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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Leader of revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribune_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribune_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tribune of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribune_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempt_to_unify_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempt_to_unify_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Attempt to unify Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempt_to_unify_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>End of rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Life in captivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senator_of_Rome_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senator_of_Rome_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Senator of Rome and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senator_of_Rome_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cola di Rienzo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88" title="كولا دي رينزو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولا دي رينزو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Кола дзі Рыенца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кола дзі Рыенца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Кола дзі Рыенца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кола дзі Рыенца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%B8" title="Կոլա դի Ռիենցո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլա դի Ռիենցո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%95" title="קולה די ריינצו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולה די ריינצו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D" title="კოლა დი რიენცო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლა დი რიენცო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Кола Ди Риенцо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кола Ди Риенцо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Laurentii" title="Nicolaus Laurentii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Laurentii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88" title="كولا دى رينزو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولا دى رينزو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%A9" title="コーラ・ディ・リエンツォ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーラ・ディ・リエンツォ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzi" title="Cola di Rienzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cola di Rienzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Кола ди Риенцо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кола ди Риенцо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cola di Rienzo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Кола ді Рієнцо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кола ді Рієнцо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%81%A9%E4%BD%90" title="柯拉·迪·里恩佐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柯拉·迪·里恩佐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Cola di Rienzo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg/220px-Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg/330px-Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg/440px-Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1540" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Cola di Rienzo (1646)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate#Senate_in_the_West" title="Roman Senate">Senator of Rome</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>De facto</i> ruler of Rome)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 September 1354 – 8 October 1354</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Pope Innocent VI</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Podest%C3%A0" title="Podestà">Rector of</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>De facto</i> ruler of Rome)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 June 1347 – 15 December 1347</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nicola Gabrini (son of Lorenzo)</div><br />1313<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1354-10-08</span>)</span>8 October 1354 (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 41)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Papal States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph (Pro-Papacy)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">Civil servant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicola Gabrini</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1313 – 8 October 1354), commonly known as <b>Cola di Rienzo</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈkɔːla<span class="wrap"> </span>di<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈrjɛntso]</a></span>) or <b>Rienzi</b>, was an Italian politician and leader, who styled himself as the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebeians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune of the plebeians">"tribune of the Roman people"</a>. </p><p>During his lifetime, he advocated for the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>. This led to Cola's re-emergence in the 19th century as an iconic figure among leaders of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">liberal nationalism</a>, who adopted him as a precursor of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Holman_Hunt_-_Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_Holman_Hunt_-_Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice.jpg/260px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_Holman_Hunt_-_Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice.jpg/390px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_Holman_Hunt_-_Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice.jpg/520px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi_vowing_to_obtain_justice_for_the_death_of_his_young_brother,_slain_in_a_skirmish_between_the_Colonna_and_the_Orsini_factions" title="Rienzi vowing to obtain justice for the death of his young brother, slain in a skirmish between the Colonna and the Orsini factions">Rienzi vowing to obtain justice for the death of his young brother</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, 1848–49</figcaption></figure><p> Nicola was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> of humble origins. He claimed to be the natural child of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, but he was, in fact, born to a washer-woman and a tavern-keeper named Lorenzo Gabrini. Nicola's father's forename was shortened to Rienzo, and his name was shortened to Cola; hence, Cola di Rienzo, or Rienzi, by which he is generally known.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing (Authoritarian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-populism" title="Techno-populism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare chauvinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Mélenchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Wilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Zeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Zuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival" title="Ukrainian national revival">Ukrainian national revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada_(secret_society)" title="Hromada (secret society)">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%82opomania" title="Chłopomania">Chłopomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83m%C4%83n%C4%83torul" title="Sămănătorul">Sămănătorul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radiosomaggismo" title="Radiosomaggismo">Radiosomaggismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth" title="Share Our Wealth">Share Our Wealth</a></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">Election of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; 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color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Populism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>He spent his early years at <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a>, where he devoted much of his time to the study of Latin writers, historians, orators and poets. After having nourished his mind with stories of the glories and the power of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, he turned his thoughts to restoring his native city. Knowing Rome was suffering from degradation and wretchedness, Cola sought to restore the city to not only good order but to pristine greatness. His zeal for this work was quickened by the desire to avenge his brother, who had been killed by a noble.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became a notary<sup id="cite_ref-Musto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a person of some importance in the city, and was sent in 1343 on a public errand to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>. He discharged his duties with ability and success. Although he boldly denounced the aristocratic rulers of Rome, he won the favour and esteem of the Pope, who gave him an official position at his court.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_revolt">Leader of revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leader of revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After returning to Rome in April 1344, Cola worked for three years at the great object of his life, the restoration of the city to its former position of power. He gathered a band of supporters, plans were drawn up, and at length, all was ready for the insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 May 1347, heralds invited the people to a parliament on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitol</a> and on 20 May, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Whit-Sunday</a>, the meeting took place. Dressed in full armour and attended by the papal vicar, Cola headed a procession to the Capitol, where he addressed the assembled crowd, speaking "with fascinating eloquence of the servitude and redemption of Rome."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new series of laws was published and accepted with acclaim, and unlimited authority and power was given to the author of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without striking a blow the nobles left the city or went into hiding, and a few days later Rienzo took the title of tribune.<sup id="cite_ref-Musto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called himself "<i>Nicholaus, severus et clemens, libertatis, pacis justiciaeque tribunus, et sacræ Romanæ Reipublicæ liberator</i>," or "Nicholas, severe and clement, tribune of liberty, peace and justice, and liberator of the Holy Roman Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribune_of_Rome">Tribune of Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tribune of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cola governed the city with a stern justice, which was in marked contrast to the previous reign of license and disorder. As a result of his leadership, the tribune was received at St. Peter's with the hymn <i><a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a></i>, while in a letter, the poet <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> urged him to continue his great and noble work, and congratulated him on his past achievements, calling him the new <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the nobles submitted, though with great reluctance; the roads were cleared of robbers; some severe examples of justice intimidated offenders, and the tribune was regarded by many as the destined restorer of Rome and Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempt_to_unify_Italy">Attempt to unify Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attempt to unify Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July, in a decree, he proclaimed the sovereignty of the Roman people over the empire. But before this he had set to work on restoring the authority of Rome over the cities and provinces of Italy, of making the city again <i><a href="/wiki/Caput_mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caput mundi">caput mundi</a></i>. He wrote letters to the cities of Italy, asking them to send representatives to an assembly which would meet on 1 August, when the formation of a great federation under the headship of Rome would be considered. On the appointed day, a number of representatives appeared, and Cola issued an edict citing <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and his rival <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and also the imperial electors and all others concerned in the dispute, to appear before him in order that he might pronounce judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The following day, the festival of the unity of Italy was celebrated, but neither this nor the previous meeting had any practical result. Cola's power, however, was recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, and both <a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan I of Naples">Joan I of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a> appealed to him for protection and aid, and on 15 August with great pomp he was crowned Tribune. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Gregorovius" title="Ferdinand Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius</a> says this ceremony "was the fantastic caricature in which ended the <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles the Great</a>. A world where political action was represented in such guise was ripe for overthrow, or could only be saved by a great mental reformation."<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_rule">End of rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He then seized, but soon released <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Colonna" title="Stefano Colonna">Stefano Colonna</a> and some other barons who had spoken disparagingly of him, but his power was already beginning to wane.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cola di Rienzo's character has been described as a combination of knowledge, eloquence, and enthusiasm for ideal excellence, with vanity, inexperience of mankind, unsteadiness, and physical timidity. As these latter qualities became conspicuous, they eclipsed his virtues and caused his benefits to be forgotten.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His extravagant pretensions only served to excite ridicule. His government was costly, and to meet its many expenses he was obliged to lay heavy taxes upon the people. He offended the Pope by his arrogance and pride, and both the Pope and Emperor by his proposal to set up a new <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the sovereignty of which would rest directly upon the will of the people. In October, Clement gave power to a legate to depose him and bring him to trial, and the end was obviously in sight.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking heart, the exiled barons gathered together some troops, and war began in the neighbourhood of Rome. Cola di Rienzo obtained aid from Louis of Hungary and others, and on 20 November his forces defeated the nobles in the Battle of Porta San Lorenzo, just outside the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Porta Tiburtina</a>, a battle in which the tribune himself took no part, but in which his most distinguished foe, <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Colonna" title="Stefano Colonna">Stefano Colonna</a>, was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But this victory did not save him. He passed his time in feasts and pageants, while in a bull the Pope denounced him as a criminal, a pagan and a heretic, until, terrified by a slight disturbance on 15 December, he abdicated his government and fled from Rome. He sought refuge in Naples, but soon he left that city and spent over two years in an Italian mountain monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_captivity">Life in captivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Life in captivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emerging from his solitude, Cola journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in July 1350, throwing himself upon the protection of Emperor Charles IV. Denouncing the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(Papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (Papal)">temporal power</a> of the Pope, he implored the Emperor to deliver Italy, and especially Rome, from their oppressors; but, heedless of his invitations, Charles kept him in prison for more than a year in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Raudnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Raudnitz">Raudnitz</a>, and then handed him over to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musto_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Avignon, where he appeared in August 1352, Cola was tried by three cardinals and was sentenced to death, but this judgment was not carried out, and he remained in prison in spite of appeals from <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> for his release.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1352, Clement died, and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Pope Innocent VI</a>, anxious to strike a blow at the baronial rulers of Rome, and seeing in the former tribune an excellent tool for this purpose, pardoned and released Rienzi.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senator_of_Rome_and_death">Senator of Rome and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Senator of Rome and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pope then sent Cola to Italy with the legate, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Alvarez_De_Albornoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gil Alvarez De Albornoz">Cardinal Albornoz</a>, and gave him the title of senator. Having collected a few mercenary troops on the way, Cola entered Rome in August 1354, where he was received with great rejoicing and quickly regained his former position of power.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But this latter term of office was destined to be even shorter than his former one. Having vainly besieged the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, he returned to Rome, where he treacherously seized the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">soldier of fortune</a> <a href="/wiki/Fra_Moriale" title="Fra Moriale">Giovanni Moriale</a>, who was put to death, and where, by other cruel and arbitrary deeds, he soon lost the favour of the people. Their passions were quickly aroused and a tumult broke out on 8 October. Cola attempted to address them, but the building in which he stood was set on fire, and while trying to escape in disguise he was murdered by the mob.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cola_Di_Rienzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cola_Di_Rienzo.jpg/260px-Cola_Di_Rienzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cola_Di_Rienzo.jpg/390px-Cola_Di_Rienzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cola_Di_Rienzo.jpg/520px-Cola_Di_Rienzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Monument to Cola di Rienzo">Monument to Cola di Rienzo</a> next to the Campidoglio steps in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 14th century, Cola di Rienzo was the hero of one of the finest of <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>'s odes, the <i>Spirito gentil</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Having advocated both the abolition of the Pope's <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(Papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (Papal)">temporal power</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a>, Cola re-emerged in the 19th century, transformed into a romantic figure among politically liberal nationalists and adopted as a precursor of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, which struggled for and eventually achieved both aims. In this process he was reimagined as "the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic stereotype</a> of the inspired dreamer who foresees the national future" as Adrian Lyttleton expressed it, illustrating his point with <a href="/wiki/Federico_Faruffini" title="Federico Faruffini">Federico Faruffini</a>'s <i>Cola di Rienzo Contemplating the Ruins of Rome</i> (1855) of which he remarks, "The language of <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> could be freed from its religious context and used against the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CasaDiColadiRienzoByRoeslerFranz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CasaDiColadiRienzoByRoeslerFranz.jpg/200px-CasaDiColadiRienzoByRoeslerFranz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CasaDiColadiRienzoByRoeslerFranz.jpg/300px-CasaDiColadiRienzoByRoeslerFranz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/CasaDiColadiRienzoByRoeslerFranz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>The so-called <i>Casa di Rienzi</i> still in its urban context before the opening of the <i>Via del Mare</i> in a <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Roesler_Franz" title="Ettore Roesler Franz">Ettore Roesler Franz</a> (about 1880).</figcaption></figure><p>Ironically one of Rienzo's descendants, Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci, went on to become <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cola di Rienzo's life and fate have formed the subject of a novel by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Edward Bulwer-Lytton">Edward Bulwer-Lytton</a> (1835), tragic plays by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Drouineau" title="Gustave Drouineau">Gustave Drouineau</a> (1826), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Russell_Mitford" title="Mary Russell Mitford">Mary Russell Mitford</a> (1828),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Mosen" title="Julius Mosen">Julius Mosen</a> (1837), and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> (1841),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also of some verses of <i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</a></i> (1818) by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s first successful opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a></i> (Dresden, 1842), based on Bulwer-Lytton's novel, took Cola for a central figure, and at the same time, unaware of the Dresden production, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, an ardent and anti-clerical patriot of the Risorgimento, contemplated a <i>Cola di Rienzo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cola_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi,_1966_-_4811654_0001.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cola_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1966_-_4811654_0001.tif/lossy-page1-160px-Cola_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1966_-_4811654_0001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cola_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1966_-_4811654_0001.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Cola_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1966_-_4811654_0001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cola_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1966_-_4811654_0001.tif/lossy-page1-319px-Cola_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1966_-_4811654_0001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption><i>Epistolario di Cola di Rienzo</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1873 – only three years after the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">wrested the city of Rome</a> from papal forces – the <a href="/wiki/Prati_(rione_of_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prati (rione of Rome)"><i>rione</i> Prati</a> was laid out, with the new quarter's main street being "Via Cola di Rienzo" and a conspicuous square, Piazza Cola di Rienzo. Pointedly, the name was bestowed precisely on the street connecting the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> – at the time, headquarters of a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> still far from reconciled to the loss of its temporal power. To further drive home the point, the Piazza del Risorgimento was located at the Via Cola di Rienzo's western end, directly touching upon the Church's headquarters. </p><p>In 1877 a statue of the tribune by <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Masini" title="Girolamo Masini">Girolamo Masini</a>, was erected at the foot of Rome's <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>. In Rome, in <a href="/wiki/Ripa_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Ripa (rione of Rome)"><i>rione</i> Ripa</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">Bocca della Verità</a> there still exists a brick-decorated house of the Middle Ages, distinguished by the appellation of "The House of Pilate", but also traditionally known as Cola di Rienzo's house (in fact it belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Patricianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricianship">patrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Crescenzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescenzi">Crescenzi</a> family). </p><p>Irish poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/John_Todhunter" title="John Todhunter">John Todhunter</a> wrote a drama in 1881 entitled <i>The True Tragedy Of Rienzi Tribune Of Rome.</i> Shakespearean in style, it is largely historically accurate. Plays about Cola di Rienzo were also written by Polish late 19th century authors <a href="/wiki/Adam_Asnyk" title="Adam Asnyk">Adam Asnyk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_%C5%BBeromski" title="Stefan Żeromski">Stefan Żeromski</a>, who drew similarities between Rienzo's uprising and the Polish struggle for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His letters, edited by A. Gabrielli, were published in vol. vi. of the <i>Fonti per la storia d’Italia</i> (Rome, 1890).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/August_Kubizek" title="August Kubizek">August Kubizek</a>, a childhood friend of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s, it was at a performance of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a></i> that Hitler, as a teenager, had his first ecstatic vision of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">reunification of the German people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his <a href="/wiki/Demagogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogy">demagogic</a> rhetoric, popular appeal and <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> (as nobility) sentiment, some sources consider him an earlier <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">proto-fascist</a> figure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_revolt_in_late_medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular revolt in late medieval Europe">Popular revolt in late medieval Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRendina2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rendina, Claudio (24 May 2009). la Repubblica (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2009/05/24/cola-di-rienzo-ascesa-caduta-dell-eroe.html">"Cola di Rienzo ascesa e caduta dell' eroe del popolo"</a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cola+di+Rienzo+ascesa+e+caduta+dell%27+eroe+del+popolo&rft.date=2009-05-24&rft.aulast=Rendina&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricerca.repubblica.it%2Frepubblica%2Farchivio%2Frepubblica%2F2009%2F05%2F24%2Fcola-di-rienzo-ascesa-caduta-dell-eroe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holland, Arthur William (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rienzi,_Cola_di" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rienzi, Cola di">Rienzi, Cola di</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rienzi%2C+Cola+di&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=323&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musto_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0122.xml">Musto, Ronald G., "Cola Di Rienzo", Oxford Biographies, 21 November 2012, DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195399301-0122</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorovius1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t8tb1q00z&seq=263"><i>History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Vol. 6, Part I. Translated by Hamilton, Annie. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Rome+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Gregorovius&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft8tb1q00z%26seq%3D263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The cultural context of this reconfiguration of Cola is examined by Adrian Lyttelton, "Creating a National Past: History, Myth and Image in the Risorgimento", in <i>Making and Remaking Italy: the cultivation of national identity around the Risorgimento</i>, 2001:27–76; Cola is examined in pp 61–63 (quote p 63).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1941" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Carlton J.H (1941). <i>A Generation of Materialism 1871-1900</i>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Generation+of+Materialism+1871-1900&rft.pages=142&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeathridge1983" class="citation journal cs1">Deathridge, John (1983). "Rienzi... A Few of the Facts". <i>The Musical Times</i>. <b>124</b> (1687 (Sep 1983)): 546–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F962386">10.2307/962386</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/962386">962386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Rienzi...+A+Few+of+the+Facts&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=1687+%28Sep+1983%29&rft.pages=546-549&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F962386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F962386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deathridge&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönig2010" class="citation journal cs1">König, Johann-Günther (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ossietzky.net/3-2010&textfile=905">"Friedrich Engels' "Rienzi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ossietzky</i> (March 2010)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ossietzky&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Engels%27+%22Rienzi%22&rft.issue=March+2010&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Johann-G%C3%BCnther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ossietzky.net%2F3-2010%26textfile%3D905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Martin, <i>Verdi, His Music, Life and Times</i>, 1963:126, mentioning <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Edward Bulwer-Lytton">Bulwer-Lytton</a>'s "immensely popular historical novel" and remarking "As a leader sprung from the people, Rienzi was at the time a favourite symbol and hero of liberals and republicans throughout Europe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsnyk1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asnyk, Adam (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3cqAAAAYAAJ"><i>Cola Rienzi: dramat historyczny z XIV wieku w pięciu aktach prozą oryginalnie napisany przez</i></a> (in Polish). Nowolecki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cola+Rienzi%3A+dramat+historyczny+z+XIV+wieku+w+pi%C4%99ciu+aktach+proz%C4%85+oryginalnie+napisany+przez&rft.pub=Nowolecki&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Asnyk&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3cqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakowiecki1978" class="citation journal cs1">Makowiecki, Andrzej (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Pamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej/Pamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej-r1978-t69-n2/Pamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej-r1978-t69-n2-s259-264/Pamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej-r1978-t69-n2-s259-264.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Młodość Stefana Żeromskiego", Jerzy Kądziela, indeks zestawiła Krystyna Podgórecka, Warszawa 1976, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy [recenzja]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pamiętnik Literacki</i>. <b>2</b> (69): 263 – via BazHum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pami%C4%99tnik+Literacki&rft.atitle=%22M%C5%82odo%C5%9B%C4%87+Stefana+%C5%BBeromskiego%22%2C+Jerzy+K%C4%85dziela%2C+indeks+zestawi%C5%82a+Krystyna+Podg%C3%B3recka%2C+Warszawa+1976%2C+Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy+%5Brecenzja%5D&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=69&rft.pages=263&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Makowiecki&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbazhum.muzhp.pl%2Fmedia%2F%2Ffiles%2FPamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej%2FPamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej-r1978-t69-n2%2FPamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej-r1978-t69-n2-s259-264%2FPamietnik_Literacki_czasopismo_kwartalne_poswiecone_historii_i_krytyce_literatury_polskiej-r1978-t69-n2-s259-264.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubizek, A. (1955). The Young Hitler I Knew: The Memoirs of Hitler's Childhood Friend <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848326071" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848326071">978-1848326071</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Alexander (2018). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42lNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Humanism and Empire: The Imperial Ideal in Fourteenth-Century Italy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 206–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191662645" title="Special:BookSources/9780191662645"><bdi>9780191662645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+and+Empire%3A+The+Imperial+Ideal+in+Fourteenth-Century+Italy&rft.pages=206-209&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780191662645&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42lNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojciehowski1995" class="citation book cs1">Wojciehowski, Dolora A. (1995). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldmastersnewsub0000wojc"><i>Old Masters, New Subjects: Early Modern and Poststructuralist Theories of Will</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldmastersnewsub0000wojc/page/60">60</a>–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804723862" title="Special:BookSources/9780804723862"><bdi>9780804723862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Masters%2C+New+Subjects%3A+Early+Modern+and+Poststructuralist+Theories+of+Will&rft.pages=60-62&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780804723862&rft.aulast=Wojciehowski&rft.aufirst=Dolora+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldmastersnewsub0000wojc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusto2003" class="citation book cs1">Musto, Ronald F. (2003). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IzdRdmGL3UC"><i>Apocalypse in Rome: Cola di Rienzo and the Politics of the New Age</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520928725" title="Special:BookSources/9780520928725"><bdi>9780520928725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+in+Rome%3A+Cola+di+Rienzo+and+the+Politics+of+the+New+Age&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520928725&rft.aulast=Musto&rft.aufirst=Ronald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IzdRdmGL3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Gregorovius" title="Ferdinand Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius</a>, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter</i>.</li> <li>T. di Carpegna Falconieri, <i>Cola di Rienzo</i> (Roma, Salerno Editrice, 2002).</li> <li>Ronald G. Musto, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Apocalypse-Rome-Cola-Rienzo-Politics/dp/0520233964">Apocalypse in Rome. Cola di Rienzo and the politics of the New Age</a></i> (Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Christopher Hibbert</a> <i>Rome: the Biography of a City</i>, 1985, 97–105.</li> <li>Collins, Amanda L., <i>Greater than emperor: Cola di Rienzo (ca. 1313–54) and the world of fourteenth century Rome</i> (Ann Arbor, MI, 2002) (Stylus. Studies in medieval culture).</li> <li>Collins, Amanda L., "The Etruscans in the Renaissance: the sacred destiny of Rome and the Historia Viginti Saeculorum of Giles of Viterbo (c. 1469–1532)," <i>Historical Reflections. Réflexions Historiques</i>, 27 (2001), 107–137.</li> <li>Collins, Amanda L., "Cola di Rienzo, the Lateran Basilica, and the Lex de imperio of Vespasian," <i>Mediaeval Studies</i>, 60 (1998), 159–184.</li> <li>Beneš, C. Elizabeth, "Mapping a Roman Legend: The House of Cola di Rienzo from Piranesi to Baedeker," <i>Italian Culture</i>, 26 (2008), 53–83.</li> <li>Beneš, C. Elizabeth, "Cola di Rienzo and the Lex Regia," <i>Viator</i> 30 (1999), 231–252.</li> <li>Francesco Petrarch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Revolution-Cola-di-Rienzo/dp/0934977003"><i>The Revolution of Cola di Rienzo,</i></a> translated from Latin and edited by Mario E. Cosenza; 3rd, revised, edition by Ronald G. Musto (New York; Italica Press, 1996).</li> <li>Wright, John (tr. with an intr.), <i>Vita di Cola di Rienzo. The life of Cola di Rienzo</i> (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975).</li> <li>Origo, Iris <i>Tribune of Rome</i> (Hogarth 1938).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cola_di_Rienzo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Rienzi, Nicola Gabrini"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Rienzi,_Nicola_Gabrini">"Rienzi, Nicola Gabrini" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rienzi%2C+Nicola+Gabrini&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Rienzi, Cola di"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Rienzi,_Cola_di">"Rienzi, Cola di" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rienzi%2C+Cola+di&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACola+di+Rienzo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114530414">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98150386">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1844023/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcQjvpb4JvXCD9Y4bjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118745220">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80043471">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028754n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028754n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cola : di Rienzo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMRV000998">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20030917014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1088468">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1244778">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071089098">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90191501">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000927131">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=70726">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn246vq80j6d3jc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810636618805606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583773905606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/4061">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266893605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517730906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14012767">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06816371?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="COLA di Rienzo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cola-di-rienzo_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118745220.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118745220">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028455606">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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