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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Citations and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military aircraft</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_AH64D_Helicopter_Firing_a_Hellfire_Missile_MOD_45149186.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Apache_AH64D_Helicopter_Firing_a_Hellfire_Missile_MOD_45149186.jpg/220px-Apache_AH64D_Helicopter_Firing_a_Hellfire_Missile_MOD_45149186.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Apache_AH64D_Helicopter_Firing_a_Hellfire_Missile_MOD_45149186.jpg/330px-Apache_AH64D_Helicopter_Firing_a_Hellfire_Missile_MOD_45149186.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Apache_AH64D_Helicopter_Firing_a_Hellfire_Missile_MOD_45149186.jpg/440px-Apache_AH64D_Helicopter_Firing_a_Hellfire_Missile_MOD_45149186.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache" title="Boeing AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a> attack helicopter firing an <a href="/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">AGM-114 Hellfire</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">air-to-surface missile</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advanced_Light_Helicopter_ALH_Rudra_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Advanced_Light_Helicopter_ALH_Rudra_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Advanced_Light_Helicopter_ALH_Rudra_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Advanced_Light_Helicopter_ALH_Rudra_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Advanced_Light_Helicopter_ALH_Rudra_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Advanced_Light_Helicopter_ALH_Rudra_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Advanced_Light_Helicopter_ALH_Rudra_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HAL_Rudra" title="HAL Rudra">HAL Rudra</a>, an armed variant of the unarmed <a href="/wiki/HAL_Dhruv" title="HAL Dhruv">HAL Dhruv</a> transport helicopter</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>armed helicopter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">military helicopter</a> equipped with <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ordnance" title="Aircraft ordnance">aircraft ordnance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary1987_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commonly, it is used for attacking targets on the ground. Such a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> could be either purposely designed for a <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">ground-attack mission</a>—in which case it would be more specifically categorized as an <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopter</a>—or may have been previously designed for other uses, such as utility, <a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">air cargo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a>, etc., with the weapons mounts being modifications, rather than part of the design of the helicopter. The purpose of the modification to an armed helicopter configuration can be field expediency during combat, the lack of military funding to develop or purchase attack helicopters, or the need to maintain the helicopter for missions that do not require the weapons. </p><p>Specialized armed helicopters fly from ships at sea, and are equipped for <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> or strikes with <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">Direct</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a> delivered by weapons mounted on helicopters began informally in the Korean War, with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marines</a> firing their weapons from the open doors of the aircraft, into the treeline of the landing area below.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazarella_1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazarella_1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept evolved with the French during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina</a> wars, in the form of <i>armed helicopters</i>; where utility, cargo, and observation military helicopters were modified to carry various weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algerian_War">Algerian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Algerian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> was one of the first military forces to modify and use helicopters in combat in a ground attack role during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> of 1954–62. In 1955, French field commanders placed infantry machine gunners in the stretcher panniers of their <a href="/wiki/Bell_47" title="Bell 47">Bell 47</a> <i>(Sioux H-13)</i> casualty evacuation helicopters. The ad hoc <a href="/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">gunships</a> were used to reach <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> guerrilla positions on otherwise inaccessible mountain ridges and peaks, but were far too underpowered.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, the French Air Force experimented with arming the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky H-19">Sikorsky S-55</a>, then being superseded in service by the more capable <a href="/wiki/Piasecki_H-21" title="Piasecki H-21">Piasecki H-21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34" title="Sikorsky H-34">Sikorsky CH-34</a> helicopters. The H-19 was originally fitted with two rocket launchers and an ex-Luftwaffe <a href="/wiki/MG_151_cannon" title="MG 151 cannon">MG 151/20 20-mm</a> cannon, both mounted axially on the outside of the aircraft. Later, an MG151/20 cannon, two .50 cal. (12.7-mm) Browning machine guns, and an FN Browning 7.5-mm light machine gun were mounted inside the fuselage at the cabin windows,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this load proved far too heavy, and even more lightly armed <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky H-19">H-19</a> gunships proved underpowered. Some <a href="/wiki/Piasecki_H-21" title="Piasecki H-21">Piasecki H-21</a> helicopters were armed with fixed, forward-firing rockets and machine guns and a few even had racks for bombs, but the H-21 lacked the maneuverability and performance needed for offensive action. Most H-21s in service were eventually fitted with a single door-mounted 12.7 mm machine gun or an MG151/20 20-mm cannon as defensive armament. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34" title="Sikorsky H-34">Sikorsky H-34</a> was also modified into a gunship by the French Navy: standard armament comprised an MG 151 20-mm cannon firing from the cabin door, two 12.7-mm machine guns firing from the cabin windows to port, plus racks for 37 mm or 68 mm rockets. While the CH-34 was effective in the ground attack role, official evaluations at the time indicated that the CH-21 was more likely to survive multiple hits by ground fire than was the CH-34; this was assumed to be a consequence of the location and construction of the CH-34's fuel tanks. Nevertheless, by the close of the Algerian War, attack helicopters such as the CH-34 were being used in synchronized operations with troop-carrying CH-21 helicopters in large-scale counterinsurgency operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikorsky_Skycrane_carrying_parachute_bomb_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sikorsky_Skycrane_carrying_parachute_bomb_c.jpg/250px-Sikorsky_Skycrane_carrying_parachute_bomb_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sikorsky_Skycrane_carrying_parachute_bomb_c.jpg/375px-Sikorsky_Skycrane_carrying_parachute_bomb_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sikorsky_Skycrane_carrying_parachute_bomb_c.jpg/500px-Sikorsky_Skycrane_carrying_parachute_bomb_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-54_Tarhe" title="Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe">Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a> carrying a <a href="/wiki/BLU-82" title="BLU-82">BLU-82/B</a> bomb</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and the United Kingdom began modifying existing helicopters as <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">anti-submarine weapons</a> (ASW) platforms, carrying depth bombs and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Anomaly_Detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Anomaly Detector">Magnetic Anomaly Detector</a> gear. After learning of French Army experiments, there was a movement within the U.S. Army to arm helicopters. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> Jay Vanderpool, the U.S. Army modified Sikorsky and other larger helicopters with fixed and flexible-mount machine guns, rockets, and cannon. While Col. Vanderpool was ridiculed by some in the Army, others saw his efforts as a great aid to ground troops. At the time, the Army leadership felt that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> was not doing enough to support ground forces,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and due to the <a href="/wiki/Key_West_Agreement" title="Key West Agreement">Key West Agreement</a>, the Army could not field its own ground attack fixed-wing aircraft. </p><p>With the increasing use of the helicopter for infantry transport, the U.S. Army saw a need for specialized helicopters to be used as <a href="/wiki/Aerial_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial artillery">aerial artillery</a> to provide fire suppression and ground support close to the battle. The first United States use of the armed helicopter in large-scale combat operations was during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. First the U.S. Army modified <a href="/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-1 Iroquois">UH-1B 'Huey'</a> helicopters, mounting machine guns and <a href="/wiki/Mk_4/Mk_40_Folding-Fin_Aerial_Rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Mk 4/Mk 40 Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket">Folding Fin Aerial Rockets (FFAR)</a> on struts parallel with the fuselage. Eventually, the U.S. Army would upgrade the engine and rotor to the UH-1C model, and again to the UH-1M model, to overcome power issues as more and more armament was added to the helicopters. But this was not fully satisfactory, so the AH-1 helicopter was developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warsaw_Pact">Warsaw Pact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Warsaw Pact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> saw the need for an armed helicopter and equipped <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a> helicopters with rocket pods. This armed helicopter eventually developed into the <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-24" title="Mil Mi-24">Mil Mi-24</a>, which saw extensive action in Afghanistan during the 80s. Mi-24s were also exported in large numbers to many Asian and African countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_operations_variants">Special operations variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Special operations variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last 20 years <a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">US Special Operations Command</a> has been developing the special forces gunship, using the <a href="/wiki/UH-60_Black_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60 Black Hawk">MH-60</a>. These helicopters are to be used as an attack element with special operators to do the cleanup, or to deliver the operators and support them on the ground. They were used successfully during the <a href="/wiki/Scud_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud hunt">Scud hunt</a>. </p><p>Other Army Special Operations include the <a href="/wiki/MH-6_Little_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="MH-6 Little Bird">MH-6</a> and <a href="/wiki/MH-6_Little_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="MH-6 Little Bird">AH-6</a> "Little Birds". The MH-6 carries special operators on benches outside the helicopters, from which they can move quickly. The AH-6 is for <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>. The <a href="/wiki/CH-47_Chinook" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-47 Chinook">MH-47 Chinook</a> helicopter has been used to carry special operators using long-wheelbase Land Rovers and other vehicles in and out of an area of operations. </p><p>For longer-range special operations, the Air Force had operated the <a href="/wiki/MH-53_Pave_Low" class="mw-redirect" title="MH-53 Pave Low">MH-53 Pave Low</a> helicopter with extensive <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> for navigation, flying at very low altitude, and electronic warfare. However the Pave Lows were retired at the end of September 2008, and the role is now being performed by Air Force <a href="/wiki/CV-22_Osprey" class="mw-redirect" title="CV-22 Osprey">CV-22 Ospreys</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Helicopter_bombing_uses">Helicopter bombing uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Helicopter bombing uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of the helicopter as a <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> has likely been around since helicopters first came into military service. The helicopter offers what might appear to be a highly stable bombing platform, making the idea all the more attractive. The idea is generally used by air forces conducting counterinsurgencies, and often by those lacking traditional fixed wing options. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Likely the first organized usage of a helicopter as a tactical bomber, the United States Army employed the <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">UH-1 Iroquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/CH-47_Chinook" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-47 Chinook">CH-47 Chinook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CH-54_Tarhe" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-54 Tarhe">CH-54 Tarhe</a> helicopters. The US Army had already conducted tests using the <a href="/wiki/Bell_47" title="Bell 47">OH-13 Sioux</a> fitted with small napalm tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CH-47 was used most often to assist in the clearing of bunkers, using an improvised bomb made from 55-gallon drums of bulk <a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS</a> powder, designated <i>Bomb, Fuze, and Burster, CS in 55-gallon Drum, XM920</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty of these bombs, containing eighty pounds of CS powder, could be carried by a CH-47, and were used to "saturate base camps, way stations, or infiltration routes to deny their use."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Army used the UH-1 with a far wider array of systems. Using the <a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems#UH-1_Iroquois" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">M156 Universal Mount</a>, conventional aircraft dispensers for cluster munitions and mines were fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another system developed was the Mortar Aerial Delivery System or MADS. This system used standard 60mm or 81mm mortar rounds in dispensers mounted on the side of the aircraft, and was to be used against both preplanned targets and targets of opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pictures show this system in use as late as 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even improvised bombs, made from things such as a "can of engine oil...[and] a thermite grenade" or "four or five concussion grenades...[with] belted M-60 ammunition around the grenades" were used.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Army also conducted a number of drops of large bombs using the CH-54 helicopter for the purposes of clearing landing zones. Operational drops were conducted using both modified M121 10,000 lb bombs and the <a href="/wiki/BLU-82" title="BLU-82">BLU-82/B</a> 15,000 lb bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests conducted prior to the deployment of weapons and equipment for Operation Combat Trap led to discontinued use of the CH-54 and a switch to the <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130E(I)</a> aircraft (later MC-130E).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the US Army and US Marine Corps also investigated using the <a href="/wiki/AH-1_Cobra" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-1 Cobra">AH-1 Cobra</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopter</a> as a bomber. The Army tested a dispenser system that could be used to drop smoke grenades, while the USMC went further and qualified the aircraft to carry the <a href="/wiki/CBU-55" title="CBU-55">CBU-55/B</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon" title="Thermobaric weapon">Fuel Air Explosive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the USMC continued to qualify their subsequent AH-1 variants for the CBU-55/B weapon, there are no reports of it actually being used in combat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During their conflict with FMLN and other guerrillas between 1980 and 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Army" title="Salvadoran Army">Salvadoran Army</a> made use of the UH-1 Iroquois in the bombing role. UH-1Hs and UH-1Ms flew punitive strikes against villages linked to the FMLN dropping 250 and 500 pound bombs. The need for this greater flexibility was required by the nature of the conflict and the lack of resources available to the Salvadoran Air Force. Since the bombs utilized used the same type of mounting hardware as the standard rocket launchers, the FAS used M156 universal mounts and essentially unmodified aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helicopter bombing was used by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese Army</a> during the 2007 <a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Siege of Nahr al-Bared</a> when it converted UH-1H utility helicopters into bombers due to the urgent need to fight the <a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a> terrorist group. They mounted 30-year-old 500 lb (250 kg) <a href="/wiki/Mark_82_bomb" title="Mark 82 bomb">Mark 82 bombs</a>, originally carried by <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> attack aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahwaji_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahwaji-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helicopters have been used to drop both conventional bombs and improvised <a href="/wiki/Barrel_bomb" title="Barrel bomb">"Barrel Bombs"</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> since at least August 2012. <a href="/wiki/Mi-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-8">Mi-8s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-17">Mi-17s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-14" title="Mil Mi-14">Mi-14s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mi-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-24">Mi-24s</a> have all been used to bomb rebel-held cities and military positions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their seemingly indiscriminate use against civilian population centers has drawn international scorn. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> adopted a resolution in February 2014 demanding an end to indiscriminate aerial bombing, to include the use of barrel bombs dropped by helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helicopters have been used by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar campaign (2013–14)">Anbar campaign (2013–14)</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Erin Evers of <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, "What's happening now in Iraq definitely started in Syria. If I were al-Maliki, and seeing Assad next door using the same tactics without a slap on the wrist and gaining ground as a result, it stands to reason he would say, 'Why the hell not?'".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tests_and_evaluations">Tests and evaluations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tests and evaluations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other nations have also made moves toward helicopter bombing, but have not put it into practice. The Soviet Union qualified both the <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-24" title="Mil Mi-24">Mil Mi-24</a> to use members of the FAB general-purpose bomb family. It is possible these aircraft may have been put into service in this role by the armed forces of Sudan and Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Philippines also tested a single <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34" title="Sikorsky H-34">Sikorsky H-34</a> as an attack helicopter, armed with both rockets and bombs on locally fabricated racks. This aircraft appears to have been the extent of the testing, and the Philippines did not introduce any H-34s in this capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_interdiction" title="Air interdiction">Air interdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_aviation" title="Army aviation">Army aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_bombing" title="Tactical bombing">Tactical bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">U.S. helicopter armament subsystems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations_and_notes">Citations and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary1987-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary1987_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrNOiA1DDOIC&pg=PA35"><i>The Military Dictionary</i></a>. DIANE. 1987. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941375-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941375-10-8"><bdi>978-0-941375-10-8</bdi></a>. <q>armed helicopter— (DOD, NATO) A helicopter fitted with weapons or weapon systems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Dictionary&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-941375-10-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrNOiA1DDOIC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazarella_1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mazarella_1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazarella, Mark N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=1135&filename=1136.pdf#search=%222007%22">"Adequacy of U.S. Army Attack Helicopter Doctrine to Support the Scope of Attack Helicopter Operations in a Multi-Polar World"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409154134/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll2&CISOPTR=1135&filename=1136.pdf">Archived</a> 9 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1994. Accessed on 12 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_354.shtml">"Algerian War, 1954 – 1962"</a>. <i>acig.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acig.org&rft.atitle=Algerian+War%2C+1954+%E2%80%93+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acig.org%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_354.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Cooper2003" class="citation web cs1">Tom Cooper (12 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_354.shtml">"Algerian War 1954–1962"</a>. <i>Western and North African Database</i>. Air Combat Information Group (www.acig.org). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823133136/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_354.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+and+North+African+Database&rft.atitle=Algerian+War+1954%E2%80%931962&rft.date=2003-11-12&rft.au=Tom+Cooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acig.org%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_354.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwayne_A._Day2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_A._Day" title="Dwayne A. Day">Dwayne A. Day</a> (28 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Rotary/Assault_heli/HE17.htm">"Assault Helicopters"</a>. Centennial of Flight Commission (www.centennialofflight.net).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assault+Helicopters&rft.pub=Centennial+of+Flight+Commission+%28www.centennialofflight.net%29&rft.date=2003-02-28&rft.au=Dwayne+A.+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.net%2Fessay%2FRotary%2FAssault_heli%2FHE17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mutza, 1995. p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States, 1969. p. K-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rottman, 2006. p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States, 1969. p. B-3, K-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States, 1967. p. 12-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drendel, 1983. p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drendel, 1974. p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesko, 1984. p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States, 1970. p. 1-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mutza, 2002. p. 10-1, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Tom. <i>Air Combat Information Group</i>. 1 September 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_158.shtml">El Salvador, 1980–1992</a>. Access Date: 3 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahwaji-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kahwaji_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahwaji, Riad. <i>Ya Libnan</i>. 3 September 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/09/the_victory_leb_1.php">The victory – Lebanon developed helicopter bombers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041018/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/09/the_victory_leb_1.php">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Access Date: 3 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Weaver2013" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Weaver (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/21/frontroom-blogger-analyses-weapons-syria-frontline">"How Brown Moses exposed Syrian arms trafficking from his front room"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Brown+Moses+exposed+Syrian+arms+trafficking+from+his+front+room&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.au=Matthew+Weaver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmar%2F21%2Ffrontroom-blogger-analyses-weapons-syria-frontline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown_Moses2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown Moses (27 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brown-moses.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/clear-evidence-of-diy-barrel-bombs.html">"Brown Moses Blog"</a>. <i>brown-moses.blogspot.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brown-moses.blogspot.co.uk&rft.atitle=Brown+Moses+Blog&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft.au=Brown+Moses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrown-moses.blogspot.co.uk%2F2012%2F10%2Fclear-evidence-of-diy-barrel-bombs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ipPPf1d29g">"Syrian regime Barrel Bomb Being Dropped"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 27 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1ipPPf1d29g">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Syrian+regime+Barrel+Bomb+Being+Dropped&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1ipPPf1d29g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApZdvz_n4ro">"Syria – Barrel Bombing Compilation"</a>. <i>YouTube</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Syria+%E2%80%93+Barrel+Bombing+Compilation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DApZdvz_n4ro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/hague-urges-end-to-barrel-bomb-use-30033433.html">"Hague urges end to barrel bomb use"</a>. <i>BelfastTelegraph.co.uk</i>. 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Hague+urges+end+to+barrel+bomb+use&rft.date=2014-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-national%2Fuk%2Fhague-urges-end-to-barrel-bomb-use-30033433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/5/11/barrel-bomb-iraq.html">"Deadly barrel bombs reportedly hitting Fallujah"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Deadly+barrel+bombs+reportedly+hitting+Fallujah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F5%2F11%2Fbarrel-bomb-iraq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraq-mounts-offensive-to-recapture-tikrit/2014/06/28/d9ebc336-fec5-11e3-b1f4-8e77c632c07b_story.html">"Iraq reports major effort to recapture Tikrit"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Iraq+reports+major+effort+to+recapture+Tikrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Firaq-mounts-offensive-to-recapture-tikrit%2F2014%2F06%2F28%2Fd9ebc336-fec5-11e3-b1f4-8e77c632c07b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/iraqi-military-battles-control-tikrit-201462771519919171.html">Iraqi military battles for control of Tikrit</a>, retrieved 25 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/webtv/reports/2014/07/02/-Explosive-barrels-hit-Iraq-conflict-areas--12.html">Like Assad, Maliki uses explosive barrels to quell rebellion</a>, retrieved 25 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/barrel-bombs-risk-becoming-answer-insurgency-073510814.html">"Barrel bombs risk becoming answer to insurgency"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. 7 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Barrel+bombs+risk+becoming+answer+to+insurgency&rft.date=2014-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fbarrel-bombs-risk-becoming-answer-insurgency-073510814.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+helicopter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Tom. <i>Air Combat Information Group</i>. 29 October 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_336.shtml">Sri Lanka, since 1971</a>. Access Date: 3 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lundh, 1998. p. 100</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Drendel, Lou. <i>Gunslingers in Action</i>. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-013-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-013-3">0-89747-013-3</a>.</li> <li>Drendel, Lou. <i>Huey</i>. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-145-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-145-8">0-89747-145-8</a>.</li> <li>Lundh, Lennart. <i>Sikorsky H-34: An Illustrated History</i>. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Military/Aviation History, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0522-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0522-0">0-7643-0522-0</a></li> <li>Mesko, Jim. <i>Airmobile: The Helicopter War in Vietnam</i>. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-159-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-159-8">0-89747-159-8</a>.</li> <li>Mutza, Wayne. <i>H-13 Sioux Mini in Action</i>. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-345-0">0-89747-345-0</a>.</li> <li>Mutza, Wayne. <i>Walk Around: AH-1 Cobra</i>. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-438-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-438-4">0-89747-438-4</a>.</li> <li>Rottman, Gordon. <i>Viet Cong and NVA Tunnels and Fortifications of the Vietnam War</i>. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-003-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-003-X">1-84603-003-X</a>.</li> <li>United States. Headquarters, Department of the Army. <i>FM 1-40 Attack Helicopter Gunnery.</i> Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1969.</li> <li>United States. Headquarters, Department of the Army. <i>FM 1-100 Army Aviation Utilization.</i> Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1967.</li> <li>United States. Headquarters, Pacific Air Force, Directorate, Tactical Evaluation, CHECO Division. <i>Commando Vault.</i> Headquarters, Pacific Air Force, Directorate, Tactical Evaluation, CHECO Division, 1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041018/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/09/the_victory_leb_1.php">Ya Libnan news item on helicopter bombers in Lebanon</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&oldid=1254410457">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_helicopter&oldid=1254410457</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerial_bombing" title="Category:Aerial bombing">Aerial bombing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerial_warfare_tactics" title="Category:Aerial warfare tactics">Aerial warfare tactics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_helicopters" title="Category:Military helicopters">Military helicopters</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_YouTube_links" title="Category:All articles with dead YouTube links">All articles with dead YouTube links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_YouTube_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022">Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 21:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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