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id="toc-Furin_cleavage_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_government_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_government_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Political and government opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_government_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intelligence_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2.1 Intelligence agencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fringe_views_on_genetic_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fringe_views_on_genetic_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Fringe views on genetic engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fringe_views_on_genetic_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliberate_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliberate_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Deliberate release </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliberate_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_in_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_in_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Developments in 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_in_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political,_academic_and_media_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political,_academic_and_media_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political, academic and media attention </div> </a> <button 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href="#Chilling_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Chilling effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilling_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">COVID-19 lab leak theory</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" > 11 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نظرية تسرب فيروس كورونا من مختبر ووهان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية تسرب فيروس كورونا من مختبر ووهان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="করোনাভাইরাস রোগ ২০১৯-এর গবেষণাগার ফাঁস অনুমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করোনাভাইরাস রোগ ২০১৯-এর গবেষণাগার ফাঁস অনুমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_la_fuita_de_laboratori_del_SARS-CoV-2" title="Teoria de la fuita de laboratori del SARS-CoV-2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teoria de la fuita de laboratori del SARS-CoV-2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origine_du_SARS-CoV-2#Accident_de_laboratoire" title="Origine du SARS-CoV-2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Origine du SARS-CoV-2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_kebocoran_laboratorium_Covid-19" title="Teori kebocoran laboratorium Covid-19 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teori kebocoran laboratorium Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_COVID-19" title="Теория о лабораторной утечке COVID-19 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория о лабораторной утечке COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83_COVID-19" title="Теорія лабораторного витоку COVID-19 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теорія лабораторного витоку COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E4%B8%8E%E6%B3%84%E9%9C%B2%E8%AE%BA" title="2019冠状病毒病武汉实验室释放与泄露论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2019冠状病毒病武汉实验室释放与泄露论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107674451#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed theory on the origins of COVID-19</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the hypothesis proposing SARS-CoV-2 came from a laboratory. For bioweapon conspiracy theories, see <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Bio-weapon" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation § Bio-weapon</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg/290px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg/435px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg/580px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China</figcaption></figure> The COVID-19 lab leak theory, or lab leak hypothesis, is the idea that <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, the virus that caused the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, came from a laboratory. This claim is highly controversial; most scientists believe the virus <a href="/wiki/Spillover_infection" title="Spillover infection">spilled into human populations</a> through natural <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonosis</a> (transfer directly from an infected non-human animal), similar to the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-1" title="SARS-CoV-1">SARS-CoV-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/MERS-CoV" class="mw-redirect" title="MERS-CoV">MERS-CoV</a> outbreaks, and consistent with other <a href="/wiki/List_of_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pandemics">pandemics in human history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Most_scientists_zoonosis-1">[1]</a> Available evidence suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was originally harbored by <a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">bats</a>, and spread to humans from infected wild animals, functioning as an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate host">intermediate host</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanan Seafood Market">Huanan Seafood Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, Hubei, China, in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-WorobeyPekar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a> Several candidate animal species have been identified as potential intermediate hosts.<a href="#cite_note-Intermediatehosts-13">[13]</a> There is no evidence SARS-CoV-2 existed in any laboratory prior to the pandemic,<a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-HolmesConversationDead-16">[16]</a> or that any suspicious <a href="/wiki/List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents" title="List of laboratory biosecurity incidents">biosecurity incidents</a> happened in any laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-whimper-17">[17]</a> Many scenarios proposed for a lab leak are characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> Central to many is the misplaced suspicion about the proximity of the outbreak to a <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a> institute that studies <a href="/wiki/Coronaviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronaviruses">coronaviruses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> (WIV). Most large Chinese cities have laboratories that study coronaviruses,<a href="#cite_note-prox-19">[19]</a> and virus outbreaks typically begin in rural areas, but are first noticed in large cities.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosPliezGavotte2022-20">[20]</a> If a coronavirus outbreak occurs in China, there is a high likelihood it will occur near a large city, and therefore near a laboratory studying coronaviruses.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosPliezGavotte2022-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Do_DontKnow_Maxmen-21">[21]</a> The idea of a leak at the WIV also gained support due to secrecy during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">Chinese government's response</a>.<a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bmj_dyer-22">[22]</a> The lab leak theory and its weaponization by politicians have both leveraged and increased <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">anti-Chinese racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-risefall-23">[23]</a> Scientists from WIV had previously collected virus samples from bats in the wild, and allegations that they also performed undisclosed work on such viruses are central to some versions of the idea.<a href="#cite_note-mitGOFR-24">[24]</a> Some versions, particularly those alleging <a href="/wiki/Genome_editing" title="Genome editing">genome engineering</a>, are based on <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Wuhan_lab_origin" title="COVID-19 misinformation">misinformation</a> or misrepresentations of scientific evidence.<a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snopes-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hakim-27">[27]</a> The idea that the virus was released from a laboratory (accidentally or deliberately) appeared early in the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-WeaponizedAtlanticCouncilReport-29">[29]</a> It gained popularity in the United States through promotion by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> personalities in early 2020,<a href="#cite_note-SuddenRiseNYer-30">[30]</a> fomenting tensions between the U.S. and China.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Scientists and media outlets widely dismissed it as a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCTakenSeriously-33">[33]</a> The accidental leak idea had a resurgence in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-BMJJuly2021-34">[34]</a> In March, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) published a report which deemed the possibility "extremely unlikely", though the WHO's director-general said the report's conclusions were not definitive.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_tedros-35">[35]</a> Subsequent plans for laboratory audits were rejected by China.<a href="#cite_note-bmj_dyer-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Most scientists remain skeptical of the possibility of a laboratory origin, citing a lack of any supporting evidence for a lab leak and the abundant evidence supporting zoonosis.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Consensus-37">[37]</a> Though some scientists agree a lab leak should be examined as part of ongoing <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">investigations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nature_mallapaty-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">politicization</a> remains a concern.<a href="#cite_note-maxman27may-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In July 2022, two papers published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> described novel epidemiological and genetic evidence that suggested the pandemic likely began at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and did not come from a laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-HolmesConversationDead-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaxmenWorobeyPekar-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorobeyPekar-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2#Reservoir_and_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 § Reservoir and origin</a></div> The principal hypothesis for the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of COVID-19">origin of SARS-CoV-2</a> is that it became infectious to humans through a natural <a href="/wiki/Spillover_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover event">spillover event</a> (zoonosis). That it became infectious to humans through escape from a laboratory where it was being studied is a minority position. The available evidence supports zoonosis.<a href="#cite_note-crit2023-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> Although the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is not definitively known, arguments used in support of a laboratory leak are characteristic of conspiratorial thinking.<a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</h3></div> Most new infectious diseases begin with a spillover event from animals,<a href="#cite_note-maxman27may-40">[40]</a> and furthermore, they spill over spontaneously (either by contact with wildlife animals, which are the majority of cases, or with farmed animals).<a href="#cite_note-jonesp:08-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-zoonosis_or_EID-45">[45]</a> For example, the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">Nipah virus</a> in Perak, Malaysia, and the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002 outbreak</a> of <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-1" title="SARS-CoV-1">SARS-CoV-1</a> in Guangdong province, China, were natural zoonosis traced back to wildlife origin.<a href="#cite_note-jonesp:08-44">[44]</a> COVID-19 is considered by scientists to be "of probable animal origin".<a href="#cite_note-zoonosis_or_EID-45">[45]</a> It has been classified as a <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic disease</a> (naturally transmissible from animals to humans). Some scientists dispute this classification, since a <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoir</a> has not been confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-OKeeffeJ2021Mar-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-zoonosis_or_EID-45">[45]</a> The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> (capable of causing disease) before or after a spillover event.<a href="#cite_note-early-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopSciJan-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Proximal-49">[49]</a> Bats, a large reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Betacoronaviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Betacoronaviruses">betacoronaviruses</a>, are considered the most likely natural reservoir of SARS‑CoV‑2.<a href="#cite_note-WHOconvened-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-LancetBinding-51">[51]</a> Differences between bat coronaviruses and SARS‑CoV‑2 suggest that humans may have been infected via an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate host">intermediate host</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature_feb2020-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Intermediatehosts-13">[13]</a> Research into the natural reservoir of the virus that caused the 2002 SARS outbreak has resulted in the discovery of many <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">SARS-like coronaviruses</a> circulating in bats, most found in <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">horseshoe bats</a>. Analysis indicates that a virus collected from <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_horseshoe_bat" title="Intermediate horseshoe bat">Rhinolophus affinis</a> in a cave near the town of Tongguan in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan province</a>, designated <a href="/wiki/RaTG13" title="RaTG13">RaTG13</a>, has a 96% resemblance to SARS‑CoV‑2.<a href="#cite_note-NatureZhou-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-Bat3-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The RaTG13 virus genome was the closest known sequence to SARS-CoV-2 until the discovery of BANAL-52 in horseshoe bats in Laos,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOconvened-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> but it is <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">not its direct ancestor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-26">[26]</a> Other closely related sequences were also identified in samples from local bat populations in Yunnan province.<a href="#cite_note-ZhouCellJune2021-58">[58]</a> One such virus, <a href="/wiki/RpYN06" title="RpYN06">RpYN06</a>, shares 97% identity with SARS-CoV-2 in one large part of its genome, but 94% identity overall. Such "chunks" of <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">very highly identical nucleic acids</a> are often implicated as evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">common ancestor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> An ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 likely acquired "generalist" binding to several different species through adaptive evolution in bats and an intermediate host species.<a href="#cite_note-Intermediatehosts-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-GoraichukVirRes2021-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-KumarMolBioEvo2021-63">[63]</a> Estimates based on genomic sequences and contact tracing have placed the origin point of SARS-CoV-2 in humans as between mid-October and mid-November 2019.<a href="#cite_note-EstimatingIndexCase-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-LessonsLearned-65">[65]</a> Some scientists (such as Fauci above and <a href="/wiki/CIRAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CIRAD">CIRAD</a>'s Roger Frutos) have suggested slow, undetected circulation in a smaller number of humans before a threshold event (such as replication in a larger number of hosts in a larger city like Wuhan) could explain an undetected adaption period.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a> The first known human infections from SARS‑CoV‑2 were discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-NatureZhou-53">[53]</a> Because many of the early infectees were workers at the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanan Seafood Market">Huanan Seafood Market</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LancetClinical-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-LancetCharacteristics-67">[67]</a> it was originally suggested that the virus might have originated from wild animals sold in the market, including civet cats, raccoon dogs, bats, or pangolins.<a href="#cite_note-Proximal-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature_feb2020-52">[52]</a> Subsequent environmental analyses demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the market, with highest prevalence in areas of the market where animals known to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection were held.<a href="#cite_note-pekar-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a> Early human cases clustered around the market, and included infections from two separate SARS-CoV-2 lineages.<a href="#cite_note-pekar-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a> These two lineages demonstrated that the virus was actively infecting a population of animals in the market, and that sustained contact between those animals and humans had allowed for multiple viral transmissions into humans.<a href="#cite_note-pekar-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a> All early cases of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> were later shown to be localized to the market and its immediate vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a> While other wild animals susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection are known to have been sold at Huanan, no bats or pangolins were sold at the market.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Center_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan Center for Disease Control">Wuhan Center for Disease Control</a> are located within miles of the original focal point of the pandemic, Wuhan's Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, and this very closeness has made it easy for conspiracy theories to take root suggesting the laboratory must be the virus' origin.<a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> However virology labs are often built near potential outbreak areas.<a href="#cite_note-Do_DontKnow_Maxmen-21">[21]</a> Proponents of the lab leak theory typically omit to mention that most large Chinese cities have coronavirus research laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-prox-19">[19]</a> Virus outbreaks tend to begin in rural areas, but are first noticed in large cities.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosPliezGavotte2022-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Lewandowsky" title="Stephan Lewandowsky">Stephan Lewandowsky</a> and colleagues write that the location of the Institute near the outbreak site is "literally a coincidence" and using that coincidence as a priori evidence for a lab leak typifies a kind of <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_fallacy" title="Conjunction fallacy">conjunction fallacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_analysis_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_representative_sarbecoviruses_and_geographical_context.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Phylogenetic_analysis_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_representative_sarbecoviruses_and_geographical_context.webp/390px-Phylogenetic_analysis_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_representative_sarbecoviruses_and_geographical_context.webp.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Phylogenetic_analysis_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_representative_sarbecoviruses_and_geographical_context.webp/585px-Phylogenetic_analysis_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_representative_sarbecoviruses_and_geographical_context.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Phylogenetic_analysis_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_representative_sarbecoviruses_and_geographical_context.webp/780px-Phylogenetic_analysis_of_SARS-CoV-2_and_representative_sarbecoviruses_and_geographical_context.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> of SARS-CoV-2 and closely related betacoronaviruses (left) and their geographic context (right)</figcaption></figure> The Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) had been conducting research on SARS-like bat coronaviruses since 2005,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and was involved in 2015 experiments that some experts (such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebright" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ebright">Richard Ebright</a>) have characterized as <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_research" title="Gain-of-function research">gain-of-function</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mitGOFR-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Others (including <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Baric">Ralph Baric</a>) have disputed the characterization, pointing out that the experiments in question (involving <a href="/wiki/Reverse_genetics" title="Reverse genetics">chimeric viruses</a>) were not conducted at the WIV, but at <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">UNC Chapel Hill</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Biosafety" title="Biosafety">institutional biosafety committee</a> assessed the experiments as not "gain-of-function".<a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-71">[71]</a> Baric did acknowledge the risks involved in such studies, writing, "Scientific review panels may deem similar studies building chimeric viruses based on circulating strains too risky to pursue ... The potential to prepare for and mitigate future outbreaks must be weighed against the risk of creating more dangerous pathogens."<a href="#cite_note-mitGOFR-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The fact that the lab is in Wuhan, the city where the pandemic's early outbreak took place,<a href="#cite_note-rasmussen_nature-73">[73]</a> and the fact that the research at WIV was being conducted under the less stringent <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level" title="Biosafety level">biosafety levels</a> (BSL) 2 and 3,<a href="#cite_note-mitGOFR-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> has led to speculation that SARS-CoV-2 could have escaped from the Wuhan lab.<a href="#cite_note-BakerNYMag-75">[75]</a> Richard Ebright said one reason that lower-containment <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_2" title="Biosafety level">BSL-2</a> laboratories are sometimes used is the cost and inconvenience of high-containment facilities.<a href="#cite_note-mitGOFR-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stacey-FT-76">[76]</a> Australian virologist Danielle Anderson, who was the last foreign scientist to visit the WIV before the pandemic, said the lab "worked in the same way as any other high-containment lab". She also said it had "strict safety protocols".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Huanan Seafood Market may have only served as a jumping off point for a virus that was already circulating in Wuhan, facilitating rapid expansion of the outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-early-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-XivDecoding-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_lab_leak_incidents_and_conspiracy_theories">Prior lab leak incidents and conspiracy theories</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents" title="List of laboratory biosecurity incidents">Laboratory leak incidents</a> have occurred in the past.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-artikam:17-80">[80]</a> A Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_anthrax_leak" title="Sverdlovsk anthrax leak">research facility in 1979 leaked anthrax</a> and at least 68 people died.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">2007 foot-and-mouth outbreak</a> in the UK was caused by a leaky pipe at a high-security laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a> The SARS virus escaped at least once, and probably twice, from a high-level biocontainment laboratory in China.<a href="#cite_note-:5-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Benign exposures to pathogens (which do not result in an infection) are probably under-reported, given the negative consequences of such events on the reputation of a host institution and low risk for widespread epidemics.<a href="#cite_note-CDCMMWRGuidelines-84">[84]</a> Epidemiologist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lipsitch" title="Marc Lipsitch">Marc Lipsitch</a> and bacteriologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebright" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ebright">Richard Ebright</a> have said that the risk of laboratory-acquired infection (especially with <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_research" title="Gain-of-function research">modified pathogens</a>) is greater than widely believed.<a href="#cite_note-LipsitchStat-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-EbrightWaPo-86">[86]</a> No epidemic has ever been caused by the leak of a novel virus.<a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a> The only incident of a lab-acquired infection leading to an epidemic is the <a href="/wiki/1977_Russian_flu" title="1977 Russian flu">1977 Russian flu</a> which was probably caused by a leaked strain of <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H1N1">H1N1</a> that had circulated naturally until the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a> Previous novel disease outbreaks, such as <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_H1N1/09_virus" title="Pandemic H1N1/09 virus">H1N1/09</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a> have been the subject of conspiracy theories and allegations that the causative agent was created in or escaped from a laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski-15">[15]</a> Each of these is now understood to have a natural origin.<a href="#cite_note-Hakim-27">[27]</a> Anti-biotechnology activists falsely claimed that a plant pathogen of olive trees was the result of scientists' work,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> despite evidence to the contrary that the pathogen was not a laboratory strain.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Studies later showed the origin was long before the workshop that was the subject of the false claims, and a more typical route of introduction by an imported plant.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_scenarios">Proposed scenarios</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">Investigations into the origin of COVID-19</a></div> The lab leak theory is not a single discrete proposed scenario, but a collection of various proposed scenarios on a spectrum with, at one end, a careless accident from legitimate research; at the other, the engineering and release of a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapon">biological weapon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> While the proposed scenarios are theoretically subject to evidence-based investigation, it is not clear that any can be sufficiently <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsified</a> to placate lab leak supporters, and they are fed by pseudoscientific and conspiratorial thinking.<a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> There is no evidence that any laboratory had samples of SARS-CoV-2, or a plausible ancestor virus, prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a> Various sources have hypothesised that SARS-CoV-2 could have leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology or another laboratory in Wuhan, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Wuhan Center for Disease Control</a>. The theories vary on whether this was an intentional act or an accident. Theories also vary on whether the virus was modified by human activity prior to being released. By January 2020 some lab leak proponents were promoting a narrative with conspiracist components; such narratives were often supported using "racist tropes that suggest that epidemiological, genetic, or other scientific data had been purposefully withheld or altered to obscure the origin of the virus".<a href="#cite_note-prox-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Gorski" title="David Gorski">David Gorski</a> refers to "the blatant anti-Chinese racism and xenophobia behind lab leak, whose proponents often ascribe a nefarious coverup to the Chinese government".<a href="#cite_note-risefall-23">[23]</a> The use of xenophobic rhetoric also caused a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-perng-92">[92]</a> On social media the idea that COVID was a Chinese biological weapon has become widespread, and accords with rhetoric about how a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_peril" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow peril">yellow peril</a> threatens white people.<a href="#cite_note-yp-93">[93]</a> Science historian Fred Cooper and colleagues write that in the United Kingdom, attitudes to the Chinese have long been tainted by xenophobic stereotypes. Cooper draws a parallel between the Wuhan lab leak narrative, and the machinations of fictional supervillain <a href="/wiki/Fu_Manchu" title="Fu Manchu">Fu Manchu</a>, who is "expert in the deadly application of animal and biological agents" and who has been depicted on television shows as threatening the West with lethal diseases.<a href="#cite_note-fu-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, speculation about a laboratory leak was confined to conspiracy-minded portions of the internet, including <a href="/wiki/4Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="4Chan">4Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infowars" class="mw-redirect" title="Infowars">Infowars</a>, but the ideas began to get wider traction after accusations about a "Chinese bioweapon" were originally published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Game_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Game India (page does not exist)">Great Game India</a> and then republished by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_State_Watch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red State Watch (page does not exist)">Red State Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zero_Hedge" title="Zero Hedge">Zero Hedge</a> web sites.<a href="#cite_note-storm-95">[95]</a> From there, the idea gained media traction and was championed by American conservative political figures.<a href="#cite_note-storm-95">[95]</a> The idea split into variants, including one that proposed Asian people were immune to COVID, or that the Chinese had a secret vaccine standing by for use. Some proposed that the Chinese government and World Health Organization were operating together in a conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-storm-95">[95]</a> The American president of the time, Donald Trump, used anti-Chinese rhetoric (such as "Kung flu") to feed the idea, and said in an April 2020 news conference that he had documents supporting the idea that SARS-CoV-2 had come from the Wuhan Institute of Virology.<a href="#cite_note-storm-95">[95]</a> In reaction to this politicized environment, most mainstream science and media sources assumed that the lab leak idea was no more than racially-fuelled propaganda, and by the summer of 2020 the idea was largely dismissed, until the next American president, Joe Biden, ordered an investigation into COVID's origins in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-storm-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accidental_release_of_a_natural_virus">Accidental release of a natural virus</h3></div> Some have hypothesised the virus arose in humans from an <a href="/wiki/Laboratory-acquired_infection" title="Laboratory-acquired infection">accidental infection of laboratory workers</a> by contact with a sample extracted from a wild animal or by direct contact with a captive animal or its respiratory droplets or feces.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a> Former CDC director <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Redfield" title="Robert R. Redfield">Robert R. Redfield</a> said in March 2021 that in his opinion the most likely cause of the virus was a laboratory escape, which "doesn't imply any intentionality", and that as a virologist, he did not believe it made "biological sense" for the virus to be so "efficient in human to human transmission" from the early outbreak. The fact that scientists have not been successful in finding an intermediate host that picked up the virus from bats and passed it to humans is seen by some as evidence that supports a lab leak, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> virologist Stephen Goldstein has criticized the scientific basis of Redfield's comments, saying that since SARS-CoV-2's spike protein is very effective at jumping between hosts, one shouldn't be surprised that it transmits efficiently among humans. Goldstein said "If a <a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">human virus [such as SARS-CoV2] can transmit among mink</a>, there's no basis to assume a bat virus [also SARS-CoV2] can't transmit among humans. Us humans may think we're very special – but to a virus we are just another mammalian host."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="WHO_assessment">WHO assessment</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/WHO-convened_Global_Study_of_Origins_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2">WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2</a>, written by a joint team of Chinese and international scientists and published in March 2021,<a href="#cite_note-nature_mallapaty-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxman30march-99">[99]</a> assessed introduction through a laboratory incident to be "extremely unlikely" and not supported by any available evidence,<a href="#cite_note-WHOconvened-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> although the report stated that this possibility could not be wholly ruled out without further evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a> The report stated that human spillover via an intermediate animal host was the most likely explanation, with direct spillover from bats next most likely. Introduction through the food supply chain and the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanan Seafood Market">Huanan Seafood Market</a> was considered less likely.<a href="#cite_note-WHOconvened-50">[50]</a> A small group of researchers said that they would not trust the report's conclusions because it was overseen by the Chinese government, and some observers felt the WHO's statement was premature.<a href="#cite_note-bmj_dyer-22">[22]</a> Other scientists found the report convincing, and said there was no evidence of a laboratory origin for the virus.<a href="#cite_note-maxman30march-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a> WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom stated that the team had experienced difficulty accessing raw data on early COVID-19 cases and that the least likely hypothesis, a lab leak, required additional investigation because "further data and studies will be needed to reach more robust conclusions".<a href="#cite_note-reuters_tedros-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature_mallapaty-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The leader of the WHO investigatory team, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ben_Embarek" title="Peter Ben Embarek">Peter Ben Embarek</a>, said "An employee of the lab gets infected while working in a bat cave collecting samples. Such a scenario, while being a lab leak, would also fit our first hypothesis of direct transmission of the virus from bat to human."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The United States, European Union, and 13 other countries criticized the WHO-convened study, calling for transparency from the Chinese government and access to the raw data and original samples.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Chinese officials described these criticisms as "an attempt to politicise the study".<a href="#cite_note-:6-104">[104]</a> Scientists involved in the WHO report, including Liang Wannian, John Watson, and Peter Daszak, objected to the criticism, and said that the report was an example of the collaboration and dialogue required to successfully continue investigations into the matter.<a href="#cite_note-:6-104">[104]</a> On 15 July 2021, <a href="/wiki/WHO_Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO Director-General">WHO Director-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tedros Adhanom">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a> said that the COVID-19 lab leak theory had been prematurely discarded by the WHO, following his earlier statements that a potential leak requires "further investigation, potentially with additional missions involving specialist experts".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> He proposed a second phase of WHO investigation, which he said should take a closer look at the lab leak idea, and asked the Chinese government to be "transparent" and release relevant data.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_July_2021-106">[106]</a> Later on 17 July, Tedros called for "audits of relevant laboratories and research institutions" in the area of the initial COVID-19 cases.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> China's government refused saying it showed "disrespect" and "arrogance towards science".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_July_2021-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_July_2021-109">[109]</a> The United States criticised China's position on the follow-up origin probe as "irresponsible" and "dangerous".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In June 2022, the WHO's <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Origins_of_Novel_Pathogens" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens">Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens</a> (SAGO) published a preliminary report urged a deeper investigation into the possibility of a laboratory leak.<a href="#cite_note-SAGO_AP-111">[111]</a> The SAGO chair said in a press conference that "the strongest evidence is still around a zoonotic transmission".<a href="#cite_note-SAGO_Mixed-112">[112]</a> The AP described the report as a "sharp reversal" of the WHO's previous assessment,<a href="#cite_note-SAGO_AP-111">[111]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science.org</a> described reactions from academics as mixed.<a href="#cite_note-SAGO_Mixed-112">[112]</a> In early 2023, the WHO abandoned its original investigation into the origin of SARS-CoV-2, delegating work to its standing committee, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Origins_of_Novel_Pathogens" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens">Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens</a> (SAGO). This work will attempt to establish a COVID-19 timeline, search for similar viruses, and conduct further laboratory studies on animals and human samples.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mojiang_copper_mine">Mojiang copper mine</h4></div> Members of DRASTIC, a collection of internet activists advocating for the lab leak theory,<a href="#cite_note-DEFUSE_NewYorker-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindu_DRASTIC-115">[115]</a> have raised concerns over a respiratory outbreak that happened in the spring of 2012 near an abandoned copper mine in China, which Shi Zhengli's group investigated. Shi's group collected a sample of viral RNA and named it RaBtCoV/4991.<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-26">[26]</a> Later, Shi's group published a paper about a virus named RaTG13 in Nature in February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Via sequence comparisons, it became clear that RaBtCoV/4991 and RaTG13 were likely the same virus. Shi has said that the renaming was done to reflect the origin location and year of the virus.<a href="#cite_note-ShiAddendum-117">[117]</a> Some proponents, including <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a> and pseudonymous DRASTIC member "TheSeeker268", argued that the renaming was an attempt to obscure the origins of the virus and hide how it could be related to a laboratory origin of the related SARS-CoV-2 virus.<a href="#cite_note-EbanVanityFair-118">[118]</a> Scientists have said that RaTG-13 is too distantly related to be connected to the pandemic's origins, and could not be altered in a laboratory to create SARS-CoV-2.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosNov2021-119">[119]</a> Nature later published an addendum to the 2020 RaTG13 paper addressing any possible link to the mine, in which Shi says that the virus was collected there, but that it was very likely not the cause of the miners' illnesses. According to the addendum, laboratory tests conducted on the workers' serum were negative, and "no antibodies to a SARS-like coronavirus had been found."<a href="#cite_note-ShiAddendum-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accidental_release_of_a_genetically_modified_virus">Accidental release of a genetically modified virus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_research#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Gain-of-function research">Gain-of-function research § COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> One conspiracy theory spread in support a laboratory origin suggests SARS-CoV-2 was developed for <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_research" title="Gain-of-function research">gain-of-function research</a> on coronaviruses.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The exact meaning of "gain of function" is disputed among experts.<a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-122">[122]</a> According to emailed statements by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhengli" title="Shi Zhengli">Shi Zhengli</a>, director of the Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, her lab has not conducted any unpublished gain-of-function experiments on coronaviruses, and all WIV staff and students tested negative for the virus in the early days of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Furin_cleavage_site">Furin cleavage site</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-s2.0-S1873506120304165-ga1_lrg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1-s2.0-S1873506120304165-ga1_lrg.jpg/420px-1-s2.0-S1873506120304165-ga1_lrg.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1-s2.0-S1873506120304165-ga1_lrg.jpg/630px-1-s2.0-S1873506120304165-ga1_lrg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1-s2.0-S1873506120304165-ga1_lrg.jpg/840px-1-s2.0-S1873506120304165-ga1_lrg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> depicting the presence (red) or absence (black) of a furin cleavage site in various <a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">betacoronaviruses</a>. From Wu et al.<a href="#cite_note-YiranWu2021-124">[124]</a></figcaption></figure> One strand of argumentation in favor of a lab leak rests on the premise that there is something "unnatural" about the genetic makeup of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, showing it must have been created by genetic engineering.<a href="#cite_note-butter-18">[18]</a> Some claims of bioengineering focus on the presence of two sequential <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>-guanine (CGG) <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codons</a> in the virus' <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, more precisely in the crucial <a href="/wiki/Furin" title="Furin">furin</a> cleavage site.<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski-15">[15]</a> The CGG codon is one of several codons that <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translates</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a>, and it is the least common arginine codon in human pathogenic betacoronaviruses.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Partially, this lack of CGG codons in human pathogenic coronaviruses is due to <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>; <a href="/wiki/B-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-cell">B-cells</a> in the human body recognize areas on virus genomes where C and G are next to each other (so-called <a href="/wiki/CpG_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="CpG sites">CpG islands</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-KriegBCells-126">[126]</a> The CGG codon makes up 5% of the arginine codons in the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-1" title="SARS-CoV-1">SARS-CoV-1</a> genome, and it makes up 3% of the arginine codons in the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> genome.<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-26">[26]</a> Proponents of an engineered virus, including journalist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a>, say that two such uncommon codons in a row are evidence for a laboratory experiment; because of the low chance of a CGG codon pair occurring in nature, and in contrast, the common usage of CGG codons for arginine in genetic engineering work.<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski-15">[15]</a> This has been debunked by scientists,<a href="#cite_note-Health_Feedback_CGG-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-GrehanKingston_Conversation-128">[128]</a> who note that the CGG codon is also present (and even more frequent) in other coronaviruses, including <a href="/wiki/MERS-CoV" class="mw-redirect" title="MERS-CoV">MERS-CoV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hou2020-129">[129]</a> and that a codon being rare does not mean it cannot be present naturally.<a href="#cite_note-GrehanKingston_Conversation-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriticalQuote_CGG-130">[130]</a> If the CGG codon had been engineered into the virus, it should have mutated out of the virus as it circulated in humans in the wild over several years, but the opposite has occurred.<a href="#cite_note-CriticalQuote_CGG-130">[130]</a> In fact, the presence of the furin cleavage site, which is responsible for a significant increase in transmissibility, largely outweighs any disadvantageous immune responses from B-cells triggered by the genetic sequences which code for it.<a href="#cite_note-KriegBCells-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a> Another source of speculation is the mere presence of the furin cleavage site.<a href="#cite_note-Hakim-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-YiranWu2021-124">[124]</a> It is absent in the closest known relatives of SARS-CoV-2 (but present in other <a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">betacoronaviruses</a>, e.g. BtHpCoV-ZJ13).<a href="#cite_note-FanZhao2019-131">[131]</a> This anomaly is most probably the result of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-YiranWu2021-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker2021Lancet-132">[132]</a> and is further unsurprising since the genetic lineage of these viruses has not been adequately explored, sampled, or sequenced.<a href="#cite_note-RuizAravena2022-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-WangTianJune2022-134">[134]</a> A common occurrence among other coronaviruses (including MERS-CoV, <a href="/wiki/HCoV-OC43" class="mw-redirect" title="HCoV-OC43">HCoV-OC43</a>, <a href="/wiki/HCoV-HKU1" class="mw-redirect" title="HCoV-HKU1">HCoV-HKU1</a>, and appearing in near-identical fashion in <a href="/wiki/HKU9-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HKU9-1">HKU9-1</a>), the site is preceded by short <a href="/wiki/Palindromic_sequence" title="Palindromic sequence">palindromic sequences</a> suggestive of natural recombination caused by simple <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> mechanisms. Additionally, the suboptimal configuration and poor targeting of the cleavage site for humans or mice when compared with known examples (such as HCoV-OC43 or HCoV-HKU1), along with the complex and onerous molecular biology work this would have required, is inconsistent with what would be expected from an engineered virus.<a href="#cite_note-CriticalQuote_FurinCleavage-135">[135]</a> Project DEFUSE was a rejected <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> grant application, that proposed to sample bat coronaviruses from various locations in China.<a href="#cite_note-DEFUSE_Atlantic-136">[136]</a> The rejected proposal document was posted online by DRASTIC in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-UnDarkDec2021-137">[137]</a> Co-investigators on the rejected proposal included the <a href="/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance" title="EcoHealth Alliance">EcoHealth Alliance</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peter_Daszak" title="Peter Daszak">Peter Daszak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Baric">Ralph Baric</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">UNC</a>, Linfa Wang from <a href="/wiki/Duke%E2%80%93NUS_Medical_School" title="Duke–NUS Medical School">Duke–NUS Medical School</a> in Singapore, and Shi Zhengli from the Wuhan Institute of Virology.<a href="#cite_note-DEFUSE_NewYorker-114">[114]</a> The grantees proposed to evaluate the ability of bat viruses to infect human cells in the laboratory using <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(virus)" title="Chimera (virus)">chimeric</a> coronaviruses which were mutated in different locations, and to create protein-based vaccines out of the spike (S) protein (not the whole virus) which would be distributed to bats in the wild to reduce the chances of future human outbreaks.<a href="#cite_note-DEFUSE_NYT-138">[138]</a> One proposed alteration was to modify bat coronaviruses to insert a cleavage site for the Furin protease at the S1/S2 junction of the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein" title="Coronavirus spike protein">spike</a> (S) viral protein. There is no evidence that any genetic manipulation or <a href="/wiki/Reverse_genetics#Vaccine_synthesis" title="Reverse genetics">reverse genetics</a> (a technique required to make chimeric viruses) of SARS-related bat coronaviruses was ever carried out at the WIV.<a href="#cite_note-DEFUSE_NewYorker-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriticalQuote_Experiments-139">[139]</a> All available evidence points to the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site being the result of natural evolution.<a href="#cite_note-YiranWu2021-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker2021Lancet-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-CriticalQuote_FurinCleavage-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_and_government_opinion">Political and government opinion</h4></div> The situation reignited a debate over <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_research" title="Gain-of-function research">gain-of-function research</a>, although the intense political rhetoric surrounding the issue has threatened to sideline serious inquiry over policy in this domain.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Researchers have said the politicization of the debate is making the process more difficult, and that words are often twisted to become "fodder for conspiracy theories".<a href="#cite_note-AFRdistraction-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hakim-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a> The idea of an experiment conducted in 2015 on SARS-like coronaviruses being the source of the pandemic was reported in British tabloids early in the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Virologist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rasmussen" title="Angela Rasmussen">Angela Rasmussen</a> writes that this is unlikely, due to the intense scrutiny and government oversight gain-of-function research is subject to, and that it is improbable that research on hard-to-obtain coronaviruses could occur under the radar.<a href="#cite_note-rasmussen_nature-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> alleged that the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) had been funding gain-of-function research in Wuhan, accusing researchers including epidemiologist Ralph Baric of creating "super-viruses".<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-71">[71]</a> Both Fauci and NIH Director <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> denied that the US government supported such research.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dapcevich_GOF-143">[143]</a> Baric likewise rejected Paul's allegations, saying his lab's research into cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses did not qualify as gain-of-function.<a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-71">[71]</a> While a 2017 study of <a href="/wiki/Chimeric_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimeric virus">chimeric</a> bat coronaviruses at the WIV listed NIH as a sponsor, NIH funding was only related to sample collection.<a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-71">[71]</a> A Washington Post fact-checker commented that "<a href="/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance" title="EcoHealth Alliance">EcoHealth</a> funding was not related to the experiments, but the collection of samples", and that "statements about Baric's research appear overblown".<a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-71">[71]</a> In October 2021, a spokesman for the NIH acknowledged that the EcoHealth Alliance had provided new data demonstrating that in a mouse experiment, a coronavirus had caused more weight loss than expected.<a href="#cite_note-:7-144">[144]</a> This was described as an unexpected consequence of the research, and not its intended outcome or a component of the original funding proposal.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Importantly, the NIH spokesman said this finding was provided in a late progress report, and was not available before prior statements about experiments at the WIV.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> An August 2021 interim report authored by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff#Committee_staff" title="Congressional staff">minority staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">US House Foreign Affairs Committee</a> said that a laboratory leak origin for SARS-CoV-2 was more likely than a natural one.<a href="#cite_note-NYTSenateInterimReport-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-148">[148]</a> The report alleged that SARS-CoV-2 emerged in humans as a result of gain-of-function research made on the <a href="/wiki/RaTG13" title="RaTG13">RaTG13</a> virus, collected in a cave in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province in 2012, which was afterwards accidentally released some time before 12 September 2019, when the database of the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> went offline.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist2021August-150">[150]</a> The August 2021 report relies mostly on existing public evidence, combined with internal documents from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> from before and during the early days of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-TheHill_Oct2022-151">[151]</a> The interim report was published coinciding with a joint investigation from <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PP_Oct2022-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-VF_Oct2022-153">[153]</a> Immediately following its publication, the report was heavily criticized by experts in diplomacy and the Chinese language for mistranslations and misinterpretations of Chinese documents.<a href="#cite_note-Semafor_Oct2022-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Nov2022-155">[155]</a> Bacteriologist and lab leak theory proponent <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebright" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ebright">Richard Ebright</a> criticized the report for packaging pre-existing and previously examined evidence as new information.<a href="#cite_note-NYTSenateInterimReport-147">[147]</a> Evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Worobey" title="Michael Worobey">Michael Worobey</a> commented that the document seemed to be either "a cynical effort to try to win Republican votes" in the November 2022 midterm elections, or "a bunch of staffers with no ability to understand the science who stumbled across a bunch of misinformation and disinformation-filled tweets."<a href="#cite_note-:13-156">[156]</a> Virologist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rasmussen" title="Angela Rasmussen">Angela Rasmussen</a> described the report as "an embarrassingly bad use of taxpayer money and resources."<a href="#cite_note-NYTSenateInterimReport-147">[147]</a> The final version of the report was released on 18 April 2023. The final version reiterated the interim position that the pandemic began in a laboratory incident in the fall of 2019, based on what it called a "preponderance of circumstantial evidence".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intelligence_agencies">Intelligence agencies</h5></div> In the United States, several intelligence agencies have assessed the likelihood of a lab leak origin for SARS-CoV-2. Such assessments are not equivalent to scientific activity, but weigh the veracity of sources as the basis for making an intelligence report.<a href="#cite_note-notsci-158">[158]</a> An August 2021 report made at the request of <a href="/wiki/President_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="President Biden">President Biden</a> assessed that the Chinese government did not have foreknowledge of the COVID-19 outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-WaPoRuleOutBioweapon-159">[159]</a> Overall, the report was not conclusive about the virus' origin. Of eight <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community#Organizational_structure_and_leadership" title="United States Intelligence Community">assembled teams</a>, four (and the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a>) were inclined, with low confidence, to uphold a zoonotic origin, three were unable to reach a conclusion and one (the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>) supported, with moderate confidence, a lab leak.<a href="#cite_note-APnewsProbe0827-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-162">[162]</a> British intelligence agencies believe it is "feasible" that the virus began with a leak from a Chinese laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-sundaytimes1-163">[163]</a> In February 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, based on new intelligence, had shifted its view from "undecided" to "low confidence" that the pandemic originated with a lab leak.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheHill_DoE_Feb_2023-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_DoE_Feb2023-166">[166]</a> In the intelligence community, "low confidence" means the information is sourced to low-quality or otherwise untrustworthy sources.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In the wake of these reports, FBI Director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" title="Christopher A. Wray">Christopher Wray</a> reiterated the bureau's assessment, saying that the Government of China was doing its best to thwart any investigation.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_Wray_FBI-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> White House <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> Jake Sullivan responded to the report saying "some elements of the intelligence community have reached conclusions on one side, some on the other. A number of them have said they just don't have enough information to be sure", and there was still "no definitive answer" to the pandemic origins' question.<a href="#cite_note-TheHill_DoE_Feb_2023-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Feb2023_LeBlanc-170">[170]</a> The reassessment renewed the political debate around the issue in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2023Feb-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slate_Feb2023-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axios_Feb2023-173">[173]</a> In June 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a> declassified their report on the virus' origins, in compliance with <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Origin_Act_of_2023" title="COVID-19 Origin Act of 2023">an Act of Congress</a> compelling it to do so.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersOriginsAct2023-174">[174]</a> The report stated that while the lab leak theory could not be ruled out, the overall assessment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> and a majority of IC assets (with low confidence) was that the pandemic most likely began as a zoonotic event.<a href="#cite_note-BBCJune2023-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP2023June-176">[176]</a> No evidence was found that SARS-CoV-2 or a progenitor virus existed in a laboratory, and there was no evidence of any biosafety incident.<a href="#cite_note-whimper-17">[17]</a> Proponents of the lab leak hypothesis reacted by accusing the agencies of conspiring with the Chinese, or of being incompetent.<a href="#cite_note-whimper-17">[17]</a> Covering the story for the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>, its science reporter Liam Mannix wrote that the US report marked the end of the lab leak case, and that it had ended "not with a bang, but a whimper".<a href="#cite_note-whimper-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP2023June-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fringe_views_on_genetic_engineering">Fringe views on genetic engineering</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Gain-of-function_research" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation § Gain-of-function research</a></div> The earliest known recorded mention of any type of lab leak theory appeared in the form of a tweet published on 5 January 2020, from a Hong Kong user named @GarboHK, insinuating that the Chinese government had created a new virus and intentionally released it.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-WeaponizedAtlanticCouncilReport-29">[29]</a> Similar ideas were later formalized in a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> posted on <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">BioRxiv</a> on 31 January 2020, by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology">Indian Institute of Technology</a>, claiming to find similarities between the new coronavirus' genome and that of HIV. The paper was quickly retracted due to irregularities in the researchers' "technical approach and...interpretation of the results".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> This claim was promoted by <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a>, a controversial French virologist and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureate</a>, who contended that SARS-CoV-2 might have been created during research on a <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS vaccine">HIV/AIDS vaccine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Bioinformatics analyses show that the common sequences are short, that their similarity is insufficient to support the hypothesis of common origin, and that the identified sequences were independent insertions which occurred at varied points during the evolution of coronaviruses.<a href="#cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Further claims were promulgated by several <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccine">anti-vaccine</a> activists, such as <a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Lyons-Weiler" title="James Lyons-Weiler">James Lyons-Weiler</a>, who claimed that SARS-CoV-2 was created in a laboratory,<a href="#cite_note-Hao_BigTree_Rebuttal-183">[183]</a> with Mikovits going further and stating that the virus was both deliberately engineered and deliberately released.<a href="#cite_note-Enserink_Science_Mikovits-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski-15">[15]</a> Weiler's analysis, where he argued that a long sequence in the middle of the spike protein of the virus was not found in other coronaviruses and was evidence for laboratory recombination, was dismissed by scientists, who found that the sequence in question was also found in many other coronaviruses, suggesting that it was "widely spread" in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Hao_BigTree_Rebuttal-183">[183]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). Pls see Talk topic: Minority/Fringe Opinions & Citation Needed Tag (June 6, 2023): current cite is a Chinese government funded primary source journal article, all of whose authors, if I understand correctly, work for the Chinese govt; cite for purpose of discrediting fairly random vaccine skeptic's quite low profile journal article. So better source needed- probably a WP:MEDRS. But also think Lyons-Weiler's article probably isn't notable enough to be included. Certainly open to other views on its notability. (June 2023)">better source needed</a>] Chinese researcher <a href="/wiki/Li-Meng_Yan" title="Li-Meng Yan">Li-Meng Yan</a> was an early proponent of deliberate genetic engineering, releasing widely criticised <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> papers in favor of the lab leak theory in the spring of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-RRC19⁃0-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-JHCHS_Warmbrod_20200921-186">[186]</a> After she released her preprints, political operatives (including <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wengui" title="Guo Wengui">Guo Wengui</a>) arranged for Yan to flee to the United States in the summer of 2020 to engage in a speaking tour on right-wing media outlets, as a method of distracting from the Trump administration's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> According to scientific reviewers from the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Health_Security" title="Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security">Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security</a>, Yan's paper offered "contradictory and inaccurate information that does not support their argument,"<a href="#cite_note-JHCHS_Warmbrod_20200921-186">[186]</a> while reviewers from <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Reviews:_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Reviews: COVID-19">Rapid Reviews: COVID-19</a> criticised her preprints as not demonstrating "sufficient scientific evidence to support [their] claims."<a href="#cite_note-RRC19⁃0-185">[185]</a> In September 2022, a panel assembled by <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> published a wide-ranging report on the pandemic, including commentary on the virus origin overseen by the group's chairman <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>. This suggested that the virus may have originated from an American laboratory, a notion long-promoted by Sachs, including on the podcast of conspiracy theorist <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> Reacting to this, virologist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rasmussen" title="Angela Rasmussen">Angela Rasmussen</a> commented that this may have been "one of The Lancet's most shameful moments regarding its role as a steward and leader in communicating crucial findings about science and medicine".<a href="#cite_note-lancet-react-188">[188]</a> Virologist <a href="/wiki/David_Robertson_(virologist)" title="David Robertson (virologist)">David Robertson</a> said the suggestion of US laboratory involvement was "wild speculation" and that "it's really disappointing to see such a potentially influential report contributing to further misinformation on such an important topic".<a href="#cite_note-lancet-react-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deliberate_release">Deliberate release</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Bio-weapon" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation § Bio-weapon</a></div> Historian of science <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Oreskes" title="Naomi Oreskes">Naomi Oreskes</a> says that she does not know of any credible scientists who support the view that the virus was released deliberately, while the version proposing the virus may have escaped accidentally is more plausible.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In the United States, Senator <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> proposed a bill that would allow people to lodge lawsuits against China for use of a "biological weapon", stating that "China has a 5,000-year history of cheating and stealing. Some things will never change".<a href="#cite_note-thunder-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_in_2022">Developments in 2022</h3></div> In June 2022, the WHO released a report advocating for more investigation into the lab leak theory.<a href="#cite_note-:10-191">[191]</a> In response, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Ministry</a> spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Lijian" title="Zhao Lijian">Zhao Lijian</a> called the lab leak theory "a lie concocted by anti-China forces for political purposes, which has nothing to do with science".<a href="#cite_note-:11-192">[192]</a> In July 2022, two articles appeared in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> analyzing all available epidemiological and genetic evidence from the earliest known cases in Wuhan.<a href="#cite_note-WorobeyPekar-5">[5]</a> Based on two different analyses, the authors of both papers concluded that the outbreak began at the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market</a> and was unconnected to any laboratory. A third manuscript (a <a href="/wiki/Pre-print" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-print">pre-print</a>)<a href="#cite_note-GaoLiuLiu2022-193">[193]</a> examined RNA samples taken directly from the market in the spring of 2020 and detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in environmental samples collected from animal stalls and sewage wells at the market.<a href="#cite_note-Courtier-Orgogozode_Ribera2022-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-prox-19">[19]</a> The RNA detected was highly similar to viruses which infected early outbreak patients who became sick after being present at the market.<a href="#cite_note-da_Silvado_NascimentoGermano_Mendes2022-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-BallouxTanSwadling2022-196">[196]</a> No virus was detected in any samples taken directly from animals at the market. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> virologist and co-author of both publications <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Holmes" title="Edward C. Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</a> commented that "The siren has definitely sounded on the lab leak theory" and "There's no emails. There's no evidence in any of the science. There's absolutely nothing".<a href="#cite_note-mannix-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political,_academic_and_media_attention">Political, academic and media attention</h2></div> The first media reports suggesting a SARS-CoV-2 lab leak appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> in late January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a> In a 31 January 2020 interview with <a href="/wiki/Science_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Magazine">Science Magazine</a>, Professor Richard Ebright said there was a possibility that SARS-CoV-2 entered humans through a laboratory accident in Wuhan, and that all data on the genome sequence and properties of the virus were "consistent with entry into the human population as either a natural accident or a laboratory accident".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> A 5 February 2021 report from <a href="/wiki/Caixin" title="Caixin">Caixin</a> described these reports as rumors originating from two sources: a preprint paper by an Indian scholar posted to <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a> that was later withdrawn, and a <a href="/wiki/BBC_China" title="BBC China">BBC China</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-独家|石正丽回应质疑_专家一致认为新冠病毒非人造-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-模糊不清的零号病人与新冠病毒来源争议-200">[200]</a> On 8 February 2023, the acting director of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) testified before a Republican-led House committee that the viruses studied in the Wuhan lab "bear no relationship" to SARS-CoV-2 and that suggesting equivalency would be akin to "saying that a human is equivalent to a cow".<a href="#cite_note-NYT_NIH-201">[201]</a> In early 2021, the hypothesis returned to popular debate due to renewed media discussion.<a href="#cite_note-TheConvJune2021-202">[202]</a> The renewed interest was prompted by two events. First, an article published in May by <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported that lab workers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology fell ill with COVID-19-like symptoms in November 2019. The report was based on off-the-record briefings with intelligence officials.<a href="#cite_note-TheConvJune2021-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-EbanVanityFair-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The cases would precede official reports from the Chinese government stating the first known cases were in December 2019, although unpublished government data suggested the earliest cases were detected in mid-November.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ma2020-205">[205]</a> The Guardian stated that the WSJ article did little to confirm, in terms of good, quality evidence, the possibility of a lab leak;<a href="#cite_note-:2-206">[206]</a> a declassified report from the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> likewise said that the fact the researchers were hospitalized was unrelated to the origins of the outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Second, it was shown that <a href="/wiki/Peter_Daszak" title="Peter Daszak">Peter Daszak</a>, the key organiser of the February 2020 statement in The Lancet, did not disclose connections to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.<a href="#cite_note-BMJJuly2021-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheConvJune2021-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-EbanVanityFair-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> An addendum was later published by The Lancet, in which Daszak listed his previous cooperation with Chinese researchers.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> After the publication of the WHO-convened report, politicians, talk show hosts, journalists, and some scientists advanced claims that SARS-CoV-2 may have come from the WIV.<a href="#cite_note-maxman27may-40">[40]</a> DRASTIC also contributed to its promotion, particularly via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-210">[210]</a> In July 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>–<a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> survey indicated that 52 percent of Americans believed that COVID-19 originated from a lab leak, while 28 percent believed that COVID-19 originated from an infected animal in nature.<a href="#cite_note-PoliticoPoll-211">[211]</a> By March 2023, the percentage of Americans believing in lab origin had doubled (from 30% to 60%) since 3 years earlier, and the percentage of Americans believing in natural origins had halved (from 40% to 20%).<a href="#cite_note-WPpolls2023mar-212">[212]</a> Science educationalist Heslley Machado Silva describes the idea of a China-produced virus as part of "xenophobic social network crusade" akin to a far-fetched movie scenario, which has nevertheless garnered many millions of internet adherents. Silva raises a plea for the pandemic to be a time for humanity to become "better and not an opportunity to foment hatred".<a href="#cite_note-silva-213">[213]</a> After May 2021, some media organizations softened previous language that described the laboratory leak theory as "debunked" or a "conspiracy theory".<a href="#cite_note-media_face_hard_questions-214">[214]</a> However, the prevailing scientific view remained that while an accidental leak was possible, it was highly unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-Consensus-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxman27may-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China–US_relations">China–US relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">Chinese government response to COVID-19</a></div> The origin of COVID-19 became a source of friction in <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a>. The lab leak theory was promulgated in early 2020 by United States politicians and media, particularly US president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, other prominent Republicans, and conservative media (such as <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> pundit Tucker Carlson, and former <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a> publisher and White House chief strategist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-TheConvJune2021-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-EbanVanityFair-118">[118]</a> Trump had also referred to the virus as "kung flu",<a href="#cite_note-:3-215">[215]</a> and the administration also expressed the intention to sanction China.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In April 2020, Trump claimed to have evidence for the lab leak theory, but refused to produce it when requested.<a href="#cite_note-EbanVanityFair-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> At that time, the media did not distinguish between the accidental lab leak of a natural virus and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Bio-weapon" title="COVID-19 misinformation">bio-weapon origin conspiracy theories</a>. In online discussions, various theories – including the lab leak theory – were combined to form larger, baseless conspiracy plots.<a href="#cite_note-TheConvJune2021-202">[202]</a> In May 2020, Fox News host <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> of having "funded the creation of COVID" through gain-of-function research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV).<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-121">[121]</a> Citing an essay by science writer <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a>, Carlson alleged that Fauci had directed research to make bat viruses more infectious to humans.<a href="#cite_note-Dapcevich_GOF-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> enacted a policy to remove discussion of the lab leak theory as misinformation; it lifted the ban a year later, in May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-BMJJuly2021-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> A BBC China report stated that on 14 February, Chinese president <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> proposed for biosafety to be incorporated into law; the following day, new measures were introduced to "strengthen the management of laboratories", especially those working with viruses.<a href="#cite_note-独家|石正丽回应质疑_专家一致认为新冠病毒非人造-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-模糊不清的零号病人与新冠病毒来源争议-200">[200]</a> In April 2020, The Guardian reported that China had taken steps to tightly regulate domestic research into the source of the outbreak in an attempt to control the narrative surrounding its origins and encourage speculation that the virus started outside the country.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In May 2020, Chinese state media carried statements by scientists countering claims that the seafood market and Institute of Virology were possible origin sites, including comments by <a href="/wiki/George_F._Gao" title="George F. Gao">George Gao</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In the United States, anti-China misinformation spread on social media, including baseless bio-weapon claims, fueled aggressive rhetoric towards people of Asian ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> and the bullying of scientists.<a href="#cite_note-maxman27may-40">[40]</a> Some scientists were worried their words would be misconstrued and used to support racist rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-:3-215">[215]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_editor" title="Letter to the editor">letter</a> published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, a number of scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Ralph_S._Baric" title="Ralph S. Baric">Ralph S. Baric</a>, argued that the accidental laboratory leak hypothesis had not been sufficiently investigated and remained possible, calling for greater clarity and additional data.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Their letter was criticized by some virologists and public health experts, who said that a "hostile" and "divisive" focus on the WIV was unsupported by evidence, was impeding inquiries into legitimate concerns about China's pandemic response and transparency by combining them with speculative and meritless argument,<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-26">[26]</a> and would cause Chinese scientists and authorities to share less rather than more data.<a href="#cite_note-maxman27may-40">[40]</a> Some members of the Chinese government have promoted a counter-conspiracy theory claiming that SARS‑CoV‑2 originated in the U.S. military installation at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detrick" title="Fort Detrick">Fort Detrick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> This theory has little support. Chinese demands to investigate U.S. laboratories are thought to be a distracting technique to push focus away from Wuhan.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_scientists">Attacks on scientists</h3></div> A consistent feature of all varieties of the lab leak theory is that they direct blame at scientists. Scientists are accused of engineering the virus or negligently allowing it to escape their laboratories, and then conspiring to cover-up their misdeeds.<a href="#cite_note-forty-227">[227]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> faculty members – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebright" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ebright">Richard Ebright</a> and Bryce Nickels – have been prominent social media posters advancing the lab leak position, and have continually attacked COVID-19 researchers, and compared them to <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">nazis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>. In March 2024, twelve scientists made a formal complaint to Rutgers about Ebright and Nickels, saying they had posted messages to social media which risked their safety and which could be defamatory. Ebright reacted to the complaint saying it was "a crude effort to silence […] opponents" and Nickels said the complaint contained "deliberate lies".<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilling_effects">Chilling effects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lancet_letter#Reception" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancet letter">Lancet letter § Reception</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thacker" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Thacker">Paul Thacker</a> (writing for the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a>), some scientists and reporters said that "objective consideration of COVID-19's origins went awry early in the pandemic, as researchers who were funded to study viruses with pandemic potential launched a campaign labelling the lab leak hypothesis as a 'conspiracy theory.'"<a href="#cite_note-BMJJuly2021-34">[34]</a> In February 2020, a letter was published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> authored by 27 scientists and spearheaded by Peter Daszak which described some alternate origin ideas as "conspiracy theories".<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filippa_Lentzos" title="Filippa Lentzos">Filippa Lentzos</a> said some scientists "closed ranks" as a result, fearing for their careers and grants.<a href="#cite_note-BMJJuly2021-34">[34]</a> The letter was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Metzl" title="Jamie Metzl">Jamie Metzl</a> for "scientific propaganda and thuggery",<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Eban" title="Katherine Eban">Katherine Eban</a> as having had a "<a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chilling effect</a>" on scientific research and the scientific community by implying that scientists who "bring up the lab-leak theory ... are doing the work of conspiracy theorists".<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-EbanVanityFair-118">[118]</a> Early in 2020, scientists including <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Farrar" title="Jeremy Farrar">Jeremy Farrar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristian_G._Andersen" title="Kristian G. Andersen">Kristian G. Andersen</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Garry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert F. Garry (page does not exist)">Robert F. Garry</a>, among others, sent emails to Anthony Fauci with questions regarding what Andersen referred to as "crackpot conspiracy theories" about a lab leak, and whether evidence supported them.<a href="#cite_note-InterceptFauciEmails2022-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBCNewsFauciEmails-233">[233]</a> NIH director <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> was concerned at the time that discussion of the possibility could damage "international harmony".<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphFauciEmails2022-234">[234]</a> After the discovery of similar viruses in nature, more research into the genome, and the availability of more genomic sequences from the early days of the pandemic, these scientists publicly stated they supported the zoonotic theory as the most likely explanation.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Some journalists and scientists said they dismissed or avoided discussing the lab leak theory during the first year of the pandemic as a result of perceived polarization resulting from Donald Trump's embrace of the lab leak theory.<a href="#cite_note-:3-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-media_face_hard_questions-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrumpMuddled-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-UnravelingOrigins-239">[239]</a> The chair of the Board of Governors of the American Academy of Microbiology, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Casadevall" title="Arturo Casadevall">Arturo Casadevall</a>, said that, he (like many others) previously underestimated the lab leak hypothesis "mainly because the emphasis then [early in the pandemic] was on the idea of a deliberately engineered virus". However, by May 2021 it was a "long-simmering concern" in scientific circles, and that he perceived "greater openness" to it.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> By fall 2022, most scientists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] were convinced[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], based on available evidence, that the pandemic most likely began with a natural zoonosis.<a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-critical-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-HolmesConversationDead-16">[16]</a> The most likely natural reservoir is believed to reside in bats, with a possible intermediate host (such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_civet" title="Palm civet">palm civets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-YuanJiangLi2020-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZhouShi2021-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minks" class="mw-redirect" title="Minks">minks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Oude_MunninkSikkemaNieuwenhuijse2021-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZhouShi2021-242">[242]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pangolins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangolins">pangolins</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghYi2021-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-WrobelBentonXu2021-245">[245]</a>), before spillover into humans.<a href="#cite_note-PerlmanPeiris2023-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keusch2022-247">[247]</a> In March 2023, James Alwine and colleagues argued that continuing to frame the lab leak hypothesis as being as likely as natural spillover was responsible for a misdirection of scientific effort, which could compromise progress towards preparing for future pandemics.<a href="#cite_note-crit2023-43">[43]</a> In August 2024 the <a href="/wiki/Lancet_Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancet Microbe">Lancet Microbe</a> published an editorial saying it is "simply wrong" to assert that SARS-CoV-2 is of unnatural origin, and ascribed continued interest in the unnatural origin idea to irresponsible journalism and political motivation. The editorial expressed concern that the furore around the virus's origins had a "chilling effect" on legitimate virology research and could jeopardise mankind's safety from pathogens in the future.<a href="#cite_note-lmic-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Most_scientists_zoonosis-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Most_scientists_zoonosis_1-0">^</a> See numerous reliable sources which support this: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPekar2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pekar J (26 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348752">"The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): 960–966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...377..960P">2022Sci...377..960P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abp8337">10.1126/science.abp8337</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348752">9348752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881005">35881005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+molecular+epidemiology+of+multiple+zoonotic+origins+of+SARS-CoV-2&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=960-966&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9348752%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35881005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abp8337&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...377..960P&rft.aulast=Pekar&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9348752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang X, Wang R (25 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add8384">"Wildlife trade is likely the source of SARS-CoV-2"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): 925–926. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...377..925J">2022Sci...377..925J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.add8384">10.1126/science.add8384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007033">36007033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251843410">251843410</a>. Retrieved 20 November 2022. <q>Although the most probable reservoir animal for SARS-CoV-2 is Rhinolophus bats (2, 3), zoonotic spillovers likely involve an intermediate animal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Wildlife+trade+is+likely+the+source+of+SARS-CoV-2&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=925-926&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.add8384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251843410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...377..925J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Xiaowei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ruoqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.add8384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesGoldsteinRasmussenRobertson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Robertson DL, Crits-Christoph A, et al. (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">"The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review"</a>. Cell (Review). 184 (19): 4848–4856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017">10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">8373617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480864">34480864</a>. <q>As for the vast majority of human viruses, the most parsimonious explanation for the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic event...There is currently no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 has a laboratory origin. There is no evidence that any early cases had any connection to the WIV, in contrast to the clear epidemiological links to animal markets in Wuhan, nor evidence that the WIV possessed or worked on a progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 prior to the pandemic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+SARS-CoV-2%3A+A+critical+review&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4848-4856&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34480864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+SA&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+AL&rft.au=Robertson%2C+DL&rft.au=Crits-Christoph%2C+A&rft.au=Wertheim%2C+JO&rft.au=Anthony%2C+SJ&rft.au=Barclay%2C+WS&rft.au=Boni%2C+MF&rft.au=Doherty%2C+PC&rft.au=Farrar%2C+J&rft.au=Geoghegan%2C+JL&rft.au=Jiang%2C+X&rft.au=Leibowitz%2C+JL&rft.au=Neil%2C+SJ&rft.au=Skern%2C+T&rft.au=Weiss%2C+SR&rft.au=Worobey%2C+M&rft.au=Andersen%2C+KG&rft.au=Garry%2C+RF&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolsenPalmKingsland2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bolsen T, Palm R, Kingsland JT (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7484600">"Framing the Origins of COVID-19"</a>. Science Communication. 42 (5): 562–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1075547020953603">10.1177/1075547020953603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-5470">1075-5470</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7484600">7484600</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38603006">38603006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221614695">221614695</a>. <q>Individuals may learn about the origins of COVID-19 through exposure to stories that communicate either what most scientists believe (i.e., zoonotic transmission) or through exposure to conspiratorial claims (e.g., the virus was created in a research laboratory in China).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Communication&rft.atitle=Framing+the+Origins+of+COVID-19&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=562-585&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7484600%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221614695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1075547020953603&rft.issn=1075-5470&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38603006&rft.aulast=Bolsen&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft.au=Palm%2C+Risa&rft.au=Kingsland%2C+Justin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7484600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2023" class="citation news cs1">Robertson L (2 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/2023/03/scicheck-still-no-determination-on-covid-19-origin/">"Still No Determination on COVID-19 Origin"</a>. FactCheck.org. Retrieved 24 May 2023. <q>most scientists suspect a zoonotic spillover in which the virus transferred from bats, or through an intermediate animal, to humans — the same way the SARS and MERS coronaviruses originated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FactCheck.org&rft.atitle=Still+No+Determination+on+COVID-19+Origin&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2023%2F03%2Fscicheck-still-no-determination-on-covid-19-origin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajilan2021" class="citation news cs1">Gajilan AC (19 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/19/health/covid-19-origins-documentary/index.html">"Covid-19 origins: Why the search for the source is vital"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 24 May 2023. <q>The zoonotic hypothesis hinges on the idea that the virus spilled over from animals to humans, either directly through a bat, or through some other intermediary animal. Most scientists say that this is the likely origin, given that 75% of all emerging diseases have jumped from animals into humans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Covid-19+origins%3A+Why+the+search+for+the+source+is+vital&rft.date=2021-09-19&rft.aulast=Gajilan&rft.aufirst=A.+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F09%2F19%2Fhealth%2Fcovid-19-origins-documentary%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2021" class="citation news cs1">McDonald J (28 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/national-international/fact-check-the-facts-and-gaps-on-the-origin-of-the-coronavirus/2668053/">"Where Did COVID-19 Start? The Facts and Mysteries of Its Origin"</a>. NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. Retrieved 24 May 2023. <q>The default answer for most scientists has been that the virus, SARS-CoV-2, probably made the jump to humans from bats, if it was a direct spillover — or, more likely, through one or more intermediate mammals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+5+Dallas-Fort+Worth&rft.atitle=Where+Did+COVID-19+Start%3F+The+Facts+and+Mysteries+of+Its+Origin&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcdfw.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-international%2Ffact-check-the-facts-and-gaps-on-the-origin-of-the-coronavirus%2F2668053%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMCKEEVER2021" class="citation news cs1">MCKEEVER A (6 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2021/04/we-still-dont-know-the-origins-of-the-coronavirus-here-are-4">"We still don't know the origins of the coronavirus. Here are 4 scenarios"</a>. National Geographic. Retrieved 24 May 2023. <q>The most controversial hypothesis for the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is also the one that most scientists agree is the least likely: that the virus somehow leaked out of a laboratory in Wuhan where researchers study bat coronaviruses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=We+still+don%27t+know+the+origins+of+the+coronavirus.+Here+are+4+scenarios.&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft.aulast=MCKEEVER&rft.aufirst=AMY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fscience-and-technology%2F2021%2F04%2Fwe-still-dont-know-the-origins-of-the-coronavirus-here-are-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall" class="citation news cs1">Ball P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/60415/three-years-on-covid-lab-leak-theories-arent-going-away.-this-is-why">"Three years on, Covid lab-leak theories aren't going away. This is why"</a>. www.prospectmagazine.co.uk. <q>The leading theory now backed by most scientists is that the virus arose in wild bats and found its way into animals (perhaps via a pangolin or a civet cat) sold at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.prospectmagazine.co.uk&rft.atitle=Three+years+on%2C+Covid+lab-leak+theories+aren%27t+going+away.+This+is+why&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F60415%2Fthree-years-on-covid-lab-leak-theories-arent-going-away.-this-is-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2020" class="citation news cs1">Jackson C (21 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genengnews.com/insights/controversy-aside-why-the-source-of-covid-19-matters/">"Controversy Aside, Why the Source of COVID-19 Matters"</a>. GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Retrieved 24 May 2023. <q>Most scientists studying the origins of COVID-19 have concluded that the SARS-CoV-2 virus probably evolved naturally and infected humans via incidental contact with a wild or domesticated animal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GEN+-+Genetic+Engineering+and+Biotechnology+News&rft.atitle=Controversy+Aside%2C+Why+the+Source+of+COVID-19+Matters&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Finsights%2Fcontroversy-aside-why-the-source-of-covid-19-matters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2021" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy S (16 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3149026/its-only-matter-time-bat-human-virus-spillovers-may-be-very">"Bat-human virus spillovers may be very common, study finds"</a>. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 24 May 2023. <q>Questions have been raised about whether the virus could have leaked from a laboratory studying related viruses in Wuhan – a scenario most scientists...feel is less likely than a natural spillover.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Bat-human+virus+spillovers+may+be+very+common%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F3149026%2Fits-only-matter-time-bat-human-virus-spillovers-may-be-very&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanner2021" class="citation news cs1">Danner C (26 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/05/latest-developments-in-the-covid-lab-leak-hypothesis-debate.html">"Biden Joins the COVID Lab-Leak-Theory Debate"</a>. Intelligencer. Retrieved 24 May 2023. <q>There continues to be no evidence at all for the conspiracy theory that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was developed as some kind of bioweapon, and most scientists believe that the majority of available evidence indicates the virus jumped from animal to human.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Biden+Joins+the+COVID+Lab-Leak-Theory+Debate&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft.aulast=Danner&rft.aufirst=Chas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2F2021%2F05%2Flatest-developments-in-the-covid-lab-leak-hypothesis-debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZimmerMueller2022NewResearch-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ZimmerMueller2022NewResearch_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerMueller2022" class="citation news cs1">Zimmer C, Mueller B (26 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/26/science/covid-virus-wuhan-origins.html">"New Research Points to Wuhan Market as Pandemic Origin"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616143037/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/26/science/covid-virus-wuhan-origins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Research+Points+to+Wuhan+Market+as+Pandemic+Origin&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2022%2F02%2F26%2Fscience%2Fcovid-virus-wuhan-origins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorobeyScience-3"><a href="#cite_ref-WorobeyScience_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorobeyLevyMalpica_SerranoCrits-Christoph2022" class="citation journal cs1">Worobey M, Levy JI, Malpica Serrano L, Crits-Christoph A, Pekar JE, et al. (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348750">"The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): 951–959. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...377..951W">2022Sci...377..951W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abp8715">10.1126/science.abp8715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348750">9348750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881010">35881010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Huanan+Seafood+Wholesale+Market+in+Wuhan+was+the+early+epicenter+of+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=951-959&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9348750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35881010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abp8715&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...377..951W&rft.aulast=Worobey&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Levy%2C+JI&rft.au=Malpica+Serrano%2C+L&rft.au=Crits-Christoph%2C+A&rft.au=Pekar%2C+JE&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+SA&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+AL&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+MU&rft.au=Newman%2C+C&rft.au=Koopmans%2C+MP&rft.au=Suchard%2C+MA&rft.au=Wertheim%2C+JO&rft.au=Lemey%2C+P&rft.au=Robertson%2C+DL&rft.au=Garry%2C+RF&rft.au=Holmes%2C+EC&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+A&rft.au=Andersen%2C+KG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9348750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pekar-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pekar_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pekar_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pekar_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pekar_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekarMageeParkerMoshiri2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pekar JE, Magee A, Parker E, Moshiri N, Izhikevich K, et al. (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348752">"The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): 960–966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...377..960P">2022Sci...377..960P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abp8337">10.1126/science.abp8337</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9348752">9348752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881005">35881005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+molecular+epidemiology+of+multiple+zoonotic+origins+of+SARS-CoV-2&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=960-966&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9348752%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35881005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abp8337&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...377..960P&rft.aulast=Pekar&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Magee%2C+A&rft.au=Parker%2C+E&rft.au=Moshiri%2C+N&rft.au=Izhikevich%2C+K&rft.au=Havens%2C+JL&rft.au=Gangavarapu%2C+K&rft.au=Malpica+Serrano%2C+LM&rft.au=Crits-Christoph%2C+A&rft.au=Matteson%2C+NL&rft.au=Zeller%2C+M&rft.au=Levy%2C+JI&rft.au=Wang%2C+JC&rft.au=Hughes%2C+S&rft.au=Lee%2C+J&rft.au=Park%2C+H&rft.au=Park%2C+MS&rft.au=Ching+Zi+Yan%2C+K&rft.au=Lin%2C+RT&rft.au=Mat+Isa%2C+MN&rft.au=Noor%2C+YM&rft.au=Vasylyeva%2C+TI&rft.au=Garry%2C+RF&rft.au=Holmes%2C+EC&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+A&rft.au=Suchard%2C+MA&rft.au=Andersen%2C+KG&rft.au=Worobey%2C+M&rft.au=Wertheim%2C+JO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9348752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorobeyPekar-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorobeyPekar_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorobeyPekar_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorobeyPekar_5-2">c</a> There were two landmark origins studies published side-by-side in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> in July 2022:<a href="#cite_note-ZimmerMueller2022NewResearch-2">[2]</a> <ul><li>Worobey et al. "The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic"<a href="#cite_note-WorobeyScience-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Pekar et al. "The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2".<a href="#cite_note-pekar-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-jiang_wang-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jiang_wang_6-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang X, Wang R (25 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add8384">"Wildlife trade is likely the source of SARS-CoV-2"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): 925–926. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...377..925J">2022Sci...377..925J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.add8384">10.1126/science.add8384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007033">36007033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251843410">251843410</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109115622/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add8384">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Wildlife+trade+is+likely+the+source+of+SARS-CoV-2&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=925-926&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.add8384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251843410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...377..925J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Xiaowei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ruoqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.add8384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AikhovskyLenshin2022-7"><a href="#cite_ref-AikhovskyLenshin2022_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkhovskyLenshinRomashinVishnevskaya2022" class="citation journal cs1">Alkhovsky S, Lenshin S, Romashin A, Vishnevskaya T, Vyshemirsky O, Bulycheva Y, Lvov D, Gitelman A (9 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8779456">"SARS-like Coronaviruses in Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus spp.) in Russia, 2020"</a>. Viruses. 14 (1): 113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv14010113">10.3390/v14010113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8779456">8779456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35062318">35062318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=SARS-like+Coronaviruses+in+Horseshoe+Bats+%28Rhinolophus+spp.%29+in+Russia%2C+2020.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8779456%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35062318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv14010113&rft.aulast=Alkhovsky&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lenshin%2C+S&rft.au=Romashin%2C+A&rft.au=Vishnevskaya%2C+T&rft.au=Vyshemirsky%2C+O&rft.au=Bulycheva%2C+Y&rft.au=Lvov%2C+D&rft.au=Gitelman%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8779456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazzini2022-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Frazzini2022_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazziniAmadoriTurinRiva2022" class="citation journal cs1">Frazzini S, Amadori M, Turin L, Riva F (7 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9543933">"SARS CoV-2 infections in animals, two years into the pandemic"</a>. Archives of Virology. 167 (12): 2503–2517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-022-05609-1">10.1007/s00705-022-05609-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9543933">9543933</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36207554">36207554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Virology&rft.atitle=SARS+CoV-2+infections+in+animals%2C+two+years+into+the+pandemic&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2503-2517&rft.date=2022-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9543933%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36207554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00705-022-05609-1&rft.aulast=Frazzini&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Amadori%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Turin%2C+Lauretta&rft.au=Riva%2C+Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9543933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenollar_Mediannikov_Maurin_Devaux_2021_p.-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenollar_Mediannikov_Maurin_Devaux_2021_p._9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenollarMediannikovMaurinDevaux2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fenollar F, Mediannikov O, Maurin M, Devaux C, Colson P, Levasseur A, Fournier PE, Raoult D (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047314">"Mink, SARS-CoV-2, and the Human-Animal Interface"</a>. 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Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 580137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2020.580137">10.3389/fmicb.2020.580137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7554366">7554366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33101254">33101254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+Potential+Intermediate+Hosts+for+SARS-CoV-2&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=580137&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7554366%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33101254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2020.580137&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Jie&rft.au=Cui%2C+Wei&rft.au=Tian%2C+Bao-ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7554366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qiu2022JMV-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Qiu2022JMV_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiuLiuSha2022" class="citation journal cs1">Qiu X, Liu Y, Sha A (28 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9538246">"SARS-CoV-2 and natural infection in animals"</a>. Journal of Medical Virology. 95 (1): jmv.28147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmv.28147">10.1002/jmv.28147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9538246">9538246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36121159">36121159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Virology&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2+and+natural+infection+in+animals&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=jmv.28147&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9538246%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36121159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmv.28147&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Xinyu&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yi&rft.au=Sha%2C+Ailong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9538246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuptaMinocha2022-12"><a href="#cite_ref-GuptaMinocha2022_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaMinochaThapaSrivastava2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta SK, Minocha R, Thapa PJ, Srivastava M, Dandekar T (14 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9408936">"Role of the Pangolin in Origin of SARS-CoV-2: An Evolutionary Perspective"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (16): 9115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms23169115">10.3390/ijms23169115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9408936">9408936</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36012377">36012377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Pangolin+in+Origin+of+SARS-CoV-2%3A+An+Evolutionary+Perspective.&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=9115&rft.date=2022-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9408936%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36012377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms23169115&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Minocha%2C+R&rft.au=Thapa%2C+PJ&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+M&rft.au=Dandekar%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9408936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intermediatehosts-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intermediatehosts_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intermediatehosts_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intermediatehosts_13-2">c</a> Suggestions for intermediate animal hosts between horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.)<a href="#cite_note-AikhovskyLenshin2022-7">[7]</a> and humans have included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog</a> (Nyctereutes procyonoides)<a href="#cite_note-jiang_wang-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink</a> (Neogale vison)<a href="#cite_note-Frazzini2022-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenollar_Mediannikov_Maurin_Devaux_2021_p.-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_pangolin" title="Sunda pangolin">Sunda pangolin</a> (Manis javanica)<a href="#cite_note-Zhao2022FiM-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qiu2022JMV-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuptaMinocha2022-12">[12]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-critical-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-critical_14-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesGoldsteinRasmussenRobertson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Robertson DL, Crits-Christoph A, et al. (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">"The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review"</a>. Cell (Review). 184 (19): 4848–4856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017">10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">8373617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480864">34480864</a>. <q>Under any laboratory escape scenario, SARS-CoV-2 would have to have been present in a laboratory prior to the pandemic, yet no evidence exists to support such a notion and no sequence has been identified that could have served as a precursor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+SARS-CoV-2%3A+A+critical+review&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4848-4856&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34480864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+SA&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+AL&rft.au=Robertson%2C+DL&rft.au=Crits-Christoph%2C+A&rft.au=Wertheim%2C+JO&rft.au=Anthony%2C+SJ&rft.au=Barclay%2C+WS&rft.au=Boni%2C+MF&rft.au=Doherty%2C+PC&rft.au=Farrar%2C+J&rft.au=Geoghegan%2C+JL&rft.au=Jiang%2C+X&rft.au=Leibowitz%2C+JL&rft.au=Neil%2C+SJ&rft.au=Skern%2C+T&rft.au=Weiss%2C+SR&rft.au=Worobey%2C+M&rft.au=Andersen%2C+KG&rft.au=Garry%2C+RF&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorski-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorski2021" class="citation web cs1">Gorski D (31 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-origin-of-sars-cov-2-revisited/">"The origin of SARS-CoV-2, revisited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601072923/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-origin-of-sars-cov-2-revisited/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021. <q>The second [version of the lab leak] is the version that "reasonable" people consider plausible, but there is no good evidence for either version.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+SARS-CoV-2%2C+revisited&rft.pub=Science-Based+Medicine&rft.date=2021-05-31&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fthe-origin-of-sars-cov-2-revisited%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HolmesConversationDead-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HolmesConversationDead_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HolmesConversationDead_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HolmesConversationDead_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2022" class="citation web cs1">Holmes EC (14 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-covid-lab-leak-theory-is-dead-heres-how-we-know-the-virus-came-from-a-wuhan-market-188163">"The COVID lab leak theory is dead. Here's how we know the virus came from a Wuhan market"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904005528/https://theconversation.com/the-covid-lab-leak-theory-is-dead-heres-how-we-know-the-virus-came-from-a-wuhan-market-188163">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022. <q>For the lab leak theory to be true, SARS-CoV-2 must have been present in the Wuhan Institute of Virology before the pandemic started. This would convince me. But the inconvenient truth is there's not a single piece of data suggesting this. There's no evidence for a genome sequence or isolate of a precursor virus at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Not from gene sequence databases, scientific publications, annual reports, student theses, social media, or emails. Even the intelligence community has found nothing. Nothing. And there was no reason to keep any work on a SARS-CoV-2 ancestor secret before the pandemic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+COVID+lab+leak+theory+is+dead.+Here%27s+how+we+know+the+virus+came+from+a+Wuhan+market&rft.date=2022-08-14&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-covid-lab-leak-theory-is-dead-heres-how-we-know-the-virus-came-from-a-wuhan-market-188163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whimper-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whimper_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whimper_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whimper_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whimper_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-ends-with-a-whimper-not-a-bang-20230627-p5djqb.html">"COVID-19 lab leak theory ends with a whimper, not a bang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 27 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807022109/https://www.smh.com.au/national/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-ends-with-a-whimper-not-a-bang-20230627-p5djqb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=COVID-19+lab+leak+theory+ends+with+a+whimper%2C+not+a+bang&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fcovid-19-lab-leak-theory-ends-with-a-whimper-not-a-bang-20230627-p5djqb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-butter-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-butter_18-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewandowskyJacobsNeil2023" class="citation book cs1">Lewandowsky S, Jacobs PH, Neil S (2023). "Chapter 2: Leak or Leap? Evidence and Cognition Surrounding the Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus". In Butter M, Knight P (eds.). Covid Conspiracy Theories in Global Perspective. Taylor & Francis. pp. 26–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003330769-5">10.4324/9781003330769-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-35943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-35943-4"><bdi>978-1-032-35943-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Leak+or+Leap%3F+Evidence+and+Cognition+Surrounding+the+Origins+of+the+SARS-CoV-2+Virus&rft.btitle=Covid+Conspiracy+Theories+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=26-39&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003330769-5&rft.isbn=978-1-032-35943-4&rft.aulast=Lewandowsky&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+PH&rft.au=Neil%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prox-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prox_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prox_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prox_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prox_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarry2022" class="citation journal cs1">Garry RF (10 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9704731">"The evidence remains clear: SARS-CoV-2 emerged via the wildlife trade"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (47): e2214427119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11914427G">2022PNAS..11914427G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2214427119">10.1073/pnas.2214427119</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9704731">9704731</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36355862">36355862</a>. <q>Most lab leak proponents don't mention that most major Chinese cities have one or more active coronavirus laboratories. 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Environmental Research. 207: 112173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envres.2021.112173">10.1016/j.envres.2021.112173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-9351">0013-9351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8493644">8493644</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34626592">34626592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=There+is+no+%27origin%27+to+SARS-CoV-2&rft.volume=207&rft.pages=112173&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8493644%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0013-9351&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34626592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envres.2021.112173&rft.aulast=Frutos&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Pliez%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Gavotte%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Devaux%2C+Christian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8493644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Do_DontKnow_Maxmen-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Do_DontKnow_Maxmen_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Do_DontKnow_Maxmen_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxmenMallapaty2021" class="citation journal cs1">Maxmen A, Mallapaty S (8 June 2021). 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Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=The+%27Occam%27s+Razor+Argument%27+Has+Not+Shifted+in+Favor+of+a+COVID+Lab+Leak&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Kasprak&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2F16%2Flab-leak-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakim-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hakim_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hakim_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hakim_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hakim_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hakim MS (14 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093">"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories"</a>. Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frmv.2222">10.1002/rmv.2222</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093">7995093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33586302">33586302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Medical+Virology&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2%2C+Covid-19%2C+and+the+debunking+of+conspiracy+theories&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2222&rft.date=2021-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7995093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33586302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Frmv.2222&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Mohamad+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7995093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2021" class="citation news cs1">Kessler G (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/25/timeline-how-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-suddenly-became-credible/">"Timeline: How the Wuhan lab-leak theory suddenly became credible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725060238/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/25/timeline-how-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-suddenly-became-credible/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+How+the+Wuhan+lab-leak+theory+suddenly+became+credible&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F05%2F25%2Ftimeline-how-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-suddenly-became-credible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeaponizedAtlanticCouncilReport-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WeaponizedAtlanticCouncilReport_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeaponizedAtlanticCouncilReport_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandeiraAleksejevaKnightLe_Roux" class="citation book cs1">Bandeira L, Aleksejeva N, Knight T, Le Roux J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Weaponized-How-rumors-about-COVID-19s-origins-led-to-a-narrative-arms-race.pdf">WEAPONIZED: HOW RUMORS ABOUT COVID-19'S ORIGINS LED TO A NARRATIVE ARMS RACE</a> (PDF). The Atlantic Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426002753/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Weaponized-How-rumors-about-COVID-19s-origins-led-to-a-narrative-arms-race.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WEAPONIZED%3A+HOW+RUMORS+ABOUT+COVID-19%27S+ORIGINS+LED+TO+A+NARRATIVE+ARMS+RACE&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Council&rft.aulast=Bandeira&rft.aufirst=Luiza&rft.au=Aleksejeva%2C+Nika&rft.au=Knight%2C+Tessa&rft.au=Le+Roux%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FWeaponized-How-rumors-about-COVID-19s-origins-led-to-a-narrative-arms-race.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuddenRiseNYer-30"><a href="#cite_ref-SuddenRiseNYer_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Wells2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Wallace-Wells B (27 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/the-sudden-rise-of-the-coronavirus-lab-leak-theory">"The Sudden Rise of the Coronavirus Lab-Leak Theory"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218083352/https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/the-sudden-rise-of-the-coronavirus-lab-leak-theory">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Sudden+Rise+of+the+Coronavirus+Lab-Leak+Theory&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft.aulast=Wallace-Wells&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fannals-of-inquiry%2Fthe-sudden-rise-of-the-coronavirus-lab-leak-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuwitch2021" class="citation news cs1">Ruwitch J (31 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/03/31/983156340/theory-that-covid-came-from-a-chinese-lab-takes-on-new-life-in-wake-of-who-repor">"Theory That COVID Came From A Chinese Lab Takes On New Life In Wake Of WHO Report"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202155833/https://www.npr.org/2021/03/31/983156340/theory-that-covid-came-from-a-chinese-lab-takes-on-new-life-in-wake-of-who-repor">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Theory+That+COVID+Came+From+A+Chinese+Lab+Takes+On+New+Life+In+Wake+Of+WHO+Report&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft.aulast=Ruwitch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2F983156340%2Ftheory-that-covid-came-from-a-chinese-lab-takes-on-new-life-in-wake-of-who-repor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrutosMarch2021-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrutosMarch2021_32-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrutosGavotteDevaux2021" class="citation journal cs1">Frutos R, Gavotte L, Devaux CA (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7969828">"Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infection,_Genetics_and_Evolution" title="Infection, Genetics and Evolution">Infection, Genetics and Evolution</a>. 95: 104812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021InfGE..9504812F">2021InfGE..9504812F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2021.104812">10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7969828">7969828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33744401">33744401</a>. <q>The origin of SARS-Cov-2 is still passionately debated since it makes ground for geopolitical confrontations and conspiracy theories besides scientific ones...The marginal conspiracy theory of a voluntary released of an engineered virus forwarded by the press, blogs and politicians is not supported by any data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection%2C+Genetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+origin+of+COVID-19+requires+to+change+the+paradigm+on+zoonotic+emergence+from+the+spillover+to+the+circulation+model&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=104812&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7969828%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33744401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2021.104812&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021InfGE..9504812F&rft.aulast=Frutos&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Gavotte%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Devaux%2C+Christian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7969828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCTakenSeriously-33"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCTakenSeriously_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57268111">"Covid origin: Why the Wuhan lab-leak theory is being taken seriously"</a>. BBC News. 27 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630155548/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57268111">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Covid+origin%3A+Why+the+Wuhan+lab-leak+theory+is+being+taken+seriously&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-57268111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJJuly2021-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMJJuly2021_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJJuly2021_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJJuly2021_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJJuly2021_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJJuly2021_34-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker2021" class="citation journal cs1">Thacker PD (8 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.n1656">"The covid-19 lab leak hypothesis: Did the media fall victim to a misinformation campaign?"</a>. BMJ. 374: n1656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.n1656">10.1136/bmj.n1656</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34244293">34244293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235760734">235760734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=The+covid-19+lab+leak+hypothesis%3A+Did+the+media+fall+victim+to+a+misinformation+campaign%3F&rft.volume=374&rft.pages=n1656&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235760734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34244293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.n1656&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1136%252Fbmj.n1656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters_tedros-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_tedros_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_tedros_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerNebehay2021" class="citation news cs1">Miller J, Nebehay S (31 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S">"Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731031020/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Data+withheld+from+WHO+team+probing+COVID-19+origins+in+China%3A+Tedros&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nebehay%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritsugu2021" class="citation news cs1">Moritsugu K (22 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/health-china-coronavirus-pandemic-united-nations-a20391afec60601f3d666efc3c18b61d">"China rebuffs WHO's terms for further COVID-19 origins study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905222234/https://apnews.com/article/health-china-coronavirus-pandemic-united-nations-a20391afec60601f3d666efc3c18b61d">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021. <q>Zeng ... added that speculation that staff and graduate students at the lab had been infected and might have started the spread of the virus in the city was untrue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=China+rebuffs+WHO%27s+terms+for+further+COVID-19+origins+study&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft.aulast=Moritsugu&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhealth-china-coronavirus-pandemic-united-nations-a20391afec60601f3d666efc3c18b61d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Consensus-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Consensus_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Consensus_37-1">b</a> See, for example, the following: News sources describing this as a majority view: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxmenMallapaty2021" class="citation journal cs1">Maxmen A, Mallapaty S (8 June 2021). "The COVID lab-leak hypothesis: what scientists do and don't know". Nature. 594 (7863): 313–315. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.594..313M">2021Natur.594..313M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01529-3">10.1038/d41586-021-01529-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34108722">34108722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235395594">235395594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+COVID+lab-leak+hypothesis%3A+what+scientists+do+and+don%27t+know&rft.volume=594&rft.issue=7863&rft.pages=313-315&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01529-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235395594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34108722&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.594..313M&rft.aulast=Maxmen&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Mallapaty%2C+Smriti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/news/2021/07/16/lab-leak-evidence/">"The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a Lab Leak"</a>. Snopes.com. 16 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806232617/https://www.snopes.com/news/2021/07/16/lab-leak-evidence/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. <q>Shi's team concluded that SARS-CoV-2 was 79% identical to SARS-CoV-1 and 96% identical to a virus her team had sampled from bats in a mineshaft in 2013. This information formed the basis of the widely accepted conclusion that SARS-CoV-2's ancestor was a bat virus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=The+%27Occam%27s+Razor+Argument%27+Has+Not+Shifted+in+Favor+of+a+Lab+Leak&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2F16%2Flab-leak-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2021" class="citation news cs1">Ling J (15 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/lab-leak-theory-doesnt-hold-up-covid-china/">"The Lab Leak Theory Doesn't Hold Up"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701220552/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/lab-leak-theory-doesnt-hold-up-covid-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. <q>Over the past year, I've spoken with a slew of researchers, scientists, and public health experts: Their takes on the origins of COVID-19 generally fall into two camps. Most say that the virus is very likely natural and that theories around the Wuhan Institute of Virology are a possible explanation, but they're unlikely. The other group, a minority, says both theories are more or less equally valid and that the lab leak theory is in desperate need of more study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Lab+Leak+Theory+Doesn%27t+Hold+Up&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F06%2F15%2Flab-leak-theory-doesnt-hold-up-covid-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn2021" class="citation news cs1">Sohn R (3 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2021/06/lab-leak-theory-questions-explainer.html">"A Very Calm Guide to the Lab Leak Theory"</a>. Slate Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803165903/https://slate.com/technology/2021/06/lab-leak-theory-questions-explainer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. <q>Most experts still tend to think the virus has a natural origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Very+Calm+Guide+to+the+Lab+Leak+Theory&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2F06%2Flab-leak-theory-questions-explainer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Academic review articles which describe this as the mainstream view: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdilRahmanWhitelawJain2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, Munasinghe A, Jambulingam P (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996">"SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19"</a>. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1144): 110–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386">10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996">10016996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788312">32788312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221124011">221124011</a>. <q>the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2+and+the+pandemic+of+COVID-19&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1144&rft.pages=110-116&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10016996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221124011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32788312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386&rft.aulast=Adil&rft.aufirst=M.+T.&rft.au=Rahman%2C+R.&rft.au=Whitelaw%2C+D.&rft.au=Jain%2C+V.&rft.au=Al-Taan%2C+O.&rft.au=Rashid%2C+F.&rft.au=Munasinghe%2C+A.&rft.au=Jambulingam%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10016996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarhSilva_AndradeTiwariGiovanetti2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, Azevedo V, Ghosh P (September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302–311. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565">32920565</a>. <q>Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Infezioni+in+Medicina&rft.atitle=Natural+selection+versus+creation%3A+a+review+on+the+origin+of+SARS-COV-2&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=302-311&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32920565&rft.aulast=Barh&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Silva+Andrade%2C+B.&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+S.&rft.au=Giovanetti%2C+M.&rft.au=G%C3%B3es-Neto%2C+A.&rft.au=Alcantara%2C+L.+C.&rft.au=Azevedo%2C+V.&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamBaric2020" class="citation journal cs1">Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110">"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence"</a>. Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016">10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110">7207110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392464">32392464</a>. <q>the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunity&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2%3A+Combating+Coronavirus+Emergence&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=734-736&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7207110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32392464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Baric%2C+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7207110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hakim MS (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093">"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories"</a>. Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frmv.2222">10.1002/rmv.2222</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093">7995093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33586302">33586302</a>. <q>Despite these massive online speculations, scientific evidence does not support this accusation of laboratory release theory...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Medical+Virology&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2%2C+Covid-19%2C+and+the+debunking+of+conspiracy+theories&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2222&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7995093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33586302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Frmv.2222&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7995093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrutosGavotteDevaux2021" class="citation journal cs1">Frutos R, Gavotte L, Devaux CA (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7969828">"Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model"</a>. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 95: 104812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021InfGE..9504812F">2021InfGE..9504812F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2021.104812">10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7969828">7969828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33744401">33744401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection%2C+Genetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+origin+of+COVID-19+requires+to+change+the+paradigm+on+zoonotic+emergence+from+the+spillover+to+the+circulation+model&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=104812&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7969828%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33744401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2021.104812&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021InfGE..9504812F&rft.aulast=Frutos&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Gavotte%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Devaux%2C+Christian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7969828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature_mallapaty-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature_mallapaty_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature_mallapaty_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature_mallapaty_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallapaty2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mallapaty S (15 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00877-4">"After the WHO report: what's next in the search for COVID's origins"</a>. 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Cell. 184 (19): 4848–4856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017">10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">8373617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480864">34480864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237204970">237204970</a>. <q>The presence of two adjacent CGG codons for arginine in the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site is similarly not indicative of genetic engineering. Although the CGG codon is rare in coronaviruses, it is observed in SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and other human coronaviruses at comparable frequencies (Maxmen and Mallapaty, 2021). Further, if low-fitness codons had been artificially inserted into the virus genome they would have been quickly selected against during SARS-CoV-2 evolution, yet both CGG codons are more than 99.8% conserved among the >2,300,000 near-complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced to date, indicative of strong functional constraints.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+SARS-CoV-2%3A+A+critical+review&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4848-4856&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237204970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34480864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Angela+L.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Crits-Christoph%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Wertheim%2C+Joel+O.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Barclay%2C+Wendy+S.&rft.au=Boni%2C+Maciej+F.&rft.au=Doherty%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Geoghegan%2C+Jemma+L.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xiaowei&rft.au=Leibowitz%2C+Julian+L.&rft.au=Neil%2C+Stuart+J.D.&rft.au=Skern%2C+Tim&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Susan+R.&rft.au=Worobey%2C+Michael&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Kristian+G.&rft.au=Garry%2C+Robert+F.&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FanZhao2019-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FanZhao2019_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanZhaoShiZhou2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466186">"Bat Coronaviruses in China"</a>. Viruses. 11 (3): 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv11030210">10.3390/v11030210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466186">6466186</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30832341">30832341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=Bat+Coronaviruses+in+China&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6466186%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30832341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv11030210&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Yi&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Kai&rft.au=Shi%2C+Zheng-Li&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6466186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker2021Lancet-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker2021Lancet_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker2021Lancet_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2021" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker GR (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346238">"SARS-CoV-2 spike and its adaptable furin cleavage site"</a>. The Lancet Microbe. 2 (10): e488–e489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2666-5247%2821%2900174-9">10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00174-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346238">8346238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34396356">34396356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Microbe&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2+spike+and+its+adaptable+furin+cleavage+site&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e488-e489&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8346238%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34396356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2666-5247%2821%2900174-9&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Gary+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8346238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuizAravena2022-133"><a href="#cite_ref-RuizAravena2022_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz-AravenaMcKeeGambleLunn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ruiz-Aravena M, McKee C, Gamble A, Lunn T, Morris A, Snedden CE, Yinda CK, Port JR, Buchholz DW, Yeo YY, Faust C, Jax E, Dee L, Jones DN, Kessler MK, Falvo C, Crowley D, Bharti N, Brook CE, Aguilar HC, Peel AJ, Restif O, Schountz T, Parrish CR, Gurley ES, Lloyd-Smith JO, Hudson PJ, Munster VJ, Plowright RK (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603903">"Ecology, evolution and spillover of coronaviruses from bats"</a>. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 20 (5): 299–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-021-00652-2">10.1038/s41579-021-00652-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-1534">1740-1534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603903">8603903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34799704">34799704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Ecology%2C+evolution+and+spillover+of+coronaviruses+from+bats&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=299-314&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8603903%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1740-1534&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34799704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41579-021-00652-2&rft.aulast=Ruiz-Aravena&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=McKee%2C+Clifton&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Amandine&rft.au=Lunn%2C+Tamika&rft.au=Morris%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Snedden%2C+Celine+E.&rft.au=Yinda%2C+Claude+Kwe&rft.au=Port%2C+Julia+R.&rft.au=Buchholz%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Yao+Yu&rft.au=Faust%2C+Christina&rft.au=Jax%2C+Elinor&rft.au=Dee%2C+Lauren&rft.au=Jones%2C+Devin+N.&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Maureen+K.&rft.au=Falvo%2C+Caylee&rft.au=Crowley%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Bharti%2C+Nita&rft.au=Brook%2C+Cara+E.&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Hector+C.&rft.au=Peel%2C+Alison+J.&rft.au=Restif%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Schountz%2C+Tony&rft.au=Parrish%2C+Colin+R.&rft.au=Gurley%2C+Emily+S.&rft.au=Lloyd-Smith%2C+James+O.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Munster%2C+Vincent+J.&rft.au=Plowright%2C+Raina+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8603903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WangTianJune2022-134"><a href="#cite_ref-WangTianJune2022_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangTianChenHu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wang W, Tian JH, Chen X, Hu RX, Lin XD, Pei YY, Lv JX, Zheng JJ, Dai FH, Song ZG, Chen YM, Zhang YZ (29 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9214087">"Coronaviruses in wild animals sampled in and around Wuhan at the beginning of COVID-19 emergence"</a>. Virus Evolution. 8 (1): veac046. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fve%2Fveac046">10.1093/ve/veac046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9214087">9214087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35769892">35769892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virus+Evolution&rft.atitle=Coronaviruses+in+wild+animals+sampled+in+and+around+Wuhan+at+the+beginning+of+COVID-19+emergence&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=veac046&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9214087%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35769892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fve%2Fveac046&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Wen&rft.au=Tian%2C+Jun-Hua&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Hu%2C+Rui-Xue&rft.au=Lin%2C+Xian-Dan&rft.au=Pei%2C+Yuan-Yuan&rft.au=Lv%2C+Jia-Xin&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Jiao-Jiao&rft.au=Dai%2C+Fa-Hui&rft.au=Song%2C+Zhi-Gang&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yan-Mei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yong-Zhen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9214087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CriticalQuote_FurinCleavage-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CriticalQuote_FurinCleavage_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CriticalQuote_FurinCleavage_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesGoldsteinRasmussenRobertson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Robertson DL, Crits-Christoph A, Wertheim JO, Anthony SJ, Barclay WS, Boni MF, Doherty PC, Farrar J, Geoghegan JL, Jiang X, Leibowitz JL, Neil SJ, Skern T, Weiss SR, Worobey M, Andersen KG, Garry RF, Rambaut A (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">"The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review"</a>. Cell. 184 (19): 4848–4856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017">10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">8373617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480864">34480864</a>. <q>The SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site (containing the amino acid motif RRAR) does not match its canonical form (R-X-R/KR), is suboptimal compared to those of HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, lacks either a P1 or P2 arginine (depending on the alignment), and was caused by an out-of-frame insertion...There is no logical reason why an engineered virus would utilize such a suboptimal furin cleavage site, which would entail such an unusual and needlessly complex feat of genetic engineering...Further, there is no evidence of prior research at the WIV involving the artificial insertion of complete furin cleavage sites into coronaviruses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+SARS-CoV-2%3A+A+critical+review&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4848-4856&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34480864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Angela+L.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Crits-Christoph%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Wertheim%2C+Joel+O.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Barclay%2C+Wendy+S.&rft.au=Boni%2C+Maciej+F.&rft.au=Doherty%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Geoghegan%2C+Jemma+L.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xiaowei&rft.au=Leibowitz%2C+Julian+L.&rft.au=Neil%2C+Stuart+J.D.&rft.au=Skern%2C+Tim&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Susan+R.&rft.au=Worobey%2C+Michael&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Kristian+G.&rft.au=Garry%2C+Robert+F.&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEFUSE_Atlantic-136"><a href="#cite_ref-DEFUSE_Atlantic_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_EngberAdam_Federman2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Daniel Engber, Adam Federman (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/lab-leak-pandemic-origins-even-messier/620209/">"The Lab-Leak Debate Just Got Even Messier"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029005534/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/lab-leak-pandemic-origins-even-messier/620209/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Lab-Leak+Debate+Just+Got+Even+Messier&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.au=Daniel+Engber&rft.au=Adam+Federman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2021%2F09%2Flab-leak-pandemic-origins-even-messier%2F620209%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnDarkDec2021-137"><a href="#cite_ref-UnDarkDec2021_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undark.org/2021/11/24/scientists-square-off-over-covid-wuhan-and-peter-daszak/">"Scientists Square Off Over Covid, Wuhan, and Peter Daszak"</a>. Undark Magazine. 24 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229035830/https://undark.org/2021/11/24/scientists-square-off-over-covid-wuhan-and-peter-daszak/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027071242/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/science/bats-covid-lab-leak-nih.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bat+Research+Group+Failed+to+Submit+Virus+Studies+Promptly%2C+N.I.H.+Says&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F10%2F21%2Fscience%2Fbats-covid-lab-leak-nih.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CriticalQuote_Experiments-139"><a href="#cite_ref-CriticalQuote_Experiments_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesGoldsteinRasmussenRobertson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Robertson DL, Crits-Christoph A, Wertheim JO, Anthony SJ, Barclay WS, Boni MF, Doherty PC, Farrar J, Geoghegan JL, Jiang X, Leibowitz JL, Neil SJ, Skern T, Weiss SR, Worobey M, Andersen KG, Garry RF, Rambaut A (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">"The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review"</a>. Cell. 184 (19): 4848–4856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017">10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617">8373617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480864">34480864</a>. <q>Further, there is no evidence of prior research at the WIV involving the artificial insertion of complete furin cleavage sites into coronaviruses...No published work indicates that other methods, including the generation of novel reverse genetics systems, were used at the WIV to propagate infectious SARSr-CoVs based on sequence data from bats. Gain-of-function research would be expected to utilize an established SARSr-CoV genomic backbone, or at a minimum a virus previously identified via sequencing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+SARS-CoV-2%3A+A+critical+review&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4848-4856&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34480864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.08.017&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Angela+L.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Crits-Christoph%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Wertheim%2C+Joel+O.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Barclay%2C+Wendy+S.&rft.au=Boni%2C+Maciej+F.&rft.au=Doherty%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Geoghegan%2C+Jemma+L.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xiaowei&rft.au=Leibowitz%2C+Julian+L.&rft.au=Neil%2C+Stuart+J.D.&rft.au=Skern%2C+Tim&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Susan+R.&rft.au=Worobey%2C+Michael&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Kristian+G.&rft.au=Garry%2C+Robert+F.&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8373617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerGorman2021" class="citation news cs1">Zimmer C, Gorman J (20 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/20/science/covid-lab-leak-wuhan.html">"Fight Over Covid's Origins Renews Debate on Risks of Lab Work"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028001750/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/20/science/covid-lab-leak-wuhan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021. <q>Sorting out the balance of risks and benefits of the research has proved over the years to be immensely challenging. And now, the intensity of the politics and rhetoric over the lab leak theory threatens to push detailed science policy discussions to the sidelines. "It's just going to make it harder to get back to a serious debate," said Marc Lipsitch, an epidemiologist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health who has urged the government to be more transparent about its support of gain-of-function research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fight+Over+Covid%27s+Origins+Renews+Debate+on+Risks+of+Lab+Work&rft.date=2021-06-20&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Gorman%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F20%2Fscience%2Fcovid-lab-leak-wuhan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFRdistraction-141"><a href="#cite_ref-AFRdistraction_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation news cs1">Smith M (18 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713180935/https://www.afr.com/world/asia/conspiracy-cover-up-or-distraction-the-lab-leak-theory-is-back-20210616-p581ld/">"Conspiracy, cover-up or distraction: the lab leak theory is back"</a>. Australian Financial Review. Sydney. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/world/asia/conspiracy-cover-up-or-distraction-the-lab-leak-theory-is-back-20210616-p581ld">the original</a> on 13 July 2021. <q>'One of the problems we have as scientists is our words are co-opted by people who have a political agenda,' says Rodrigo. 'What we say can become fodder for conspiracy theories. This is not an issue of a particular country's problem. If the lab leak hypothesis is plausible and is shown to be true then this is an issue into how we manage labs and research facilities. It is not about China. It is about research facilities and how we manage that everywhere.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Financial+Review&rft.atitle=Conspiracy%2C+cover-up+or+distraction%3A+the+lab+leak+theory+is+back&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fconspiracy-cover-up-or-distraction-the-lab-leak-theory-is-back-20210616-p581ld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation journal cs1">Evans NG (26 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7364225">"Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics"</a>. mSphere. 5 (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmSphere.00669-20">10.1128/mSphere.00669-20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7364225">7364225</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32669462">32669462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mSphere&rft.atitle=Human+Infection+Challenge+Studies%3A+a+Test+for+the+Social+Value+Criterion+of+Research+Ethics&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7364225%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32669462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FmSphere.00669-20&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7364225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dapcevich_GOF-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dapcevich_GOF_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dapcevich_GOF_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDapcevich2021" class="citation web cs1">Dapcevich M (20 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/fauci-gain-function-covid/">"Did Fauci Fund 'Gain of Function' Research, Thereby Causing COVID-19 Pandemic?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708135413/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/fauci-gain-function-covid/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2021. 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Retrieved 27 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=Was+NIH-funded+work+on+MERS+virus+in+China+too+risky%3F+Science+examines+the+controversy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwas-nih-funded-work-mers-virus-china-too-risky-science-examines-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/nih-says-grantee-failed-report-experiment-wuhan-created-bat-virus-made-mice-sicker">"NIH says grantee failed to report experiment in Wuhan that created a bat virus that made mice sicker"</a>. www.science.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127152112/https://www.science.org/content/article/nih-says-grantee-failed-report-experiment-wuhan-created-bat-virus-made-mice-sicker">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=NIH+says+grantee+failed+to+report+experiment+in+Wuhan+that+created+a+bat+virus+that+made+mice+sicker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fnih-says-grantee-failed-report-experiment-wuhan-created-bat-virus-made-mice-sicker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTSenateInterimReport-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTSenateInterimReport_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTSenateInterimReport_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTSenateInterimReport_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuellerZimmer2022" class="citation news cs1">Mueller B, Zimmer C (27 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/science/covid-lab-leak-burr-report.html">"G.O.P. Senator's Report on Covid Origins Suggests Lab Leak, but Offers Little New Evidence"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028232652/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/science/covid-lab-leak-burr-report.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G.O.P.+Senator%27s+Report+on+Covid+Origins+Suggests+Lab+Leak%2C+but+Offers+Little+New+Evidence&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F27%2Fscience%2Fcovid-lab-leak-burr-report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/10/27/covid-lab-leak-theory-origin/">"Senate GOP report argues lab-leak theory is most likely origin of covid"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029022637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/10/27/covid-lab-leak-theory-origin/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2022. 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McCaul</a>/<a href="/wiki/U.S._House_Foreign_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee">U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee</a>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826023546/https://gop-foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/ORIGINS-OF-COVID-19-REPORT.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2021. 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Retrieved 29 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=US+intelligence+still+divided+on+origins+of+coronavirus&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Nomaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fscience-health-coronavirus-pandemic-2570b89545d4332b8a3bd7289982aa22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-161"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen J (27 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-s-origins-still-uncertain-us-intelligence-agencies-conclude">"COVID-19's origins still uncertain, U.S. intelligence agencies conclude"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm1388">10.1126/science.abm1388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240981726">240981726</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831193701/https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-s-origins-still-uncertain-us-intelligence-agencies-conclude">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021. <q>The first, and most important, takeaway is that the IC is 'divided on the most likely origin' of the pandemic coronavirus and that both hypotheses are 'plausible.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=COVID-19%27s+origins+still+uncertain%2C+U.S.+intelligence+agencies+conclude&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm1388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240981726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fcovid-19-s-origins-still-uncertain-us-intelligence-agencies-conclude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-162"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2021" class="citation news cs1">Barnes JE (29 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/us/politics/coronavirus-origin-intelligence-report.html">"Origin of Virus May Remain Murky, U.S. Intelligence Agencies Say"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 July 2021. <q>Political voices in favor of the lab-leak theory, particularly from President Donald Trump, served to polarize the issue further and largely pushed the scientific community away from a willingness to consider the lab-leak theory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Nature-based+or+lab+leak%3F+Unraveling+the+debate+over+the+origins+of+COVID-19&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.aulast=Folmer&rft.aufirst=Kaitlyn&rft.au=Salzman%2C+Sony&rft.au=Pezenik%2C+Sasha&rft.au=Abdelmalek%2C+Mark&rft.au=Bruggeman%2C+Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fnature-based-man-made-unraveling-debate-origins-covid%2Fstory%3Fid%3D78268577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasadevallWeissImperiale2021" class="citation journal cs1">Casadevall A, Weiss SR, Imperiale MJ (31 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406229">"Can Science Help Resolve the Controversy on the Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic?"</a>. mBio. 12 (4): e0194821. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.01948-21">10.1128/mBio.01948-21</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406229">8406229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34334001">34334001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mBio&rft.atitle=Can+Science+Help+Resolve+the+Controversy+on+the+Origins+of+the+SARS-CoV-2+Pandemic%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0194821&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8406229%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34334001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FmBio.01948-21&rft.aulast=Casadevall&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Susan+R.&rft.au=Imperiale%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8406229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YuanJiangLi2020-241"><a href="#cite_ref-YuanJiangLi2020_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuanJiangLi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan S, Jiang SC, Li ZL (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7297130">"Analysis of Possible Intermediate Hosts of the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2"</a>. 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Nature Reviews Microbiology. 21 (3): 125–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00837-3">10.1038/s41579-022-00837-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-1534">1740-1534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-1526">1740-1526</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36792727">36792727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256875846">256875846</a>. <q>It is almost certain that the virus originated in bats and crossed species to humans either directly or indirectly via intermediary hosts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+research%3A+knowledge+gaps+and+research+priorities&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-126&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256875846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1740-1534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00837-3&rft.issn=1740-1526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36792727&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Peiris%2C+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41579-022-00837-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keusch2022-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Keusch2022_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeuschAmuasiAndersonDaszak2022" class="citation journal cs1">Keusch GT, Amuasi JH, Anderson DE, Daszak P, Eckerle I, Field H, Koopmans M, Lam SK, Das Neves CG, Peiris M, Perlman S, Wacharapluesadee S, Yadana S, Saif L (18 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9586299">"Pandemic origins and a One Health approach to preparedness and prevention: Solutions based on SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA viruses"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (42): e2202871119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11902871K">2022PNAS..11902871K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2202871119">10.1073/pnas.2202871119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9586299">9586299</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36215506">36215506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252818019">252818019</a>. <q>The increasing scientific evidence concerning the origins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is most consistent with a zoonotic origin and a spillover pathway from wildlife to people via wildlife farming and the wildlife trade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pandemic+origins+and+a+One+Health+approach+to+preparedness+and+prevention%3A+Solutions+based+on+SARS-CoV-2+and+other+RNA+viruses&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=e2202871119&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9586299%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252818019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11902871K&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2202871119&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36215506&rft.aulast=Keusch&rft.aufirst=Gerald+T.&rft.au=Amuasi%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Danielle+E.&rft.au=Daszak%2C+Peter&rft.au=Eckerle%2C+Isabella&rft.au=Field%2C+Hume&rft.au=Koopmans%2C+Marion&rft.au=Lam%2C+Sai+Kit&rft.au=Das+Neves%2C+Carlos+G.&rft.au=Peiris%2C+Malik&rft.au=Perlman%2C+Stanley&rft.au=Wacharapluesadee%2C+Supaporn&rft.au=Yadana%2C+Su&rft.au=Saif%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9586299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lmic-248"><a href="#cite_ref-lmic_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lanmic.2024.07.016">"COVID-19 origins: plain speaking is overdue"</a>. The Lancet Microbe. 5 (8): 100953. 2024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lanmic.2024.07.016">10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.07.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39033760">39033760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Microbe&rft.atitle=COVID-19+origins%3A+plain+speaking+is+overdue&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=100953&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lanmic.2024.07.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39033760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.lanmic.2024.07.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimPark2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kim JH, Park J (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9561504">"Perceived China Threat, Conspiracy Belief, and Public Support for Restrictive Immigration Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic"</a>. Race and Justice. 13 (1): 130–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21533687221125818">10.1177/21533687221125818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9561504">9561504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Perceived+China+Threat%2C+Conspiracy+Belief%2C+and+Public+Support+for+Restrictive+Immigration+Control+During+the+COVID-19+Pandemic&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-52&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9561504%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F21533687221125818&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Park%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9561504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomesaroffDwyer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Komesaroff PA, Dwyer DE (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10942872">"The Question of the Origins of COVID-19 and the Ends of Science"</a>. J Bioeth Inq. 20 (4): 575–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11673-023-10303-1">10.1007/s11673-023-10303-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10942872">10942872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37697176">37697176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Bioeth+Inq&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+the+Origins+of+COVID-19+and+the+Ends+of+Science&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-583&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10942872%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37697176&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11673-023-10303-1&rft.aulast=Komesaroff&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Dwyer%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10942872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuChenRizzoloQian2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu AL, Chen R, Rizzolo J, Qian J (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10076075">"Perceptions of COVID-19 origins and China's wildlife policy reforms"</a>. Glob Ecol Conserv. 43: e02463. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023GEcoC..4302463Z">2023GEcoC..4302463Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2023.e02463">10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02463</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10076075">10076075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37069900">37069900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glob+Ecol+Conserv&rft.atitle=Perceptions+of+COVID-19+origins+and+China%27s+wildlife+policy+reforms&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=e02463&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10076075%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37069900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2023.e02463&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023GEcoC..4302463Z&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Chen%2C+R&rft.au=Rizzolo%2C+J&rft.au=Qian%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10076075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+lab+leak+theory" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Declassified-Assessment-on-COVID-19-Origins.pdf">Declassified report from the National Intelligence Council</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Unclassified-Summary-of-Assessment-on-COVID-19-Origins.pdf">Executive summary</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gop-foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/ORIGINS-OF-COVID-19-REPORT.pdf">The Origins of COVID-19: an investigation of the Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> - report by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">US House Foreign Affairs Committee</a> Minority Staff</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part">World Health Organisation report on the origins of COVID-19</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="COVID-19_pandemic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> (disease)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> (virus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic">Pre-pandemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a> (MERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Contagion" title="Crimson Contagion">Crimson Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Health_Security#Event_201" title="Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security">Event 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus" title="Exercise Cygnus">Exercise Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Locations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_timeline_by_country_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa">timeline</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">national responses</a>)</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland">Puntland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa" title="List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa">list of deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana">Ghana</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(March%E2%80%93July_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)">March–July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(August%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)">August–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">education</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central/North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">political</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo">Tokyo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics">2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan" title="Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan">respirator diplomacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">Mainland China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China" title="COVID-19 lockdown in China">lockdown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China">detail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing">Beijing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics" title="COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics">2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak" title="2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak">2022 outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan">Tablighi Jamaat hotspot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India#Evacuations_by_India_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India" title="COVID-19 lockdown in India">lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic">migrant workers' crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">statistics</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(January%E2%80%93May_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)">January–May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(June%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)">June–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">union government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund" title="PM CARES Fund">PM CARES Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia#SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">state government responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India" title="COVID-19 vaccination in India">vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri" title="Vaccine Maitri">Vaccine Maitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi">Delhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi">Tablighi Jamaat hotspot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala">Kerala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_East_Timor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions" title="Indonesia large-scale social restrictions">social restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement" title="Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement">Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">Singapore</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures" title="2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures">circuit breaker response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Aid and relief efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order" title="Malaysian movement control order">movement control order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia">Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor">Selangor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">community quarantines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon" title="Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon">Luzon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic">evacuations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#COVID-19_testing_controversy" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">testing controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga">Caraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region">Davao Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic">Overseas Filipinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(country)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">history</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)">January–June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)">July–December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)">January–June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)">July–December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)">January–June 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)">July–December 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rescript" title="Operation Rescript">Operation Rescript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contracts</a></li></ul></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England" title="COVID-19 pandemic in England">England</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England" title="COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England">local lockdown regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England" title="First COVID-19 tier regulations in England">first tier regulations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus">Belarus</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)">January–June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)">July–December 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">political impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Balkans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia">statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy">lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla">Melilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gloria" title="Operation Gloria">Operation Gloria</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">EFTA countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microstates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino" title="COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">federal aid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_vaccinations_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada vaccinations by province">by province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laser" title="Operation Laser">military response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble" title="Atlantic Bubble">Atlantic Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">Alberta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">Ontario</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel">Peel Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York">York Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">Provincial government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario">Vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal">Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic">boroughs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saba">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French West Indies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Trump administration communication</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19" title="2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19">2021 hospital crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">responses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">state and local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">California government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">New York government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Texas government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council" title="Eastern States Multi-state Council">Eastern States Multi-state Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact" title="Midwest Governors Regional Pact">Midwest Governors Regional Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_States_Pact" title="Western States Pact">Western States Pact</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona">Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="COVID-19 pandemic in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area">S.F. Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada">Nevada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon">Oregon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C." title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)">2020</a></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand">Alert levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework" title="COVID-19 Protection Framework">Traffic light system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand">managed isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina">human rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco">Cusco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">Cruise ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess">Diamond Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess">Grand Princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships">Naval ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt">USS Theodore Roosevelt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impact</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage">Arts and cultural heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture" title="COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture">References in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">films affected</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-chan" title="Corona-chan">Corona-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry">Fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States">U.S.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting">U.S. sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">programs affected</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy" title="2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy">exam grading controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble" title="Bio-secure bubble">Bio-secure bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season" title="Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season">NBA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports">Combat sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf">Disc golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football">Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Social impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19" title="Social stigma associated with COVID-19">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party#COVID-19_party" title="Pox party">COVID-19 parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children">Children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States">foster care in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_baking" title="Pandemic baking">Pandemic baking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers">Healthcare workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic">Indian migrant workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Resignation" title="Great Resignation">Great Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic">Strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong#Protests" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea#History" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan#0" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States">Abortion in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention" title="COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention">U.S. immigration detention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">African communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities">Disability community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities">Native American communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Charitable activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_scams" title="COVID-19 scams">COVID-19 scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel restrictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment" title="COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment">COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">Airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Cannabis industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry">Food industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada">meat industry in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States">meat industry in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States">restaurant industry in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals">Hospitals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity">ICU capacity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities">Long-term care facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Mink farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supply and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage" title="2020–2023 global chip shortage">Chip supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis" title="2021–2023 global supply chain crisis">Global supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">Oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">Food security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">Global stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 inflation surge">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">Wikipedia's response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">Misinformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">Governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plandemic" title="Plandemic">Plandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">National responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation" title="List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Political impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest" title="2021 Abkhazia unrest">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17A" title="17A">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 protests in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra" title="Convoy to Canberra">Convoy to Canberra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests" title="2022 Brussels protests">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Brazil" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests" title="2020 Brazilian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests" title="2021 Brazilian protests">2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests" title="2020–2021 Bulgarian protests">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 protests in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests" title="2019–2022 Chilean protests">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest" title="2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest">Beijing Sitong Bridge protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests" title="2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests">healthcare reform protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Colombia" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests" title="2021 Colombian protests">2021 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests" title="2022 Colombian protests">2022 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#France" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies" title="2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies">French West Indies social unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_convoy_protest" title="France convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 protests in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting" title="2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting">Idar-Oberstein shooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Greek_protests" title="2021 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 protests in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu">protests against Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy" title="Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests" title="2021 Mongolian protests">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots" title="2021 Dutch curfew riots">curfew riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 protests in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest" title="2022 Wellington protest">Wellington protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests" title="2021 Paraguayan protests">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests" title="2020–2022 Serbian protests">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests" title="2021 Tunisian protests">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 protests in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_the_States" title="Open the States">Open the States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations">International relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Moldovan–Romanian collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6104900" class="extiw" title="d:Q6104900">Nicaragua–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan" title="Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan">Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy" title="Vaccine diplomacy">Vaccine diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropause" title="Anthropause">Anthropause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">Green recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology#Telecommunications" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Quarantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superspreading_event" title="Superspreading event">Superspreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twindemic" title="Twindemic">Twindemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_town" title="Zoom town">Zoom towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals" title="COVID-19 pandemic and animals">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women">Pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19" title="Transmission of COVID-19">Transmission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19" title="Symptoms of COVID-19">Symptoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer" title="COVID-19 and cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19" title="Endemic COVID-19">Endemic COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19" title="Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19">Skin manifestations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">Non-COVID-19–related health issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve#Raising_the_line" title="Flattening the curve">Raise the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19" title="Rehabilitation after COVID-19">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Unproven medical methods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing and epidemiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_datasets" title="COVID-19 datasets">Datasets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">Death rates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">Disease testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer" title="Coronavirus breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Moonshot" title="Operation Moonshot">Operation Moonshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_to_Release" title="Test to Release">Test to Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium" title="UK Rapid Test Consortium">UK Rapid Test Consortium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test" title="AbC-19 rapid antibody test">AbC-19 rapid antibody test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">investigations into the origins</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lab leak theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test" title="COVID-19 rapid antigen test">Rapid antigen test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" title="Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance" title="COVID-19 surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country" title="Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country">Undercounting COVID-19 deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_apps" title="COVID-19 apps">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarogya_Setu" title="Aarogya Setu">Aarogya Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueTrace" title="BlueTrace">BlueTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CareFIJI" title="CareFIJI">careFIJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia" title="Coronavirus Australia">Coronavirus Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-Warn-App" title="Corona-Warn-App">Corona-Warn-App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application" title="COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application">COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Alert" title="COVID Alert">COVID Alert</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa#COVID_AlertSA" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID AlertSA</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIDSafe" title="COVIDSafe">COVIDSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covid_Watch" title="Covid Watch">Covid Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing" title="Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing">Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_Notification" title="Exposure Notification">Exposure Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Code">Health Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_Together" title="Healthy Together">Healthy Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuni" title="Immuni">Immuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronavilkku" title="Koronavilkku">Koronavilkku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe" title="LeaveHomeSafe">LeaveHomeSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySejahtera" title="MySejahtera">MySejahtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">NHS COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer" title="NZ COVID Tracer">NZ COVID Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier" title="NZ Pass Verifier">NZ Pass Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PathCheck" title="PathCheck">PathCheck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeduliLindungi" title="PeduliLindungi">PeduliLindungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeEntry" title="SafeEntry">SafeEntry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafePass" title="SafePass">SafePass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StaySafe.ph" title="StaySafe.ph">StaySafe.ph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SwissCovid" title="SwissCovid">SwissCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCN_Protocol" title="TCN Protocol">TCN Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect" title="Test, Trace, Protect">Test, Trace, Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chana" title="Thai Chana">Thai Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TousAntiCovid" title="TousAntiCovid">TousAntiCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TraceTogether" title="TraceTogether">TraceTogether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtrace" title="Valtrace">Valtrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study" title="Zoe Health Study">Zoe Health Study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box" title="Corsi–Rosenthal Box">Corsi–Rosenthal Box</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_fatigue#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic fatigue">COVID fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-mask sentiment">Anti-mask sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration" title="Great Barrington Declaration">Great Barrington Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">International aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19" title="Public health mitigation of COVID-19">Public health mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge" title="Safe Hands Challenge">Safe Hands Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">Vaccines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations" title="List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations">Authorizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research" title="COVID-19 vaccine clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="History of COVID-19 vaccine development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate" title="EU Digital COVID Certificate">EU Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Misinformation and hesitancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19" title="Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19">Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a> (U.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination" title="Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination">Post-vaccination complications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card" title="COVID-19 vaccine card">Vaccine card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">Vaccine passports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZyCoV-D" title="ZyCoV-D">ZyCoV-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIran_Barekat" title="COVIran Barekat">COVIran Barekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoviVac_(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine)" title="CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)">CoviVac (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAKHRAVAC" title="FAKHRAVAC">FAKHRAVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Minhai COVID-19 vaccine">Minhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QazCovid-in" title="QazCovid-in">QazCovid-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm WIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkovac" title="Turkovac">Turkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdala_(vaccine)" title="Abdala (vaccine)">Abdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a> (Bio E COVID-19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVAX-19" title="COVAX-19">COVAX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndoVac" title="IndoVac">IndoVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine" title="MVC COVID-19 vaccine">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noora_(vaccine)" title="Noora (vaccine)">Noora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars" title="Razi Cov Pars">Razi Cov Pars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm CNBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_02" title="Soberana 02">Soberana 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_Plus" title="Soberana Plus">Soberana Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">ZF2001</a> (Zifivax)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" title="Viral vector vaccine">Viral vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">Convidecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Light" title="Sputnik Light">Sputnik Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoVLP" title="CoVLP">CoVLP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVI-VAC_(U.S._COVID-19_vaccine)" title="COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)">COVI-VAC (United States)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119" title="AG0302-COVID‑19">AG0302-COVID‑19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GX-19" title="GX-19">GX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Inovio COVID-19 vaccine">Inovio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactivated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KD-414" title="KD-414">KD-414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-021" title="ARCT-021">ARCT-021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-154" title="ARCT-154">ARCT-154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangavax" title="Bangavax">Bangavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine" title="CureVac COVID-19 vaccine">CureVac</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGC019" title="HGC019">HGC019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRNA-1283" title="MRNA-1283">mRNA-1283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B" title="PTX-COVID19-B">PTX-COVID19-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–Translate Bio</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine">Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Walvax COVID-19 vaccine">Walvax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subunit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/202-CoV" title="202-CoV">202-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AKS-452" title="AKS-452">AKS-452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCorVac-19" title="EuCorVac-19">EuCorVac-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVX-411" title="IVX-411">IVX-411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocovax" title="Nanocovax">Nanocovax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCOV" title="ReCOV">ReCOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-268019" title="S-268019">S-268019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCB-2019" title="SCB-2019">SCB-2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCTV01C" title="SCTV01C">SCTV01C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-612" title="UB-612">UB-612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-01" title="V-01">V-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V451_vaccine" title="V451 vaccine">V451</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine">Vabiotech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine" title="West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine">West China Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral vector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19" title="AdCLD-CoV19">AdCLD-CoV19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BriLife" title="BriLife">BriLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COH04S1" title="COH04S1">COH04S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT" title="DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT">DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAd-COV2" title="GRAd-COV2">GRAd-COV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine">ImmunityBio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INCOVACC" title="INCOVACC">iNCOVACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INNA-051" title="INNA-051">INNA-051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine">Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABNCoV2" title="ABNCoV2">ABNCoV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYB001" title="LYB001">LYB001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MigVax-101" title="MigVax-101">MigVax-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBI-2902" title="VBI-2902">VBI-2902</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment by location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">Mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India" title="COVID-19 vaccination in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France" title="COVID-19 vaccination in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States">mandates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19" title="Treatment and management of COVID-19">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">Drug repurposing research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone#COVID‑19" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation#Use_in_COVID-19_patients" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_ventilator#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Open-source ventilator">Open-source ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial" title="PANORAMIC trial">PANORAMIC trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial" title="RECOVERY Trial">RECOVERY Trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_trial" title="Solidarity trial">Solidarity trial</a> (WHO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab" title="Bamlanivimab/etesevimab">Bamlanivimab/etesevimab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab" title="Bamlanivimab">Bamlanivimab</a></li> <li>Etesevimab</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebtelovimab" title="Bebtelovimab">Bebtelovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab" title="Casirivimab/imdevimab">Casirivimab/imdevimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regdanvimab" title="Regdanvimab">Regdanvimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotrovimab" title="Sotrovimab">Sotrovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab" title="Tixagevimab/cilgavimab">Tixagevimab/cilgavimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Small molecule antivirals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug" title="Broad-spectrum antiviral drug">Broad-spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensitrelvir" title="Ensitrelvir">Ensitrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molnupiravir" title="Molnupiravir">Molnupiravir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remdesivir#COVID-19" title="Remdesivir">Remdesivir</a></li></ul></li> <li>Co-packaged <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir" title="Nirmatrelvir">Nirmatrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir" title="Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir">ritonavir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant">Zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant">Eta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant">Iota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617" title="SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617">Lineage B.1.617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2#B.1.640.2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Lineage B.1.640.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern">Variant of concern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals and medical clinics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan" title="Central Hospital of Wuhan">Central Hospital of Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre" title="Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre">Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangcang_hospital" title="Fangcang hospital">Fangcang hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital" title="Huoshenshan Hospital">Huoshenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital" title="Leishenshan Hospital">Leishenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel" title="Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel">Xinjia Express Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital" title="Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital">Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic">Hospital ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre" title="Garran Surge Centre">Garran Surge Centre</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador" title="Hospital El Salvador">Hospital El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SevenHills_Hospital#COVID-19_hospital" title="SevenHills Hospital">SevenHills Hospital</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village" title="Kemayoran Athletes Village">Kemayoran Athletes Village</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital" title="Pyongyang General Hospital">Pyongyang General Hospital</a> (North Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang" title="Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang">Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers" title="Mega Ligtas COVID Centers">Mega Ligtas COVID Centers</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre">Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital" title="Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital">Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital" title="Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital">Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom#NHS_England" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">NHS Nightingale Hospitals</a> (England) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North East">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North West">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan" title="NHS Louisa Jordan">NHS Louisa Jordan</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital" title="Dragon's Heart Hospital">Dragon's Heart Hospital</a> (Wales)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="National Cabinet (Australia)">National Cabinet</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScienceUpFirst" title="ScienceUpFirst">ScienceUpFirst</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_SAGE" title="Independent SAGE">Independent SAGE</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (African Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre" title="Ghana Infectious Disease Centre">Ghana Infectious Disease Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)">Department of Health (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency" title="Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency">Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases" title="National Institute for Communicable Diseases">National Institute for Communicable Diseases</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control" title="Taiwan Centers for Disease Control">Taiwan Centers for Disease Control</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pandemic institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board" title="National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board">National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Immunity Task Force">COVID-19 Immunity Task Force</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council" title="COVID-19 Supply Council">COVID-19 Supply Council</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PREPARE" title="PREPARE">PREPARE</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19" title="National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19">National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force">COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_(2020)" title="National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)">National Public Health Emergency Team</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting" title="Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting">Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre" title="Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre">Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee" title="Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee">Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases" title="Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases">Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center" title="Central Epidemic Command Center">Central Epidemic Command Center</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board" title="Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board">Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium" title="COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium">COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team">Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre" title="Joint Biosecurity Centre">Joint Biosecurity Centre</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce" title="Vaccine Taskforce">Vaccine Taskforce</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups" title="Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups">Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="White House COVID-19 Response Team">White House COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GACH" title="GACH">GACH</a> (Uruguay)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relief funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund" title="PM CARES Fund">PM CARES Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia#SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_Relief" title="Artist Relief">Artist Relief</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical professionals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Fen" title="Ai Fen">Ai Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Rintawan" title="Corona Rintawan">Corona Rintawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wen_(doctor)" title="Liu Wen (doctor)">Liu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Linka" title="Xie Linka">Xie Linka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong" title="Zhang Wenhong">Zhang Wenhong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers" title="Category:Coronavirus researchers">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud" title="Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud">Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burioni" title="Roberto Burioni">Roberto Burioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wei_(medical_scientist)" title="Chen Wei (medical scientist)">Chen Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett" title="Kizzmekia Corbett">Kizzmekia Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_(scientist)" title="Andrea Crisanti (scientist)">Andrea Crisanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Daszak" title="Peter Daszak">Peter Daszak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(epidemiologist)" title="Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)">Neil Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Fisher" title="Dale Fisher">Dale Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Gao" title="George F. Gao">George F. Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azra_Ghani" title="Azra Ghani">Azra Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yi" title="Guan Yi">Guan Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata" title="Kentaro Iwata">Kentaro Iwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Keeling" title="Matt Keeling">Matt Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudie_Lang" title="Trudie Lang">Trudie Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanjuan" title="Li Lanjuan">Li Lanjuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin" title="W. Ian Lipkin">W. Ian Lipkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei" title="Ma Xiaowei">Ma Xiaowei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabir_Madhi" title="Shabir Madhi">Shabir Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_McGeer" title="Allison McGeer">Allison McGeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Rothe" title="Camilla Rothe">Camilla Rothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhengli" title="Shi Zhengli">Shi Zhengli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui" title="Moncef Slaoui">Moncef Slaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tildesley" title="Mike Tildesley">Mike Tildesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Todd_(British_biologist)" title="John Todd (British biologist)">John Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(physician)" title="Wang Chen (physician)">Wang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangfa" title="Wang Guangfa">Wang Guangfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung" title="Yuen Kwok-yung">Yuen Kwok-yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guang" title="Zeng Guang">Zeng Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jixian" title="Zhang Jixian">Zhang Jixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen" title="Zhang Yongzhen">Zhang Yongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan" title="Zhong Nanshan">Zhong Nanshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WHO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom</a> (Director-General of the WHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Aylward" title="Bruce Aylward">Bruce Aylward</a> (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove" title="Maria Van Kerkhove">Maria Van Kerkhove</a> (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_(doctor)" title="Michael J. Ryan (doctor)">Michael J. Ryan</a> (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Atherton" title="Frank Atherton">Frank Atherton</a> (Wales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield" title="Ashley Bloomfield">Ashley Bloomfield</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood" title="Catherine Calderwood">Catherine Calderwood</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen" title="Chang Shan-chwen">Chang Shan-chwen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul" title="Anutin Charnvirakul">Anutin Charnvirakul</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung" title="Chen Shih-chung">Chen Shih-chung</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching" title="Chuang Yin-ching">Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Costache" title="Victor Costache">Victor Costache</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio" title="Fabrizio Curcio">Fabrizio Curcio</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Deseda" title="Carmen Deseda">Carmen Deseda</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel" title="Jaap van Dissel">Jaap van Dissel</a> (the Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III" title="Francisco Duque III">Francisco Duque III</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo" title="Francesco Paolo Figliuolo">Francesco Paolo Figliuolo</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas" title="Graça Freitas">Graça Freitas</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo" title="Henrique Gouveia e Melo">Henrique Gouveia e Melo</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_Hasan" title="Hamad Hasan">Hamad Hasan</a> (Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hunt" title="Greg Hunt">Greg Hunt</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Holohan" title="Tony Holohan">Tony Holohan</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong" title="Jeong Eun-kyeong">Jeong Eun-kyeong</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca" title="Fahrettin Koca">Fahrettin Koca</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez">Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McBride_(doctor)" title="Michael McBride (doctor)">Michael McBride</a> (Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0" title="Oriol Mitjà">Oriol Mitjà</a> (Andorra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize" title="Zweli Mkhize">Zweli Mkhize</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_Monardo" title="Doni Monardo">Doni Monardo</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller" title="Alma Möller">Alma Möller</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Namaki" title="Saeed Namaki">Saeed Namaki</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco" title="Ala Nemerenco">Ala Nemerenco</a> (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long" title="Nguyễn Thanh Long">Nguyễn Thanh Long</a> (Vietnam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah" title="Noor Hisham Abdullah">Noor Hisham Abdullah</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pilli" title="Ali Pilli">Ali Pilli</a> (Northern Cyprus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Salinas" title="Daniel Salinas">Daniel Salinas</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon" title="Jérôme Salomon">Jérôme Salomon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Fernando Simón">Fernando Simón</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Smith" title="Gregor Smith">Gregor Smith</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Ih-jen" title="Su Ih-jen">Su Ih-jen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski" title="Łukasz Szumowski">Łukasz Szumowski</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Tam" title="Theresa Tam">Theresa Tam</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Tegnell" title="Anders Tegnell">Anders Tegnell</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason" title="Þórólfur Guðnason">Þórólfur Guðnason</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras" title="Sotiris Tsiodras">Sotiris Tsiodras</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_(Delhi_politician)" title="Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)">Harsh Vardhan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson" title="Víðir Reynisson">Víðir Reynisson</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti" title="Carla Vizzotti">Carla Vizzotti</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu" title="Vlad Voiculescu">Vlad Voiculescu</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Whitty" title="Chris Whitty">Chris Whitty</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Zients" title="Jeff Zients">Jeff Zients</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Qiushi" title="Chen Qiushi">Chen Qiushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Crozier" title="Brett Crozier">Brett Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bin" title="Fang Bin">Fang Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond" title="Joseph Ashitey Hammond">Joseph Ashitey Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehua" title="Li Zehua">Li Zehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore" title="Captain Tom Moore">Captain Tom Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang" title="Qiu Menghuang">Qiu Menghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang" title="Ren Zhiqiang">Ren Zhiqiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">List of deaths due to COVID-19</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_(templates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Data (templates)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory#Statistics" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Cases, deaths, recoveries by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Virus_testing_statistics_by_country" title="COVID-19 testing">Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Virus_testing_statistics_by_country_subdivision" title="COVID-19 testing">Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision</a></li> <li>WHO situation reports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_September_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_October_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_November_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_December_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2021">August 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">World map by countries: confirmed per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China#Graphics" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds#Numbers" title="List of countries by hospital beds">Hospital beds by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns#Table_of_pandemic_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Algeria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Algeria medical cases chart">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Angola_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Angola medical cases chart">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Benin_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Benin medical cases chart">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Botswana_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Botswana medical cases chart">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burkina_Faso_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Burkina Faso medical cases chart">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burundi_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Burundi medical cases chart">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cameroon_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cameroon medical cases chart">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Comoros_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Comoros medical cases chart">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Egypt medical cases chart">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Eswatini_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Eswatini medical cases chart">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ethiopia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ethiopia medical cases chart">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ghana medical cases">Ghana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ghana medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ivory_Coast_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ivory Coast medical cases chart">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kenya_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kenya medical cases chart">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Libya_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Libya medical cases chart">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malawi_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malawi medical cases chart">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mali_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mali medical cases chart">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mauritania medical cases chart">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritius_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mauritius medical cases chart">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Morocco_(including_occupied_Western_Sahara)_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara) medical cases chart">Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mozambique_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mozambique medical cases chart">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nigeria medical cases">Nigera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nigeria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/São Tomé and Príncipe medical cases chart">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Senegal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Senegal medical cases chart">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Seychelles_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Seychelles medical cases chart">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sierra_Leone_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sierra Leone medical cases chart">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Africa medical cases">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Africa medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Sudan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Sudan medical cases chart">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sudan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sudan medical cases chart">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tanzania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tanzania medical cases chart">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Togo_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Togo medical cases chart">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tunisia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tunisia medical cases chart">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uganda_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uganda medical cases chart">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zambia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zambia medical cases chart">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zimbabwe medical cases">Zimbabwe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zimbabwe medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bolivia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bolivia medical cases">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brazil_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brazil medical cases">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases by province">by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_vaccinations_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada vaccinations by province">vaccinations by province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Chile medical cases">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases_by_commune" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Chile medical cases by commune">by commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Colombia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Colombia medical cases chart">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Costa Rica medical cases">Costa Rica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Costa Rica medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cuba_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cuba medical cases chart">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Dominican_Republic_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Dominican Republic medical cases chart">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ecuador_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ecuador medical cases chart">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/El_Salvador_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/El Salvador medical cases chart">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Guatemala_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Guatemala medical cases chart">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Haiti_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Haiti medical cases chart">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Honduras_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Honduras medical cases chart">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mexico medical cases">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mexico medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nicaragua_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nicaragua medical cases chart">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Panama_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Panama medical cases chart">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Paraguay_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Paraguay medical cases chart">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Peru_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Peru medical cases chart">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases_by_state" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uruguay_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uruguay medical cases chart">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Venezuela_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Venezuela medical cases chart">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Afghanistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Afghanistan medical cases chart">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Azerbaijan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Azerbaijan medical cases chart">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bahrain_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bahrain medical cases chart">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases chart">Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_by_division" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases by division">by division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases">Bhutan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brunei_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brunei medical cases chart">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_summary" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases summary">summary</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_(dots)" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)">confirmed per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China">lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/China_medical_cases_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/China medical cases by province">by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hong_Kong_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hong Kong medical cases chart">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Macau_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Macau medical cases chart">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cyprus medical cases chart">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/East_Timor_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/East Timor medical cases chart">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Egypt medical cases chart">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Georgia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Georgia medical cases chart">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/India_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/India medical cases chart">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iraq_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iraq medical cases chart">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Jordan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Jordan medical cases chart">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kazakhstan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kazakhstan medical cases chart">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kuwait_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kuwait medical cases chart">Kuwait cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kyrgyzstan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kyrgyzstan medical cases chart">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Laos_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Laos medical cases">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lebanon_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lebanon medical cases chart">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Charts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Charts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">charts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Myanmar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_summary" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases summary">summary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases">Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases">Oman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">areas of quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Qatar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Qatar medical cases chart">Qatar</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_by_federal_subject" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases by federal subject">by federal subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Saudi_Arabia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Saudi Arabia medical cases chart">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Singapore_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Singapore medical cases chart">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Korea_COVID-19_vaccination_charts" title="Template:South Korea COVID-19 vaccination charts">vaccinations charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sri_Lanka_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sri Lanka medical cases chart">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Syria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Syria medical cases chart">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Taiwan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Taiwan medical cases chart">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwan_COVID-19_vaccination_charts" title="Template:Taiwan COVID-19 vaccination charts">vaccination charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tajikistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tajikistan medical cases chart">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Thailand_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Thailand medical cases chart">Thailand cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases">Uzbekistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vietnam_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vietnam medical cases chart">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam_statistics_charts" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam statistics charts">statistics charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Yemen_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Yemen medical cases chart">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Europe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Europe medical cases chart">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Albania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Albania medical cases chart">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Austria medical cases">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Austria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belarus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belarus medical cases chart">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belgium medical cases">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belgium medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bosnia and Herzegovina medical cases chart">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bulgaria medical cases">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bulgaria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Croatia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Croatia medical cases chart">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cyprus medical cases chart">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Czech_Republic_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Czech Republic medical cases chart">Czech Republic</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Denmark_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Denmark medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Faroe_Islands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Faroe Islands medical cases chart">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Estonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Estonia medical cases chart">Estonia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Finland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Finland medical cases chart">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/France medical cases">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/France medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Germany_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Germany medical cases chart">Germany cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Greece_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Greece medical cases chart">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hungary_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hungary medical cases chart">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iceland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iceland medical cases">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iceland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iceland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Ireland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Ireland medical cases">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Ireland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Ireland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy medical cases">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_statistics_charts" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy statistics charts">statistics charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kosovo_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kosovo medical cases chart">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Latvia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Latvia medical cases chart">Latvia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lithuania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lithuania medical cases chart">Lithuania cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Luxembourg_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Luxembourg medical cases chart">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malta_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malta medical cases chart">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Moldova_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Moldova medical cases chart">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Monaco_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Monaco medical cases chart">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Montenegro_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Montenegro medical cases chart">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Netherlands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Netherlands medical cases chart">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/North_Macedonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/North Macedonia medical cases chart">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Norway_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Norway medical cases">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Norway_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Norway medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases_by_voivodeship" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases by voivodeship">by voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Portugal_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Portugal medical cases">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Portugal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Portugal medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Romania_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Romania medical cases">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Romania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Romania medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_by_federal_subject" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases by federal subject">by federal subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/San_Marino_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/San Marino medical cases chart">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Serbia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Serbia medical cases chart">Serbia</a></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovakia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovakia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovakia_medical_cases_by_region" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovakia medical cases by region">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovenia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovenia medical cases chart">Slovenia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Spain_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Spain medical cases chart">Spain cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sweden_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sweden medical cases">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sweden_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sweden medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Switzerland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Switzerland medical cases chart">Switzerland cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ukraine_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ukraine medical cases chart">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom medical cases">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Gibraltar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Gibraltar medical cases chart">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_daily_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations daily chart">daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_weekly_by_nation_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations weekly by nation chart">by nation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vatican_City_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vatican City medical cases chart">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Australia_cases_by_state/territory" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Australia cases by state/territory">Australia by state/territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Fiji_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Fiji medical cases chart">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/French_Polynesia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/French Polynesia medical cases chart">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/New_Caledonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/New Caledonia medical cases chart">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/New_Zealand_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/New Zealand medical cases chart">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Papua_New_Guinea_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Papua New Guinea medical cases chart">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Solomon_Islands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Solomon Islands medical cases chart">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Antarctica_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Antarctica medical cases chart">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Diamond_Princess_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Diamond Princess medical cases">Diamond Princess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/China_medical_cases_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/China medical cases by province">data</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases (page does not exist)">aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases chart">chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_(dots)" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)">confirmed per capita</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_COVID-19_outbreak_in_mainland_China" title="2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China">2019–2020 outbreak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anhui" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing">Beijing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fujian" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guangdong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hebei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">Hubei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan Seafood Market</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hunan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jiangxi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jilin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ningxia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shandong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak" title="2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak">2022 outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shaanxi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanxi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tianjin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zhejiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">Government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Code">Health Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China" title="COVID-19 lockdown in China">Lockdowns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak#Lockdown" title="2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak">Shanghai 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China">Details</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">Protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations (people)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals (doctors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan" title="Central Hospital of Wuhan">Central Hospital of Wuhan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Fen" title="Ai Fen">Ai Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuhan_Red_Cross_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuhan Red Cross Hospital (page does not exist)">Wuhan Red Cross Hospital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wen_(doctor)" title="Liu Wen (doctor)">Liu Wen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Union_Hospital" title="Wuhan Union Hospital">Wuhan Union Hospital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Linka" title="Xie Linka">Xie Linka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubei_Provincial_Hospital_of_Integrated_Chinese_and_Western_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (page does not exist)">Hubei Hospital of Integrated C&W Med.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jixian" title="Zhang Jixian">Zhang Jixian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital" title="Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital">Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital" title="Huoshenshan Hospital">Huoshenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital" title="Leishenshan Hospital">Leishenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangcang_hospital" title="Fangcang hospital">Fangcang hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre" title="Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre">Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorities (officials)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Chunlan" title="Sun Chunlan">Sun Chunlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">National Health Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei" title="Ma Xiaowei">Ma Xiaowei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">CCDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention">National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hesheng_(politician)" title="Wang Hesheng 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Uni.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan" title="Zhong Nanshan">Zhong Nanshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_University" title="Zhejiang University">Zhejiang Uni.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanjuan" title="Li Lanjuan">Li Lanjuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_University_Health_Science_Center" title="Peking University Health Science Center">PKU 1st Hospital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangfa" title="Wang Guangfa">Wang Guangfa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_University_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" title="Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine">Tianjin Uni. of TCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli_(physician)" title="Zhang Boli (physician)">Zhang Boli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huashan_Hospital" title="Huashan Hospital">Huashan Hospital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong" title="Zhang Wenhong">Zhang Wenhong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">HKU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yi" title="Guan Yi">Guan Yi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Qiushi" title="Chen Qiushi">Chen Qiushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bin" title="Fang Bin">Fang Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehua" title="Li Zehua">Li Zehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang" title="Qiu Menghuang">Qiu Menghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang" title="Ren Zhiqiang">Ren Zhiqiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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