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id="toc-Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatḥah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatḥah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Fatḥah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatḥah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasrah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasrah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Kasrah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasrah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ḍammah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ḍammah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Ḍammah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ḍammah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alif_Khanjariyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alif_Khanjariyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Alif Khanjariyah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alif_Khanjariyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maddah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maddah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Maddah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maddah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alif_waslah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alif_waslah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Alif waslah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alif_waslah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukūn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukūn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Sukūn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukūn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanwin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanwin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Tanwin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanwin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaddah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaddah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Shaddah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaddah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I‘jām" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I‘jām"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 I‘jām </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I‘jām-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Hamza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics_not_used_in_Modern_Standard_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics_not_used_in_Modern_Standard_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diacritics_not_used_in_Modern_Standard_Arabic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diacritics_not_used_in_Modern_Standard_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rohingya_tone_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rohingya_tone_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Rohingya tone markers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rohingya_tone_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abu_al-Aswad's_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_al-Aswad's_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Abu al-Aswad's system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_al-Aswad's_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al_Farahidi's_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_Farahidi's_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Al Farahidi's system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_Farahidi's_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_diacritization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_diacritization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Automatic diacritization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_diacritization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arabic diacritics</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علامة تشكيل عربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علامة تشكيل عربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99r%C9%99k%C9%99" title="Hərəkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərəkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijakritici_u_arapskom_pismu" title="Dijakritici u arapskom pismu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dijakritici u arapskom pismu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Харакат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Харакат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschk%C4%ABl" title="Taschkīl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taschkīl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat" title="Harakat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harakat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="حرکت‌گذاری عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرکت‌گذاری عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritiques_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacr%C3%ADticos_do_alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Diacríticos do alfabeto árabe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diacríticos do alfabeto árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արաբերենի ձայնանիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբերենի ձայնանիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat" title="Harakat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harakat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segni_diacritici_dell%27alfabeto_arabo" title="Segni diacritici dell'alfabeto arabo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Segni diacritici dell'alfabeto arabo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9C" title="תשכיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תשכיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Харакат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Харакат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereke" title="Hereke – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hereke" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="حركه (تشكيل) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حركه (تشكيل)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_diakritik_bahasa_Arab" title="Tanda diakritik bahasa Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanda diakritik bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB" title="シャクル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャクル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اعراب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اعراب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat" title="Harakat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harakat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Огласовки в арабском письме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Огласовки в арабском письме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="پيش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A9_diakritick%C3%A9_znamienka" title="Arabské diakritické znamienka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabské diakritické znamienka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="เครื่องหมายการออกเสียงอักษรอาหรับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องหมายการออกเสียงอักษรอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hareke" title="Hareke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hareke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Арабські діакритичні знаки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабські діакритичні знаки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اعراب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اعراب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q775724#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diacritics used in the Arabic script</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-MOS plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit">improve the content</a>. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png/500px-Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png/750px-Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png/1000px-Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Early written Arabic used only <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a> (in black). Later, i‘jām (in red) were added so that letters such as <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣād">ṣād</a> (ص) and <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">ḍād</a> (ض) could be distinguished. Ḥarakāt (in blue)—which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic—indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> has numerous <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, which include consonant pointing known as iʻjām (إِعْجَام), and supplementary diacritics known as tashkīl (تَشْكِيل). The latter include the vowel marks termed ḥarakāt (حَرَكَات; <abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr> حَرَكَة, ḥarakah). The Arabic script is a modified <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, where all letters are consonants, leading it up to the reader to fill in for vowel sounds. Short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and <a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">consonant length</a> are not generally indicated in writing. Tashkīl is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the i‘jām—consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full tashkīl—vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full tashkīl, to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting from stylistic changes over the centuries. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tashkīl">Tashkīl</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tashkīl">edit</a>]</div> The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners. The bulk of Arabic script is written without ḥarakāt (or short vowels). However, they are commonly used in texts that demand strict adherence to exact pronunciation. This is true, primarily, of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> ⟨ٱلْقُرْآن⟩ (al-Qurʾān) and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">poetry</a>. It is also quite common to add ḥarakāt to <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> ⟨ٱلْحَدِيث⟩ (al-ḥadīth; plural: al-ḥādīth) and the <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Arabic" title="Bible translations into Arabic">Bible</a>. Another use is in children's literature. Moreover, ḥarakāt are used in ordinary texts in individual words when an ambiguity of pronunciation cannot easily be resolved from context alone. Arabic dictionaries with vowel marks provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. In art and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, ḥarakāt might be used simply because their writing is considered <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetically</a> pleasing. An example of a fully vocalised (vowelised or vowelled) Arabic from the <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Bismillah</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"> بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ bismi l-lāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful. </div> Some Arabic textbooks for foreigners now use ḥarakāt as a phonetic guide to make learning reading Arabic easier. The other method used in textbooks is phonetic <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanisation</a> of unvocalised texts. Fully vocalised Arabic texts (i.e. Arabic texts with ḥarakāt/diacritics) are sought after by learners of Arabic. Some online bilingual dictionaries also provide ḥarakāt as a phonetic guide similarly to English dictionaries providing transcription. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)">Harakat (short vowel marks)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Harakat (short vowel marks)">edit</a>]</div> The ḥarakāt حَرَكَات, which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which tashkīl are also ḥarakāt; the tanwīn, for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatḥah">Fatḥah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fatḥah">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـَ</div> The fatḥah ⟨فَتْحَة⟩ is a small diagonal line placed above a letter, and represents a short /a/ (like the /a/ sound in the English word "cat"). The word fatḥah itself (فَتْحَة) means opening and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an /a/. For example, with <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dāl</a> (henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples): ⟨دَ⟩ /da/. When a fatḥah is placed before a plain letter ⟨ا⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">alif</a>) (i.e. one having no hamza or vowel of its own), it represents a long /aː/ (close to the sound of "a" in the English word "dad", with an open front vowel /æː/, not back /ɑː/ as in "father"). For example: ⟨دَا⟩ /daː/. The fatḥah is not usually written in such cases. When a fathah is placed before the letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (yā’), it creates an /aj/ (as in "lie"); and when placed before the letter ⟨و⟩ (wāw), it creates an /aw/ (as in "cow"). Although paired with a plain letter creates an open front vowel (/a/), often realized as near-open (/<a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a>/), the standard also allows for variations, especially under certain surrounding conditions. Usually, in order to have the more central (/<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>/) or back (/<a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɑ">ɑ</a>/) pronunciation, the word features a nearby back consonant, such as the emphatics, as well as <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81f" class="mw-redirect" title="Qāf">qāf</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81%E2%80%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rā’ (page does not exist)">rā’</a>. A similar "back" quality is undergone by other vowels as well in the presence of such consonants, however not as drastically realized as in the case of fatḥah.<a href="#cite_note-Karin_C._Ryding_2005-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Fatḥahs are encoded <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+0618 ؘ ARABIC SMALL FATHA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+064E َ ARABIC FATHA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE76 ﹶ ARABIC FATHA ISOLATED FORM, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE77 ﹷ ARABIC FATHA MEDIAL FORM. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kasrah">Kasrah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kasrah">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـِ</div> A similar diagonal line below a letter is called a kasrah ⟨كَسْرَة⟩ and designates a short /i/ (as in "me", "be") and its allophones [i, ɪ, e, e̞, ɛ] (as in "Tim", "sit"). For example: ⟨دِ⟩ /di/.<a href="#cite_note-uvic.ca-4">[4]</a> When a kasrah is placed before a plain letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">yā’</a>), it represents a long /iː/ (as in the English word "steed"). For example: ⟨دِي⟩ /diː/. The kasrah is usually not written in such cases, but if <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">yā’</a> is pronounced as a diphthong /aj/, fatḥah should be written on the preceding letter to avoid mispronunciation. The word kasrah means 'breaking'.<a href="#cite_note-Karin_C._Ryding_2005-1">[1]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Kasrahs are encoded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+061A ؚ ARABIC SMALL KASRA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0650 ِ ARABIC KASRA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE7A ﹺ ARABIC KASRA ISOLATED FORM, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE7B ﹻ ARABIC KASRA MEDIAL FORM. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ḍammah">Ḍammah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ḍammah">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـُ</div> The ḍammah ⟨ضَمَّة⟩ is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "duke", shorter "you") and its allophones [u, ʊ, o, o̞, ɔ] (as in "put", or "bull"). For example: ⟨دُ⟩ /du/.<a href="#cite_note-uvic.ca-4">[4]</a> When a ḍammah is placed before a plain letter ⟨و⟩ (<a href="/wiki/W%C4%81w" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāw">wāw</a>), it represents a long /uː/ (like the 'oo' sound in the English word "swoop"). For example: ⟨دُو⟩ /duː/. The ḍammah is usually not written in such cases, but if wāw is pronounced as a diphthong /aw/, fatḥah should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-Karin_C._Ryding_2005-1">[1]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The word ḍammah (ضَمَّة) in this context means rounding, since it is the only rounded vowel in the vowel inventory of Arabic. Ḍammahs are encoded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0619 ؙ ARABIC SMALL DAMMA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+064F ُ ARABIC DAMMA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE78 ﹸ ARABIC DAMMA ISOLATED FORM, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE79 ﹹ ARABIC DAMMA MEDIAL FORM. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alif_Khanjariyah">Alif Khanjariyah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alif Khanjariyah">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ــٰ</div> The <a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">superscript (or dagger) alif</a> ⟨أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة⟩ (alif khanjarīyah), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a letter. It indicates a long /aː/ sound for which <a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic" title="Aleph">alif</a> is normally not written. For example: ⟨هَٰذَا⟩ (hādhā) or ⟨رَحْمَٰن⟩ (raḥmān). The dagger alif occurs in only a few words, but they include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger alif. The word <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> ⟨الله⟩ (Allāh) is usually produced automatically by entering alif lām lām hāʾ. The word consists of alif + ligature of doubled lām with a shaddah and a dagger alif above lām, followed by ha'. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maddah">Maddah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maddah">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tilde</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arabic_diacritics" title="Special:EditPage/Arabic diacritics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـٓ</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">آ</div> The maddah ⟨مَدَّة⟩ is a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>-shaped diacritic, which can only appear on top of an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet#Alif" title="Arabic alphabet">alif</a> (آ) and indicates a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> /ʔ/ followed by a long /aː/. In theory, the same sequence /ʔaː/ could also be represented by two alifs, as in *⟨أَا⟩, where a hamza above the first alif represents the /ʔ/ while the second alif represents the /aː/. However, consecutive alifs are never used in the Arabic orthography. Instead, this sequence must always be written as a single alif with a maddah above it, the combination known as an alif maddah. For example: ⟨قُرْآن⟩ /qurˈʔaːn/. In Quranic writings, a maddah is placed on any other letter to denote the name of the letter, though some letters may take on a dagger alif. For example: ⟨لٓمٓصٓ⟩ (lām-mīm-ṣād) or ⟨يـٰسٓ⟩ (yāʼ-sīn) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alif_waslah">Alif waslah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alif waslah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wasla_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasla (diacritic)">Wasla (diacritic)</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ٱ</div> The waṣlah ⟨وَصْلَة⟩, alif waṣlah ⟨أَلِف وَصْلَة⟩ or hamzat waṣl ⟨هَمْزَة وَصْل⟩ looks like the head of a small <a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade">ṣād</a> on top of an alif ⟨ٱ⟩ (also indicated by an alif ⟨ا⟩ without a hamzah). It means that the alif is not pronounced when its word does not begin a sentence. For example: ⟨بِٱسْمِ⟩ (bismi), but ⟨ٱمْشُوا۟⟩ (imshū not mshū). This is because in Arabic, the first consonant in a word must always be followed by a vowel sound: If the second letter from the waṣlah has a kasrah, the alif-waslah makes the sound /i/. However, when the second letter from it has a dammah, it makes the sound /u/. It occurs only in the beginning of words, but it can occur after prepositions and the definite article. It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their <a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs#Masdar" title="Arabic verbs">verbal nouns</a> (maṣdar). The alif of the definite article is considered a waṣlah. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> It occurs in phrases and sentences (connected speech, not isolated/dictionary forms): <ul><li>To replace the elided hamza whose alif-seat has assimilated to the previous vowel. For example: فِي ٱلْيَمَن or في اليمن (fi l-Yaman) 'in Yemen'.</li> <li>In hamza-initial imperative forms following a vowel, especially following the conjunction ⟨و⟩ (wa-) 'and'. For example: َقُمْ وَٱشْرَبِ ٱلْمَاءَ (qum wa-shrab-i l-mā’) 'rise and then drink the water'.</li></ul> Like the superscript alif, it is not written in fully vocalized scripts, except for sacred texts, like the Quran and Arabized Bible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukūn">Sukūn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sukūn">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـْـ</div> The sukūn ⟨سُكُونْ⟩ is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter ( ْ). It indicates that the letter to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">zero</a>-vowel. It is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. For example: ⟨دَدْ⟩ (dad). The sukūn may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yā’</a>) with a sukūn over it (ـَيْ) indicates the diphthong ay (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> /aj/). A fatḥah, followed by the letter ⟨ﻭ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/W%C4%81w" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāw">wāw</a>) with a sukūn, (ـَوْ) indicates /aw/. Sukūns are encoded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0652 ْ ARABIC SUKUN, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE7E ﹾ ARABIC SUKUN ISOLATED FORM, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE7F ﹿ ARABIC SUKUN MEDIAL FORM. <div style="float:left;margin:0;margin-right:1em;border:1px solid #eee;padding:0.3em;font-size:180%;line-height:1.5;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>ـۡـ‎</div> The sukūn may have also an alternative form of the small high head of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥāʾ">ḥāʾ</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+06E1 ۡ ARABIC SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH), particularly in some Qurans. Other shapes may exist as well (for example, like a small comma above ⟨ʼ⟩ or like a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> ⟨ˆ⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq script">nastaʿlīq</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanwin">Tanwin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tanwin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـٌ</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـٍ</div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـً</div> The three vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of a word to indicate that the vowel is followed by the consonant n. They may or may not be considered ḥarakāt and are known as tanwīn ⟨تَنْوِين⟩, or nunation. The signs indicate, from left to right, -an, -in, -un. These endings are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">classical Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab#Fully_declined_nouns_(triptotes)" title="ʾIʿrab">triptotes</a> only). In a vocalised text, they may be written even if they are not pronounced (see <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pausa</a>). See <a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">i‘rāb</a> for more details. In many spoken Arabic dialects, the endings are absent. Many Arabic textbooks introduce standard Arabic without these endings. The grammatical endings may not be written in some vocalized Arabic texts, as knowledge of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">i‘rāb</a> varies from country to country, and there is a trend towards simplifying Arabic grammar. The sign ⟨ـً⟩ is most commonly written in combination with ⟨ـًا⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">alif</a>), ⟨ةً⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Ta%27_marbuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta' marbuta">tā’ marbūṭah</a>), ⟨أً⟩ (alif hamzah) or stand-alone ⟨ءً⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamzah</a>). Alif should always be written (except for words ending in tā’ marbūṭah, hamzah or diptotes) even if an is not. Grammatical cases and tanwīn endings in indefinite triptote forms: <ul><li>-un: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>;</li> <li>-an: <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, also serves as an adverbial marker;</li> <li>-in: <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaddah">Shaddah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shaddah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ـّـ</div> The shadda or shaddah ⟨شَدَّة⟩ (shaddah), or tashdid ⟨تَشْدِيد⟩ (tashdīd), is a diacritic shaped like a small written Latin "<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a>". It is used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> (consonant doubling or extra length), which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled. It is the only ḥarakah that is commonly used in ordinary spelling to avoid <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>. For example: ⟨دّ⟩ /dd/; madrasah ⟨مَدْرَسَة⟩ ('school') vs. mudarrisah ⟨مُدَرِّسَة⟩ ('teacher', female). Note that when the doubled letter bears a vowel, it is the shaddah that the vowel is attached to, not the letter itself: ⟨دَّ⟩ /dda/, ⟨دِّ⟩ /ddi/. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Shaddahs are encoded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0651 ّ ARABIC SHADDA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE7C ﹼ ARABIC SHADDA ISOLATED FORM, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE7D ﹽ ARABIC SHADDA MEDIAL FORM. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I‘jām">I‘jām</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: I‘jām">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kufic_Quran,_sura_7,_verses_86-87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kufic_Quran%2C_sura_7%2C_verses_86-87.jpg/220px-Kufic_Quran%2C_sura_7%2C_verses_86-87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kufic_Quran%2C_sura_7%2C_verses_86-87.jpg/330px-Kufic_Quran%2C_sura_7%2C_verses_86-87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kufic_Quran%2C_sura_7%2C_verses_86-87.jpg/440px-Kufic_Quran%2C_sura_7%2C_verses_86-87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>7th-century <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">kufic</a> script without any ḥarakāt or i‘jām.</figcaption></figure> The i‘jām (إِعْجَام; sometimes also called nuqaṭ)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> are the diacritic points that distinguish various consonants that have the same form (<a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a>), such as ⟨ص⟩ /sˤ/, ⟨ض⟩ /dˤ/. Typically i‘jām are not considered diacritics but part of the letter. Early manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> did not use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the rasm. Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the rasm, and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the rasm. These i‘jām became black dots about the same time as the ḥarakāt became small black letters or strokes. Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final yā’ (ي), which looks exactly like alif maqṣūrah (ى) in handwriting and in print. This practice is also used in copies of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%27haf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus'haf">muṣḥaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurʾān">Qurʾān</a>) scribed by <a href="/wiki/Uthman_Taha" title="Uthman Taha">‘Uthman Ṭāhā</a>. The same unification of yā and alif maqṣūrā has happened in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, resulting in what <a href="/wiki/The_Unicode_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="The Unicode Standard">the Unicode Standard</a> calls "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh", that looks exactly the same as yā in initial and medial forms, but exactly the same as alif maqṣūrah in final and isolated forms. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_letter_kaf_forms_with_%E2%80%98al%C4%81mat_al-ihm%C4%81l.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Arabic_letter_kaf_forms_with_%E2%80%98al%C4%81mat_al-ihm%C4%81l.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="102" /></a><figcaption>Isolated kāf with ‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl and without top stroke next to initial kāf with top stroke.</figcaption></figure> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">سۡ سۜ سۣ سٚ ڛ</div> At the time when the i‘jām was optional, unpointed letters were ambiguous. To clarify that a letter would lack i‘jām in pointed text, the letter could be marked with a small v- or <a href="/wiki/Seagull_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagull (diacritic)">seagull</a>-shaped diacritic above, also a superscript semicircle (crescent), a subscript dot (except in the case of ⟨ح⟩; three dots were used with ⟨س⟩), or a subscript miniature of the letter itself. A superscript stroke known as jarrah, resembling a long fatħah, was used for a contracted (assimilated) sin. Thus ⟨ڛ سۣ سۡ سٚ⟩ were all used to indicate that the letter in question was truly ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a>⟩ and not ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a>⟩.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> These signs, collectively known as ‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl, are still occasionally used in modern <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>, either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without i‘jām), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small ک above the <a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">kāf</a> in its final and isolated forms ⟨ك  ـك⟩ was originally an ‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl that became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of kāf, when that letter was written without the stroke on its <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a>. When kaf was written without that stroke, it could be mistaken for lam, thus kaf was distinguished with a superscript kaf or a small superscript <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a> (nabrah), and lam with a superscript l-a-m (lam-alif-mim).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hamza">Hamza</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hamza">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">ئ  ؤ  إ  أ ء</div> Although normally it is sometimes not considered a letter of the alphabet, the hamza هَمْزة (hamzah, <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>), often stands as a separate letter in writing, is written in unpointed texts and is not considered a tashkīl. It may appear as a letter by itself or as a diacritic over or under an alif, wāw, or yā. Which letter is to be used to support the hamzah depends on the quality of the adjacent vowels and its location in the word; <ul><li>If the glottal stop occurs at the beginning of the word: <ul><li>Indicated by hamza on an alif: above if the following vowel is /a/ or /u/ and below if it is /i/. <ul><li>In order to clarify a starting /a/ or /u/, a respective fathah or dammah can be used</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>If the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word the following prioritization of writing qualities are used: <ul><li>First: if hamza is it is preceded or followed by /i/, hamza sits on a tooth; ex: <عَائِلَة></li> <li>Second: if hamza is preceded or followed by /u/, hamza sits on <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81w" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāw">wāw</a>, <ؤ></li> <li>Third: else hamza sits on alif, <أ></li></ul></li> <li>If the glottal stop occurs at the end of the word (ignoring any grammatical suffixes), <ul><li>First: if hamza follows a short vowel it is written above alif, wāw, or yā the same as for a medial case;</li> <li>Second: if it follows a long vowel, diphthong or consonant, hamza is written on the line <ء></li></ul></li> <li>Exception: Two alifs in succession are never allowed: /ʔaː/ is written with <a href="#Maddah">alif maddah</a> ⟨آ⟩ and /aːʔ/ is written with a free hamzah on the line ⟨اء⟩.</li></ul> Consider the following words: ⟨أَخ⟩ /ʔax/ ("brother"), ⟨إسْماعِيل⟩ /ʔismaːʕiːl/ ("Ismael"), ⟨أُمّ⟩ /ʔumm/ ("mother"). All three of above words "begin" with a vowel opening the syllable, and in each case, alif is used to designate the initial glottal stop (the actual beginning). But if we consider middle syllables "beginning" with a vowel: ⟨نَشْأة⟩ /naʃʔa/ ("origin"), ⟨أَفْئِدة⟩ /ʔafʔida/ ("hearts"—notice the /ʔi/ syllable; singular ⟨فُؤاد⟩ /fuʔaːd/), ⟨رُؤُوس⟩ /ruʔuːs/ ("heads", singular ⟨رَأْس⟩ /raʔs/), the situation is different, as noted above. See the comprehensive article on hamzah for more details. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diacritics_not_used_in_Modern_Standard_Arabic">Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic">edit</a>]</div> Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic but in other languages that use the Arabic script, and sometimes to write Arabic dialects, include (the list is not exhaustive): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Description </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Language(s) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Bars and lines </th></tr> <tr> <td>diagonal bar above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;">گ </td> <td>Arabic (Iraq), <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burushaski_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Burushaski language">Burushaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Diagonal bar above <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaf</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">gaf</a>: <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a> (IPA g)</li> <li>When writing Arabic, often used in Iraq to represent the sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/. Often used in Iraq to represent the /g/ sound to write foreign words in Arabic script, while in Morocco the variant ݣ is seen.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>horizontal bar above </td> <td> </td> <td style="align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwarakai_(Pashto_diacritic,_Arabic_script).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zwarakai_%28Pashto_diacritic%2C_Arabic_script%29.png/40px-Zwarakai_%28Pashto_diacritic%2C_Arabic_script%29.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zwarakai_%28Pashto_diacritic%2C_Arabic_script%29.png/60px-Zwarakai_%28Pashto_diacritic%2C_Arabic_script%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zwarakai_%28Pashto_diacritic%2C_Arabic_script%29.png/80px-Zwarakai_%28Pashto_diacritic%2C_Arabic_script%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1686" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zwarakay" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwarakay">zwarakay</a>, equivalent to Latin <a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">ə</a>, IPA /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>vertical line above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;">ئۈ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>the letter ئۈ (IPA /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/) contains a vertical line above the vav</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Dots </th></tr> <tr> <td>2 dots (vertical) </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ݭ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ݙ‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 dots </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڐ‎ ٿ ڐ ڙ </td> <td>Sindhi, Old Hindustani </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dot below </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+065C ٜ ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.4;">ٜ   بٜ </td> <td>African languages<a href="#cite_note-u0600-10">[10]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographies<a href="#cite_note-u0600-10">[10]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Variants of standard Arabic diacritics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wavy_hamza" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavy hamza">wavy hamza</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.4;">ٲ اٟ </td> <td>Kashmiri </td> <td> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri language</a> written in Arabic script includes the diacritic or "wavy hamza".</li> <li>In Kashmiri the diacritic is called āmālü mad when used above alif: ٲ to create the vowel /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a>/.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Kashmiri calls the wavy hamza sāȳ when below the alif: اٟ to create the sound /<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨː</a>/.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>curly dammah above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣥ‎ </td> <td>Rohingya </td> <td> <ul><li>Latin "ou"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Rohingya </td> <td> <ul><li>Latin "oñ"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>double dammah above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣱ‎ </td> <td>Rohingya </td> <td> <ul><li>Latin "uñ"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>inverted and regular curly dammahs above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣨ‎ </td> <td>Rohingya </td> <td> <ul><li>Latin "ouñ"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Tildes </th></tr> <tr> <td>diagonal tilde shape above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣤ‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Latin "o"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>diagonal tilde shape below </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣦ‎ </td> <td>Rohingya </td> <td> <ul><li>Latin "e"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Arabic letters </th></tr> <tr> <td>miniature Arabic letter hah (initial form) ﺣ above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ۡ‎ </td> <td>Rohingya </td> <td> <ul><li>Sukun (zero-vowel)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>miniature Arabic letter tah ط above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݲ‎ </td> <td>Urdu </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a><a href="#cite_note-buru-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Arabic numeral 2: ٢ above </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݵ">U+0775</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݸ">U+0778</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݺ">U+077A</a> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݵ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݸ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݺ‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Present in the Burushaski letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݸ‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݺ‎</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Arabic numeral 3: ٣ above </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݶ">U+0776</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݶ">U+0779</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݻ">U+077B</a> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݶ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݹ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݻ‎ </td> <td>Burushaski </td> <td> <ul><li>Present in the Burushaski letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݶ‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݹ‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݻ‎</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Urdu number</a> 4: ۴ above or below </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݷ">U+0777</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݼ">U+077C</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݽ">U+077D</a> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݷ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݼ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݽ‎ </td> <td>Burushaski </td> <td> <ul><li>Present in the Burushaski letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݼ‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ݽ‎</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Other shapes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABn_%C4%A1u%E1%B9%87n%C4%81" title="Nūn ġuṇnā">Nūn ġuṇnā</a>, "u" shape above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;">ن٘ </td> <td>Urdu </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Vowel nasalization</a> is represented by nun ghunna, which in medial form is written as nun with the diacritic maghnoona (also called ulta jazm, Unicode U+0658) above: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن٘.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"v" shape above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;">ۆ ێ ئۆ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdo-Arabic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdo-Arabic alphabet">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>used on top of waw: ۆ to represent "o" /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/ in Kurdish, and "ü" /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/ in Azerbaijani.</li> <li>used on top of ye: ێ represents "ê" /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/ in Kurdish.</li> <li>In Uyghur it used as part of the letter <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ئۆ to represent "ö" /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>invered "v" shape above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.05;">یٛ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>in Azerbaijani, used only on top of ye: یٛ (rarely used) is equivalent to Latin <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">ı</a>, Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">ы</a>, IPA /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a>/</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dotted fatha </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣵ‎ </td> <td>Wolof </td> <td>Latin à </td></tr> <tr> <td>circle with fatha </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣴ‎‎ </td> <td>Wolof </td> <td>Latin ë </td></tr> <tr> <td>less than sign - below </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣹ‎‎ </td> <td>Wolof </td> <td>Latin e </td></tr> <tr> <td>greater than sign - below </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣺ‎‎ </td> <td>Wolof </td> <td>Latin é </td></tr> <tr> <td>less than sign - above </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣷ‎‎ </td> <td>Wolof </td> <td>Latin o </td></tr> <tr> <td>greater than sign - above </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ࣸ‎‎ </td> <td>Wolof </td> <td>Latin ó </td></tr> <tr> <td>ring </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.15;">ګ </td> <td>Pashto </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaf</a> with ring (ګ) is used for IPA /ɡ/</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Other shapes </th></tr> <tr> <td>"fish" shape above </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:36px;line-height:1.4;">دࣤ࣬  دࣥ࣬  دࣦ࣯ </td> <td>Rohingya </td> <td>Ṭāna, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯‎ written above or below other diacritics to mark a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">long rising tone</a> (/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">˨˦</a>/).<a href="#cite_note-tones1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-tones2-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Various </td> <td> </td> <td>Kashida </td> <td>Urdu </td> <td> <ul><li>Special diacritics usually found only in dictionaries for clarification of irregular pronunciation include kasrah-e-majhool, fathah-e-majhool, dammah-e-majhool, and alif-e-wavi.<a href="#cite_note-diacritics-16">[16]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rohingya_tone_markers">Rohingya tone markers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rohingya tone markers">edit</a>]</div> Historically Arabic script has been adopted and used by many tonal languages, examples include <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a> adopted for writing various languages of Western Africa. However, the Arabic script never had an inherent way of representing tones until it was adapted for the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya language</a>. The Rohingya Fonna are 3 tone markers which are part of the standardized and accepted orthographic convention of Rohingya. It remains the only known instance of tone markers within the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tones1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-tones2-15">[15]</a> Tone markers act as "modifiers" of vowel diacritics. In simpler words, they are "diacritics for the diacritics". They are written "outside" of the word, meaning that they are written above the vowel diacritic if the diacritic is written above the word, and they are written below the diacritic if the diacritic is written below the word. They are only ever written where there are vowel diacritics. This is important to note, as without the diacritic present, there is no way to distinguish between tone markers and I‘jām i.e. dots that are used for purpose of phonetic distinctions of consonants. Hārbāy <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">◌࣪ / ◌࣭</div> The Hārbāy as it is called in Rohingya, is a single dot that's placed on top of Fatḥah and Ḍammah, or curly Fatḥah and curly Ḍammah (vowel diacritics unique to Rohinghya), or their respective Fatḥatan and Ḍammatan versions, and it's placed underneath Kasrah or curly Kasrah, or their respective Kasratan version. (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">دً࣪ / دٌ࣪ / دࣨ࣪ / دٍ࣭‎) This tone marker indicates a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">short high tone</a> (/˥/).<a href="#cite_note-tones1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-tones2-15">[15]</a> Ṭelā <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">◌࣫ / ◌࣮</div> The Ṭelā as it is called in Rohingya, is two dots that are placed on top of Fatḥah and Ḍammah, or curly Fatḥah and curly Ḍammah, or their respective Fatḥatan and Ḍammatan versions, and it's placed underneath Kasrah or curly Kasrah, or their respective Kasratan version. (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">دَ࣫ / دُ࣫ / دِ࣮‎) This tone marker indicates a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">long falling tone</a> (/˥˩/).<a href="#cite_note-tones1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-tones2-15">[15]</a> Ṭāna <div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.2em 0.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.6em; font: 350% sans-serif; line-height: 1.1em; background-color: #DDF; border: 1px solid #AAF;">◌࣬ / ◌࣯</div> The Ṭāna as it is called in Rohingya, is a fish-like looping line that is placed on top of Fatḥah and Ḍammah, or curly Fatḥah and curly Ḍammah, or their respective Fatḥatan and Ḍammatan versions, and it's placed underneath Kasrah or curly Kasrah, or their respective Kasratan version. (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯‎) This tone marker indicates a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">long rising tone</a> (/˨˦/).<a href="#cite_note-tones1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-tones2-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_script_evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/250px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/375px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/500px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of early Arabic calligraphy (9th–11th century). The <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">basmala</a> was taken as an example, from <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> manuscripts. (1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks (see <a href="/wiki/File:Basmala_kufi.svg" title="File:Basmala kufi.svg">image of early Basmala Kufic</a>); (2) and (3) 9th–10th century under Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Aswad's system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like fā’ and qāf; (4) 11th century, in al-Farāhídi's system (system we know today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels. </figcaption></figure> According to tradition, the first to commission a system of harakat was <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> who appointed <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Aswad_al-Du%27ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali">Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali</a> for the task. Abu al-Aswad devised a system of dots to signal the three short vowels (along with their respective allophones) of Arabic. This system of dots predates the i‘jām, dots used to distinguish between different consonants. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmala_kufi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Basmala Kufic"><img alt="Early Basmala Kufic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Basmala_kufi.svg/120px-Basmala_kufi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Basmala_kufi.svg/180px-Basmala_kufi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Basmala_kufi.svg/240px-Basmala_kufi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="189" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Basmala Kufic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kufi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle Kufic"><img alt="Middle Kufic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kufi.jpg/91px-Kufi.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kufi.jpg/136px-Kufi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kufi.jpg/182px-Kufi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="606" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Middle Kufic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Qur%E2%80%99an,_sura_91,14-15;_sura_92,1-5_(F1929.70).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Kufic in Qur'an"><img alt="Modern Kufic in Qur'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Folio_from_a_Qur%E2%80%99an%2C_sura_91%2C14-15%3B_sura_92%2C1-5_%28F1929.70%29.jpg/107px-Folio_from_a_Qur%E2%80%99an%2C_sura_91%2C14-15%3B_sura_92%2C1-5_%28F1929.70%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Folio_from_a_Qur%E2%80%99an%2C_sura_91%2C14-15%3B_sura_92%2C1-5_%28F1929.70%29.jpg/160px-Folio_from_a_Qur%E2%80%99an%2C_sura_91%2C14-15%3B_sura_92%2C1-5_%28F1929.70%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Folio_from_a_Qur%E2%80%99an%2C_sura_91%2C14-15%3B_sura_92%2C1-5_%28F1929.70%29.jpg/213px-Folio_from_a_Qur%E2%80%99an%2C_sura_91%2C14-15%3B_sura_92%2C1-5_%28F1929.70%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern Kufic in Qur'an</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_al-Aswad's_system">Abu al-Aswad's system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Abu al-Aswad's system">edit</a>]</div> Abu al-Aswad's system of Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel. A dot above a letter indicated the vowel a, a dot below indicated the vowel i, a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel u, and two dots stood for the <a href="/wiki/Tanwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanwin">tanwīn</a>. However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an did not use the vowel signs for every letter requiring them, but only for letters where they were necessary for a correct reading. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_Farahidi's_system">Al Farahidi's system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Al Farahidi's system">edit</a>]</div> The precursor to the system we know today is Al Farahidi's system. <a href="/wiki/Al_Far%C4%81h%C3%ADdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Farāhídi">al-Farāhīdī</a> found that the task of writing using two different colours was tedious and impractical. Another complication was that the i‘jām had been introduced by then, which, while they were short strokes rather than the round dots seen today, meant that without a color distinction the two could become confused. Accordingly, he replaced the ḥarakāt with small superscript letters: small alif, yā’, and wāw for the short vowels corresponding to the long vowels written with those letters, a small s(h)īn for shaddah (geminate), a small khā’ for khafīf (short consonant; no longer used). His system is essentially the one we know today.<a href="#cite_note-Versteegh1997-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_diacritization">Automatic diacritization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Automatic diacritization">edit</a>]</div> The process of automatically restoring diacritical marks is called diacritization or diacritic restoration. It is useful to avoid ambiguity in applications such as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_machine_translation" title="Arabic machine translation">Arabic machine translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text-to-speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-speech">text-to-speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>. Automatic diacritization algorithms have been developed.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State-of-the-art" class="mw-redirect" title="State-of-the-art">state-of-the-art</a> algorithm has a <a href="/wiki/Word_error_rate" title="Word error rate">word error rate</a> (WER) of 4.79%. The most common mistakes are proper <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">case endings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Similar algorithms exist for other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">varieties of Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">I‘rāb</a> (إِعْرَاب), the case system of Arabic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a> (رَسْم), the basic system of Arabic consonants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwīd</a> (تَجْوِيد), the phonetic rules of recitation of Qur'an in Arabic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a>, the Hebrew equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a>, the Hebrew equivalent of ḥarakāt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a>, the Hebrew diacritic similar to Arabic i‘jām and shaddah</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_diacritics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Karin_C._Ryding_2005-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karin_C._Ryding_2005_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karin_C._Ryding_2005_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karin_C._Ryding_2005_1-2">c</a> Karin C. Ryding, "A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic", Cambridge University Press, 2005, pgs. 25-34, specifically “Chapter 2, Section 4: Vowels” </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Anatole Lyovin, Brett Kessler, William Ronald Leben, "An Introduction to the Languages of the World", "5.6 Sketch of Modern Standard Arabic", Oxford University Press, 2017, pg. 255, Edition 2, specifically “5.6.2.2 Vowels” </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Amine Bouchentouf, Arabic For Dummies®, John Wiley & Sons, 2018, 3rd Edition, specifically section "All About Vowels" </li> <li id="cite_note-uvic.ca-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uvic.ca_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uvic.ca_4-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/hrd/hist455/vowels/vowels_pres.htm">"Introduction to Written Arabic"</a>. 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)">i‘jām</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph">ʾAlif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)">Bāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw">Tāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Ǧīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth">Ḥāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet">Dāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh">Rāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zāy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)">Šīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade">Ṣād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth">Ṭāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin">ʿAyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ġayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Fāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph">Qāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph">Kāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh">Lām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem">Mīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)">Nūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)">Hāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)">Wāw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh">Yāʾ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">ʾIʿrāb (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Template:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Template talk:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diacritics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ◌́   ◌̋  <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a> </li> <li>  ◌᷄  <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a> </li> <li>  ◌̆   ◌̑  <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a> </li> <li>  ◌̌  <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a> </li> <li>  ◌̧  <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> </li> <li>  ◌̂  <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> </li> <li>  ◌̈  <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a> </li> <li>  ◌̇   ◌̣  <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a> </li> <li>  ◌̀   ◌̏  <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a> </li> <li>  ◌̉  <a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a> </li> <li>  ◌̡   ◌̢  <a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a> </li> <li>  ◌̛  <a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a> </li> <li>  ◌ͅ  <a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a> </li> <li>  ◌̄  <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> </li> <li>  ◌̨  <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a> </li> <li>  ◌̊   ◌̥  <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a> </li> <li>  ◌͂  <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a> </li> <li>  ◌͗  <a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a> </li> <li>  ◌̃  <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> </li> <li>  ◌῾   ◌᾿  <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ◌҄  <a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a> </li> <li>  ◌҇  <a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a> </li> <li>  ◌҃  <a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ं   ং   ଂ   ം  <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a> </li> <li>  ऽ   ঽ   ଽ   ఽ   ഽ   ྅  <a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a> </li> <li>  ँ    ఁ   ྃ  <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a> </li> <li>  ़  <a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a> </li> <li>  ्    ്    ్    ್   ්   ်  <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> </li> <li>  ः   ঃ   ଃ   ஃ  <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li>  ◌゙   ◌゚  <a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ◌’  <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </li> <li>  ◌̸  <a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a> </li> <li>  ◌:  <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> </li> <li>  ◌,  <a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a> </li> <li>  ◌.  <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a> </li> <li>  ◌˗  <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> </li> <li>  ◌′  <a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ^  <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a> </li> <li>  °  <a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a> </li> <li>  ~  <a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  ◌  <a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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