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L. Frank Baum - Wikipedia

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Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Wizard_of_Oz:_Fred_R._Hamlin&#039;s_Musical_Extravaganza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life and work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baum&#039;s_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baum&#039;s_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Baum's beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Baum&#039;s_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Baum's beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Baum&#039;s_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women&#039;s_suffrage_advocate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women&#039;s_suffrage_advocate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Women's suffrage advocate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women&#039;s_suffrage_advocate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Racial views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_imagery_in_The_Wizard_of_Oz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_imagery_in_The_Wizard_of_Oz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Political imagery in <i>The Wizard of Oz</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_imagery_in_The_Wizard_of_Oz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_of_Oz_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_of_Oz_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Land of Oz works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_of_Oz_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popular culture and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">L. Frank Baum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="ليمان فرانك بوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليمان فرانك بوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymen_Frenk_Baum" title="Laymen Frenk Baum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laymen Frenk Baum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84._%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85" title="ال. فرانک باوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ال. فرانک باوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лаймэн Фрэнк Баум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаймэн Фрэнк Баум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лиман Франк Баум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лиман Франк Баум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC" title="Λύμαν Φρανκ Μπάουμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λύμαν Φρανκ Μπάουμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84._%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ال. فرانک بام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ال. فرانک بام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%BC_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%AC_%EB%B0%94%EC%9B%80" title="라이먼 프랭크 바움 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이먼 프랭크 바움" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լայման Ֆրենք Բաում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լայման Ֆրենք Բաում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE" title="लाइमन फ्रैंक बाउम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाइमन फ्रैंक बाउम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ליימן פרנק באום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליימן פרנק באום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფრენკ ბაუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრენკ ბაუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лаймен Фрэнк Баум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лаймен Фрэнк Баум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laimens_Frenks_Baums" title="Laimens Frenks Baums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laimens Frenks Baums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD._%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="എൽ. ഫ്രാങ്ക് ബോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൽ. ഫ്രാങ്ക് ബോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლაიმენ ფრენკ ბაუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაიმენ ფრენკ ბაუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="ليمان فرانك بوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليمان فرانك بوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ライマン・フランク・ボーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライマン・フランク・ボーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85" title="لایمن فرانک باوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لایمن فرانک باوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Frank_Baum" title="Lyman Frank Baum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lyman Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC,_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Баум, Лаймен Фрэнк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баум, Лаймен Фрэнк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/liman%C2%B7falanke%C2%B7baomu" title="liman·falanke·baomu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="liman·falanke·baomu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B._%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Л. Френк Баум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Л. Френк Баум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="ลีแมน แฟรงก์ บอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลีแมน แฟรงก์ บอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Френк Баум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френк Баум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="L. Frank Baum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E5%A7%86" title="李曼·法蘭克·鮑姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="李曼·法蘭克·鮑姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American author (1856–1919)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">L. Frank Baum</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Frank_Baum_(1911).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baum, c. 1911"><img alt="Baum, c. 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/L._Frank_Baum_%281911%29.jpg/220px-L._Frank_Baum_%281911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/L._Frank_Baum_%281911%29.jpg/330px-L._Frank_Baum_%281911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/L._Frank_Baum_%281911%29.jpg/440px-L._Frank_Baum_%281911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="4527" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Baum, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1911</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Lyman Frank Baum<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1856-05-15</span>)</span>May 15, 1856<br /><a href="/wiki/Chittenango,_New_York" title="Chittenango, New York">Chittenango, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">May 6, 1919<span style="display:none">(1919-05-06)</span> (aged&#160;62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>George Brooks</li><li>Louis F. Baum</li><li>Laura Bancroft</li><li>Suzanne Metcalf</li><li>Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald</li><li>Schuyler Staunton</li><li>Edith Van Dyne</li><li>Floyd Akers</li><li>John Estes Cooke</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fantasy</li><li>poetry</li><li>short stories</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maud_Gage_Baum" title="Maud Gage Baum">Maud Gage</a></div>&#32;<div style="display:inline-block;">&#8203;</div>&#40;<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&#160;<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="November 9, 1882">1882</span>&#41;<wbr />&#8203;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">4, including <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> (mother-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Baum" title="Roger S. Baum">Roger S. Baum</a> (great-grandson)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Frank_Baum_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/L_Frank_Baum_Signature.svg/150px-L_Frank_Baum_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/L_Frank_Baum_Signature.svg/225px-L_Frank_Baum_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/L_Frank_Baum_Signature.svg/300px-L_Frank_Baum_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lyman Frank Baum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;b&#39; in &#39;buy&#39;">b</span><span title="/ɔː/: &#39;au&#39; in &#39;fraud&#39;">ɔː</span><span title="&#39;m&#39; in &#39;my&#39;">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children&#39;s fantasy">children's fantasy</a> books, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>, part of a series. In addition to the 14 <i>Oz</i> books, Baum penned 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wizard of Oz">1939 adaptation</a> of the first <i>Oz</i> book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. </p><p>Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a>, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first <i>Oz</i> book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studio</a> focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. </p><p>His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>, laptop computers (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Key_(Baum_novel)" title="The Master Key (Baum novel)">The Master Key</a></i>), wireless telephones (<i><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz" title="Tik-Tok of Oz">Tik-Tok of Oz</a></i>), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (<i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_in_the_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Louise in the Country">Mary Louise in the Country</a></i>), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (<i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_at_Work" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces at Work">Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work</a></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_early_life">Childhood and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baum was born in <a href="/wiki/Chittenango,_New_York" title="Chittenango, New York">Chittenango, New York</a>, in 1856 into a devout <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> family. He had <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "Lyman" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name "Frank".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadet_L._Frank_Baum_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cadet_L._Frank_Baum_1868.jpg/220px-Cadet_L._Frank_Baum_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cadet_L._Frank_Baum_1868.jpg/330px-Cadet_L._Frank_Baum_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cadet_L._Frank_Baum_1868.jpg/440px-Cadet_L._Frank_Baum_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Young Baum in the <a href="/wiki/Peekskill_Military_Academy" title="Peekskill Military Academy">Peekskill Military Academy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, <a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">oil drilling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rose Lawn was located in <a href="/wiki/Mattydale,_New_York" title="Mattydale, New York">Mattydale, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baum was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two years at <a href="/wiki/Peekskill_Military_Academy" title="Peekskill Military Academy">Peekskill Military Academy</a>, but after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">psychogenic</a> heart attack and was allowed to return home.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of <i>The Rose Lawn Home Journal</i>. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called <i>The Stamp Collector</i>, printed an 11-page pamphlet called <i>Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory</i>, and started a <a href="/wiki/Stamp_dealer" title="Stamp dealer">stamp dealership</a> with friends.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding poultry. He specialized in raising the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_(chicken)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg (chicken)">Hamburg chicken</a>. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, <i>The Poultry Record</i> and, in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: <i>The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth of July">Fourth of July</a> memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a>. This experience may have influenced his story "The Suicide of Kiaros", first published in the literary journal <i>The White Elephant</i>. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. </p><p>Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1880, his father built him a theater in <a href="/wiki/Richburg,_New_York" title="Richburg, New York">Richburg, New York</a>, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Arran" title="The Maid of Arran">The Maid of Arran</a></i> proved a modest success, a <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> with songs based on <a href="/wiki/William_Black_(novelist)" title="William Black (novelist)">William Black</a>'s novel <i>A Princess of Thule</i>. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical <a href="/wiki/Musical_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical play">musical</a>, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and <a href="/wiki/Operettas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operettas">operettas</a>. </p><p>On November 9, 1882, Baum married <a href="/wiki/Maud_Gage_Baum" title="Maud Gage Baum">Maud Gage</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a>, a famous <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women&#39;s suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="First wave feminism">feminist</a> activist. A local newspaper reported that their ceremony was "one of equality" and that their marriage vows were "precisely the same."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While Baum was touring with <i>The Maid of Arran</i>, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama <i>Matches</i>, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including <i>Matches</i>, as well as costumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_South_Dakota_years">The South Dakota years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: The South Dakota years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota" title="Aberdeen, South Dakota">Aberdeen, Dakota Territory</a> where he opened a store called "Baum's Bazaar". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aberdeen_Saturday_Pioneer" title="The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer">The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer</a></i> where he wrote the column <i>Our Landlady</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a> at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum recommended the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether Baum meant it as a satire or not, especially since his mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> received an honorary adoption into the Wolf Clan of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Nation">Mohawk Nation</a> and was a fierce defender of Native American rights,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but on January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination &#32;&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>&#93; of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Baum's description of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> is based on his experiences in drought-ridden <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r489_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r489-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During much of this time, his mother-in-law was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included <a href="/wiki/James_H._Kyle" title="James H. Kyle">James Kyle</a>, who became one of the first <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populist</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People&#39;s Party (United States)">People's Party</a>) senators in the U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baum_poster_1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baum_poster_1b.jpg/170px-Baum_poster_1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baum_poster_1b.jpg/255px-Baum_poster_1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baum_poster_1b.jpg/340px-Baum_poster_1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Promotional Poster for Baum's "Popular Books For Children", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1901</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Park,_Chicago" title="Humboldt Park, Chicago">Humboldt Park</a> section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Evening_Post" title="Chicago Evening Post">Evening Post</a></i>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Visual_Merchandising_+_Store_Design"></span> Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called <i>The Show Window</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> later known as the <i>Merchants Record and Show Window</i>, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former <i>Show Window</i> magazine is still currently in operation, now known as <i>VMSD</i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also had to work as a <a href="/wiki/Vendor_(supply_chain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendor (supply chain)">traveling salesman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W._W._Denslow_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of man seated, drawing at a desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/W._W._Denslow_1900.png/170px-W._W._Denslow_1900.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/W._W._Denslow_1900.png/255px-W._W._Denslow_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/W._W._Denslow_1900.png/340px-W._W._Denslow_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Denslow in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1897, he wrote and published <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_in_Prose" title="Mother Goose in Prose">Mother Goose in Prose</a></i>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a> rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish" title="Maxfield Parrish">Maxfield Parrish</a>. <i>Mother Goose</i> was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Denslow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wallace Denslow">W. W. Denslow</a> to publish <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Goose,_His_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Goose, His Book">Father Goose, His Book</a></i>, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad_for_Baum-Parrish_Mother_Goose_book.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ad_for_Baum-Parrish_Mother_Goose_book.gif/170px-Ad_for_Baum-Parrish_Mother_Goose_book.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ad_for_Baum-Parrish_Mother_Goose_book.gif/255px-Ad_for_Baum-Parrish_Mother_Goose_book.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ad_for_Baum-Parrish_Mother_Goose_book.gif/340px-Ad_for_Baum-Parrish_Mother_Goose_book.gif 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption> The Baum–Parrish Mother Goose used to promote a breakfast cereal (part 1 of 12 as a free premium)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz"><i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> to much critical acclaim and financial success.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Oz" title="Land of Oz">Land of Oz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Wizard_of_Oz:_Fred_R._Hamlin's_Musical_Extravaganza"><span id="The_Wizard_of_Oz:_Fred_R._Hamlin.27s_Musical_Extravaganza"></span><i>The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin&#039;s Musical Extravaganza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg/170px-Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg/255px-Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg/340px-Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>1903 poster of Dave Montgomery as the Tin Man in Hamlin's musical stage version.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two years after <i>Wizard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;s</span> publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tietjens" title="Paul Tietjens">Paul Tietjens</a> and director Julian Mitchell to produce a <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_stage_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1902 stage play)">musical stage version</a> of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of <i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i> in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title "The Wizard of Oz"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a>, alongside David C. Montgomery and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Stone" title="Fred Stone">Fred Stone</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Tin_Woodman" title="Tin Woodman">Tin Woodman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_(Oz)" title="Scarecrow (Oz)">Scarecrow</a> respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. </p><p>The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and <a href="/wiki/Pastoria" title="Pastoria">Pastoria</a> (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a>, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. </p><p>Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled "The Wizard of Oz", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood film</a>. </p><p>Baum wrote a new Oz book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i>, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_(musical)" title="The Woggle-Bug (musical)">The Woggle-Bug</a></i>, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of <i><a href="/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz" title="Ozma of Oz">Ozma of Oz</a></i>, which eventually became <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tik-Tok_Man_of_Oz" title="The Tik-Tok Man of Oz">The Tik-Tok Man of Oz</a></i>. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Morosco" title="Oliver Morosco">Oliver Morosco</a> to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a></i>, but this was ultimately realized as a <a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz_(1914_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914 film)">film</a><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_work">Later life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Later life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the success of <i>Wizard</i> on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published <i><a href="/wiki/Dot_and_Tot_of_Merryland" title="Dot and Tot of Merryland">Dot and Tot of Merryland</a></i> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with <a href="/wiki/John_R._Neill" title="John R. Neill">John R. Neill</a> on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published <i>The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies</i> without authorization. </p><p>Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_del_Coronado" title="Hotel del Coronado">Hotel del Coronado</a>; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Santa_Claus" title="The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus">The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Zixi_of_Ix" title="Queen Zixi of Ix">Queen Zixi of Ix</a></i>. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Key_(Baum_novel)" title="The Master Key (Baum novel)">The Master Key</a></i> appearing on <i><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas Magazine">St. Nicholas Magazine</a>'</i>s survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. </p><p>In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying "Pedloe Island" off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-thewizardofoz_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewizardofoz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sandiegohistory_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiegohistory-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be "the Marvelous Land of Oz," intending it to be "a fairy paradise for children." Eleven-year-old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and <a href="/wiki/Woggle-Bug" title="Woggle-Bug">H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E.</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_(musical)" title="The Woggle-Bug (musical)">The Woggle-Bug</a></i>, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Frank_Baum_and_characters_in_The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays_1908.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/L._Frank_Baum_and_characters_in_The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays_1908.png/200px-L._Frank_Baum_and_characters_in_The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays_1908.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/L._Frank_Baum_and_characters_in_The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays_1908.png/300px-L._Frank_Baum_and_characters_in_The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/L._Frank_Baum_and_characters_in_The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays_1908.png/400px-L._Frank_Baum_and_characters_in_The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays_1908.png 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Baum surrounded by the characters in <i>The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays" title="The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays">The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</a></i> (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogue</a> to Oz.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including <i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i>. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="pseudonyms"></span>Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: </p> <ul><li>Edith Van Dyne (the <i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces">Aunt Jane's Nieces</a></i> series)</li> <li>Laura Bancroft (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Twinkle_Tales" title="The Twinkle Tales">The Twinkle Tales</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Policeman_Bluejay" title="Policeman Bluejay">Policeman Bluejay</a></i>)</li> <li>Floyd Akers (<i>The Boy Fortune Hunters</i> series, continuing the <i>Sam Steele</i> series)</li> <li>Suzanne Metcalf (<i>Annabel</i>)</li> <li>Schuyler Staunton (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_a_Crown" title="The Fate of a Crown">The Fate of a Crown</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Destiny_(novel)" title="Daughters of Destiny (novel)">Daughters of Destiny</a></i>)</li> <li>John Estes Cooke (<i>Tamawaca Folks</i>)</li> <li>Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the <i>Sam Steele</i> series)</li></ul> <p>Baum also anonymously wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Egyptian" title="The Last Egyptian">The Last Egyptian</a>: A Romance of the Nile</i>. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen&#39;s club">men's social group</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Uplifters_(club)" title="The Uplifters (club)">The Uplifters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic <a href="/wiki/By-laws" class="mw-redirect" title="By-laws">by-laws</a>. The group also included <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers">Will Rogers</a>, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only <i>The Uplift of Lucifer</i> is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was <i>The Tik-Tok Man of Oz</i> (based on <i><a href="/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz" title="Ozma of Oz">Ozma of Oz</a></i> and the basis for <i><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz" title="Tik-Tok of Oz">Tik-Tok of Oz</a></i>), a modest success in Hollywood that producer <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Morosco" title="Oliver Morosco">Oliver Morosco</a> decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. </p><p>In 1914, Baum started his own film production company <a href="/wiki/The_Oz_Film_Manufacturing_Company" title="The Oz Film Manufacturing Company">The Oz Film Manufacturing Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of <a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Gottschalk" title="Louis F. Gottschalk">Louis F. Gottschalk</a>, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by <a href="/wiki/J._Farrell_MacDonald" title="J. Farrell MacDonald">J. Farrell MacDonald</a>, with casts that included <a href="/wiki/Violet_MacMillan" title="Violet MacMillan">Violet MacMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Reed_(silent_film_actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian Reed (silent film actress)">Vivian Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Harris" title="Mildred Harris">Mildred Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juanita_Hansen" title="Juanita Hansen">Juanita Hansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Couderc" title="Pierre Couderc">Pierre Couderc</a>, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, <a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Haydon" title="J. Charles Haydon">J. Charles Haydon</a>, and early appearances by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a>. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosson" title="Harold Rosson">Harold Rosson</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of <i>The Last Egyptian</i> and made a film of it (portions of which are included in <i><a href="/wiki/Decasia" title="Decasia">Decasia</a></i>), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Feature_Films" title="Dramatic Feature Films">Dramatic Feature Films</a> and transfer of ownership to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank Joslyn Baum</a> did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike <i>The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</i>, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maud_Gage_Baum#Life_with_L._Frank_Baum" title="Maud Gage Baum">Maud Gage Baum §&#160;Life with L. Frank Baum</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozcot,_Hollywood,_California_1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png/200px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png/300px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png/400px-Ozcot%2C_Hollywood%2C_California_1911.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maud_Gage_Baum#Ozcot" title="Maud Gage Baum">Ozcot</a>, Hollywood, California, in 1911</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Frank_Baum_grave_at_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_in_Glendale,_California.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/L._Frank_Baum_grave_at_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_in_Glendale%2C_California.JPG/220px-L._Frank_Baum_grave_at_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_in_Glendale%2C_California.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/L._Frank_Baum_grave_at_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_in_Glendale%2C_California.JPG/330px-L._Frank_Baum_grave_at_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_in_Glendale%2C_California.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/L._Frank_Baum_grave_at_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_in_Glendale%2C_California.JPG/440px-L._Frank_Baum_grave_at_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_in_Glendale%2C_California.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Baum's grave at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California, in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62, about 9 days before his 63rd birthday. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: "Now we can cross the <a href="/wiki/Deadly_Desert" title="Deadly Desert">Shifting Sands</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was buried in Glendale's <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>His final Oz book, <i><a href="/wiki/Glinda_of_Oz" title="Glinda of Oz">Glinda of Oz</a></i>, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson" title="Ruth Plumly Thompson">Ruth Plumly Thompson</a>, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.<sup id="cite_ref-RuthPlumlyThompson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuthPlumlyThompson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baum's_beliefs"><span id="Baum.27s_beliefs"></span>Baum's beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Baum&#039;s beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary">Literary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Literary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarfs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">genies</a>, and remove the association of violence and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral teachings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_City_of_Oz" title="The Emerald City of Oz">The Emerald City of Oz</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ozma" title="Princess Ozma">Ozma</a> objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. </p><p>Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romance</a>. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In <i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i>, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the <a href="/wiki/Tin_Woodman" title="Tin Woodman">Tin Woodman</a> and his love for <a href="/wiki/Nimmie_Amee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimmie Amee">Nimmie Amee</a>, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of <a href="/wiki/Gayelette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayelette">Gayelette</a> and the enchantment of the <a href="/wiki/Winged_monkeys" title="Winged monkeys">winged monkeys</a>. The only other stories with such elements were <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="The Scarecrow of Oz">The Scarecrow of Oz</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz" title="Tik-Tok of Oz">Tik-Tok of Oz</a></i>; both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_suffrage_advocate"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage_advocate"></span>Women's suffrage advocate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Women&#039;s suffrage advocate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Baum lived in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota" title="Aberdeen, South Dakota">Aberdeen, South Dakota</a>, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <i>Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer</i> dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women&#39;s suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum_Suffrage_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum_Suffrage-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. </p><p>Sally Roesch Wagner of The <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> Foundation published <i>The Wonderful Mother of Oz</i>, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of <i>The Marvelous Land of Oz</i>. In this story, General <a href="/wiki/Jinjur" title="Jinjur">Jinjur</a> leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ozma" title="Princess Ozma">Princess Ozma</a>, who advocates <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, is ultimately placed on the throne. <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a>'s 1915 classic of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">feminist science fiction</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Herland_(novel)" title="Herland (novel)">Herland</a></i>, bears strong similarities to <i>The Emerald City of Oz</i> (1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including <i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces">Aunt Jane's Nieces</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Girl" title="The Flying Girl">The Flying Girl</a></i> and its sequel. <a href="/wiki/The_Bluebird_Books" title="The Bluebird Books">The Bluebird Books</a> feature a girl sleuth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_views">Racial views</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Racial views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period surrounding the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a>, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">genocide of American Indians</a>. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Townsend" title="Camilla Townsend">Camilla Townsend</a>, the editor of <i>American Indian History: A Documentary Reader</i>, argued that the editorial was "Against character", as he had earlier published a piece that criticized the idea of white people fearing Native Americans; Townsend stated that she failed to find evidence that Baum was using sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">holy man</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-editorials_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editorials-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, "<a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">the nobility of the Redskin</a>" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was "total annihilation" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as "miserable wretches." Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would "do justice to the manly characteristics" of their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-editorials_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editorials-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a>' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a "terrible loss of blood", in a "battle" which had been a disgrace to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department of War</a>. He found that the "disaster" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the "untamed and untamable" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: "An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'"<sup id="cite_ref-editorials2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editorials2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.<sup id="cite_ref-apology_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apology-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The short story "The Enchanted Buffalo" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> <a href="/wiki/Snake_dance" title="Snake dance">snake dance</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_and_Uncle_John" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces and Uncle John">Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John</a></i>, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_on_the_Ranch" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces on the Ranch">Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch</a></i> features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Baum's mother-in-law and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women&#39;s suffrage in the United States">woman's suffrage</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_imagery_in_The_Wizard_of_Oz">Political imagery in <i>The Wizard of Oz</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_interpretations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></div> <p>Numerous political references to the "Wizard" appeared early in the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Littlefield" title="Henry Littlefield">Henry Littlefield</a>, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He paid special attention to the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist</a> metaphors and debates over silver and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryanite</a> silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to <i>The New York Times</i> letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was "not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to "please children".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baum was originally a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, but he joined the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota" title="Aberdeen, South Dakota">Aberdeen</a> in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> in 1892 by <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in <i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i>. The Baums sent their older sons to "<a href="/wiki/Ethical_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Culture">Ethical Culture</a> Sunday School" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writers including Evan I. Schwartz<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in <i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i> to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters' experiences in Oz represent the soul's journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take "the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy" (Schwartz, p.&#160;265). An article in BBC Culture<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the 'Golden Path' in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. </p><p>Baum's own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: "It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum_bibliography" title="L. Frank Baum bibliography">L. Frank Baum bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_in_Prose" title="Mother Goose in Prose">Mother Goose in Prose</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i>By the Candelabra's Glare</i> (1898)</li> <li><i>Father Goose: His Book</i> (1899)</li> <li><i>A New Wonderland</i> (1900), revised as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Monarch_of_Mo" title="The Magical Monarch of Mo">The Magical Monarch of Mo</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i>The Army Alphabet</i> (1900)</li> <li><i>The Navy Alphabet</i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73606">The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors</a></i>, (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Fairy_Tales" title="American Fairy Tales">American Fairy Tales</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Santa_Claus" title="The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus">The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Enchanted_Island_of_Yew" title="The Enchanted Island of Yew">The Enchanted Island of Yew</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Dough_and_the_Cherub" title="John Dough and the Cherub">John Dough and the Cherub</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Fortune_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Fortune Hunters">Boy Fortune Hunters</a></i> book series (1908–1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Fairies" title="The Sea Fairies">The Sea Fairies</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Island" title="Sky Island">Sky Island</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Zixi_of_Ix" title="Queen Zixi of Ix">Queen Zixi of Ix</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_a_Crown" title="The Fate of a Crown">The Fate of a Crown</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sam_Steele%27s_Adventures_on_Land_and_Sea" title="Sam Steele&#39;s Adventures on Land and Sea">Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Destiny_(novel)" title="Daughters of Destiny (novel)">Daughters of Destiny (novel)</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Egyptian" title="The Last Egyptian">The Last Egyptian</a></i> (1907)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_of_Oz_works">Land of Oz works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Land of Oz works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oz_books" title="List of Oz books">List of Oz books</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queer_Visitors_from_the_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz">Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i> (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_Book" title="The Woggle-Bug Book">The Woggle-Bug Book</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz" title="Ozma of Oz">Ozma of Oz</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_in_Oz" title="Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz">Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Oz" title="The Road to Oz">The Road to Oz</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_City_of_Oz" title="The Emerald City of Oz">The Emerald City of Oz</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Wizard_Stories_of_Oz" title="Little Wizard Stories of Oz">Little Wizard Stories of Oz</a></i> (1913, collection of 6 short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz" title="Tik-Tok of Oz">Tik-Tok of Oz</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="The Scarecrow of Oz">The Scarecrow of Oz</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinkitink_in_Oz" title="Rinkitink in Oz">Rinkitink in Oz</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Princess_of_Oz" title="The Lost Princess of Oz">The Lost Princess of Oz</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Woodman_of_Oz" title="The Tin Woodman of Oz">The Tin Woodman of Oz</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Oz" title="The Magic of Oz">The Magic of Oz</a></i> (1919, posthumously published)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glinda_of_Oz" title="Glinda of Oz">Glinda of Oz</a></i> (1920, posthumously published)</li></ul> </div> <p>1921's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Book_of_Oz" title="The Royal Book of Oz">The Royal Book of Oz</a></i> was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson" title="Ruth Plumly Thompson">Ruth Plumly Thompson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_and_legacy">Popular culture and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Popular culture and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A 1970 episode of the long-running American <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_Days" title="Death Valley Days">Death Valley Days</a></i> presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-WizAber_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WizAber-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The comedic teleplay, titled "The Wizard of Aberdeen", stars <a href="/wiki/Conlan_Carter" title="Conlan Carter">Conlan Carter</a> as Baum and <a href="/wiki/Beverlee_McKinsey" title="Beverlee McKinsey">Beverlee McKinsey</a> as Maud.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as "Ooz".<sup id="cite_ref-WizAber_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WizAber-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ritter" title="John Ritter">John Ritter</a> portrayed Baum in the television film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamer_of_Oz:_The_L._Frank_Baum_Story" title="The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story">The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story</a></i> (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Combs" title="Jeffrey Combs">Jeffrey Combs</a> portrays a highly fictionalized L. Frank Baum, depicted as a farmer from Kansas in the 1890s, in a flashback subplot in <i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Witches_of_Oz" title="Dorothy and the Witches of Oz">Dorothy and the Witches of Oz</a></i> (2011).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zach_Braff" title="Zach Braff">Zach Braff</a> plays Frank Baum, part owner of <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Diggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Diggs">Oscar Diggs</a>' circus in 1905, in <i><a href="/wiki/Oz_the_Great_and_Powerful" title="Oz the Great and Powerful">Oz the Great and Powerful</a></i> (2013). While named in tribute to the author, the character is not actually meant to be him.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme park</a> <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota#Storybook_Land" title="Aberdeen, South Dakota">Storybook Land</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota" title="Aberdeen, South Dakota">Aberdeen, South Dakota</a>, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woodsman_(play)" title="The Woodsman (play)">The Woodsman</a></i>, a 2012 stage play by <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Hardy" title="Edward W. Hardy">Edward W. Hardy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tells the backstory of the Tin Man, using puppetry, movement, and music. The play has received multiple Off-Broadway productions, critical praise for Hardy's music, and won a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Obie_Award" title="Obie Award">Obie Award</a> for Ortiz's puppet design.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Rusting Tin Man</i>, a song about how <a href="/wiki/Nick_Chopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Chopper">Nick Chopper</a> becomes the Tin Man, is a track from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woodsman_(play)" title="The Woodsman (play)"> The Woodsman (Original Off-Broadway Solo Recording)</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Hardy" title="Edward W. Hardy">Edward W. Hardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson" title="Ruth Plumly Thompson">Ruth Plumly Thompson</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Baum">"Baum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Baum&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FBaum&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum,_L.F.Zipes,_J.Denslow,_W.W.1998" class="citation book cs1">Baum, L.F.; Zipes, J.; Denslow, W.W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVlPdbOSB6AC"><i>The Wonderful World of Oz: The Wizard of Oz, The Emerald City of Oz, Glinda of Oz</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440674358" title="Special:BookSources/9781440674358"><bdi>9781440674358</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+World+of+Oz%3A+The+Wizard+of+Oz%2C+The+Emerald+City+of+Oz%2C+Glinda+of+Oz&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=9781440674358&amp;rft.au=Baum%2C+L.F.&amp;rft.au=Zipes%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Denslow%2C+W.W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVlPdbOSB6AC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearn, Introduction, <i>The Annotated Wizard of Oz</i>, p. xv n. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freethought-trail.org/trail-map/location:l-frank-baum-childhood-home/">"L. Frank Baum Childhood Home – Freethought Trail – New York"</a>. <i>freethought-trail.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=freethought-trail.org&amp;rft.atitle=L.+Frank+Baum+Childhood+Home+%E2%80%93+Freethought+Trail+%E2%80%93+New+York&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreethought-trail.org%2Ftrail-map%2Flocation%3Al-frank-baum-childhood-home%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Evan (2009). <i>Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.&#160;16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547055107" title="Special:BookSources/9780547055107"><bdi>9780547055107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Finding+Oz%3A+How+L.+Frank+Baum+Discovered+the+Great+American+Story&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780547055107&amp;rft.aulast=Schwartz&amp;rft.aufirst=Evan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum1886" class="citation web cs1">Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank) (June 24, 1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cu31924003117854">"The Book of the Hamburgs; a brief treatise upon the mating, rearing and management of the varieties of Hamburgs"</a>. Hartford, H. H. Stoddard &#8211; via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Hamburgs%3B+a+brief+treatise+upon+the+mating%2C+rearing+and+management+of+the+varieties+of+Hamburgs&amp;rft.pub=Hartford%2C+H.+H.+Stoddard&amp;rft.date=1886-06-24&amp;rft.aulast=Baum&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+Frank+%28Lyman+Frank%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924003117854&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, pp. 8–9, 16–17 and ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2010" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Dennis (2010). <i>L. Frank Baum</i>. Infobase Publishing. p.&#160;122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-604-13501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-604-13501-5"><bdi>978-1-604-13501-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L.+Frank+Baum&amp;rft.pages=122&amp;rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-604-13501-5&amp;rft.aulast=Abrams&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2022" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Kate (2022). <i>Ordinary Equality: The Fearless Women and Queer People Who Shaped the U.S. Constitution and the Equal Rights Amendment</i>. Layton, UT: <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Smith" title="Gibbs Smith">Gibbs Smith</a>. p.&#160;54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423658726" title="Special:BookSources/9781423658726"><bdi>9781423658726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ordinary+Equality%3A+The+Fearless+Women+and+Queer+People+Who+Shaped+the+U.S.+Constitution+and+the+Equal+Rights+Amendment&amp;rft.place=Layton%2C+UT&amp;rft.pages=54&amp;rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=9781423658726&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.aufirst=Kate&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, pp. 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, pp. 25–27 and ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2010" class="citation news cs1">Sutherland, JJ (October 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2010/10/27/130862391/l-frank-baum-advocated-extermination-of-native-americans">"L. Frank Baum Advocated Extermination Of Native Americans"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Introduction". <i>American Indian History: A Documentary Reader</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley &amp; Sons">John Wiley &amp; Sons</a>. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMJl7VcmupMC&amp;pg=PA6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405159074" title="Special:BookSources/9781405159074"><bdi>9781405159074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=American+Indian+History%3A+A+Documentary+Reader&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9781405159074&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editorials-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-editorials_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-editorials_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193251/http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm">"L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm">the original</a> on December 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=L.+Frank+Baum%27s+Editorials+on+the+Sioux+Nation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northern.edu%2Fhastingw%2Fbaumedts.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span> Full text of both, with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editorials2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-editorials2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professor Robert Venables, Senior Lecturer Rural Sociology Department, Cornell University, "Looking Back at Wounded Knee 1890", <i>Northeast Indian Quarterly</i>, Spring 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apology-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apology_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2006" class="citation news cs1">Ray, Charles (August 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5662524">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Oz' Family Apologizes for Racist Editorials"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Morning+Edition&amp;rft.atitle=%27Oz%27+Family+Apologizes+for+Racist+Editorials&amp;rft.date=2006-08-17&amp;rft.aulast=Ray&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5662524&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reneau, Reneau H. "A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed," donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlefieldHenry" class="citation web cs1">LittlefieldHenry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819173851/http://www.amphigory.com/oz.htm">"The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism.first=Henry"</a>. <i>American Quarterly. v. 16, 3, Spring 1964, 47–58</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphigory.com/oz.htm">the original</a> on August 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly.+v.+16%2C+3%2C+Spring+1964%2C+47%E2%80%9358&amp;rft.atitle=The+Wizard+of+Oz%3A+Parable+on+Populism.first%3DHenry&amp;rft.au=LittlefieldHenry&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphigory.com%2Foz.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attebery, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/Populism.htm">Oz Populism Theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925125738/http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/Populism.htm">Archived</a> September 25, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at www.halcyon.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D9143CF934A35751C0A964958260&amp;n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/M/Motion%20Pictures">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Oz' Author Kept Intentions to Himself"</a>. The New York Times Company. February 7, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27Oz%27+Author+Kept+Intentions+to+Himself&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&amp;rft.date=1992-02-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E0CE4D9143CF934A35751C0A964958260%26n%3DTop%2FReference%2FTimes%2520Topics%2FSubjects%2FM%2FMotion%2520Pictures&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuerk2015" class="citation book cs1">Tuerk, Richard (2015). <i>Oz in Perspective: Magic and Myth in the L. Frank Baum Books</i>. McFarland. p.&#160;6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-48291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-48291-7"><bdi>978-0-786-48291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Oz+in+Perspective%3A+Magic+and+Myth+in+the+L.+Frank+Baum+Books&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.pub=McFarland&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-786-48291-7&amp;rft.aulast=Tuerk&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Algeo, pp. 270–273; Rogers, pp. 50–51 and ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. J. Baum, <i>To Please a Child</i>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Patrick Hearn. <i>The Annotated Wizard of Oz.</i> 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Evan I., 2009, <i>Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story</i>, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140819-the-wizard-of-oz-hidden-meanings">"The Wizard of Oz: Five alternative readings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft.atitle=The+Wizard+of+Oz%3A+Five+alternative+readings&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20140819-the-wizard-of-oz-hidden-meanings&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morena, Ph.D., G.D., 2014, <i>The Wisdom of Oz: Reflections of a Jungian Sandplay Therapist</i>, Cardiff, CA: Waterside Productions, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WizAber-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WizAber_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WizAber_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2RJZjkAK1xg&amp;t=707s">"Death Valley Days S18E14 The Wizard of Aberdeen"</a>, originally uploaded by "This is Invader" February 20, 2017, to YouTube, a subsidiary of Alphabet, Inc., Mountain View, California. Retrieved December 13, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2005" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Fraser A. (2005). <i>The Wizard of Oz Catalog: L. Frank Baum's Novel, Its Sequels And Their Adaptations for Stage, Television, Movies, Radio, Music Videos, Comic Books, Commercials And More</i>. McFarland &amp; Company Incorporated Pub. p.&#160;198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-786-41792-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-786-41792-7"><bdi>0-786-41792-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Wizard+of+Oz+Catalog%3A+L.+Frank+Baum%27s+Novel%2C+Its+Sequels+And+Their+Adaptations+for+Stage%2C+Television%2C+Movies%2C+Radio%2C+Music+Videos%2C+Comic+Books%2C+Commercials+And+More&amp;rft.pages=198&amp;rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company+Incorporated+Pub&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-786-41792-7&amp;rft.aulast=Sherman&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarty2004" class="citation book cs1">McCarty, Michael (2004). <i>More Giants of the Genre</i>. Wildside Press LLC. p.&#160;191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-809-54477-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-809-54477-6"><bdi>0-809-54477-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=More+Giants+of+the+Genre&amp;rft.pages=191&amp;rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-809-54477-6&amp;rft.aulast=McCarty&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMacken2008" class="citation book cs1">McMacken, Robin (2008). <i>The Dakots</i>. Globe Pequot. p.&#160;5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-762-74772-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-762-74772-6"><bdi>978-0-762-74772-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Dakots&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-762-74772-6&amp;rft.aulast=McMacken&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/l.-frank-baum">"L. Frank Baum"</a>. <i>Chicago Literary Hall of Fame</i>. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Literary+Hall+of+Fame&amp;rft.atitle=L.+Frank+Baum&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagoliteraryhof.org%2Finductees%2Fprofile%2Fl.-frank-baum&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/industry/article/Digital-Theatre-Partners-with-BroadwayHD-to-be-Their-Exclusive-Education-Partner-20200805">"Digital Theatre+ Partners with BroadwayHD to be Their Exclusive Education Partner"</a>. Broadway World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Digital+Theatre%2B+Partners+with+BroadwayHD+to+be+Their+Exclusive+Education+Partner&amp;rft.pub=Broadway+World&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Findustry%2Farticle%2FDigital-Theatre-Partners-with-BroadwayHD-to-be-Their-Exclusive-Education-Partner-20200805&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStories2021" class="citation web cs1">Stories, Local (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voyagela.com/interview/meet-edward-w-hardy-hollywood/">"Meet Edward W. Hardy – Voyage LA Magazine | LA City Guide"</a>. <i>voyagela.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=voyagela.com&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+Edward+W.+Hardy+%E2%80%93+Voyage+LA+Magazine+%7C+LA+City+Guide&amp;rft.date=2021-03-25&amp;rft.aulast=Stories&amp;rft.aufirst=Local&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyagela.com%2Finterview%2Fmeet-edward-w-hardy-hollywood%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodsmantheplay.com/">"The Woodsman Play Official Website"</a>. <i>The Woodsman Play</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Woodsman+Play&amp;rft.atitle=The+Woodsman+Play+Official+Website&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodsmantheplay.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2021" class="citation web cs1">Hardy, Edward W. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.music.ismn.74218/default.html">"The Woodsman"</a>. <i>U.S. ISMN Public Archive</i>. Edward W. Hard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=U.S.+ISMN+Public+Archive&amp;rft.atitle=The+Woodsman&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.aulast=Hardy&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fdiglib%2Fihas%2Floc.music.ismn.74218%2Fdefault.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Algeo, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1583#">A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603094354/https://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1583">Archived</a> June 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>American Theosophist</i>, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp.&#160;270–3.</li> <li>Attebery, Brian. <i>The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature</i>. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980.</li> <li>Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. <i>To Please a Child</i>. Chicago, Reilly &amp; Lee, 1961.</li> <li>Baum, L. Frank. <i>The Annotated Wizard of Oz</i>. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Patrick_Hearn" title="Michael Patrick Hearn">Michael Patrick Hearn</a>. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000.</li> <li>Ford, Alla T. <i>The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum</i>. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969.</li> <li>Ford, Alla T. <i>The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum</i>. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russel_B._Nye" title="Russel B. Nye">Russel B. Nye</a>. <i>The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was</i>. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994.</li> <li>Hearn, Michael Patrick. <i>The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz</i>. New York, Schocken, 1986.</li> <li>Koupal, Nancy Tystad. <i>Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years</i>. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000.</li> <li>Koupal, Nancy Tystad. <i>Our Landlady</i>. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/Populism.htm">Parker, David B. <i>The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a "Parable on Populism" </i>Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925125738/http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/Populism.htm">Archived</a> September 25, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Reneau, Reneau H. "Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp.&#160;155–164</li> <li>Reneau, Reneau H. "A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.&#160;129–147</li> <li>Riley, Michael O. <i>Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum</i>. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0832-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0832-X">0-7006-0832-X</a></li> <li>Rogers, Katharine M. <i>L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography</i>. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30174-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30174-X">0-312-30174-X</a></li> <li>Sale, Roger. <i>Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White</i>. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-29157-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-29157-3">0-674-29157-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Schwartz_(author)" title="Evan Schwartz (author)">Schwartz, Evan I</a>. <i>Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story</i>. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-547-05510-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-547-05510-2">0-547-05510-2</a></li> <li>Wagner, Sally Roesch. <i>The Wonderful Mother of Oz</i>. Fayetteville, NY: The <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> Foundation, 2003.</li> <li>Wilgus, Neal. "Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum" in <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Schweitzer" title="Darrell Schweitzer">Darrell Schweitzer</a> (ed) <i>Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction</i>, Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp.&#160;113–121.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bookish.com/articles/17-lost-manuscripts-l-frank-baum-ernest-hemingway-john-milton-and-more/">"17 Lost Manuscripts: L. Frank Baum, Ernest Hemingway, John Milton, and More"</a>. April 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=17+Lost+Manuscripts%3A+L.+Frank+Baum%2C+Ernest+Hemingway%2C+John+Milton%2C+and+More&amp;rft.date=2015-04-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookish.com%2Farticles%2F17-lost-manuscripts-l-frank-baum-ernest-hemingway-john-milton-and-more%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/currentstudents/undergraduate/modules/fulllist/second/en213/term1/l_frank_baum.pdf">"L Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Warwick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick University">Warwick University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=L+Frank+Baum%27s+Editorials+on+the+Sioux+Nation&amp;rft.pub=Warwick+University&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Farts%2Fenglish%2Fcurrentstudents%2Fundergraduate%2Fmodules%2Ffulllist%2Fsecond%2Fen213%2Fterm1%2Fl_frank_baum.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Frank_Baum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>L. Frank Baum</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L._Frank_Baum" class="extiw" title="c:Category:L. Frank Baum">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" class="extiw" title="q:L. Frank Baum">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyman_Frank_Baum" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Lyman Frank Baum">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207544" class="extiw" title="d:Q207544">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42">Works by L. Frank Baum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%20Frank%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baum%2C%20L%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lyman%20Frank%20Baum%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lyman%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lyman%20Baum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lyman%20Frank%20Baum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lyman%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20Frank%20Baum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%20Frank%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baum%2C%20L%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baum%2C%20L%2E%20Frank%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lyman%20Baum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lyman%20Frank%20Baum%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lyman%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20title%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lyman%20Baum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lyman%20Frank%20Baum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lyman%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Baum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%20Frank%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%20F%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lyman%20Baum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baum%2C%20Lyman%22%29%20OR%20%28%221856-1919%22%20AND%20Baum%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about L. Frank Baum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/m_Oz_722">The Complete Oz Works</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/l-frank-baum">Works by L. Frank Baum in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/406">Works by L. Frank Baum</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Baum,_L._Frank" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Baum, L. Frank">Free scores by L. Frank Baum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li></ul> <p><b>Papers</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/b/baum_lf.htm">L. Frank Baum Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079640">Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Rare Book &amp; Manuscript Library</li></ul> <p><b>Metadata</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?162">L. Frank Baum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061205214012/http://mywebpages.comcast.net/scottandrewh/oz.htm">"L. Frank Baum Works"</a>. <i>mywebpages.comcast.net/scottandrewh</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mywebpages.comcast.net/scottandrewh/oz.htm">the original</a> on December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=mywebpages.comcast.net%2Fscottandrewh&amp;rft.atitle=L.+Frank+Baum+Works&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmywebpages.comcast.net%2Fscottandrewh%2Foz.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Frank+Baum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030609105933/http://ozproject.egtech.net/">Bibliography (Baum and Oz)</a></li> <li>Copyright Registration Application from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/copy.0001">Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz</a> From the Collections at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <p><b>Fan sites</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615015504/http://ozclub.org/">The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewizardofoz.info"><i>The Wizard of Oz</i> .info</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="L._Frank_Baum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:L._Frank_Baum" title="Template:L. Frank Baum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:L._Frank_Baum" title="Template talk:L. Frank Baum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:L._Frank_Baum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:L. Frank Baum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="L._Frank_Baum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Frank Baum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum_bibliography" title="L. Frank Baum bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Monarch_of_Mo" title="The Magical Monarch of Mo">The Magical Monarch of Mo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dot_and_Tot_of_Merryland" title="Dot and Tot of Merryland">Dot and Tot of Merryland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Key_(Baum_novel)" title="The Master Key (Baum novel)">The Master Key</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Santa_Claus" title="The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus">The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Enchanted_Island_of_Yew" title="The Enchanted Island of Yew">The Enchanted Island of Yew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Zixi_of_Ix" title="Queen Zixi of Ix">Queen Zixi of Ix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_a_Crown" title="The Fate of a Crown">The Fate of a Crown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_Book" title="The Woggle-Bug Book">The Woggle-Bug Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annabel_(Baum_novel)" title="Annabel (Baum novel)">Annabel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces">Aunt Jane's Nieces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_Abroad" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces Abroad">Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Destiny_(novel)" title="Daughters of Destiny (novel)">Daughters of Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sam_Steele%27s_Adventures_on_Land_and_Sea" title="Sam Steele&#39;s Adventures on Land and Sea">Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twinkle_Tales" title="The Twinkle Tales">The Twinkle Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Dough_and_the_Cherub" title="John Dough and the Cherub">John Dough and the Cherub</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz" title="Ozma of Oz">Ozma of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policeman_Bluejay" title="Policeman Bluejay">Policeman Bluejay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Egyptian" title="The Last Egyptian">The Last Egyptian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Fortune_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Fortune Hunters">The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_in_Oz" title="Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz">Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_at_Millville" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces at Millville">Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_at_Work" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces at Work">Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Oz" title="The Road to Oz">The Road to Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_in_Society" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces in Society">Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_City_of_Oz" title="The Emerald City of Oz">The Emerald City of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_and_Uncle_John" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces and Uncle John">Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daring_Twins" title="The Daring Twins">The Daring Twins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Girl" title="The Flying Girl">The Flying Girl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Fairies" title="The Sea Fairies">The Sea Fairies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_on_Vacation" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces on Vacation">Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Daring" title="Phoebe Daring">Phoebe Daring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Island" title="Sky Island">Sky Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_on_the_Ranch" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces on the Ranch">Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_Out_West" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces Out West">Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz" title="Tik-Tok of Oz">Tik-Tok of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jane%27s_Nieces_in_the_Red_Cross" title="Aunt Jane&#39;s Nieces in the Red Cross">Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="The Scarecrow of Oz">The Scarecrow of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Louise (novel)">Mary Louise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinkitink_in_Oz" title="Rinkitink in Oz">Rinkitink in Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Princess_of_Oz" title="The Lost Princess of Oz">The Lost Princess of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Woodman_of_Oz" title="The Tin Woodman of Oz">The Tin Woodman of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Oz" title="The Magic of Oz">The Magic of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glinda_of_Oz" title="Glinda of Oz">Glinda of Oz</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story<br /> collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_in_Prose" title="Mother Goose in Prose">Mother Goose in Prose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Fairy_Tales" title="American Fairy Tales">American Fairy Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queer_Visitors_from_the_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz">Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Fairy_Tales" title="Animal Fairy Tales">Animal Fairy Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum%27s_Juvenile_Speaker" title="L. Frank Baum&#39;s Juvenile Speaker">L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Wizard_Stories_of_Oz" title="Little Wizard Stories of Oz">Little Wizard Stories of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Runaway_Shadows" title="The Runaway Shadows">The Runaway Shadows</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry<br /> collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/By_the_Candelabra%27s_Glare" title="By the Candelabra&#39;s Glare">By the Candelabra's Glare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Father_Goose:_His_Book" title="Father Goose: His Book">Father Goose: His Book</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plays_of_L._Frank_Baum" title="Plays of L. Frank Baum">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Arran" title="The Maid of Arran">The Maid of Arran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Silverwings" title="Prince Silverwings">Prince Silverwings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_(musical)" title="The Woggle-Bug (musical)">The Woggle-Bug</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tik-Tok_Man_of_Oz" title="The Tik-Tok Man of Oz">The Tik-Tok Man of Oz</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Wizard_of_Oz" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays" title="The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays">The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz_(1914_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914 film)">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Cloak_of_Oz" title="The Magic Cloak of Oz">The Magic Cloak of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty,_the_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz">His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violet%27s_Dreams" title="Violet&#39;s Dreams">Violet's Dreams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gray_Nun_of_Belgium" title="The Gray Nun of Belgium">The Gray Nun of Belgium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people<br /> and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Gage_Baum" title="Maud Gage Baum">Maud Gage Baum</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> <small>(mother-in-law)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Joslyn_Baum" title="Frank Joslyn Baum">Frank Joslyn Baum</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Neal_Baum" title="Harry Neal Baum">Harry Neal Baum</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Baum" title="Roger S. Baum">Roger S. Baum</a> <small>(great-grandson)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Burdick" title="Jocelyn Burdick">Jocelyn Burdick</a> <small>(niece)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tietjens" title="Paul Tietjens">Paul Tietjens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Ogden_Harrison" title="Edith Ogden Harrison">Edith Ogden Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Witmark_%26_Sons" title="M. Witmark &amp; Sons">Isidore Witmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Gottschalk" title="Louis F. Gottschalk">Louis F. Gottschalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_D._Mann" title="Nathaniel D. Mann">Nathaniel D. Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Chapin" title="Frederic Chapin">Frederic Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Klein" title="Manuel Klein">Manuel Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pryor" title="Arthur Pryor">Arthur Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Gay" title="Byron Gay">Byron Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Hough" title="Emerson Hough">Emerson Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Denslow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wallace Denslow">William Wallace Denslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Neill" title="John R. Neill">John R. Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamer_of_Oz:_The_L._Frank_Baum_Story" title="The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story">The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story</a></i> (1990 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_by_L._Frank_Baum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oz" title="Template:Oz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oz" title="Template talk:Oz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_by_L._Frank_Baum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Frank Baum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible &#123;&#123;&#123;state&#125;&#125;&#125; navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oz_books" title="List of Oz books">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz" title="Ozma of Oz">Ozma of Oz</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_in_Oz" title="Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz">Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Oz" title="The Road to Oz">The Road to Oz</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_City_of_Oz" title="The Emerald City of Oz">The Emerald City of Oz</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz" title="Tik-Tok of Oz">Tik-Tok of Oz</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="The Scarecrow of Oz">The Scarecrow of Oz</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinkitink_in_Oz" title="Rinkitink in Oz">Rinkitink in Oz</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Princess_of_Oz" title="The Lost Princess of Oz">The Lost Princess of Oz</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Woodman_of_Oz" title="The Tin Woodman of Oz">The Tin Woodman of Oz</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Oz" title="The Magic of Oz">The Magic of Oz</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glinda_of_Oz" title="Glinda of Oz">Glinda of Oz</a></i> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thompson</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Book_of_Oz" title="The Royal Book of Oz">The Royal Book of Oz</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabumpo_in_Oz" title="Kabumpo in Oz">Kabumpo in Oz</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cowardly_Lion_of_Oz" title="The Cowardly Lion of Oz">The Cowardly Lion of Oz</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grampa_in_Oz" title="Grampa in Oz">Grampa in Oz</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_King_of_Oz" title="The Lost King of Oz">The Lost King of Oz</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hungry_Tiger_of_Oz" title="The Hungry Tiger of Oz">The Hungry Tiger of Oz</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gnome_King_of_Oz" title="The Gnome King of Oz">The Gnome King of Oz</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Giant_Horse_of_Oz" title="The Giant Horse of Oz">The Giant Horse of Oz</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pumpkinhead_of_Oz" title="Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz">Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Knight_of_Oz" title="The Yellow Knight of Oz">The Yellow Knight of Oz</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_Oz" title="Pirates in Oz">Pirates in Oz</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Prince_of_Oz" title="The Purple Prince of Oz">The Purple Prince of Oz</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ojo_in_Oz" title="Ojo in Oz">Ojo in Oz</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speedy_in_Oz" title="Speedy in Oz">Speedy in Oz</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wishing_Horse_of_Oz" title="The Wishing Horse of Oz">The Wishing Horse of Oz</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Salt_in_Oz" title="Captain Salt in Oz">Captain Salt in Oz</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Handy_Mandy_in_Oz" title="Handy Mandy in Oz">Handy Mandy in Oz</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Princess_in_Oz" title="The Silver Princess in Oz">The Silver Princess in Oz</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozoplaning_with_the_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz">Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yankee_in_Oz" title="Yankee in Oz">Yankee in Oz</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Enchanted_Island_of_Oz" title="The Enchanted Island of Oz">The Enchanted Island of Oz</a></i> (1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_City_of_Oz" title="The Wonder City of Oz">The Wonder City of Oz</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scalawagons_of_Oz" title="The Scalawagons of Oz">The Scalawagons of Oz</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Bucky_in_Oz" title="Lucky Bucky in Oz">Lucky Bucky in Oz</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Mimics_in_Oz" title="The Magical Mimics in Oz">The Magical Mimics in Oz</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaggy_Man_of_Oz" title="The Shaggy Man of Oz">The Shaggy Man of Oz</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Valley_of_Oz" title="The Hidden Valley of Oz">The Hidden Valley of Oz</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_Go_Round_in_Oz" title="Merry Go Round in Oz">Merry Go Round in Oz</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forbidden_Fountain_of_Oz" title="The Forbidden Fountain of Oz">The Forbidden Fountain of Oz</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ozmapolitan_of_Oz" title="The Ozmapolitan of Oz">The Ozmapolitan of Oz</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_Witch_of_Oz" title="The Wicked Witch of Oz">The Wicked Witch of Oz</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Giant_Garden_of_Oz" title="The Giant Garden of Oz">The Giant Garden of Oz</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Runaway_in_Oz" title="The Runaway in Oz">The Runaway in Oz</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rundelstone_of_Oz" title="The Rundelstone of Oz">The Rundelstone of Oz</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_Wand_of_Oz" title="The Emerald Wand of Oz">The Emerald Wand of Oz</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trouble_Under_Oz" title="Trouble Under Oz">Trouble Under Oz</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Monarch_of_Mo" title="The Magical Monarch of Mo">The Magical Monarch of Mo</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dot_and_Tot_of_Merryland" title="Dot and Tot of Merryland">Dot and Tot of Merryland</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Santa_Claus" title="The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus">The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Zixi_of_Ix" title="Queen Zixi of Ix">Queen Zixi of Ix</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Dough_and_the_Cherub" title="John Dough and the Cherub">John Dough and the Cherub</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Fairies" title="The Sea Fairies">The Sea Fairies</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Island" title="Sky Island">Sky Island</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Wizard_Stories_of_Oz" title="Little Wizard Stories of Oz">Little Wizard Stories of Oz</a></i> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oz_characters_(created_by_Baum)" title="List of Oz characters (created by Baum)">Baum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_(Oz)" title="Toto (Oz)">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Em" title="Aunt Em">Aunt Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Henry_(Oz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncle Henry (Oz)">Uncle Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ozma" title="Princess Ozma">Princess Ozma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_(character)" title="Wizard of Oz (character)">Wizard of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_(Oz)" title="Scarecrow (Oz)">Scarecrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_Woodman" title="Tin Woodman">Tin Woodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowardly_Lion" title="Cowardly Lion">Cowardly Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinda" title="Glinda">Glinda, the Good Witch of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Witch_of_the_North_(Baum)" title="Good Witch of the North (Baum)">Good Witch of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_East" title="Wicked Witch of the East">Wicked Witch of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West" title="Wicked Witch of the West">Wicked Witch of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billina" title="Billina">Billina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_Cat" title="Glass Cat">Glass Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pumpkinhead" title="Jack Pumpkinhead">Jack Pumpkinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellia_Jamb" title="Jellia Jamb">Jellia Jamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjur" title="Jinjur">Jinjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dough" title="John Dough">John Dough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombi" title="Mombi">Mombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchkin" title="Munchkin">Munchkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_King" title="Nome King">Nome King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoria" title="Pastoria">Pastoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork_Girl" title="Patchwork Girl">Patchwork Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome_(Oz)" title="Polychrome (Oz)">Polychrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Lurline" title="Queen Lurline">Queen Lurline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_Man" title="Shaggy Man">Shaggy Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_with_the_Green_Whiskers" title="Soldier with the Green Whiskers">Soldier with the Green Whiskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tik-Tok_(Oz)" title="Tik-Tok (Oz)">Tik-Tok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_monkeys" title="Winged monkeys">Winged monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woggle-Bug" title="Woggle-Bug">Woggle-Bug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oz_characters_(post-Baum)" title="List of Oz characters (post-Baum)">Post-Baum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnicky_the_Red_Jinn" title="Jinnicky the Red Jinn">Jinnicky the Red Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabumpo" title="Kabumpo">Kabumpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(Oz)" title="Peter Brown (Oz)">Peter Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elphaba" title="Elphaba">Elphaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Oz" title="Land of Oz">Land of Oz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_City" title="Emerald City">Emerald City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillikin_Country" title="Gillikin Country">Gillikin Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchkin_Country" title="Munchkin Country">Munchkin Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadling_Country" title="Quadling Country">Quadling Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkie_Country" title="Winkie Country">Winkie Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_brick_road" title="Yellow brick road">Yellow brick road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Desert" title="Deadly Desert">Deadly Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Ev" title="Land of Ev">Land of Ev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merryland_(Oz)" title="Merryland (Oz)">Merryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_slippers" title="Ruby slippers">Ruby slippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Shoes" title="Silver Shoes">Silver shoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Frank Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson" title="Ruth Plumly Thompson">Ruth Plumly Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Neill" title="John R. Neill">John R. Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Snow_(writer)" title="Jack Snow (writer)">Jack Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Cosgrove_Payes" title="Rachel Cosgrove Payes">Rachel Cosgrove Payes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloise_Jarvis_McGraw" title="Eloise Jarvis McGraw">Eloise Jarvis McGraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Martin_(artist)" title="Dick Martin (artist)">Dick Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Volkov_(writer)" title="Alexander Volkov (writer)">Alexander Volkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shanower" title="Eric Shanower">Eric Shanower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Maguire" title="Gregory Maguire">Gregory Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Smith" title="Sherwood Smith">Sherwood Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Baum" title="Roger S. Baum">Roger S. Baum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Denslow" title="W. W. Denslow">William Wallace Denslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Neill" title="John R. Neill">John R. Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kramer_(artist)" title="Frank Kramer (artist)">Frank Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Gringhuis" title="Dirk Gringhuis">Dirk Gringhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Martin_(artist)" title="Dick Martin (artist)">Dick Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Vladimirsky" title="Leonid Vladimirsky">Leonid Vladimirsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shanower" title="Eric Shanower">Eric Shanower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stout" title="William Stout">William Stout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_interpretations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">Political interpretations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_and_related_works_in_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and related works in the United States">Copyright status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible &#123;&#123;&#123;state&#125;&#125;&#125; navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adaptations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Adaptations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">Adaptations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woggle-Bug_(musical)" title="The Woggle-Bug (musical)">The Woggle-Bug</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tik-Tok_Man_of_Oz" title="The Tik-Tok Man of Oz">The Tik-Tok Man of Oz</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1942_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1942 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz" title="The Wiz">The Wiz</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz_(musical)" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz (musical)">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1987_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1987 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_A.I.D.S." title="The Wizard of A.I.D.S.">The Wizard of A.I.D.S.</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twister_(play)" title="Twister (play)">Twister</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wicked_(musical)" title="Wicked (musical)">Wicked</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(2011_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woodsman_(play)" title="The Woodsman (play)">The Woodsman</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairylogue_and_Radio-Plays" title="The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays">The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_(1910_film)" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz_(film)" title="The Patchwork Girl of Oz (film)">The Patchwork Girl of Oz</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Cloak_of_Oz" title="The Magic Cloak of Oz">The Magic Cloak of Oz</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty,_the_Scarecrow_of_Oz" title="His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz">His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1925_film)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1925 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1933_film)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1950_film)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1950 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_Road_to_Oz" title="The Rainbow Road to Oz">The Rainbow Road to Oz</a></i> (unproduced)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Oz_(TV_special)" title="Return to Oz (TV special)">Return to Oz</a></i> (1964, TV)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Mars" title="The Wizard of Mars">The Wizard of Mars</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Land_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Land of Oz">The Wonderful Land of Oz</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fecik_ve_Sihirli_C%C3%BCceler_R%C3%BCyalar_%C3%9Clkesinde" title="Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde">Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_Back_to_Oz" title="Journey Back to Oz">Journey Back to Oz</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oz_(1976_film)" title="Oz (1976 film)">Oz</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)" title="The Wiz (film)">The Wiz</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1982_film)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1982 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Os_Trapalh%C3%B5es_e_o_M%C3%A1gico_de_Or%C3%B3z" title="Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz">Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Oz" title="Return to Oz">Return to Oz</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Meets_Ozma_of_Oz" title="Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz">Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamer_of_Oz:_The_L._Frank_Baum_Story" title="The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story">The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_in_Concert:_Dreams_Come_True" title="The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True">The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Oz" title="Lion of Oz">Lion of Oz</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppets%27_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Muppets&#39; Wizard of Oz">The Muppets' Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Oz" title="Apocalypse Oz">Apocalypse Oz</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Wizard" title="After the Wizard">After the Wizard</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_and_the_Wizard_of_Oz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz">Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Witches_of_Oz" title="Dorothy and the Witches of Oz">Dorothy and the Witches of Oz</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oz_the_Great_and_Powerful" title="Oz the Great and Powerful">Oz the Great and Powerful</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Oz:_Dorothy%27s_Return" title="Legends of Oz: Dorothy&#39;s Return">Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OzLand" title="OzLand">OzLand</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Oz" title="Guardians of Oz">Guardians of Oz</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_Live!" title="The Wiz Live!">The Wiz Live!</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_Back_to_Oz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz">Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Steam_Engines_of_Oz" title="The Steam Engines of Oz">The Steam Engines of Oz</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(2022_film)" title="Rainbow (2022 film)">Rainbow</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wicked_(2024_film)" title="Wicked (2024 film)">Wicked</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Part_Two" title="Wicked Part Two">Wicked Part Two</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Tales of the Wizard of Oz">Tales of the Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Off_to_See_the_Wizard" title="Off to See the Wizard">Off to See the Wizard</a></i> (1967–68)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_(TV_series)" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (TV series)">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1986–87)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(TV_series)" title="The Wizard of Oz (TV series)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Galaxy_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz">The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz</a></i> (1992–93)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oz_Kids" title="The Oz Kids">The Oz Kids</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tin_Man_(miniseries)" title="Tin Man (miniseries)">Tin Man</a></i> (2007)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wizard_of_Odd" title="Wizard of Odd">Wizard of Odd</a>" (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i> (2011–18)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Oz" title="Lost in Oz">Lost in Oz</a></i> (2015–18)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_City_(TV_series)" title="Emerald City (TV series)">Emerald City</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz">Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2017–20)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_the_Emerald_City" title="The Wizard of the Emerald City">The Wizard of the Emerald City</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Barnstormer_in_Oz" title="A Barnstormer in Oz">A Barnstormer in Oz</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mister_Tinker_in_Oz" title="Mister Tinker in Oz">Mister Tinker in Oz</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_of_Oz_(book)" title="Dorothy of Oz (book)">Dorothy of Oz</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Harold_and_the_Gnome_King" title="Sir Harold and the Gnome King">Sir Harold and the Gnome King</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Was_(novel)" title="Was (novel)">Was</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Ann_in_Oz" title="Queen Ann in Oz">Queen Ann in Oz</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Dishpan_of_Oz" title="The Magic Dishpan of Oz">The Magic Dishpan of Oz</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_Years" title="The Wicked Years">The Wicked Years</a></i> series (1995–2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visitors_from_Oz" title="Visitors from Oz">Visitors from Oz</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradox_in_Oz" title="Paradox in Oz">Paradox in Oz</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oz_Before_the_Rainbow" title="Oz Before the Rainbow">Oz Before the Rainbow</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Prince_of_Oz" title="The Hidden Prince of Oz">The Hidden Prince of Oz</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Witches_of_Oz" title="The Unknown Witches of Oz">The Unknown Witches of Oz</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloodstained_Oz" title="Bloodstained Oz">Bloodstained Oz</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Order_of_the_Gumm_Street_Girls" title="The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls">The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Must_Die" title="Dorothy Must Die">Dorothy Must Die</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_Will_Rise" title="The Wicked Will Rise">The Wicked Will Rise</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Queer_Visitors_from_the_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz" title="Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz">Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i> (1904–05)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Oz" title="Adventures in Oz">Adventures in Oz</a></i> (1986–92)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Enchanted_Apples_of_Oz" title="The Enchanted Apples of Oz">The Enchanted Apples of Oz</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oz_Squad" title="Oz Squad">Oz Squad</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Girls_(graphic_novel)" title="Lost Girls (graphic novel)">Lost Girls</a></i> (1991–92)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_(comics)" title="Dorothy (comics)">Dorothy</a></i> (2004–07)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_(2005_graphic_novel)" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005 graphic novel)">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Crossing" title="Cheshire Crossing">Cheshire Crossing</a></i> (2006–19)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz_(2009_comics)" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009 comics)">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz_(comics)" title="The Marvelous Land of Oz (comics)">The Marvelous Land of Oz</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1985_video_game)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1985 video game)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1993_video_game)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1993 video game)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz:_Beyond_the_Yellow_Brick_Road" title="The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road">The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_City_Confidential" title="Emerald City Confidential">Emerald City Confidential</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ripened_Tingle%27s_Balloon_Trip_of_Love" title="Ripened Tingle&#39;s Balloon Trip of Love">Ripened Tingle's Balloon Trip of Love</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(arcade_game)" title="The Wizard of Oz (arcade game)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(pinball)" title="The Wizard of Oz (pinball)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Oz_Film_Manufacturing_Company" title="The Oz Film Manufacturing Company">The Oz Film Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Wizard_of_Oz_Club" title="The International Wizard of Oz Club">The International <i>Wizard of Oz</i> Club</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baum_Bugle" title="The Baum Bugle">The Baum Bugle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oz_Park" title="Oz Park">Oz Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Oz_(theme_park)" title="Land of Oz (theme park)">Land of Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_festival" title="Wizard of Oz festival"><i>Wizard of Oz</i> festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_Museum" title="Wizard of Oz Museum"><i>Wizard of Oz</i> Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oz-story_Magazine" title="Oz-story Magazine">Oz-story Magazine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Oz_(franchise)" title="Category:Oz (franchise)">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207544#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207544#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121184396">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4926394">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/59974/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmM7KTd3WVFXvJggcgKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119196476">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80110912">United 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text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbfj9gj58lt6zc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622561805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007276659505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000109058">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514437706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14590631">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03285381?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/27c259d6-f78e-4808-82ab-a6c3b7d0dfa4">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102877">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1217597">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119196476.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119196476">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077161319">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vd75jm">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/281974">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐6fgbm Cached time: 20241122140404 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.986 seconds Real time usage: 1.366 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6812/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 216096/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6930/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 184537/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.540/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10818544/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1144.660 1 -total 25.39% 290.637 1 Template:Reflist 22.20% 254.132 1 Template:Infobox_writer 21.79% 249.465 1 Template:Infobox 10.02% 114.705 3 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