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<span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Growth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Growth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_expansion_of_Hasanuddin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_expansion_of_Hasanuddin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initial expansion of Hasanuddin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_expansion_of_Hasanuddin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maulana_Yusuf_and_a_crisis_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maulana_Yusuf_and_a_crisis_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Maulana Yusuf and a crisis of succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maulana_Yusuf_and_a_crisis_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_and_the_Palembang_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_and_the_Palembang_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Muhammad and the Palembang campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_and_the_Palembang_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_contacts_and_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_contacts_and_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Western contacts and crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_contacts_and_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_loss_of_Jayakarta_and_the_rise_of_Dutch_Batavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_loss_of_Jayakarta_and_the_rise_of_Dutch_Batavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The loss of Jayakarta and the rise of Dutch Batavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_loss_of_Jayakarta_and_the_rise_of_Dutch_Batavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abu_al-Mafakhir's_reign,_Batavia_and_Mataram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_al-Mafakhir's_reign,_Batavia_and_Mataram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abu al-Mafakhir's reign, Batavia and Mataram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_al-Mafakhir's_reign,_Batavia_and_Mataram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa,_the_last_blooming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa,_the_last_blooming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, the last blooming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa,_the_last_blooming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war_of_father_and_son" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war_of_father_and_son"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Civil war of father and son</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war_of_father_and_son-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fall_of_Banten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fall_of_Banten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>The fall of Banten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_fall_of_Banten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_sultans_of_Banten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_sultans_of_Banten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of sultans of Banten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_sultans_of_Banten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Banten Sultanate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Banten" title="Keurajeuën Banten – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Banten" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86" title="سلطنة بنتن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة بنتن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentem_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bentem sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bentem sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten_Sultan-kok" title="Banten Sultan-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Banten Sultan-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Bant%C3%A9n" title="Sultanato de Bantén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultanato de Bantén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanlando_Bantam" title="Sultanlando Bantam – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sultanlando Bantam" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86" title="سلطان‌نشین بانتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطان‌نشین بانتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Banten" title="Sultanat de Banten – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultanat de Banten" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%ED%8A%BC_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="반튼 술탄국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반튼 술탄국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Banten" title="Kesultanan Banten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Banten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_di_Banten" title="Sultanato di Banten – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultanato di Banten" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasultanan_Banten" title="Kasultanan Banten – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kasultanan Banten" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasultanan_Banten" title="Kasultanan Banten – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kasultanan Banten" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാന്റൻ സുൽത്താനേറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാന്റൻ സുൽത്താനേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Banten" title="Kesultanan Banten – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesultanan Banten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanaat_Bantam" title="Sultanaat Bantam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sultanaat Bantam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="バンテン王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バンテン王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%82tanat_Banten" title="Sułtanat Banten – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sułtanat Banten" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Бантам (султанат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бантам (султанат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasultanan_Banten" title="Kasultanan Banten – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kasultanan Banten" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantenin_sulttaanikunta" title="Bantenin sulttaanikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bantenin sulttaanikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Султанат Бантен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Султанат Бантен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E4%B8%B9%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="萬丹蘇丹國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萬丹蘇丹國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Banten" title="Kesultanan Banten – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kesultanan Banten" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q734867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Banten</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Sundanese-language text"><span lang="su"><span lang="su" style="font-family:'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode 2013'; font-size:;">ᮊᮞᮥᮜ᮪ᮒᮔᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪</span></span></span><br /><span title="Sundanese-language text"><span lang="su-Arab" dir="rtl">كسلطانن بنتن</span></span><br /><span title="Sundanese-language text"><i lang="su">Kasultanan Banten</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1526–1813</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Banten"><img alt="Flag of Banten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/106px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/159px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/212px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banten_Sultanate_Emblem,_2016.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Banten"><img alt="Coat of arms of Banten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banten_Sultanate_Emblem%2C_2016.png/88px-Banten_Sultanate_Emblem%2C_2016.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banten_Sultanate_Emblem%2C_2016.png/132px-Banten_Sultanate_Emblem%2C_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banten_Sultanate_Emblem%2C_2016.png/176px-Banten_Sultanate_Emblem%2C_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Banten_Sultanate_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rough extent of Banten at the death of Hasanudin, controlling both sides of Sunda Strait"><img alt="Rough extent of Banten at the death of Hasanudin, controlling both sides of Sunda Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Banten_Sultanate_en.svg/250px-Banten_Sultanate_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Banten_Sultanate_en.svg/375px-Banten_Sultanate_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Banten_Sultanate_en.svg/500px-Banten_Sultanate_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="435" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Rough extent of Banten at the death of <a href="/wiki/Hasanudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasanudin">Hasanudin</a>, controlling both sides of <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cirebon_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebon Sultanate">Cirebon Sultanate</a> (1526–1552)</li><li>Under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> (1527–1546)</li><li>Independent state (1547-1682)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> (1683–1813)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Banten" title="Old Banten">Old Banten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a> (predominantly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (trade and diplomatic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Cikoneng Lampung</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Sultanate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Banten">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1552–1570 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Hasanuddin_of_Banten" title="Maulana Hasanuddin of Banten">Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1651–1683 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa_of_Banten" title="Ageng Tirtayasa of Banten">Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1809–1813 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maulana_Muhammad_Shafiuddin_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maulana Muhammad Shafiuddin of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Maulana Muhammad Shafiuddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2016–now<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Muhammad_ash-Shafiuddin_of_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="Syarif Muhammad ash-Shafiuddin of Banten">Sultan Syarif Muhammad ash-Shafiuddin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunungjati" title="Sunan Gunungjati">Syarif Hidayatullah</a> conquered Banten </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1526</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sunda_Kelapa" title="Conquest of Sunda Kelapa">Conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1527</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from <a href="/wiki/Cirebon_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebon Sultanate">Cirebon Sultanate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1552</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of Jayakarta </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1619</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Client state of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1683</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies#French_interregnum_(1806–1811)" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1808</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies#British_interregnum_(1811–1816)" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1813</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_banier_met_Arabische_kalligrafie_TMnr_5663-1.svg/20px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_banier_met_Arabische_kalligrafie_TMnr_5663-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_banier_met_Arabische_kalligrafie_TMnr_5663-1.svg/30px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_banier_met_Arabische_kalligrafie_TMnr_5663-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_banier_met_Arabische_kalligrafie_TMnr_5663-1.svg/40px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Katoenen_banier_met_Arabische_kalligrafie_TMnr_5663-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="380" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cirebon_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebon Sultanate">Cirebon Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Residency" title="Bantam Residency">Bantam Residency</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Presidency" title="Bantam Presidency">Bantam Presidency</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_East_India_Company_flag.svg/20px-British_East_India_Company_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_East_India_Company_flag.svg/30px-British_East_India_Company_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_East_India_Company_flag.svg/40px-British_East_India_Company_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg/20px-Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg/30px-Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg/40px-Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Banten Sultanate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: <span lang="su"><span lang="su" style="font-family:'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode 2013'; font-size:;">ᮊᮞᮥᮜ᮪ᮒᮔᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪</span></span> <span title="Sundanese-language text"><span lang="su-Arab" dir="rtl">كسلطانن بنتن</span></span>, <span title="Sundanese-language romanization"><i lang="su-Latn">Kasultanan Banten</i></span> ) was a <a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> trading <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">kingdom</a> founded in the 16th century and centred in <a href="/wiki/Bantam_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantam (city)">Banten</a>, a port city on the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>; the contemporary English name of both was <b>Bantam</b>. It is said to have been founded by <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunungjati" title="Sunan Gunungjati">Sunan Gunungjati</a>, who had previously founded <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>. </p><p>Once a great trading centre in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, especially of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, the kingdom reached its apogee in the late 16th and mid-17th centuries. By the late 17th century, it was overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> and was finally annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in 1813. </p><p>Its core territory now forms the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Indonesian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>. Today, in <a href="/wiki/Old_Banten" title="Old Banten">Old Banten</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Banten" title="Great Mosque of Banten">Great Mosque of Banten</a> is an important destination for tourists and for pilgrims from across Indonesia and from overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1526, a settlement called Banten was situated about ten kilometres inland from the coast on the Cibanten River, in what is today a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a> town. It was known as <a href="/wiki/Banten_Girang" title="Banten Girang">Banten Girang</a>, meaning "Upper Banten" owing to its location.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> This town previously was a native Hindu Sundanese principality that was held under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sunda">Kingdom of Sunda</a>. </p><p> A grandson of the King of Sunda, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Baduga_Maharaja" title="Sri Baduga Maharaja">Sri Baduga Maharaja</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/King_Siliwangi" title="King Siliwangi">Prabu Siliwangi</a>) was an <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> named <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunungjati" title="Sunan Gunungjati">Sunan Gunungjati</a> (Sharif Hidayatullah). He was part of the educated class of Muslim legal scholars who was educated in the Middle East. In the early 16th century, Gunungjati arrived in the town of Banten Girang with the intention of spreading <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam in the then Hindu-dominated area</a>. Gunungjati eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Temenggong" title="Temenggong">tumenggong</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Sultanate of Cirebon</a> in 1479, succeeding his uncle and father-in-law Prince Cakrabuana<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had also founded Cirebon town in 1445.<sup id="cite_ref-Kabupaten_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kabupaten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1482 Gunungjati sent a letter to his grandfather, proclaiming independence of Cirebon from Sunda. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Suma_Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suma Oriental">Suma Oriental</a></i>, written in 1512–1515 by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a>, a Portuguese explorer, it was reported that the port of Banten still belonged to the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, while Cirebon had been established as an Islamic state.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style></p><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"First the king of <i>Çumda</i> (Sunda) with his great city of <i>Dayo</i>, the town and lands and port of <i>Bantam</i> (Banten), the port of <i>Pomdam</i> (Pontang), the port of <i>Cheguide</i> (Cigede), the port of <i>Tamgaram</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a>), the port of <i>Calapa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kalapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Kalapa">Kelapa</a>), and the port of <i>Chemano</i> (Chi Manuk or Cimanuk), this is Sunda, because the river of Chi Manuk is the limit of both kingdoms. Now comes Java and we must speak of the kings within the hinterland. The land of <i>Cheroboam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>), the land of <i>Japura</i>, the land of <i>Locarj</i> (Losari), the land of <i>Tateguall</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tegal" title="Tegal">Tegal</a>), the land of <i>Camaram</i> (<a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>), the land of <i>Demaa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak</a>)." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>Suma Oriental</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Although at first well received by the Sunda authorities, once news of the <a href="/wiki/Luso_Sundanese_padr%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso Sundanese padrão">Portuguese-Sunda alliance</a> in 1522 became known, Gunungjati asked the <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> to send troops to Banten, starting the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demak-Sundanese_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demak-Sundanese war (page does not exist)">Demak-Sundanese war</a>. It was likely that his son <a href="/wiki/Hasanudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasanudin">Hasanudin</a> commanded this military operation in 1527, just as the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> fleet was arriving of the coast at <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a> to capture these towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Subsequently, the Portuguese fleet that intended to establish a coastal fortress was defeated by the combined Cirebon and Demak forces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gunungjati and his son settled in Banten Girang, and took control of both the port of Banten and Kelapa, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surawisesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surawisesa (page does not exist)">Surawisesa</a>, the king of Sunda at that time was powerless to prevent this takeover and signed a peace treaty with Demak and Cirebon in 1531.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunungjati crowned Hasanudin as the temenggong of Banten with authority bestowed by the Sultan of Demak <a href="/wiki/Trenggana" title="Trenggana">Trenggana</a> who, in turn, offered Hasanudin his sister's hand in marriage. This resulted in the establishment of a new dynasty and a new kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Old_Banten" title="Old Banten">Old Banten</a> (currently part of Serang town) was the capital of this kingdom, and was held as a province under the Sultanate of Cirebon.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_expansion_of_Hasanuddin">Initial expansion of Hasanuddin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial expansion of Hasanuddin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultan Hasanuddin planned on reviving the fortunes of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sunda">kingdom of Sunda</a> — the rice and <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, especially pepper. One of his earliest decisions was to travel to southern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a> province), which had traditionally belonged to the kingdom of Sunda, and from which the bulk of the pepper sold in the Sundanese region came. He was keen to assure himself of the loyalty of these agriculturally wealthy areas as soon as possible and to guarantee supplies of pepper for his ports, since it was on this spice that all international trade was based and, hence, in which the wealth of his kingdom lay.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>Having established control over the ports and the pepper trade, Hasanuddin decided to build a new capital, to symbolise the new era which was beginning. On the advice of his father, <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunungjati" title="Sunan Gunungjati">Sunan Gunungjati</a>, he chose to construct it on the coast at the mouth of the Cibanten River. A settlement had already existed at this place as evidenced by its harbour activities, however the settlement's seat of political power was in Banten Girang. The royal city was founded on the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>, formed by the two arms of the river. Two main streets running north–south and east–west divided the city into quarters. The royal palace was surrounded by residences of the principal minister of state, and was built on the south side of the royal square while the great mosque on the west side. Foreigners, for the most part merchants, had to live outside the royal city, that is on either side of the delta. The international trade was accommodated in the larger western harbour where <i>Pecinan</i> (Chinatown), European trading post and the foreigner quarters were located, while the eastern port accommodated domestic trade with smaller vessels, and where the retail market was also located. A ship-wright to repair ships was located on the eastern side of the city. Hasanuddin tried to invade multiple times during the reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratu_Dewata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratu Dewata (page does not exist)">Ratu Dewata</a>, however his efforts failed due to the strong defense employed by the Sundanese army.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird%E2%80%99s-eye_View_of_the_City_of_Bantam_de_Bry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bird%E2%80%99s-eye_View_of_the_City_of_Bantam_de_Bry.jpg/220px-Bird%E2%80%99s-eye_View_of_the_City_of_Bantam_de_Bry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bird%E2%80%99s-eye_View_of_the_City_of_Bantam_de_Bry.jpg/330px-Bird%E2%80%99s-eye_View_of_the_City_of_Bantam_de_Bry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bird%E2%80%99s-eye_View_of_the_City_of_Bantam_de_Bry.jpg/440px-Bird%E2%80%99s-eye_View_of_the_City_of_Bantam_de_Bry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Bird's-eye view of the city of Bantam, 1599.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 20 years the new dynasty was so firmly established that Hasanuddin had no hesitation in leaving the kingdom in 1546 to take part in a military expedition against <a href="/wiki/Pasuruan" title="Pasuruan">Pasuruan</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">eastern Java</a>, at the request of Sultan Trenggana, the third <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Demak">sultan of Demak</a>. At that time, Banten was still under the suzerainty of Demak, and thus were obliged to fulfill the duty as a vassal state to participate in Demak's endeavour. During this venture, the Demak Sultan lost his life, and it is likely that Hasanuddin took advantage of his suzerain's death and the troubles which ensued to free his kingdom from any further obligations to this royal house. </p><p>From the 1550s onwards the kingdom enjoyed a period of great prosperity. Trade saw a significant growth due to the flourishing trade with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a>, a former enemy that despite their political rivalry, saw Portuguese fleets trading in Banten for pepper. According to tradition, the development of this kingdom was managed by Hasanuddin's son, <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Yusuf">Maulana Yusuf</a>, who had become co-sovereign with his father, following a custom long practised in the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>Rapid economic development led to an increase of the urban population. Major agricultural developments to ensure food production was launched, by constructing irrigation canals, dams and the expansion of ricefields. The royal city itself had undertaken a major project; 1.80 metres thick brick ramparts were built encircling the entire city which spanned 8 kilometres. Maulana Yusuf also led the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Banten" title="Great Mosque of Banten">Great Mosque of Banten</a>, perhaps built upon an older and simpler structure. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_moskee_en_minaret_in_Karang_Antu_TMnr_3728-818.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_moskee_en_minaret_in_Karang_Antu_TMnr_3728-818.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_moskee_en_minaret_in_Karang_Antu_TMnr_3728-818.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_moskee_en_minaret_in_Karang_Antu_TMnr_3728-818.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_moskee_en_minaret_in_Karang_Antu_TMnr_3728-818.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_moskee_en_minaret_in_Karang_Antu_TMnr_3728-818.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_moskee_en_minaret_in_Karang_Antu_TMnr_3728-818.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Colonial era sketch of <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Banten" title="Great Mosque of Banten">Grand Mosque of Banten</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Also during this period, Hasanuddin decided to launch the final blow to what remained of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sunda">Kingdom of Sunda</a>. Maulana Yusuf led the attack on <a href="/wiki/Pakuan_Pajajaran" title="Pakuan Pajajaran">Dayeuh Pakuan</a>, its capital city located in modern <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>. After losing its most important port <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a>, the kingdom, already deprived of its trading revenues, was of symbolic importance only. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilakendra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilakendra (page does not exist)">Nilakendra</a>, the Sundanese ruler at that time, decided to move the center of government to Pulasari (present-day <a href="/wiki/Pandeglang_Regency" title="Pandeglang Regency">Pandeglang Regency</a>). The already-weakened kingdom put up little resistance and henceforth Banten ruled over the territory of the former Kingdom of Sunda west of the Citarum River. Geusan Ulun, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sumedang_Larang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sumedang Larang">Sumedang Larang</a>, refused to acknowledge Banten's authority over the former territory of Sunda and proclaimed his kingdom as the successor of Sunda. Sumedang Larang would later become part of the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sacred stone (<i>watu gigilang</i>) that was serving as the sovereign's throne of the Sunda Kingdom was taken away and placed at the street intersection in the royal square of Banten, thus marking the end of the Sundanese dynasty. Henceforth, this stone was to serve as the Banten sovereign's throne. </p><p>When Hasanuddin died in 1570, the royal kingdom of Banten comprised all of Sunda, except for <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> and Sumedang Larang, and all of southern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, as far as Tulangbawang (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a>. Trade was expanding to become one of the largest in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maulana_Yusuf_and_a_crisis_of_succession">Maulana Yusuf and a crisis of succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maulana Yusuf and a crisis of succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesia" title="Category:History of Indonesia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/220px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/330px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/440px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s-500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali kingdom">Bali kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_the_Malay_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in the Malay Archipelago">Dutch East India Company</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">1800–1942<br />1945–1949</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reform era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the death of Hasanuddin in 1570 at 70 years old, <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Yusuf_of_Banten" title="Maulana Yusuf of Banten">Maulana Yusuf</a> ascended the throne when he was about 40. He was already an experienced ruler as co-sovereign with his late father. During Yusuf's reign, his younger brother Pangeran Japara returned from Jepara in Central Java. The name of this prince describes that he had spent his life in <a href="/wiki/Jepara" title="Jepara">Jepara</a>, the late king Hasanuddin had entrusted his younger son under the care of <a href="/wiki/Ratu_Kalinyamat" title="Ratu Kalinyamat">Queen Kalinyamat</a> of Jepara. </p><p>Yusuf chose his young son Prince Muhammad as heir. However, not long after, Yusuf fell ill and died in 1580. The chosen successor, Prince Muhammad was only a child of 9 years old at that time and was not come of age. Thus, this provoked the first crisis of succession, as his uncle — Pangeran Japara, was eager to replace his late brother as the new king of Banten.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>This created two factions in Banten's court; one led by the Prime Minister of the late Yusuf that supported Pangeran Japara, while the other faction was led by the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> of Banten, an important religious figure and the head of the regency council that insisted on the protection of the inheritance and rights of the child prince Muhammad. The tension increased and almost broke into a war of succession, yet being undone in the last minute due to the reversal of the Prime Minister who withdrew his support for Pangeran Japara. </p><p>Claude Guillot, a historian on Banten, argues that in the Banten court there was two competing factions; the liberals represented by <i>Ponggawa</i> civil servants and merchants, and the elitist <i>Nayaka</i> and <i>Santana</i> nobilities who favoured strong government control. The rise of the child prince as the successor was a victory for the liberals which saw more years of economic liberty without too much interference from the royal household.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_and_the_Palembang_campaign">Muhammad and the Palembang campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Muhammad and the Palembang campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince Muhammad ascended to the throne in 1580 when he was 9 years of age. During the reign of the young king, Banten continued to flourish as merchants enjoyed relative freedom in trade. Pepper remained Banten's top export commodity. However, the wealth was generated by large numbers of merchants from the ports of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea that was flocking to Banten. The influx of traders filled the tax income of Banten's treasury. </p><p>Feeling confident of the wealth and the power of his kingdom, the youthful 25 year-old King Muhammad in 1596 launched a military campaign against the principality of <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> — both by naval fleet and by land army marching through Southern Sumatra. At that time, Palembang was still a Hindu-Buddhist polity, a remnant of Majapahit overseas vassal, which was regarded by Muslim Banten as a pagan state. Inspired by his illustrious grandfather Hasanuddin and his valiant father Maulana Yusuf, that conquered the pagan kingdom of Sunda, Muhammad was eager to find fame of his own by expanding his realm. By 1596 the siege of Palembang was set in place, and when victory seemed within his grasp, a sudden tragedy happened as a cannonball struck and killed the king on his ship when he was sailing on the Musi River by the city. With the sudden death of the young monarch, Banten's expansionist policy was shattered, as the troops retreated and sailed home.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_contacts_and_crisis">Western contacts and crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western contacts and crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wandschildering_%27La_r%C3%A9ception_de_Cornelis_de_Houtman_a_Java_en_1595%27_door_Paulides_in_het_Nederlandse_paviljoen_op_de_Koloniale_Wereldtentoonstelling_in_Parijs_TMnr_60011222.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wandschildering_%27La_r%C3%A9ception_de_Cornelis_de_Houtman_a_Java_en_1595%27_door_Paulides_in_het_Nederlandse_paviljoen_op_de_Koloniale_Wereldtentoonstelling_in_Parijs_TMnr_60011222.jpg/320px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wandschildering_%27La_r%C3%A9ception_de_Cornelis_de_Houtman_a_Java_en_1595%27_door_Paulides_in_het_Nederlandse_paviljoen_op_de_Koloniale_Wereldtentoonstelling_in_Parijs_TMnr_60011222.jpg/480px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wandschildering_%27La_r%C3%A9ception_de_Cornelis_de_Houtman_a_Java_en_1595%27_door_Paulides_in_het_Nederlandse_paviljoen_op_de_Koloniale_Wereldtentoonstelling_in_Parijs_TMnr_60011222.jpg/640px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>The reception of Cornelis de Houtman in Java in 1596 by Paulides.</figcaption></figure> <p>The successor, the infant and future <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mafakhir_of_Banten" title="Abu al-Mafakhir of Banten">Sultan Abulmafakhir</a> was still a few months old, when a few months after the king's death, a new faction of European merchant fleets arrived in Banten. On 27 June 1596 Dutch trade ships led by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a>, the first Dutch fleet to arrive in East Indies, landed in Banten. On its return to the Netherlands, the voyage (1595–97) generated a modest profit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1600 the Dutch set up the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East Indies Company">Dutch East Indies Company</a> (Dutch: <i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i> or VOC) with the aim to bypass the spice trade. Unlike the Portuguese in Malacca which at that time quite harmoniously integrated into the Asian trade system involving various states in the region including Banten; the Dutch as a newcomer had a different approach, they planned on seizing control of the spice trade from the Far East up to Europe. The Portuguese and the Dutch fought fiercely for influence in Banten in the early 17th century, which erupted into a full-scale naval battle on Bay of Banten in 1601, in which the Portuguese fleet was crushed. </p><p>Other Europeans were soon to follow. The English, who started to sail to the East Indies from around 1600, established a permanent trading post in Banten in 1602 under <a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a>. In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in Banten.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the infant king and the absence of a decisive central figure, the government was taken over by the regency council. The expulsion of the Portuguese had led to both Dutch and English vying for control of the city. The court itself was divided into two competing factions, and civil war erupted in 1602. Peace was not restored until 1609 when one of the <i>nayaka</i> nobles, Prince Ranamanggala ascended to power as a new regent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranamanggala restored the state's authority on commercial affairs; levying taxes, imposing prices and the volume of trade. He also exiled the <i>ponggawa</i> elites to the port of <a href="/wiki/Jayakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayakarta">Jayakarta</a> in the east, stripping the merchants' power altogether. This strong new policy showed disregard for the principles of free trade did not sit well with the Dutch and the English. A few years later the Dutch and English followed suit, they went to Jayakarta to establish a new trade post.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drie_krijgers_van_Bantam,_1596,_RP-P-OB-80.252.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drie_krijgers_van_Bantam%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.252.jpg/220px-Drie_krijgers_van_Bantam%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.252.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drie_krijgers_van_Bantam%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.252.jpg/330px-Drie_krijgers_van_Bantam%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.252.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Drie_krijgers_van_Bantam%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.252.jpg/440px-Drie_krijgers_van_Bantam%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.252.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6142" data-file-height="4730" /></a><figcaption>Warriors of Banten, 1596.</figcaption></figure> <p>After conflict with the Dutch over the pepper trade in 1619, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> took the port of <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Jayakarta</a> from Banten. He founded <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (now Jakarta) on the ruins of this Javanese town, which became the centre of VOC operation and a serious rival for Banten, later contributing to its decline. During the middle of 17th century several conflicts between Banten and the Dutch in Batavia, just 60 miles separated along the northern coast of Java, occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_loss_of_Jayakarta_and_the_rise_of_Dutch_Batavia">The loss of Jayakarta and the rise of Dutch Batavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The loss of Jayakarta and the rise of Dutch Batavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia, Dutch East Indies</a></div> <p>In 1619, the mercurial <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> Governor General <a href="/wiki/J.P._Coen" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Coen">J.P. Coen</a> stormed and burnt Jayakarta to the ground and ousted Banten authority from the city. From its ashes they established the first Dutch foothold in the archipelago, the fortified port town of Batavia (now <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> This new foreign-controlled town soon will become the nemesis for Banten and bears a great repercussion, not only for Banten, but upon the whole archipelago. Coen soon moved on to his next objective; to control the trade in the area by implementing a monopoly on all trading activities. In order to do this, he put into effect a blockade of the Banten harbour, which went uninterrupted for some 15 years. </p><p>In retaliation, the Banten government placed an embargo on all pepper exports to Batavia. However, as the Dutch blockade was in place, they patrolled the Bay of Banten, harassing and marauding trading ships, preventing traditional Asian traders, especially Chinese from coming to Banten. As the result, bulks of unwanted pepper sacks stockpiled and accumulated in Banten warehouses. This blockade struck a severe blow to commerce, thus pushing some Chinese merchants to move out from Banten and resettling in Batavia. </p><p>Facing this profound crisis, Prince Ranamenggala called up a great council meeting. The conclusion of this meeting is; the European were to be blame for the troubles, and to get rid of them, Banten should forfeit the commodity they coveted the most; pepper. Ranamenggala decided to pull off all the pepper plants in the region in a desperate effort to restore peace of the kingdom. This suicidal policy proved immensely disastrous for commerce as merchants suffered the biggest losses, so much so that merchants put pressure to the court that led to the resignation of Prince Ranamenggala in 1624 in favour of the heir to the throne, now coming of age, the 28 year old Abulmufakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_al-Mafakhir's_reign,_Batavia_and_Mataram"><span id="Abu_al-Mafakhir.27s_reign.2C_Batavia_and_Mataram"></span>Abu al-Mafakhir's reign, Batavia and Mataram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abu al-Mafakhir's reign, Batavia and Mataram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahkota_Sultan_Banten_Koleksi_Museum_Nasional_NO._INV._E_619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mahkota_Sultan_Banten_Koleksi_Museum_Nasional_NO._INV._E_619.jpg/220px-Mahkota_Sultan_Banten_Koleksi_Museum_Nasional_NO._INV._E_619.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mahkota_Sultan_Banten_Koleksi_Museum_Nasional_NO._INV._E_619.jpg/330px-Mahkota_Sultan_Banten_Koleksi_Museum_Nasional_NO._INV._E_619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mahkota_Sultan_Banten_Koleksi_Museum_Nasional_NO._INV._E_619.jpg/440px-Mahkota_Sultan_Banten_Koleksi_Museum_Nasional_NO._INV._E_619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>The golden crown of the Sultan of Banten</figcaption></figure> <p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mafakhir_of_Banten" title="Abu al-Mafakhir of Banten">Abu al-Mufakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir</a> is marked with an intense and vigorous relations with both Batavia and Mataram. In 1628, the English returned to Banten, which helped the commerce in Banten against their common rival, the Dutch in Batavia. Towards the end of 1620s <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> grew to become a dominant power in Java and was involved in power contest with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC), and launched <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">sieges on Batavia</a> twice in 1628 and 1629. </p><p>During this Javanese campaign, Banten lost <a href="/wiki/Pajajaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajajaran">Pajajaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan">Priangan</a> to Mataram. Thus in just a decade, Banten had lost two of its important settlements previously acquired from the former Kingdom of Sunda; Jayakarta to the Dutch, and Pajajaran to Mataram. Fearing the common enemy has led for both Banten and Batavia to repair their relations. Batavia feared that possible Muslim alliance would put Banten into Mataram camp, while Banten feared that their kingdom would become the next target for the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Agung">Sultan Agung</a> to unite Java. Ultimately Mataram failed to capture Batavia. Later Mataram was gradually weakened through struggle of successions of Javanese princes and Dutch involvements in internal Mataram court affair. </p><p>Between 1629 and 1631, a major agricultural project were underway; digging canals, building dams etc. to produce rice as well as a new export commodity; <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. The English was the primary buyer, while the Chinese merchants and settlers concentrated in Kelapadua village has established possibly the first sugar plantation in Java. <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> has been a familiar plant in Java since ancient times, as image of sugarcane can be found in the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> bas relief. However, this was the first time that the sugar reached this large plantation scale. </p><p>In 1635 King Abu al-Mafakhir named his son Prince Pekik (Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad) as his co-reign. In the next year a peace treaty with Batavia was signed and ratified later in 1639. In 1636, the sovereign sent envoy to Mecca for the first time, and two years later the diplomatic delegation returned with the prestigious title of "<a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>" bestowed by the Grand Shareef of Mecca upon the king of Banten. This was the first sultan title officially bestowed by Mecca upon the king of Java, which much to the dismay of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">King Hanyokrokusumo</a> of Mataram that subsequently also sent envoys to Mecca to acquire this much coveted honorific title of Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>The ratification of peace treaty in 1639 forced Banten to recognize the state of Batavia, forego all trade with the Moluccas, and its ships should obtain pass permit issued by Batavia. In exchange, Batavia lifted the blockade upon Banten, increased trade with Batavia, and neutrality if not Dutch assistance in the event of possible attack by Mataram in the future. </p><p>Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir implemented the decentralisation policy that allowed merchants to acquire commodities directly from Sumatran ports colony of Banten; such as Bengkulu, Silebar, Semangka, and Lampung. Having tasted a benefit of trade has encouraged these ports to be independent from Banten; Bengkulu rebelled in 1640 while Lampung rebelled in 1641 and 1644, all of them were crushed by Banten's force. </p><p>The Dutch grew mightier in the region that in 1641 manage to capture Malacca, which led to the disperse of Portuguese merchants elsewhere. Some of them find refuge in Makassar which employed by its king to generate trade in eastern Indonesia. </p><p>The 1640s was the time of peace for Banten, much appreciated by the merchants. Streams of Banten small boats sailing to Batavia supplying the Dutch city with agricultural products, from coconut oil, rattan, eggs to sugar. The English were followed by the Danish to trade in Banten; both opened trading office in Banten, established their trading ports in coastal India, and revived the once thriving trade of Indian colourful clothes. The lucrative trade with China, that once was very strong however, was not recovered since it was taken over by Batavia. </p><p>Nevertheless, the state of Banten has regained its prestige as an important trading emporium in the archipelago. As its wealth restored, Banten has established diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms; from Palembang, <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a>, Indragiri, Mataram, <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali</a>, and Makassar as far as sending envoy to <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p><p>The trade with English and Danish had enabled Banten to buy arms and developed troops of trained <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeers</a>, improving city fortifications and buying cannons. In 1644 the ambassador of Mataram arrived and proposed an alliance, which was declined by Banten that now set their eyes on <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon</a>. At that time Cirebon was a vassal state as well as the westernmost province of Mataram. Historically Banten and Cirebon are linked through their common ancestral founding father Sunan Gunung Jati, and Banten saw the currently weakened Cirebon as rightfully belongs within Banten's sphere of influence. </p><p>In 1650, two diplomatic missions from Mataram arrived at Banten, they demanded Banten sovereign to submit to Mataram king's <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. The Great Council was held and the response was the Sultan of Banten only paid homage to one sovereign only; the Grand Shareef of Mecca. As a response for this refusal, Mataram swiftly sent a fleet of 60 ships armed troops from Cirebon to invade Banten. A naval battle took place off the coast of Tanara, midway between Banten and Batavia. The Bantenese navy took an upper hand and managed to defeat Cirebonese fleet. This naval campaign ended in disastrous defeat of Cirebon. This war is known as Pagarage war or Pacirebonan war that took place in 1650. Banten was victorious, while Cirebon-Mataram forces were vanquished.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>Also in 1650, the heir apparent and also the co-reign Abu al-Ma'ali, died without ascending the throne of his father Abu al-Mafakhir. Ma'ali's son, Prince Surya, the future Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageng Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a>, was chosen to be his successor. A year later in 1651, old Sultan Abu al-Mufakhir died, thus at the age of 25, Sultan Ageng replacing his grandfather and rose to become the sole sovereign of Banten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa,_the_last_blooming"><span id="Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa.2C_the_last_blooming"></span>Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, the last blooming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, the last blooming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa.jpg/170px-Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa.jpg/255px-Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Sultan_Ageng_Tirtayasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption> The statue of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa</figcaption></figure> <p>The youthful Prince Surya, who ruled as <a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageng Tirtayasa">Sultan Ageng</a>, inherited the kingdom from his grandfather in a rather favourable condition; united, prosperous and well respected. He chose his close friend Kyai Mangunjaya to be his prime minister. During his reign the Banten and <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanates</a> were involved in rivalry to dominate the region, while Cirebon stuck in the middle. Although Cirebon had never been attacked by Mataram, since 1619 Cirebon had been practically held under Mataram influences and behaved as the latter's vassal. The Sultan of Mataram tried once again to impose his suzerainty, albeit this time indirectly: he proposed his son the heir apparent be betrothed to Ageng's daughter, while actually intending her as a royal hostage. The proposal was declined by the Sultan of Banten. </p><p>By 1651 the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> erupted in Europe, which subsequently affected Batavian relations with English trading interests in Banten. The war reflected with the fierce trading competition and clashes between Dutch East India Company and <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. Dutch Batavia once again imposed a blockade upon Banten, since the port was the center of British trading interest in the archipelago. This time however, Banten was quite powerful enough to resist Batavian coercion, albeit not on equal footing. Banten adopted rather indirect guerilla warfare, attacking Dutch ships on the high seas by sending fireships, also launching raids and harassing farmlands around Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1656, the Chinese merchants of both Banten and Batavia brokered peace talks between two cities that led to the agreements three years later with the kingdom of Jambi acting as intermediary. Banten demanded the right to re-establish trade with Moluccas and the Malay Peninsula, while Batavia demanded the extradition of fugitives that found refuge in Banten. The peace treaty was signed in 1659. </p><p>Beginning in 1653 Sultan Ageng launched agricultural reform, including developing new settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Cisadane_River" title="Cisadane River">Cisadane River</a>, right on the outskirts of Batavia. Thousands of acres of land were cleared and planted with coconut trees, and around twenty thousand people were transmigrated to the new settlement. The development also included lands along the north coast between Banten and Batavia. An irrigation project was conducted in Tanara between 1663 and 1664; a canal was dug as far as the Pasilyan River and connected to Cisadane. The second phase of the project in 1670-1672 was the development between Tanara and Pontang, including the construction of two canals and dams to irrigate new paddy fields being worked by ten thousand new settlers. The last phase, between 1675 and 1677, was the clearing and irrigation of lands between Banten and Anyer. The scale of the project was quite enormous, spanning from outskirts of Batavia to Anyer on the west coast of Java; 40 kilometres of canals were dug, at least 3 dams were built, more than 40,000 hectares of lands were transformed into <i><a href="/wiki/Rice_paddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice paddy">sawah</a></i>, about 30,000 people were resettled and large numbers of villages created, and two new towns were planned. In 1678 Sultan Ageng created a new palace right in the heart of the newly improved lands in Tirtayasa village.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> The term <i>Tirtayasa</i> itself means "water management" or "<a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a>", which properly describes the sultan's pride project. This new idyllic farmland abode has led to the nickname of the sultan, who was thenceforth famously known as Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageng Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audience_with_the_Sultan_of_Batam_by_Cornelis_de_Bruyn,1711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Audience_with_the_Sultan_of_Batam_by_Cornelis_de_Bruyn%2C1711.jpg/360px-Audience_with_the_Sultan_of_Batam_by_Cornelis_de_Bruyn%2C1711.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Audience_with_the_Sultan_of_Batam_by_Cornelis_de_Bruyn%2C1711.jpg/540px-Audience_with_the_Sultan_of_Batam_by_Cornelis_de_Bruyn%2C1711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Audience_with_the_Sultan_of_Batam_by_Cornelis_de_Bruyn%2C1711.jpg/720px-Audience_with_the_Sultan_of_Batam_by_Cornelis_de_Bruyn%2C1711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bruyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis de Bruyn">Cornelis de Bruyn</a> at the Banten court, 1711.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1660s both Batavia and Banten embarked on expansionist policy. Batavia invaded Palembang in 1659 and <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> in 1661, while in 1661 Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa extended Banten's rule to Landak in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">Western Borneo</a>. Previously Makassar, with the help of Portuguese merchants, had established trade with the Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, acquiring Spanish coins and silver from South America brought to the Philippines by the famed <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">galleons of Acapulco</a>. The Dutch invaded Makassar and demanded the expulsion of the Portuguese from the city. Soon Banten learned about this Spanish trade and picked up what Makassar had left. Starting in 1663, Banten trading ships laden with pepper and other commodities sailed to Manila every year and acquired Spanish cash. Ageng established trade with Spanish Manila for silver and built canals for coconut palm and sugar plantations, among other developments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sultan Ageng appointed a Chinese man named Kaytsu as the minister of foreign trade, who was also the <i>syahbandar</i> (port master) of Banten. Acquiring the sultan's confidence, he was a man of exceptional talent and vision to boost the Banten economy by creating Banten's own fleet of trading ships. Previously, Banten just took the role as trading port, while the active commerce role was played by entrepreneur merchants and trading companies. Having English traders as consultants, the syahbandar built ships and recruited crew, both locals and of foreign origin, to create a trading fleet modelled after the European model. The new European ships were ordered from an English-owned shipwright in Rembang near the teak wood producing area in northern Java, while some secondhand ships were acquired from Moorish, Japanese and European traders. By the 1660s Banten was able to compete with European companies for trade in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. In 1666 Banten <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a> sailed for <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>, reestablishing the ancient trade link with mainland China. Banten was able to trade directly with Mecca, Gujarat, the Coromandel coast, Bengal, Siam, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Taiwan and Japan, and also set up <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> and even <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p><p>The closure of regional free trading ports and the free trade policy made Banten attractive for trading nations. During the early years of Sultan Ageng's reign only the English and the Dutch had a permanent trading post in Banten. Towards 1670 they were joined by Danish, French, Portuguese Macao, and Chinese from Amoy and Taiwan. Moreover, the English, Danish and Portuguese trading ships from India revived the archipelagic trade with Coromandel coast, as large numbers of Indian traders returned to Banten to sell their fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> </p><p>As the economy prospered, so did the political influence. Official letters were exchanged with the rulers of England, Denmark, France, Portuguese Goa and Macao, Arabia, China, Japan, Siam and Cambodia. Diplomatic missions were sent to England and Arabia, the sultan's son was sent to Mecca on Banten's own ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> The shining prestige of the Banten court throughout the archipelago led regional rulers to ask Banten for help and intervention in particular matters, such as Banten involvement in Cirebon's political affair. </p><p>By that time, Banten enjoyed a favourable relation with <a href="/wiki/Cirebon_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebon Sultanate">Cirebon</a>. On the other hand, Cirebon relations with their suzerain, Mataram, were strained. The tension culminated with the execution of Cirebon King Panembahan Girilaya in Plered, while the Cirebon princes were taken as the hostage in Mataram. Prince Wangsakerta of Cirebon went to Banten to seek Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa's help in freeing his brothers. Tirtayasa agreed to assist Cirebon and saw it as an opportunity to raise Banten's influence upon Cirebon. Using the opportunity of the <a href="/wiki/Trunojoyo_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunojoyo rebellion">Trunojoyo rebellion</a> against Mataram, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa secretly supported the revolt and managed to weaken Mataram and save the two Cirebon princes. </p><p>In 1677 Tirtayasa succeeded in having the princes of Cirebon, previously being held as hostage in Mataram, brought to Banten. However, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa saw an opportunity to impose Banten's influence upon Cirebon. He crowned both princes he saved as the sultans, Prince Mertawijaya as Sultan Kasepuhan and Prince Kertawijaya as Sultan Kanoman. By doing so the Sultan of Banten disintegrated and weakened the Sultanate of Cirebon into several petty states. On the other hand, Prince Wangsakerta, who had fought for 10 years, was only given a small title and estate. The cunning divide strategy was meant to weaken Cirebon and to prevent Cirebon from being Mataram's ally and becoming a menace to Banten in the future, as it had done in Pagarage War. In the 1670s he practically acquired the <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> area as vassal following a civil war in <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mataram">Mataram</a>. </p><p>Batavia, however, could not afford to see Banten emerge and become too powerful. Allying themselves with Mataram, the Dutch waged two years of war and forced Banten to give up their control of Cirebon. Defeated and disappointed, Sultan Ageng retreated to his estate in Tirtayasa and withdrew from government affairs, leaving his son, the co-sovereign <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Haji" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Haji">Sultan Haji</a>, in charge.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war_of_father_and_son">Civil war of father and son</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Civil war of father and son"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg/220px-Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg/330px-Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg/440px-Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><i>De Stad Bantam</i>, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentijn" class="mw-redirect" title="François Valentijn">François Valentijn</a>, Amsterdam, 1726<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Palace disputes erupted between Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageng Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a> and his son and co-sovereign <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Abdul_Kahhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Nasr Abdul Kahhar">Sultan Haji</a>. Sultan Ageng wished to maintain a policy of <a href="/wiki/Free-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> with all European powers, but his son wanted close relations with the Dutch in Batavia. Ageng's independence is shown in the letter to the Danish king mentioned above, offering to trade pepper from Banten for firearms and gunpowder. </p><p>Unlike his valiant father however, Sultan Haji were reluctant to continue the fight and sought to make peace with Batavia. Sultan Haji, angered by criticism of his new political policy from court officials loyal to his father, demanded the removal of Prime Minister Mangunjaya from the court. Old Sultan Tirtayasa to demonstrate his support for his son, and in an effort to avoid any conflict, agreed for the exile of his political mentor, only to learn that several weeks later his loyal long standing friend has been murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1682, angered by the death of his loyal friend Prime Minister Mangunjaya, the king rode out from his retirement estate in Tirtayasa back to the royal city of Banten, determined to take over reins of power from his son, he and his loyal officials stormed the palace. </p><p>The young Sultan retreated and took refuge in a fortress which two years earlier he had built within Banten Palace according to the plan drew by Hendrik Lucasz Cardeel, a renegade Dutchman that become Sultan Haji's advisor. Trapped inside his fortress, Sultan Haji's fate seems sealed when, however, he managed to send a message to Batavia urging the Dutch to intervene immediately. Indeed, Cardeel's influence was crucial in Sultan Haji decision to appeal for Dutch intervention. </p><p>The Dutch were only too happy to learn about the crisis within their rival's palace. They saw an opportunity to gain control upon Banten politics, and acted swiftly by dispatching the Dutch fleet to rescue the trapped young Sultan. Sultan Haji was freed by the Dutch, while his father and his loyal men retreated to the interior of the land to reorganize their struggle against Sultan Haji and the Dutch. Civil war ensued for several years to come. </p><p>With Sultan Haji allied with the VOC, a war broke out between Batavia and Banten in the 1680s. After a year, the old Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa was forced to surrender. He was held as a prisoner first in Banten, later in Batavia when he died there in 1692. In return for their help, the Dutch demanded Sultan Haji to sign some detrimental agreements; the expulsion of all foreigners from Banten, the Dutch monopoly on pepper trade, and the right to establish a Dutch garrison in Banten. Subsequently, the Dutch had the Banten fortification torn down, and they built Fort Speelwijk right on the entrance of the port.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p><p>The result of civil war and Batavia involvement was disastrous for Banten: the VOC gained <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan">Priangan</a> Highlands (now <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>) and reduced Banten's power substantially, making it a protectorate of the VOC. Although nominally independent, its power was gone. </p><p>In the following years, despite occasional uprisings, Banten was forced to follow Batavia's order and was reduced to become a protectorate or a client state. Banten's influence overseas also waned, substantially. In 1752, the Dutch annexed territories on western Borneo and southern Sumatra formerly held by Banten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fall_of_Banten">The fall of Banten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The fall of Banten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banten_java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Banten_java.jpg/220px-Banten_java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Banten_java.jpg/330px-Banten_java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Banten_java.jpg/440px-Banten_java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> Residency after annexation to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, with neighbouring Batavia (now <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>) and Buitenzorg (now <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the reign of Sultan Haji in the late 17th century, Banten had lost most of its power to the Dutch in Batavia. True that the sultanate still survives well throughout the 18th century with the reign of successive line of sultans of Banten, but it was only a shadow of its former glory of a cosmopolitan port city. By that time Banten was overshadowed by the neighboring port city of Batavia, and was treated as a client state or protectorate of VOC. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ru%C3%AFne_van_het_kraton_Ka%C3%AFbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ru%C3%AFne_van_het_kraton_Ka%C3%AFbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ru%C3%AFne_van_het_kraton_Ka%C3%AFbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ru%C3%AFne_van_het_kraton_Ka%C3%AFbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ru%C3%AFne_van_het_kraton_Ka%C3%AFbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ru%C3%AFne_van_het_kraton_Ka%C3%AFbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ru%C3%AFne_van_het_kraton_Ka%C3%AFbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of Kaibon palace, the former residence of Banten Sultan's queen mother.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1800, a major change occurred; the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt, and its possessions were nationalized by the Netherlands as their colony, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. In 1808 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a>, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1808–1810, commissioned the construction of <a href="/wiki/Great_Post_Road" title="Great Post Road">Great Post Road</a> to defend Java from <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">incoming British invasion</a>. Daendels ordered Sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyuddin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliyuddin II (page does not exist)">Aliyuddin II</a> of Banten to move the capital to <a href="/wiki/Anyer" title="Anyer">Anyer</a> and to provide labour to build a new port planned to be built at <a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujung Kulon">Ujung Kulon</a>. The Sultan refused Daendels' command, and in response Daendels ordered the invasion of Banten and destruction of Surosowan palace. The Sultan, together with his family, was arrested in Puri Intan and held as a prisoner in Fort Speelwijk, and later sent into exile in <a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon</a>. </p><p>On 22 November 1808, Daendels declared from his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a> that the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1813 the Banten Sultanate ceased to exist when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> forced Sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamad_Syafiuddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamad Syafiuddin (page does not exist)">Muhamad Syafiuddin</a> to give up his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the final blow that marked the end of Sultanate of Banten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_and_trade_in_Bantam_(Banten),_Romeyn_de_Hooghe,_1682-1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Market_and_trade_in_Bantam_%28Banten%29%2C_Romeyn_de_Hooghe%2C_1682-1733.jpg/200px-Market_and_trade_in_Bantam_%28Banten%29%2C_Romeyn_de_Hooghe%2C_1682-1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Market_and_trade_in_Bantam_%28Banten%29%2C_Romeyn_de_Hooghe%2C_1682-1733.jpg/300px-Market_and_trade_in_Bantam_%28Banten%29%2C_Romeyn_de_Hooghe%2C_1682-1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Market_and_trade_in_Bantam_%28Banten%29%2C_Romeyn_de_Hooghe%2C_1682-1733.jpg/400px-Market_and_trade_in_Bantam_%28Banten%29%2C_Romeyn_de_Hooghe%2C_1682-1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3886" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption>Market trade in Bantam, circa 17th-18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sultanate's economy was built mainly upon its most important commodity; <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, thus its international trade mainly consists of this product. At least since the 13th century, the Chinese record <i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</a></i> mentioned that area of both sides of <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a> with its main port of <i>Sin-t'o</i> (Sunda) – which probably refer to the port of Banten, was famous as the producer of excellent pepper. It was one of the main commodities of its predecessor, the ancient Kingdom of Sunda; and the Muslim Banten simply took over the established pepper trade of its Hindu predecessor. Indeed, it was pepper that attracted foreign traders to Banten; from Chinese, Moors, to Portuguese, Dutch, English and Danish merchants has established their export-import business in the port city. </p><p>Traders coming from China, India, Turkey, Portugal, England, Denmark and the Netherlands were frequent visitors to the Banten harbour. Spices, silk, Chinese ceramics, gold, jewellery and other Asian goods attracted European merchants. Banten was a pioneer in international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-JP-Banten_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP-Banten-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> merchants also arrived from <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a>, in search of pepper. The trade relation is evident in two letters written by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageng Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III of Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_agung_banten_lama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Masjid_agung_banten_lama.jpg/220px-Masjid_agung_banten_lama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Masjid_agung_banten_lama.jpg/330px-Masjid_agung_banten_lama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Masjid_agung_banten_lama.jpg/440px-Masjid_agung_banten_lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Banten" title="Great Mosque of Banten">Great Mosque of Banten</a>, the remnant of Banten Sultanate, a popular destination for Indonesian Muslims.</figcaption></figure> <p>The desire to spread the faith of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was possibly one of the main reason behind <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak's</a> decision to capture Banten in 1527, and supplant the ancient Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a> with a new Islamic kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> Although, a more pragmatic reason was more possible; a geopolitical move to prevent Muslim's rival; the Catholic Christian <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese in Malacca</a> to ever established their base in Java. The role of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Proselytizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytizer">proselytizers</a> that targeted the ruling class was also an instrumental action that contributed to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam in Indonesian archipelago</a> around the 15th century. At that time, Islam also benefited as being the predominant faith of the Asian merchant class, that established their trading network from the coasts of Arabia, India, all the way to Indonesia. </p><p>However, to suggest that Islam spread within Western Java as an entirely peaceful process is inaccurate as the capture of <a href="/wiki/Banten_Girang" title="Banten Girang">Banten Girang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Kalapa</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Pajajaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajajaran">Pajajaran</a> of Sunda Kingdom was achieved by military means. It was said that the Sundanese prisoners were spared only if they converted to Islam. Nevertheless, the kings of Banten demonstrated their tolerance by not interfering and forcing the native inlanders <a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy people</a> to convert to Islam, thus allowing these former Sundanese subjects to retain their ancient faith and way of life up until today. The sovereign of Banten was known to keep a regiment of bodyguard consisting of these non-Muslim "highlanders" mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> The kings of Banten also allowed the construction of Chinese folk temples and Christian churches for merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banten was also known as an educational centre for Islamic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-JP-Banten_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP-Banten-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Islam was the main component of Bantenese civilization. Islamic religious ceremonies, festivals and also Islamic customs – the prince's <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> for example, were observed faithfully and held in such great importance and festivities. After the sultan, the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> or religious judge of Banten, also holds authoritative power and enjoyed important position within Banten's court. Numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulamas</a> hailed from India and Arabia were invited to Banten to spread their knowledge in religious matters. The <a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">pesantren</a> religious school were established in the kingdom, with the pesantren of Kasunyatan was among the most prestigious one, established south of the city in the 16th century under the patronage of king Maulana Muhammad and was led by the king's own religious teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>Among Islamic scholars in Banten was <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf" title="Sheikh Yusuf">Sheikh Yusuf</a>. He was a scholar from <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> who worked under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageng Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a>. Sultan Ageng also sent Banten's first ocean-going ship to the port of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> to take his son in his pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, thus made Sultan Haji as the first sovereign in the archipelago to ever go on a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> pilgrim. These actions demonstrate a symbolic gesture that Banten holds an important prestige within the larger <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a> or Islamic community.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>By the 19th century, the majority of Indonesian scholars that study and even teach in Mecca were of Banten origin; such as Sheikh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawawi_al-Bantani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawawi al-Bantani (page does not exist)">Nawawi al-Bantani</a>, the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Arsyad_Thawil_al-Bantani" title="Arsyad Thawil al-Bantani">Arsyad Thawil al-Bantani</a>. He was a native of Tanara that wrote several works in Arabic and taught as a professor in Mecca and became the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque of Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This religious prestige has made Banten – together with Aceh, a sense of belonging within the larger Islamic ummah, and made the kingdom as one of the prominent Islamic polity in the archipelago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobleman_in_Banten,_How_the_Chiefs_and_Colonels_Perform_on_the_Streets_de_Bry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nobleman_in_Banten%2C_How_the_Chiefs_and_Colonels_Perform_on_the_Streets_de_Bry.jpg/220px-Nobleman_in_Banten%2C_How_the_Chiefs_and_Colonels_Perform_on_the_Streets_de_Bry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nobleman_in_Banten%2C_How_the_Chiefs_and_Colonels_Perform_on_the_Streets_de_Bry.jpg/330px-Nobleman_in_Banten%2C_How_the_Chiefs_and_Colonels_Perform_on_the_Streets_de_Bry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nobleman_in_Banten%2C_How_the_Chiefs_and_Colonels_Perform_on_the_Streets_de_Bry.jpg/440px-Nobleman_in_Banten%2C_How_the_Chiefs_and_Colonels_Perform_on_the_Streets_de_Bry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Nobleman in Banten, de Bry <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1599</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Attesting to Bantam's renown in Europe is <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Author%27s_Farce" title="The Author's Farce">The Author's Farce</a></i> at whose conclusion the protagonist's problems are neatly solved when he is suddenly informed that he is "The Prince of Bantam", and that as the old "King of Bantam" has died he is to inherit the throne. Fielding and his London audience clearly conceived of "Bantam" as a prosperous country of which it was a great fortune to become the monarch. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_in_the_City_of_Banten_de_Bry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wedding_in_the_City_of_Banten_de_Bry.jpg/220px-Wedding_in_the_City_of_Banten_de_Bry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wedding_in_the_City_of_Banten_de_Bry.jpg/330px-Wedding_in_the_City_of_Banten_de_Bry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wedding_in_the_City_of_Banten_de_Bry.jpg/440px-Wedding_in_the_City_of_Banten_de_Bry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Wedding in Banten, de Bry</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious tolerance in Banten is well developed. Although dominated by Muslims, certain communities were allowed to build their facilities of worship, where around 1673 several temples had been established in the area around the port of Banten.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1676 thousands of Chinese people sought asylum and worked in Banten. This wave of migration was due to the outbreak of war in Fujian and other areas of South China. These communities generally build settlements around the coasts and rivers and have a significant proportion of the Indian and Arab communities . Meanwhile in Banten several European community groups such as Britain, the Netherlands, France, Denmark and Portugal have also built lodgings and warehouses around Ci Banten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_sultans_of_Banten">List of sultans of Banten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of sultans of Banten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Banten">List of Sultans of Banten</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunungjati" title="Sunan Gunungjati">Syarif Hidayatullah</a> or <i>Sunan Gunung Jati</i> from <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Sultanate of Cirebon</a></li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Hasanuddin_of_Banten" title="Maulana Hasanuddin of Banten">Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin</a> or <i>Prince Sabakinking</i> 1552 – 1570<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Yusuf_of_Banten" title="Maulana Yusuf of Banten">Sultan Maulana Yusuf</a> or <i>Prince Pasareyan</i> 1570 – 1585</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maulana_Muhammad_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maulana Muhammad of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Maulana Muhammad</a> or <i>Prince Sedangrana</i> 1585 – 1596</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mafakhir_of_Banten" title="Abu al-Mafakhir of Banten">Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir</a> or <i>Pangeran Ratu</i> 1596 – 1647</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Ma%27ali_Ahmad_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad</a> 1647 – 1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageng_Tirtayasa_of_Banten" title="Ageng Tirtayasa of Banten">Sultan Abu al-Fath Abdul Fattah</a> or <i>Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa</i> 1651 – 1683</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_an-Nasr_of_Banten" title="Abu an-Nasr of Banten">Sultan Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar</a> or <i>Sultan Haji</i> 1683 – 1687</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Fadhl_Muhammad_Yahya_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya</a> 1687 – 1690</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Mahasin_Muhammad_Zainul_Abidin_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin</a> 1690 – 1733</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Fathi_Muhammad_Syifa_Zainul_Arifin_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin</a> 1733 – 1750 <ol><li>Sultan Syarifuddin Ratu Wakil, in effect Ratu Syarifah Fatimah 1750 – 1752<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Ma%27ali_Muhammad_Wasi_Zainal_Alimin_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad Wasi Zainal Alimin of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad Wasi Zainal Alimin</a> or <i>Pangeran Arya Adisantika</i> 1752 – 1753</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arif_Zainul_Asyiqin_al-Qadiri_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arif Zainul Asyiqin al-Qadiri of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Arif Zainul Asyiqin al-Qadiri</a> 1753 – 1773</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyuddin_I_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliyuddin I of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Muhammad Aliuddin</a> 1773 – 1799</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Fath_Muhammad_Muhyiddin_Zainussalihin_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Fath Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Fath Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin</a> 1799 – 1801</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Nashar_Muhammad_Ishaq_Zainulmutaqin_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin</a> 1801 – 1802 <ol><li><i>Caretaker Sultan Wakil Pangeran Natawijaya</i> 1802 – 1803</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyuddin_II_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliyuddin II of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Muhammad Aliyuddin II</a> 1803 – 1808 <ol><li><i>Caretaker Sultan Wakil Pangeran Suramenggala</i> 1808 – 1809</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maulana_Muhammad_Shafiuddin_of_Banten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maulana Muhammad Shafiuddin of Banten (page does not exist)">Sultan Muhammad ibn Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin</a> 1809 – 1813</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="List of monarchs of Java">List of monarchs of Java</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Multa Fidrus, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/20/historic-grand-mosque-get-new-look.html">Historic Grand Mosque to get new look'</a>, <i>The Jakarta Post</i>, 20 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillot-Banten-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillot-Banten_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuillot1990" class="citation book cs1">Guillot, Claude (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2190380.The_Sultanate_Of_Banten"><i>The Sultanate of Banten</i></a>. Gramedia Book Publishing Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-403-922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-403-922-9"><bdi>978-979-403-922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+of+Banten&rft.pub=Gramedia+Book+Publishing+Division&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-979-403-922-9&rft.aulast=Guillot&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F2190380.The_Sultanate_Of_Banten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktZRAQAAMAAJ&q=1479+Syarif+Cakrabuana"><i>Jakarta kota joang</i></a> (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Dinas Museum dan Pemugaran. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-95306-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-95306-0-8"><bdi>978-979-95306-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jakarta+kota+joang&rft.pub=Pemerintah+Daerah+Khusus+Ibukota+Jakarta%2C+Dinas+Museum+dan+Pemugaran&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-979-95306-0-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktZRAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1479%2BSyarif%2BCakrabuana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kabupaten-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kabupaten_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165232/http://www.cirebonkab.go.id/sekilas-kab-cirebon/sejarah-kabupaten-cirebon">"Sejarah Kabupaten Cirebon"</a> (in Indonesian). Cirebon Regency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirebonkab.go.id/sekilas-kab-cirebon/sejarah-kabupaten-cirebon">the original</a> on 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Kabupaten+Cirebon&rft.pub=Cirebon+Regency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirebonkab.go.id%2Fsekilas-kab-cirebon%2Fsejarah-kabupaten-cirebon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suma_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPires1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Pires, Tomé</a> (1944) [1512–1515]. Armando Cortesão (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PA166"><i>The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from Red Sea to China</i></a> (1990 ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0535-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0535-7"><bdi>81-206-0535-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+Oriental+of+Tome+Pires%3A+An+Account+of+the+East%2C+from+Red+Sea+to+China&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=166&rft.edition=1990&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=81-206-0535-7&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh82D-Y0E3TwC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPjTR-2rCIAC&q=Faletehan+Portuguese&pg=RA2-PR16"><i>Jakarta Dalam Angka: Statistical Year Book of Jakarta</i></a> (in Indonesian). Kantor Sensus dan Statistik D.K.I. Jakarta. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jakarta+Dalam+Angka%3A+Statistical+Year+Book+of+Jakarta&rft.pub=Kantor+Sensus+dan+Statistik+D.K.I.+Jakarta.&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPjTR-2rCIAC%26q%3DFaletehan%2BPortuguese%26pg%3DRA2-PR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichrob1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michrob, Halwany (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaNxAAAAMAAJ&q=Surawisesa+Hasanuddin"><i>Catatan masalalu Banten</i></a> (in Indonesian). Saudara.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catatan+masalalu+Banten&rft.pub=Saudara&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Michrob&rft.aufirst=Halwany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuaNxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSurawisesa%2BHasanuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdimihardja1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adimihardja, Kusnaka (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxQaAAAAIAAJ&q=Hasanuddin+Ratu+Dewata"><i>Kasepuhan yang tumbuh di atas yang luruh: pengelolaan lingkungan secara tradisional di kawasan Gunung Halimun, Jawa Barat</i></a> (in Indonesian). Tarsito.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kasepuhan+yang+tumbuh+di+atas+yang+luruh%3A+pengelolaan+lingkungan+secara+tradisional+di+kawasan+Gunung+Halimun%2C+Jawa+Barat&rft.pub=Tarsito&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Adimihardja&rft.aufirst=Kusnaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxQaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DHasanuddin%2BRatu%2BDewata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiller2010" class="citation book cs1">Spiller, Henry J. (15 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLWTAgAAQBAJ&q=Sumedang+Larang+Mataram&pg=PA116"><i>Focus: Gamelan Music of Indonesia</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90189-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90189-9"><bdi>978-1-135-90189-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus%3A+Gamelan+Music+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-135-90189-9&rft.aulast=Spiller&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLWTAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSumedang%2BLarang%2BMataram%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes,_Glenn_J.2008" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Glenn J. (2008). <i>The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700</i>. pp. 97–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globe+Encompassed%3A+The+Age+of+European+Discovery%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=97-99&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Ames%2C+Glenn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300</i>, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan, p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300</i>, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan, p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300</i>, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan, p.35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing1996" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=banten&pg=PA101"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Braun-Brunfield. pp. 101–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4"><bdi>1-884964-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=101-104&rft.pub=Braun-Brunfield&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-884964-04-4&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26q%3Dbanten%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Valentijn, <i>Beschrijving van Groot Djava, ofte Java Major,</i> Amsterdam, 1796. Ludwig Bachhofer, <i>India Antiqua</i> (1947:280) notes that Valentijn had been in Banten in 1694.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas</i>. Penerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia. November 2008. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-709-391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-709-391-4"><bdi>978-979-709-391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ekspedisi+Anjer-Panaroekan%2C+Laporan+Jurnalistik+Kompas&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Penerbit+Buku+Kompas%2C+PT+Kompas+Media+Nusantara%2C+Jakarta+Indonesia&rft.date=2008-11&rft.isbn=978-979-709-391-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><span></span></i>Memimpikan Takhta Kesultanan Banten.<i> Harian </i>Kompas<i>, Senin, 22 December 2003</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memimpikan+Takhta+Kesultanan+Banten.+Harian+Kompas%2C+Senin%2C+22+December+2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP-Banten-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JP-Banten_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JP-Banten_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714140200/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/1999/07/10/banten-abounds-archeological-treasures.html">"Banten abounds in archeological treasures"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. Jakarta. 7 October 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/1999/07/10/banten-abounds-archeological-treasures.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Banten+abounds+in+archeological+treasures&rft.date=1999-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2F07%2F10%2Fbanten-abounds-archeological-treasures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallop2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gallop, Annabel (November 2003). "Seventeenth-century Indonesian letters in the public record office". <i>Indonesia and the Malay World</i>. <b>31</b> (91): 412–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1363981042000188673">10.1080/1363981042000188673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162010030">162010030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia+and+the+Malay+World&rft.atitle=Seventeenth-century+Indonesian+letters+in+the+public+record+office&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=91&rft.pages=412-439&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1363981042000188673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162010030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gallop&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillot2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guillot, C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHJANAEACAAJ"><i>Banten: sejarah dan peradaban abad X-XVII</i></a> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 300–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-486-2"><bdi>978-2-85539-486-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banten%3A+sejarah+dan+peradaban+abad+X-XVII&rft.pages=300-301&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-486-2&rft.aulast=Guillot&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHJANAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republika.co.id/share/q7uc0q458">"Syekh Nawawi al-Bantani, Alimnya Ulama di Tanah Suci"</a>. <i>Republika Online</i> (in Indonesian). 27 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Republika+Online&rft.atitle=Syekh+Nawawi+al-Bantani%2C+Alimnya+Ulama+di+Tanah+Suci&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublika.co.id%2Fshare%2Fq7uc0q458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmusaku.com/sejarah-kesultanan-banten-dan-peninggalannya/">"Sejarah Kesultanan Banten dan peninggalannya"</a>. <i>ilmusaku.com</i> (in Indonesian). 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilmusaku.com&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Kesultanan+Banten+dan+peninggalannya&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filmusaku.com%2Fsejarah-kesultanan-banten-dan-peninggalannya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Sultan-Maulana-Hasanudin-Sultan-Banten-Pertama-1552-1570/6000000018635607644">"Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin, Sultan Banten Pertama"</a>. <i>www.geni.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geni.com&rft.atitle=Sultan+Maulana+Hasanuddin%2C+Sultan+Banten+Pertama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FSultan-Maulana-Hasanudin-Sultan-Banten-Pertama-1552-1570%2F6000000018635607644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kesultananbanten.weebly.com/sejarah-banten.html">"Sejarah Kesultanan Banten"</a>. <i>kesultananbanten.weebly.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kesultananbanten.weebly.com&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Kesultanan+Banten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkesultananbanten.weebly.com%2Fsejarah-banten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116152008/http://timikasatu.com/2014/11/13/ingin-kuasai-banten-ratu-syarifah-fatimah-malah-dibuang-ke-pulau-edam/">"Ratu Syarifah Fatimah"</a>. <i>timikasatu.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timikasatu.com/2014/11/13/ingin-kuasai-banten-ratu-syarifah-fatimah-malah-dibuang-ke-pulau-edam/">the original</a> on 16 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timikasatu.com&rft.atitle=Ratu+Syarifah+Fatimah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimikasatu.com%2F2014%2F11%2F13%2Fingin-kuasai-banten-ratu-syarifah-fatimah-malah-dibuang-ke-pulau-edam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pretender</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banten_Sultanate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banten_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Dinar Boontharm. (2003). <i>The Sultanate of Banten AD 1750-1808: A Social and Cultural History</i> (Ph.D. thesis). Hull: University of Hull.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillot1990" class="citation book cs1">Guillot, Claude (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2190380.The_Sultanate_Of_Banten"><i>The Sultanate of Banten</i></a>. Gramedia Book Publishing Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-403-922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-403-922-9"><bdi>978-979-403-922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+of+Banten&rft.pub=Gramedia+Book+Publishing+Division&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-979-403-922-9&rft.aulast=Guillot&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F2190380.The_Sultanate_Of_Banten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillot2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guillot, Claude (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.gramedia.com/id/buku/banten-sejarah-dan-peradaban-abad-x-xvii"><i>Banten, Sejarah dan Peradaban (Abad X - XVII)</i></a> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-9101-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-9101-44-0"><bdi>978-979-9101-44-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banten%2C+Sejarah+dan+Peradaban+%28Abad+X+-+XVII%29&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-979-9101-44-0&rft.aulast=Guillot&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.gramedia.com%2Fid%2Fbuku%2Fbanten-sejarah-dan-peradaban-abad-x-xvii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumber-sumber+asli+sejarah+Jakarta%2C+Jilid+I%3A+Dokumen-dokumen+sejarah+Jakarta+sampai+dengan+akhir+abad+ke-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahorka2007" class="citation book cs1">Zahorka, Herwig (20 May 2007). <i>The Sunda Kingdom of West Java From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the Royal Center of Bogor</i>. Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunda+Kingdom+of+West+Java+From+Tarumanagara+to+Pakuan+Pajajaran+with+the+Royal+Center+of+Bogor&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Yayasan+Cipta+Loka+Caraka&rft.date=2007-05-20&rft.aulast=Zahorka&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanten+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Milton, Giles (1999). Nathaniel's Nutmeg or, The True and Incredible Adventures of the Spice Trader Who Changed the Course of History. New York: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-21936-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-21936-2">0-374-21936-2</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu/Buddhist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blambangan_Kingdom" title="Blambangan Kingdom">Blambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galuh_Kingdom" title="Galuh Kingdom">Galuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana_dynasty" title="Ishana dynasty">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggala" title="Janggala">Janggala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasa_dynasty" title="Rajasa dynasty">Rajasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pajang" title="Kingdom of Pajang">Pajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sumedang_Larang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sumedang Larang">Sumedang Larang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu/Buddhist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauli" title="Mauli">Mauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaskuta_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaskuta Kingdom">Samaskuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfotsi" title="Sanfotsi">Sanfotsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Aru Kingdom">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate" title="Asahan Sultanate">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat" title="Sultanate of Langkat">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang" title="Sultanate of Serdang">Serdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura" title="Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura">Siak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banjar" title="Sultanate of Banjar">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Bulungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_Dipa" title="Negara Dipa">Negara Dipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_Daha" title="Negara Daha">Negara Daha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjungpura_Kingdom" title="Tanjungpura Kingdom">Tanjungpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa" title="Sultanate of Gowa">Gowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buton" title="Sultanate of Buton">Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwu">Luwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajoq" title="Wajoq">Wajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Banggai" title="Kingdom of Banggai">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Siau" title="Kingdom of Siau">Siau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bima_Sultanate" title="Bima Sultanate">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mengwi" title="Kingdom of Mengwi">Mengwi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solor_Watan_Lema_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solor Watan Lema Confederation (page does not exist)">Solor Watan Lema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">West Timor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amabi" title="Amabi">Amabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanatun" title="Amanatun">Amanatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanuban" title="Amanuban">Amanuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarasi" title="Amarasi">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbai" title="Sonbai">Sonbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehali" title="Wehali">Wehali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iha" title="Kingdom of Iha">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Honimoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Honimoa (page does not exist)">Honimoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huamual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huamual (page does not exist)">Huamual</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Huamual" class="extiw" title="id:Kerajaan Huamual">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Loloda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Loloda (page does not exist)">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negeri_Soya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negeri Soya (page does not exist)">Negeri Soya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Soya" class="extiw" title="id:Negeri Soya">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Maluku</a></li> <li><a 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