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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>In law, a <b>settlement</b> is a resolution between disputing parties about a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">legal case</a>, reached either before or after court action begins. A <b>collective settlement</b> is a settlement of multiple similar legal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also has other meanings in the context of law. <a href="/wiki/Structured_settlement" title="Structured settlement">Structured settlements</a> provide for future periodic payments, instead of a one time cash payment. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Basis"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Basis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Specific_jurisdictions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Specific jurisdictions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Confidentiality"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Confidentiality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Limitations"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Limitations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#England_and_Wales"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">England and Wales</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Basis">Basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>A settlement, as well as dealing with the dispute between the parties is a contract between those parties, and is one possible (and common) result when parties sue (or contemplate so doing) each other in <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">civil</a> <a href="/wiki/Proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings">proceedings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiffs</a> and defendants identified in the <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> can end the dispute between themselves without a <a href="/wiki/Trial_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial (law)">trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contract is based upon the bargain that a party forgoes its ability to sue (if it has not sued already), or to continue with the claim (if the plaintiff has sued), in return for the certainty written into the settlement. The courts will enforce the settlement. If it is breached, the party in default could be sued for breach of that contract. In some jurisdictions, the party in default could also face the original action being restored. </p><p>The settlement of the lawsuit defines legal requirements of the parties and is often put in force by an order of the court after a joint <a href="/wiki/Stipulation" title="Stipulation">stipulation</a> by the parties. In other situations (as where the claims have been satisfied by the payment of a certain sum of money), the plaintiff and defendant can simply file a notice that the case has been dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of cases are decided by a settlement. Both sides (regardless of relative monetary resources) often have a strong incentive to settle to avoid the costs (such as legal fees, finding expert witnesses, etc.), the time and the stress associated with a trial, particularly where a trial by jury is available. Generally, one side or the other will make a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_offer" title="Settlement offer">settlement offer</a> early in litigation. The parties may hold (and indeed, the court may require) a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_conference" title="Settlement conference">settlement conference</a>, at which they attempt to reach such a settlement. </p><p>In controversial cases, it may be written into a settlement that both sides keep its contents and all other information relevant to the case confidential or that one of the parties (usually the one being sued) does not, by agreeing to the settlement, admit to any fault or wrongdoing in the underlying issue. </p><p>A "global settlement" is one employed where suits have been filed or charges brought in multiple jurisdictions and is defined as "a legal agreement that addresses or compromises both civil claims and criminal charges against a corporation or other large entity".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of a global settlement include the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a> between the attorneys general of 46 U.S. states and the four major U.S. tobacco companies in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is within the <a href="/wiki/Global_Analyst_Research_Settlements" title="Global Analyst Research Settlements">Global Analyst Research Settlements</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Specific_jurisdictions">Specific jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specific jurisdictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial, 90% of <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a> settle, and around 50% of other civil cases settle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In American law, settlement agreements are normally private <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>, not court orders, except for <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decrees</a>, which are relatively uncommon in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-produce_or_not_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-produce_or_not-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Confidentiality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidentiality agreement">Confidentiality agreement</a></div> <p>Most settlements are confidential. In these cases, the court order may refer to another document which is not disclosed, but which may be revealed to prove a breach of the settlement. Confidentiality is not possible in <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> cases in the United States, where all settlements are subject to approval by the court pursuant to Rule 23 of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> and counterpart rules adopted in most states. </p><p>In some cases, confidential settlements are requested in discovery. Federal courts can issue <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">protective orders</a> preventing the release, but the party seeking to prevent disclosure must show that harm or prejudice would result from the disclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-produce_or_not_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-produce_or_not-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In specific states such as California, however the burden is on the party seeking release of the confidential settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-produce_or_not_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-produce_or_not-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limitations">Limitations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The confidentiality of settlements is controversial as it allows damaging actions to remain secret, as occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic sexual abuse scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, some states have passed laws which limit confidentiality. For example, in 1990 Florida passed a 'Sunshine in Litigation' law which limits confidentiality from concealing public hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> have laws limiting confidentiality as well, although judicial interpretation has weakened the application of these types of laws.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. Congress, a similar federal Sunshine in Litigation Act has been proposed but not passed in 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confidentiality agreements which keep secrets from regulators about violations is probably unenforceable, but a specific carveout granting regulators access is usually not included.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England and Wales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, if the matter is already before the courts, except in a case where the claim is to be dismissed outright and the Claimant agrees to pay the Defendant's costs, the matter is usually dealt with by a <a href="/wiki/Consent_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Consent order">consent order</a>, signed by the legal representatives of both parties and approved by the judge. </p><p>To get around the issue of confidentiality referred to above, a standard procedure consent order, known as a <a href="/wiki/Tomlin_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomlin Order">Tomlin Order</a> is entered into. The order itself contains an agreement that the claim is <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_proceedings" title="Stay of proceedings">stayed</a> and no further action can be taken in court (except for referring a dispute in the implementation of the order to court, which is allowed). The order also deals with payment of costs, and payments of money out of court if any money is held by the court (as these are matters which must be dealt with by Court Order). However, the actual terms of the settlement are dealt with in a 'schedule' to the order, which can remain confidential. Breach of the schedule can be dealt with as breach of contract, or breach of the consent order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Israel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Israel, which is a common law jurisdiction, settlements almost always are submitted to the court, for two reasons: (a) only by submitting the settlement to the court can the litigants control whether the court will order one or more parties to pay costs, and (b) the plaintiff (claimant) usually prefers for the settlement to be given the effect of a judgment. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierringer_release" title="Pierringer release">Pierringer release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_suit" title="Strike suit">Strike suit</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_(litigation)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErichson2010–2011" class="citation journal cs1">Erichson, Howard M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confidential+Settlement+Agreements%3A+To+Produce+Or+Not+To+Produce%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reedsmith.com%2FConfidential-Settlement-Agreements-To-Produce-Or-Not-To-Produce-03-18-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+%28litigation%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodstein2002" class="citation news cs1">Goodstein, Laurie (27 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/27/nyregion/albany-diocese-settled-abuse-case-for-almost-1-million.html">"Albany Diocese Settled Abuse Case for Almost $1 Million"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401172810/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/27/nyregion/albany-diocese-settled-abuse-case-for-almost-1-million.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Albany+Diocese+Settled+Abuse+Case+for+Almost+%241+Million&rft.date=2002-06-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F06%2F27%2Fnyregion%2Falbany-diocese-settled-abuse-case-for-almost-1-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+%28litigation%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/publications/gp_solo/2012/november_december2012privacyandconfidentiality/confidentiality_settlement_agreements_is_bad_clients_lawyers_justice.html">"Confidentiality in Settlement Agreements Is Bad for Clients, Bad for Lawyers, Bad for Justice"</a>. <i>americanbar.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=%22Quality%2C+Not+Quantity%3A+An+Analysis+of+Confidential+Settlements+and+Lit%22+by+Alison+Lothes&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=433&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25047592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25047592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lothes&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fpenn_law_review%2Fvol154%2Fiss2%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+%28litigation%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fan, Mary D. (18 September 2015). "Private Data, Public Safety: A Bounded Access Model of Disclosure". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2662678">2662678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Private+Data%2C+Public+Safety%3A+A+Bounded+Access+Model+of+Disclosure&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2662678%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Mary+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+%28litigation%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a 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data-title="Мирова угода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3_(%E8%AF%89%E8%AE%BC)" title="和解 (诉讼) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="和解 (诉讼)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 14:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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