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00507170?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/84476098-f370-412f-bc11-6ee2d10e7177">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1477126">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11883536X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028776240">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&oldid=1281618353">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong_Il&oldid=1281618353</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kim_Jong_Il" title="Category:Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_births" title="Category:1940s births">1940s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011_deaths" title="Category:2011 deaths">2011 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Khabarovsky_District" title="Category:People from Khabarovsky District">People from Khabarovsky District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_presidents" title="Category:Children of presidents">Children of presidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_prime_ministers" title="Category:Children of prime ministers">Children of prime ministers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_North_Korea" title="Category:Heads of state of North Korea">Heads of state of North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Korean_communists" title="Category:North Korean communists">North Korean communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_nationalists" title="Category:Korean nationalists">Korean nationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_expatriates_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Korean expatriates in the Soviet Union">Korean expatriates in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_film_producers" title="Category:Korean film producers">Korean film producers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_political_parties_in_North_Korea" title="Category:Leaders of political parties in North Korea">Leaders of political parties in North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Category:Members of the Supreme People's Assembly">Members of the Supreme People's Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea_and_its_predecessors" title="Category:Leaders of the Workers' Party of Korea and its predecessors">Leaders of the Workers' Party of Korea and its predecessors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_5th_Political_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Category:Members of the 5th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Members of the 5th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_6th_Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Category:Members of the 6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Members of the 6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_6th_Presidium_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Category:Members of the 6th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea">Members of the 6th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generalissimos" title="Category:Generalissimos">Generalissimos</a></li><li><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-86bb4594cc-lv6b8","wgBackendResponseTime":409,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.310","walltime":"5.289","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31102,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":862033,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":165754,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":772996,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4591.482 1 -total"," 33.46% 1536.422 3 Template:Reflist"," 22.15% 1016.998 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 12.17% 558.968 65 Template:Cite_news"," 10.21% 468.676 71 Template:Cite_web"," 7.32% 335.892 1 Template:IPAc-en"," 6.93% 318.330 40 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