Kesetimbangan kimia - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termodinamika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termodinamika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Termodinamika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termodinamika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_suhu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_suhu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pengaruh suhu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_suhu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zat_murni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zat_murni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zat murni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zat_murni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis_kesetimbangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_kesetimbangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jenis kesetimbangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis_kesetimbangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kesetimbangan kimia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 62 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_ewewig" title="Chemiese ewewig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese ewewig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="توازن كيميائي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توازن كيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibriu_qu%C3%ADmicu" title="Equilibriu químicu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Equilibriu químicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_tarazl%C4%B1q" title="Kimyəvi tarazlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi tarazlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хімічная раўнавага – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная раўнавага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Химично равновесие – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химично равновесие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="রাসায়নিক সাম্যাবস্থা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক সাম্যাবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_ravnote%C5%BEa" title="Hemijska ravnoteža – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijska ravnoteža" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibri_qu%C3%ADmic" title="Equilibri químic – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equilibri químic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ھاوسەنگیی کیمیایی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوسەنگیی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_rovnov%C3%A1ha" title="Chemická rovnováha – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemická rovnováha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_ligev%C3%A6gt" title="Kemisk ligevægt – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk ligevægt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Gleichgewicht" title="Chemisches Gleichgewicht – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemisches Gleichgewicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical equilibrium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_ekvilibro" title="Kemia ekvilibro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia ekvilibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Equilibrio químico – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equilibrio químico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_tasakaal" title="Keemiline tasakaal – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline tasakaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreka_kimiko" title="Oreka kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oreka kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تعادل شیمیایی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعادل شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_tasapaino" title="Kemiallinen tasapaino – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen tasapaino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique" title="Équilibre chimique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équilibre chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Equilibrio químico – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Equilibrio químico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="שיווי משקל כימי – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיווי משקל כימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रासायनिक साम्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक साम्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_ravnote%C5%BEa" title="Kemijska ravnoteža – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska ravnoteža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekilib_chimik" title="Ekilib chimik – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekilib chimik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B7%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քիմիական հավասարակշռություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական հավասարակշռություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiala_equilibro" title="Kemiala equilibro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemiala equilibro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_chimico" title="Equilibrio chimico – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equilibrio chimico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化学平衡 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学平衡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური წონასწორობა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური წონასწორობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Химиялық тепе-теңдік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық тепе-теңдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="화학 평형 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학 평형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Хемиска рамнотежа – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиска рамнотежа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="രാസസംതുലനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസസംതുലനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Химийн тэнцвэрт байдал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн тэнцвэрт байдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keseimbangan_kimia" title="Keseimbangan kimia – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keseimbangan kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisch_evenwicht" title="Chemisch evenwicht – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemisch evenwicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_likevekt" title="Kjemisk likevekt – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk likevekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wnowaga_reakcji_chemicznych" title="Równowaga reakcji chemicznych – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równowaga reakcji chemicznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equil%C3%ADbrio_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Equilíbrio químico – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equilíbrio químico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqllisinchi_nankay" title="Chaqllisinchi nankay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaqllisinchi nankay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echilibru_chimic" title="Echilibru chimic – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Echilibru chimic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Химическое равновесие – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическое равновесие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiijala%C5%A1_d%C3%A1ssedeaddu" title="Kemiijalaš dássedeaddu – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kemiijalaš dássedeaddu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_ravnote%C5%BEa" title="Hemijska ravnoteža – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijska ravnoteža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_rovnov%C3%A1ha" title="Chemická rovnováha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemická rovnováha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dno_ravnovesje" title="Kemično ravnovesje – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemično ravnovesje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuilibri_kimik" title="Ekuilibri kimik – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekuilibri kimik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Хемијска равнотежа – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијска равнотежа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_j%C3%A4mvikt" title="Kemisk jämvikt – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk jämvikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வேதியியற் சமநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதியியற் சமநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="สมดุลเคมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมดุลเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekilibriyong_kemikal" title="Ekilibriyong kemikal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekilibriyong kemikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_denge" title="Kimyasal denge – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal denge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хімічна рівновага – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна рівновага" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86" title="کیمیائی توازن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی توازن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2n_b%E1%BA%B1ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cân bằng hóa học – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cân bằng hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化学平衡 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学平衡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化学平衡 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化学平衡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk_p%C3%AAng-h%C3%AAng" title="Hòa-ha̍k pêng-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k pêng-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化學平衡 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學平衡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189520#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kesetimbangan_kimia" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189520" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a>, <b>kesetimbangan kimia</b> adalah keadaan saat kedua reaktan dan produk hadir dalam <a href="/wiki/Konsentrasi" title="Konsentrasi">konsentrasi</a> yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biasanya, keadaan ini terjadi ketika reaksi ke depan berlangsung pada laju yang sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_reversibel" title="Reaksi reversibel">reaksi balik</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laju_reaksi" title="Laju reaksi">Laju</a> pada reaksi maju dan mundur umumnya tidak nol, tapi sama. Dengan demikian, tidak ada perubahan bersih dalam konsentrasi reaktan dan produk. Keadaan seperti ini dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_dinamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesetimbangan dinamis (halaman belum tersedia)">kesetimbangan dinamis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Burette.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Burette.svg/100px-Burette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="680" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Burette.svg/150px-Burette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Burette.svg/200px-Burette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buret" title="Buret">Buret</a>, suatu peralatan laboratorium umum untuk melakukan <a href="/wiki/Titrasi" title="Titrasi">titrasi</a>, teknik eksperimental penting dalam kesetimbangan dan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_analitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia analitik">kimia analitik</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Konsep kesetimbangan kimia dikembangkan setelah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Louis_Berthollet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Louis Berthollet (halaman belum tersedia)">Berthollet</a> (1803) menemukan bahwa beberapa <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a> bersifat <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_reversibel" title="Reaksi reversibel">reversibel</a>. Untuk setiap campuran reaksi yang ada pada kesetimbangan, <a href="/wiki/Laju_reaksi" title="Laju reaksi">laju</a> pada reaksi maju dan mundur adalah sama. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Persamaan_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persamaan kimia">persamaan</a> berikut ini panah menunjuk kedua arah menunjukkan kesetimbangan, A dan B adalah spesi <a href="/wiki/Reaktan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaktan">reaktan</a> kimia, S dan T adalah spesi produk, dan <a href="/wiki/Alfa" title="Alfa"><i>α</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_(huruf_Yunani)" title="Beta (huruf Yunani)"><i>β</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma"><i>σ</i></a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau"><i>τ</i></a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Koefisien_stoikiometri" class="mw-redirect" title="Koefisien stoikiometri">koefisien stoikiometri</a> dari reaktan dan produk tersebut: </p> <dl><dd><i>α</i> A + <i>β</i> B <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> <i>σ</i> S + <i>τ</i> T</dd></dl> <p>Posisi konsentrasi kesetimbangan dari suatu reaksi dikatakan berada "jauh ke kanan" jika, pada kesetimbangan, hampir semua reaktan dikonsumsi. Sebaliknya posisi kesetimbangan dikatakan "jauh ke kiri" jika hampir tidak ada produk yang terbentuk dari reaktan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cato_Maximilian_Guldberg" title="Cato Maximilian Guldberg">Guldberg</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Waage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Waage (halaman belum tersedia)">Waage</a> (1865), membangun gagasan Berthollet, mengusulkan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_aksi_massa" title="Hukum aksi massa">hukum aksi massa</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{laju reaksi maju}}=k_{+}\mathrm {A} ^{\alpha }\mathrm {B} ^{\beta }\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>laju reaksi maju</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{laju reaksi maju}}=k_{+}\mathrm {A} ^{\alpha }\mathrm {B} ^{\beta }\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15bbb814ef922f8717cfe8aa073bfc3273c64f94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:28.029ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{laju reaksi maju}}=k_{+}\mathrm {A} ^{\alpha }\mathrm {B} ^{\beta }\,\!}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{laju reaksi mundur}}=k_{-}\mathrm {S} ^{\sigma }\mathrm {T} ^{\tau }\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>laju reaksi mundur</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{laju reaksi mundur}}=k_{-}\mathrm {S} ^{\sigma }\mathrm {T} ^{\tau }\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b6dee82f0165fa2b4684aa5bbc5fb539fee51ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:30.322ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{laju reaksi mundur}}=k_{-}\mathrm {S} ^{\sigma }\mathrm {T} ^{\tau }\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dimana A, B, S dan T adalah <a href="/wiki/Aktivitas_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktivitas (kimia)">massa aktif</a> dan <i>k</i><sub>+</sub> serta <i>k</i><sub>−</sub> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstanta_laju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstanta laju (halaman belum tersedia)">konstanta laju</a>. Karena pada kesetimbangan, laju maju dan mundur adalah sama: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{\mathrm {A} \right\}^{\alpha }\left\{\mathrm {B} \right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{\mathrm {S} \right\}^{\sigma }\left\{\mathrm {T} \right\}^{\tau }\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{\mathrm {A} \right\}^{\alpha }\left\{\mathrm {B} \right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{\mathrm {S} \right\}^{\sigma }\left\{\mathrm {T} \right\}^{\tau }\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed3f59da7dd456f6ce6b71a6aa22eb6b51e9b5f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.301ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{\mathrm {A} \right\}^{\alpha }\left\{\mathrm {B} \right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{\mathrm {S} \right\}^{\sigma }\left\{\mathrm {T} \right\}^{\tau }\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Dan rasio konstanta laju juga konstan, sekarang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Konstanta_kesetimbangan" title="Konstanta kesetimbangan">konstanta kesetimbangan</a>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99b99dffe88277eb75a58d7968d2d3d308cc161d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:24.005ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Berdasarkan konvensi, produk adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembilang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembilang (halaman belum tersedia)">pembilang</a>. </p><p>Namun, <a href="/wiki/Hukum_aksi_massa" title="Hukum aksi massa">hukum aksi massa</a> hanya berlaku untuk reaksi satu tahap gabungan yang dilanjutkan melalui satu <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_transisi" title="Keadaan transisi">keadaan transisi</a> dan <b>tidak berlaku secara umum</b> karena <a href="/wiki/Laju_reaksi#Persamaan_laju" title="Laju reaksi">persamaan laju</a> tidak, secara umum, mengikuti reaksi <a href="/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri">stoikiometri</a> seperti Guldberg dan Waage telah usulkan (lihat, misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Substitusi_nukleofilik" title="Substitusi nukleofilik">substitusi nukleofilik</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_SN1" title="Reaksi SN1">S<sub>N</sub>1</a> atau reaksi <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a> untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_bromida" title="Hidrogen bromida">hidrogen bromida</a>). Kesetaraan laju reaksi ke depan dan ke belakang, bagaimanapun, adalah syarat kondisi yang diperlukan untuk keseimbangan kimiawi, meskipun tidak cukup untuk menjelaskan mengapa kesetimbangan terjadi. </p><p>Terlepas dari kegagalan derivasi ini, konstanta kesetimbangan untuk sebuah reaksi memang konstan, terlepas dari aktivitas berbagai spesies yang terlibat, meskipun hal itu bergantung pada suhu seperti yang diamati oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_van_%27t_Hoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persamaan van 't Hoff (halaman belum tersedia)">persamaan van 't Hoff</a>. Menambahkan <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalis</a> akan mempengaruhi reaksi maju maupun reaksi sebaliknya dengan cara yang sama dan tidak akan berpengaruh pada konstanta kesetimbangan. Katalis akan mempercepat kedua reaksi sehingga meningkatkan kecepatan di mana keseimbangan tercapai.<sup id="cite_ref-aj_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun konsentrasi kesetimbangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makroskopis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makroskopis (halaman belum tersedia)">makroskopis</a> konstan pada waktunya, reaksi terjadi pada tingkat molekul. Misalnya, dalam kasus <a href="/wiki/Asam_asetat" title="Asam asetat">asam asetat</a> yang dilarutkan dalam air dan membentuk ion <a href="/wiki/Asetat" title="Asetat">asetat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hidronium" title="Hidronium">hidronium</a>, </p> <dl><dd>CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub>3</sub>CO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">2</span></span></span> + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p>Sebuah proton dapat melompat dari satu molekul asam asetat ke molekul air dan kemudian ke anion asetat untuk membentuk molekul asam asetat lain dan membiarkan jumlah molekul asam asetat tidak berubah. Ini adalah contoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_dinamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesetimbangan dinamis (halaman belum tersedia)">kesetimbangan dinamis</a>. Kesetimbangan, seperti sisa termodinamika, adalah fenomena statistik, rata-rata perilaku mikroskopis. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Le_Chatelier" title="Prinsip Le Chatelier">Prinsip Le Châtelier</a></b> (1884) memberi gambaran tentang perilaku suatu sistem kesetimbangan saat perubahan kondisi reaksinya terjadi. <i>Jika kesetimbangan dinamis terganggu dengan mengubah kondisinya, posisi kesetimbangan bergerak untuk membalikkan sebagian perubahan</i>. Misalnya, menambahkan lebih banyak S dari luar akan menyebabkan kelebihan produk, dan sistem akan mencoba untuk melawannya dengan meningkatkan reaksi balik dan mendorong titik kesetimbangan ke belakang (meskipun konstanta kesetimbangan akan tetap sama). </p><p>Jika <a href="/wiki/Asam_mineral" title="Asam mineral">asam mineral</a> ditambahkan ke dalam campuran asam asetat, meningkatkan konsentrasi ion hidronium, jumlah disosiasi harus berkurang saat reaksi digerakkan ke kiri sesuai dengan prinsip ini. Hal ini juga dapat disimpulkan dari ekspresi konstanta kesetimbangan untuk reaksi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K={\frac {{\ce {\{CH3CO2^-\}\{H3O+\}}}}{{\ce {\{CH3CO2H\}}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K={\frac {{\ce {\{CH3CO2^-\}\{H3O+\}}}}{{\ce {\{CH3CO2H\}}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43f77e5277792e000f8c6f65f00067424c755f0a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:27.591ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K={\frac {{\ce {\{CH3CO2^-\}\{H3O+\}}}}{{\ce {\{CH3CO2H\}}}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Jika {H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>} bertambah {CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H} harus bertambah dan <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub>3</sub>CO<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">2</span></span></span> harus berkurang. H<sub>2</sub>O dilepaskan, karena pelarut dan konsentrasinya tetap tinggi dan hampir konstan. </p><p>Versi kuantitatif diberikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasil_bagi_reaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasil bagi reaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">hasil bagi reaksi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">J. W. Gibbs</a> menyarankan pada tahun 1873 bahwa kesetimbangan tercapai saat <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Gibbs" title="Energi bebas Gibbs">energi bebas Gibbs</a> dari sistem bernilai minimum (dengan anggapan reaksi dilakukan pada suhu dan tekanan konstan). Apa artinya ini adalah turunan dari energi Gibbs berkenaan dengan <a href="/wiki/Koordinat_reaksi" title="Koordinat reaksi">koordinat reaksi</a> (ukuran reaksi yang telah terjadi, mulai dari nol untuk semua reaktan sampai maksimum untuk semua produk) lenyap, menandakan <a href="/wiki/Titik_stasioner" title="Titik stasioner">titik stasioner</a>. Turunan ini disebut reaksi energi Gibbs (atau perubahan energi) dan sesuai dengan perbedaan antara <a href="/wiki/Potensial_kimia" title="Potensial kimia">potensial kimia</a> dari reaktan dan produk pada komposisi campuran reaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kriteria ini diperlukan dan cukup. Jika campuran tidak berada pada kesetimbangan, pembebasan kelebihan energi Gibbs (atau <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Helmholtz" title="Energi bebas Helmholtz">energi bebas Helmholtz</a> pada volume reaksi konstan) adalah "kekuatan penggerak" untuk komposisi campuran agar berubah sampai tercapai kesetimbangan. Konstanta kesetimbangan dapat dikaitkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Gibbs" title="Energi bebas Gibbs">energi bebas Gibbs</a> standar untuk reaksi dengan persamaan </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f654171eeefde32716ba2c59ac50696c77a977b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.082ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{r}G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Dimana R adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetapan_gas_ideal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetapan gas ideal (halaman belum tersedia)">tetapan gas ideal</a> dan T adalah <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a>. </p><p>Bila reaktan dilarutkan dalam medium dengan <a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_ion" title="Kekuatan ion">kekuatan ion</a> tinggi; hasil <a href="/wiki/Koefisien_aktivitas" title="Koefisien aktivitas">koefisien aktivitas</a> dapat dianggap konstan. Dalam hal ini <b>hasil bagi konsentrasi</b>, <i>K</i><sub>c</sub>, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {[\mathrm {S} ]^{\sigma }[\mathrm {T} ]^{\tau }}{[\mathrm {A} ]^{\alpha }[\mathrm {B} ]^{\beta }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {[\mathrm {S} ]^{\sigma }[\mathrm {T} ]^{\tau }}{[\mathrm {A} ]^{\alpha }[\mathrm {B} ]^{\beta }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1343be135c4f33c7333e53558b9e96d27f1819ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:15.304ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {[\mathrm {S} ]^{\sigma }[\mathrm {T} ]^{\tau }}{[\mathrm {A} ]^{\alpha }[\mathrm {B} ]^{\beta }}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dimana [A] adalah <a href="/wiki/Konsentrasi" title="Konsentrasi">konsentrasi</a> A, dan lain-lain, tidak bergantung pada konsentrasi analitis reaktan. Untuk alasan ini, konstanta kesetimbangan untuk <a href="/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan">larutan</a> biasanya ditentukan di media dengan kekuatan ion tinggi. <i>K<sub>c</sub></i> bervariasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_ion" title="Kekuatan ion">kekuatan ion</a>, suhu dan tekanan (atau volume). Juga <i>K<sub>p</sub></i> untuk gas bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_parsial" title="Tekanan parsial">tekanan parsial</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Termodinamika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Termodinamika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Diag_eq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Diag_eq.svg/300px-Diag_eq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Diag_eq.svg/450px-Diag_eq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Diag_eq.svg/600px-Diag_eq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Variasi kurva <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Gibbs" title="Energi bebas Gibbs">G</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan">P</a>) tergantung pada <i>ξ</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada suhu dan tekanan konstan, harus mempertimbangkan <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Gibbs" title="Energi bebas Gibbs">energi bebas Gibbs</a>, <i>G</i>, sedangkan pada suhu dan volume konstan, harus mempertimbangkan <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Helmholtz" title="Energi bebas Helmholtz">energi bebas Helmholtz</a>: <i>A</i>, untuk reaksinya; dan pada energi dalam dan volume konstan, seseorang harus mempertimbangkan <a href="/wiki/Entropi" title="Entropi">entropi</a> untuk reaksi: <i>S</i>. </p><p>Kasus volume konstan penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Geokimia" title="Geokimia">geokimia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">kimia atmosfer</a> di mana variasi tekanan signifikan. Perhatikan bahwa, jika reaktan dan produk berada dalam <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_standar" title="Keadaan standar">keadaan standar</a> (benar-benar murni), maka tidak akan ada reversibilitas dan tidak ada kesetimbangan. Memang, mereka tentu saja harus menempati kisi-kisi ruang. Pencampuran produk dan reaktan berkontribusi pada entropi besar (dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropi_pencampuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropi pencampuran (halaman belum tersedia)">entropi pencampuran</a>) pada keadaan yang mengandung campuran produk dan reaktan yang sama. Perubahan energi Gibbs standar, bersamaan dengan energi pencampuran Gibbs, menentukan keadaan kesetimbangan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada artikel ini hanya kasus <b>tekanan konstan</b> yang dipertimbangkan. Hubungan antara energi bebas Gibbs dan konstanta kesetimbangan dapat ditemukan dengan mempertimbangkan <a href="/wiki/Potensial_kimia" title="Potensial kimia">potensial kimia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada suhu dan tekanan konstan, <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Gibbs" title="Energi bebas Gibbs">energi bebas Gibbs</a>, <i>G</i>, karena reaksinya hanya bergantung pada tingkat reaksi.: <i>ξ</i> (huruf Yunani <a href="/wiki/Xi" class="mw-disambig" title="Xi">xi</a>), dan hanya bisa berkurang sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_kedua_termodinamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum kedua termodinamika">hukum kedua termodinamika</a>. Artinya turunan dari <i>G</i> dengan <i>ξ</i> harus negatif jika reaksi terjadi; pada kesetimbangan turunannya sama dengan nol. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=0~}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=0~}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5babfc9bf7581b626ed039500568ae6b15638b4e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:14.815ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=0~}"></span>:<span class="nowrap">     </span>kesetimbangan</dd></dl> <p>Untuk memenuhi kondisi kesetimbangan termodinamika, energi Gibbs harus stasioner, yang berarti bahwa turunan dari <i>G</i> berkenaan dengan tingkat reaksi: <i>ξ</i>, harus nol. Dapat ditunjukkan bahwa dalam kasus ini, jumlah <a href="/wiki/Potensial_kimia" title="Potensial kimia">potensial kimia</a> dari produk sama dengan jumlah yang sesuai dengan reaktan. Oleh karena itu, jumlah energi Gibbs dari reaktan harus sama dengan jumlah energi Gibbs dari produk. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }+\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }=\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }+\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }=\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e673c9a9320a593edd85dfb251dfce8e9580db02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.55ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }+\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }=\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu_(letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu (letter) (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>μ</i></a> Dalam hal ini adalah energi Gibbs molar parsial, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Potensial_kimia" title="Potensial kimia">potensial kimia</a>. Potensial kimia pereaksi A adalah fungsi <a href="/wiki/Aktivitas_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktivitas (kimia)">aktivitas</a>, {A} dari pereaksi tersebut. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {A} }=\mu _{A}^{\ominus }+RT\ln\{\mathrm {A} \}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {A} }=\mu _{A}^{\ominus }+RT\ln\{\mathrm {A} \}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1609d5df45d0f2c914ac2d44dbea82c284a0483" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.9ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {A} }=\mu _{A}^{\ominus }+RT\ln\{\mathrm {A} \}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>(dimana <i>μ</i><span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;"><s>o</s></span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">A</span></span> adalah <b>potensial kimia standar</b>). </p><p>Definisi persamaan <a href="/wiki/Energi_bebas_Gibbs" title="Energi bebas Gibbs">energi bebas Gibbs</a> berinteraksi dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_termodinamika_fundamental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan termodinamika fundamental (halaman belum tersedia)">hubungan termodinamika fundamental</a> untuk menghasilkan </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dG=Vdp-SdT+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}dN_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dG=Vdp-SdT+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}dN_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17f993d14dc653081e044da42ec50e2f8a19bcf3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:30.171ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dG=Vdp-SdT+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}dN_{i}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Memasukkan <i>dN<sub>i</sub></i> = <i>ν<sub>i</sub> dξ</i> kedalam persamaan di atas menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Koefisien_stoikiometri" class="mw-redirect" title="Koefisien stoikiometri">koefisien stoikiometri</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}~}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{i}~}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dfb56c1abefd260da0785b2a43fb0b2f2d35030c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.529ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}~}"></span>) dan diferensial yang menunjukkan reaksi terjadi sekali (<i>dξ</i>). Pada tekanan dan suhu konstan, persamaan di atas dapat ditulis sebagai </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}\nu _{i}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}\nu _{i}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e310488e7eb878b5da2279bf27ccb507badb3b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:31.375ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}\nu _{i}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}}"></span> yang merupakan <b>perubahan energi bebas Gibbs bagi reaksi</b> .</dd></dl> <p>Hal ini menghasilkan: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }-\alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }-\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>α</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>β</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }-\alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }-\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d0a006e3eb1249c479bcd032798a00dff080296" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.703ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }-\alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }-\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }\,}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Dengan mensubstitusi potensial kimia: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=(\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }^{\ominus }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }^{\ominus })-(\alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }^{\ominus }+\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }^{\ominus })+(\sigma RT\ln\{\mathrm {S} \}+\tau RT\ln\{\mathrm {T} \})-(\alpha RT\ln\{\mathrm {A} \}+\beta RT\ln\{\mathrm {B} \})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=(\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }^{\ominus }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }^{\ominus })-(\alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }^{\ominus }+\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }^{\ominus })+(\sigma RT\ln\{\mathrm {S} \}+\tau RT\ln\{\mathrm {T} \})-(\alpha RT\ln\{\mathrm {A} \}+\beta RT\ln\{\mathrm {B} \})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04b31e3abb53748c8d89f5c101f4f1b85571d5e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:98.45ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=(\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }^{\ominus }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }^{\ominus })-(\alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }^{\ominus }+\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }^{\ominus })+(\sigma RT\ln\{\mathrm {S} \}+\tau RT\ln\{\mathrm {T} \})-(\alpha RT\ln\{\mathrm {A} \}+\beta RT\ln\{\mathrm {B} \})}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>hubungannya menjadi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}^{\ominus }\nu _{i}+RT\ln {\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}^{\ominus }\nu _{i}+RT\ln {\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63e6e34d974dfa8662d2cb8c97553ceec7078143" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:39.301ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}^{\ominus }\nu _{i}+RT\ln {\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}^{\ominus }\nu _{i}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}^{\ominus }\nu _{i}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef9f37fc80b36755d22536457d39df78403cf0fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:17.851ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}\mu _{i}^{\ominus }\nu _{i}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }}"></span>:</dd></dl> <p>yaitu <b>perubahan energi Gibbs standar bagi reaksi</b> yang dapat dihitung menggunakan tabel termodinamika. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasil_bagi_reaksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasil bagi reaksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Hasil bagi reaksinya</a> didefinisikan sebagai: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{\mathrm {r} }={\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{\mathrm {r} }={\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/058366834e379a53b6ab637429ad66a13e6bea42" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:17.147ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{\mathrm {r} }={\frac {\{\mathrm {S} \}^{\sigma }\{\mathrm {T} \}^{\tau }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}^{\beta }}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Karenanya, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }+RT\ln Q_{\mathrm {r} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }+RT\ln Q_{\mathrm {r} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d937ec08f9592f6dd0c45ea9053db51d41825712" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:41.303ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }+RT\ln Q_{\mathrm {r} }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Pada kesetimbangan: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5242c9ed73cf9a746b019b269fbbb74725b971b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:24.646ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dG}{d\xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G_{T,p}=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>mengarah pada: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }+RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }+RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4a59263b2243498ea38734b7244e37fa1d553343" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.18ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }+RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dan </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d11d70ecf3178d504f6f5a9e5286fa2f59a386cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.985ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln K_{\mathrm {eq} }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>menghasilkan nilai perubahan energi Gibbs standar, memungkinkan perhitungan konstanta kesetimbangan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengaruh_suhu">Pengaruh suhu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pengaruh suhu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengaruh suhu"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pengaruh perubahan suhu pada konstanta kesetimbangan diberikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_van_%27t_Hoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persamaan van 't Hoff (halaman belum tersedia)">persamaan van 't Hoff</a> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln K}{dT}}={\frac {\Delta H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\ominus }}{RT^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln K}{dT}}={\frac {\Delta H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\ominus }}{RT^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8392cb1f47c3596a51623e15d5bf76644b08de1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.316ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln K}{dT}}={\frac {\Delta H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\ominus }}{RT^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Karenanya, untuk reaksi <a href="/wiki/Eksotermik" title="Eksotermik">eksotermik</a> (Δ<i>H</i> adalah negatif), <i>K</i> menurun dengan kenaikan suhu, namun untuk reaksi <a href="/wiki/Endotermik" title="Endotermik">endotermik</a>, (ΔH positif) <i>K</i> meningkat dengan kenaikan suhu. Rumus alternatifnya adalah </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln K}{d(T^{-1})}}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\ominus }}{R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln K}{d(T^{-1})}}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\ominus }}{R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4699785667c5faa06434bdb1a1f7d124331309f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:19.207ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln K}{d(T^{-1})}}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\ominus }}{R}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Pada pandangan pertama ini tampaknya menawarkan cara untuk mendapatkan entalpi molar standar reaksi dengan mempelajari variasi <i>K</i> dengan suhu. Namun, dalam praktiknya, metode ini tidak dapat diandalkan karena propaganda kesalahan hampir selalu memberikan kesalahan yang sangat besar pada nilai yang dihitung dengan cara ini </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zat_murni">Zat murni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Zat murni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Zat murni"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Weak_acid_speciation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Weak_acid_speciation.svg/240px-Weak_acid_speciation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Weak_acid_speciation.svg/360px-Weak_acid_speciation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Weak_acid_speciation.svg/480px-Weak_acid_speciation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Kurva disosiasi asam lemah<br />HA + H<sub>2</sub>O ↔ A<sup>−</sup> + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bila zat murni (<a href="/wiki/Cairan" title="Cairan">cairan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Padatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Padatan">padatan</a>) dilibatkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kesetimbangan" class="mw-disambig" title="Kesetimbangan">kesetimbangan</a>, aktivitasnya tidak muncul dalam konstanta kesetimbangan.<sup id="cite_ref-CEM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena nilai numerik mereka dianggap satu. </p><p>Menerapkan rumus umum untuk konstanta kesetimbangan pada kasus spesifik larutan encer asam asetat dalam air diperoleh </p> <dl><dd>CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H + H<sub>2</sub>O <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}][{H_{2}O}]} }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}][{H_{2}O}]} }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53b93bf6dae8354f02ab3e935fca63b9bd4a16c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.1ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}][{H_{2}O}]} }}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Untuk semua larutan yang sangat terkonsentrasi, <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> dapat dianggap sebagai cairan "murni", dan karena itu memiliki aktivitas satu. Ekspresi konstanta kesetimbangan oleh karena itu biasanya ditulis sebagai </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}]} }}=K_{\mathrm {c} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}]} }}=K_{\mathrm {c} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/472d349477dcf83e95cb3c3423e8ba247ff1d23a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.265ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K={\frac {\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}}^{-}][{H_{3}O}^{+}]} }{\mathrm {[{CH_{3}CO_{2}H}]} }}=K_{\mathrm {c} }}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Kasus tertentu adalah <a href="/wiki/Swaionisasi_air" title="Swaionisasi air">swaionisasi air</a> itu sendiri </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Karena air adalah pelarut, dan memiliki aktivitas satu, konstanta swaionisasi air didefinisikan sebagai </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {w} }=\mathrm {[H^{+}][OH^{-}]} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {w} }=\mathrm {[H^{+}][OH^{-}]} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02e72380cadad70b38e1a6f42ce8b217618bc11f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.394ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {w} }=\mathrm {[H^{+}][OH^{-}]} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Sangat sah untuk menulis [H<sup>+</sup>] untuk konsentrasi <a href="/wiki/Hidronium" title="Hidronium">ion hidronium</a>, karena keadaan <a href="/wiki/Solvasi" title="Solvasi">solvasi</a> proton konstan (dalam larutan encer) dan karenanya tidak mempengaruhi konsentrasi kesetimbangan. <i>K</i><sub>w</sub> bervariasi dengan variasi kekuatan ion dan/atau suhu. </p><p>Konsentrasi H<sup>+</sup> dan OH<sup>−</sup> bukanlah kuantitas independen. Umumnya [OH<sup>−</sup>] digantikan oleh <i>K</i><sub>w</sub>[H<sup>+</sup>]<sup>−1</sup> dalam persamaan konstanta kesetimbangan yang dinyatakan meliputi <a href="/wiki/Ion_hidroksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion hidroksida">ion hidroksida</a>. </p><p>Padatan juga tidak muncul dalam ekspresi konstanta kesetimbangan, jika dianggap murni dan dengan demikian aktivitas mereka menjadi satu. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_Boudouard" title="Reaksi Boudouard">reaksi Boudouard</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-CEM_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">2 CO</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">CO<sub>2</sub></a> + <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a></dd></dl> <p>dimana persamaan (tanpa karbon padat) ditulis sebagai: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[CO_{2}]} }{\mathrm {[CO]^{2}} }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[CO_{2}]} }{\mathrm {[CO]^{2}} }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df7ff1e7f45707791cfd9dd8e697fe5695e94f60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:12.704ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {c} }={\frac {\mathrm {[CO_{2}]} }{\mathrm {[CO]^{2}} }}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis_kesetimbangan">Jenis kesetimbangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis kesetimbangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis kesetimbangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22380697">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style=""><a href="/wiki/Proses_Haber%E2%80%93Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Proses Haber–Bosch">Proses Haber–Bosch</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <ol><li>N<sub>2</sub> (g) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> N<sub>2</sub> (diserap)</li> <li>N<sub>2</sub> (diserap) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> 2 N (diserap)</li> <li>H<sub>2</sub> (g) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> H<sub>2</sub> (diserap)</li> <li>H<sub>2</sub> (diserap) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> 2 H (diserap)</li> <li>N (diserap) + 3 H(diserap) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> NH<sub>3</sub> (diserap)</li> <li>NH<sub>3</sub> (diserap) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> NH<sub>3</sub> (g)</li></ol> </blockquote> </div> <ul><li>Dalam fasa gas: <a href="/wiki/Mesin_roket" title="Mesin roket">mesin roket</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sintesis industri seperti <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Proses_Haber%E2%80%93Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Proses Haber–Bosch">proses Haber–Bosch</a> (digambarkan di sebelah kanan) terjadi melalui serangkaian langkah kesetimbangan termasuk proses <a href="/wiki/Adsorpsi" title="Adsorpsi">adsorpsi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">Kimia atmosfer</a></li> <li>Air laut dan air alami lainnya: <a href="/wiki/Oseanografi_kimia" title="Oseanografi kimia">oseanografi kimia</a></li> <li>Distribusi antara dua fase <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koefisien_partisi" title="Koefisien partisi">Koefisien distribusi log <i>D</i></a>: penting untuk obat-obatan di mana lipofilisitas adalah sifat yang signifikan dari obat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekstrasi_cair-cair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstrasi cair-cair">Ekstrasi cair-cair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertukaran_ion" title="Pertukaran ion">pertukaran ion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi" title="Kromatografi">kromatografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesetimbangan_kelarutan" title="Kesetimbangan kelarutan">Kelarutan produk</a></li> <li>Serapan dan pelepasan oksigen dengan <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> dalam darah</li></ul></li> <li>Kesetimbangan asam-basa: <a href="/wiki/Konstanta_disosiasi_asam" title="Konstanta disosiasi asam">konstanta disosiasi asam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisis" title="Hidrolisis">hidrolisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larutan_penyangga" class="mw-redirect" title="Larutan penyangga">larutan penyangga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indikator_pH" class="mw-redirect" title="Indikator pH">indikator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> asam-basa</li> <li>Kompleksitas pengikat logam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelasi (halaman belum tersedia)">agen pelacak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_kelasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi kelasi (halaman belum tersedia)">terapi kelasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pencitraan_resonansi_magnetik" title="Pencitraan resonansi magnetik">agen pengontras MRI</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_Schlenk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesetimbangan Schlenk (halaman belum tersedia)">kesetimbangan Schlenk</a></li> <li>Pembentukan aduk: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_pembawa_tamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia pembawa tamu (halaman belum tersedia)">kimia pembawa tamu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimia_supramolekuler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia supramolekuler">kimia supramolekuler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengenalan_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengenalan molekul (halaman belum tersedia)">pengenalan molekul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroksida" title="Dinitrogen tetroksida">dinitrogen tetroksida</a></li> <li>Dalam reaksi berosilasi tertentu, pendekatan terhadap kesetimbangan tidak asimtotik tetapi dalam bentuk osilasi teredam.<sup id="cite_ref-CEM_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persamaan_Nernst" title="Persamaan Nernst">Persamaan Nernst</a> yang terkait dalam elektrokimia memberi perbedaan potensial elektrode sebagai fungsi konsentrasi redoks.</li> <li>Ketika molekul di setiap sisi kesetimbangan dapat bereaksi lebih lanjut secara ireversibel dalam reaksi sekunder, rasio produk akhir ditentukan sesuai dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsip_Curtin%E2%80%93Hammett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsip Curtin–Hammett (halaman belum tersedia)">prinsip Curtin–Hammett</a>.</li></ul> <p>Dalam aplikasi ini, istilah seperti konstanta kestabilan, konstanta pembentukan, konstanta pengikatan, konstanta afinitas, konstanta asosiasi/disosiasi digunakan. Dalam biokimia, adalah umum untuk memberi unit konstanta pengikatan, yang berfungsi untuk menentukan unit konsentrasi yang digunakan bila nilai konstanta ditentukan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Atkins, Peter; De Paula, Julio (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atkinsphysicalch00pwat"><i>Atkins' Physical Chemistry</i></a> (edisi ke-8th). W. H. Freeman. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atkinsphysicalch00pwat/page/200">200</a>–202. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-8759-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-8759-8">0-7167-8759-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atkins%27+Physical+Chemistry&rft.pages=200-202&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7167-8759-8&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=De+Paula%2C+Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatkinsphysicalch00pwat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01023.html">chemical equilibrium</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aj_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Atkins, Peter W.; Jones, Loretta. <i>Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight</i> (edisi ke-2nd). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-9903-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-9903-0">0-7167-9903-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Principles%3A+The+Quest+for+Insight&rft.edition=2nd&rft.isbn=0-7167-9903-0&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Loretta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brady, James E. <i>Chemistry: Matter and Its Changes</i> (edisi ke-4th). Fred Senese. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-471-21517-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-471-21517-1">0-471-21517-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+Matter+and+Its+Changes&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Fred+Senese&rft.isbn=0-471-21517-1&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schultz, Mary Jane (1999). "Why Equilibrium? Understanding Entropy of Mixing". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>76</b> (10): 1391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JChEd..76.1391S">1999JChEd..76.1391S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed076p1391">10.1021/ed076p1391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Why+Equilibrium%3F+Understanding+Entropy+of+Mixing&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1391&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed076p1391&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JChEd..76.1391S&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clugston, Michael J. (1990). "A mathematical verification of the second law of thermodynamics from the entropy of mixing". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>67</b> (3): 203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JChEd..67Q.203C">1990JChEd..67Q.203C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed067p203">10.1021/ed067p203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+mathematical+verification+of+the+second+law+of+thermodynamics+from+the+entropy+of+mixing&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed067p203&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990JChEd..67Q.203C&rft.aulast=Clugston&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEM_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEM_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEM_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><i>Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry</i>. 1994. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-89925-457-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-89925-457-8">0-89925-457-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Chemistry&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-89925-457-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19950013764_1995113764.pdf">"Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. NASA Reference publication 1311. NASA. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Program+for+Calculation+of+Complex+Chemical+Equilibrium+Compositions+and+Applications&rft.series=NASA+Reference+publication+1311&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19950013764_1995113764.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar" style="width:auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Sumber pustaka</a> mengenai <br /> <b>Kesetimbangan kimia</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ftl?st=wp&su=Kesetimbangan+kimia">Sumber di perpustakaan Anda</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Van Zeggeren, F.; Storey, S. H. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computationofche0000unse"><i>The Computation of Chemical Equilibria</i></a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computation+of+Chemical+Equilibria&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Van+Zeggeren&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Storey%2C+S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputationofche0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Utamanya terkait dengan kesetimbangan fase gas.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Leggett, D. J., ed. (1985). <i>Computational Methods for the Determination of Formation Constants</i>. Plenum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+Methods+for+the+Determination+of+Formation+Constants&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Martell, A. E.; Motekaitis, R. J. (1992). <i>The Determination and Use of Stability Constants</i>. Wiley-VCH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Determination+and+Use+of+Stability+Constants&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft.au=Motekaitis%2C+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gans, P. (2004). <i>Stability Constants: Determination and Uses</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CD-ROM)</span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|format=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#format_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. Leeds: Protonic Software.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stability+Constants%3A+Determination+and+Uses&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pub=Protonic+Software&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKesetimbangan+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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selflink">Kesetimbangan Kimia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanta_disosiasi_asam" title="Konstanta disosiasi asam">Konstanta disosiasi asam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstanta_pengikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstanta pengikatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Konstanta pengikatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selektivitas_pengikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selektivitas pengikatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Selektivitas pengikatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larutan_dapar" title="Larutan dapar">Larutan dapar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kesetimbangan kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilitas_kimia" title="Stabilitas kimia">Stabilitas kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembentukan kelat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penentuan_konstanta_kesetimbangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penentuan konstanta kesetimbangan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penentuan konstanta kesetimbangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanta_disosiasi" title="Konstanta disosiasi">Konstanta disosiasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koefisien_partisi" title="Koefisien partisi">Koefisien distribusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_dinamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesetimbangan dinamis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesetimbangan dinamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kesetimbangan" title="Kimia kesetimbangan">Kimia kesetimbangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanta_kesetimbangan" title="Konstanta kesetimbangan">Konstanta kesetimbangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahapan_kesetimbangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahapan kesetimbangan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tahapan kesetimbangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungsi_keasaman_Hammett" title="Fungsi keasaman Hammett">Fungsi keasaman Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukum_Henry" title="Hukum Henry">Hukum Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstraksi_cair%E2%80%93cair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstraksi cair–cair (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekstraksi cair–cair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklus_makro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklus makro (halaman belum tersedia)">Efek siklus makro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram_fasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagram fasa">Diagram fasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_pradominansi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram pradominansi (halaman belum tersedia)">Diagram pradominansi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aturan_fasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aturan fasa (halaman belum 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